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8/19/2019 Psychology Project on Police psychology.
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DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW
2015-16
Psyc!"!#y-$
(Forensic Psychology)
% Ass&ss'(# )& P!)&()'*" +! C!)'!( '( P!"'c& Psyc!"!#y/
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Ms. ISHA YADAV SHOHIT S. AWASTHI
Assistant Professor Roll No.!"# Sec B
(Psychology) "rd semester
$r. R%&N&' &ucno. BA.&&B (*ons.)
Signature Signature
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Ac(!"&3#&4&()
+ ould lie to e,-ress my s-ecial thans of gratitude to my subect teacher %s . Is* Y*3*
4**4 as ell as our /ice 0hancellor Prof . 73' S'(# ho ga1e me the golden o--ortunity
to do this onderful -roect on the to-ic 2Assessing the Potential for 0orru-tion in Police
Psychology3 hich also hel-ed me in doing a lot of Research and i came to no about so many
ne things. + am really thanful to them.
Secondly i ould also lie to than my -arents and friends ho hel-ed me a lot in finishing this
-roect.
+ am maing this -roect not only for mars but to also increase my noledge about the issues
of corru-tion in the light of Forensic Psychology and + ho-e that -roect ill fulfill the criteria of
the de-artment of -sychology $r. Ram %anohar &ohia National la 'ni1ersity4 &ucno.
Than 5ou6
8S!9') S. A*s)':
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I(3&;
Acnoledgement7777777777777777777777777..
+ntroduction7777777777777777777777777777.
Police Psychology: An 81er1ie77777777777777777777
+ssue of corru-tion in general777777777777777777777..
+ssue of corru-tion in +ndian Police $e-artment77777777777777.
+ssue of corru-tion in Police Psychology77777777777777777.
Strategies to combat ith the -olice corru-tion. 77777777777777.
%ental and A-titude Testing
Personality Assessment
Police 0ounseling and 8n duty Stress %anagement
0onclusion77777777777777777777777777777
Bibliogra-hy7777777777777777777777777777.
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I()!3c)'!(
First of all there is an essential need to reali9e that only -olice is not the single de-artment that is
corru-t and not only are +ndian -olice corru-t. e cannot found a single country of the orld
ithout corru-tion. Perha-s because of the fre;uent -olicesociety interaction -olice is being
-ercei1ed as more corru-t de-artment.
Police as a &a enforcing agency is an im-ortant institution of that social control hich e,isted
in some form or the other in all society in all ages. Police is an integral -art of the -resent day
society. A society in the -resent set u- cannot li1e and -rogress ithout an effecti1e4 sincere and
honest -olice force. Therefore need of the hour is corru-tion free -olice and for this -ur-ose
forensic -sychology through its branch no as -olice -sychology try to combat ith the issue.
The a--lication of -sychology to la enforcement and -ublic safety is a ra-idly groing area
increasingly recogni9ed as 1ital to many as-ects of -olice or and the academic study of
-olicing. *oe1er4 the field suffers from something of an identity com-le,.
This -roect or is assessing the issues of corru-tion in -olice through -olice -sychology. First
of all -roect or defines hat is -olice -sychology through an o1er1ie and also highlights
the essential trends in -olice -sychology. Secondly it ould define the corru-tion in general
meaning there by the main focus of this -art of the -roect or is to sho the constituent -arts
of the corru-tion.
The third and fourth -art of this -roect or 2+ssue of corru-tion in -olice -sychology3 and
2+ssue of corru-tion in +ndian Police $e-artment3 as name suggest that both -arts are intra
related to each other because the -roblems are similar in nature and the remedy is also same but
the color is different.
And the last but abo1e bottom -ortion of the -roect or sim-ly tals about strategies to combat
ith the -olice corru-tion meaning there by this -art states the -ersonality measure test and
trends of the -olice -sychology hich use to testify the -olice officers for e,am-le %%P+
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+n conclusion the -roect or found that the single best -redictor of corru-tion as not a
-ersonality measure. Rather4 the strongest -redictor as -ost hire misconduct. And also mentions
certain suggestions for the betterment.
P!"'c& Psyc!"!#y< A( O&'&
+n order to no about the -olice -sychology firstly e ha1e to no about the forensic
-sychology in short. Forensic -sychology is defined by the American Board of Forensic
Psychology as 2the a--lication of the science and -rofession of -sychology to ;uestions and
issues relating to la and the legal system.
The ord 2forensic3 comes from the &atin ord 2forensic43 meaning 2of the forum43 here the
la courts of ancient Rome ere held. Today forensic refers to the a--lication of scientific
-rinci-les and -ractices to the ad1ersary -rocess here s-ecially noledgeable scientists -lay a
role.
Forensic -sychologists may address a 1ariety of to-ics such as child custody4 com-etency to
-roceed in trial4 e1aluating the -sychological im-act of a -ersonal inury that is being litigated4
the 1alidity of claims of child se,ual abuse4 -rofiles of criminal offenders4 and a long list of other
to-ics in hich a -sychologist is being ased to anser a -sycho legal or in1estigati1e ;uestion.
Police -sychology is a se-arate subs-eciality of -sychology that has been defined as4 2The
deli1ery of -sychological ser1ices to and on behalf of la enforcement agencies4 their
e,ecuti1es4 and em-loyees . . . The field of -olice -sychology is e,tremely di1erse and in1ol1es
more than =# distinct -roficiencies . . . . The -olice -sychology -roficiencies can be clustered or
organi9ed into four distinct domains of -ractice: (!) assessment related acti1ities4 (
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Police -sychologists are usually doctoral le1el clinicians ho ha1e migrated into a la
enforcement -osition. %ost ser1e as consultantsC that is4 they ha1e an inde-endent -ractice and
are hired to consult.
Because most North American -olice de-artments ha1e feer than != total em-loyees4 it is not
feasible for all de-artments to ha1e a -olice
-sychologist as a staff member. hen de-artments ha1e more than ## sorn officers4 many
de-artments hire their on full time -sychologist(s).
Police -sychologists ser1e in a number of ays. They -ro1ide -reem-loyment screening of
a--licants (to mae sure someone is fit to ser1e)4 -ro1ide counseling to em-loyees4 -erform
fitness for duty e1aluations (to determine if an em-loyee is still ca-able of -erforming their
duties) and often engage in crime s-ecific consultation (D.g.4 consulting
ith hostages4 -rofiling)4 and -ro1ide training to em-loyees.
At last Police -sychology is a subfield of forensic -sychology addressing issues s-ecific to -olice
-ersonnel and other -ublic safety orers.
Iss& !+ c!)'!( '( #&(&*"
20orru-tion is an im-robity or decay in the decisionmaing -rocess in hich a decisionmaer
consents to de1iate or demands de1iation from the criterion hich should rule his or her
decisionmaing4 in e,change for a reard or for the -romise or e,-ectation of a reard4 hile
these moti1es influencing his or her decisionmaing cannot be -art of the ustification of the
decision.3 $r. Petrus 1an $uyne
The sim-lest definition is:
0orru-tion is the misuse of -ublic -oer (by elected -olitician4 a--ointed ci1il ser1ant or -olice
officers) for -ri1ate gain.
$efining corru-tion can be a challenge. +t taes many forms4 and -er-etrators are silled in
de1elo-ing ne ays to be corru-t and co1er their tracs. %uch thought has been de1oted to
de1elo-ing different definitions of corru-tion but4 des-ite its com-le, nature4 most -eo-le can
recognise a corru-t act hen they see it.
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0orru-tion may be defined as Ethe abuse of entrusted -oer for -ri1ate gain. This definition
ca-tures three elements of corru-tion. 8ne4 corru-tion occurs in both the -ublic and -ri1ate
sectors (and media and ci1il society actors are not e,em-t). To4 it in1ol1es abusing -oer held
in a state institution or a -ri1ate organisation.
Three4 the bribetaer (or a third -arty or4 for e,am-le4 an organisation such as a -olitical -arty)
as ell as the bribegi1er benefit4 hether it be in terms of money or an undue ad1antage.
Sometimes the Ead1antage gained by the bribegi1er may not be Eundue or clear cut but is
nonetheless an ad1antage.
For e,am-le4 in a corru-t society here the right to access -ublic ser1ices such as health or
education can be only secured by -aying an unlaful bribe4 those ho can afford to -ay ha1e an
ad1antage o1er those ho cannot. +n such circumstances the bribegi1ers Ebenefit is merely that
hich is his or her rightful due and bribetaers recei1e an ad1antage for carrying out functions
that they are obliged anyay to -erform.
0orru-tion is often described as either Egrand or E-etty (-etty corru-tion is also described as
Eadministrati1e). Grand corru-tion ty-ically taes -lace at the to- le1els of the -ublic s-here and
the senior management le1els of business4 here -olicies and rules are formulated and e,ecuti1e
decisions are made. +t also often in1ol1es large sums of money (-olitical corru-tion is another
common term that may be used to refer to grand corru-tion more generally or s-ecifically to the
negati1e influence of money in -olitical cam-aigns and -olitical -arties).
Small scale4 administrati1e or -etty corru-tion is the e1eryday corru-tion that taes -lace at the
im-lementation end of -olitics4 here -ublic officials meet the -ublic. Petty corru-tion is most
commonly found as bribery in connection ith the im-lementation of e,isting las4 rules and
regulations4 or in abuse of -oer in daily situations (e.g.4 the traffic -olice ho taes money
e1ery day from ta,i dri1ers in return for not harassing them further). +t usually in1ol1es modest
sums of money in any gi1en e,change. *oe1er4 endemic -etty corru-tion can result in great
costs and can -lace serious stress on the functioning of state systems4 in a ay com-arable to
grand corru-tion.
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Iss& !+ c!)'!( '( I(3'*( P!"'c& D&*)4&()
The main -ur-ose of the abo1e discussion on corru-tion is to create a bacground noledge for
this or. No because the to-ic is related to the -olice corru-tion so its my self-roclaimed
duty to attach our +ndian Police de-artment.
Police corru-tion is defined as the 2abuse of -olice authority for -ersonal or organisational gain
by a -olice officer acting officially. +t is not an easy conce-t to understand and it has many
com-le, as-ects. But one as-ect hich stands out is its e,istence hich is s-read almost in e1ery
-art of the orld.
0orru-tion can be broen don into to sections4 internal and e,ternal corru-tion. ith
reference to the -olice de-artment4 internal corru-tion is the illegal acts and agreements ithin a
-olice de-artment by more than one of the officers and e,ternal corru-tion is the illegal acts and
agreements ith the -ublic by one or more officers in a de-artment.
The most im-ortant elements of -olice corru-tion are misuse of authority and misuse of -ersonal
attainment. ides-read corru-tion at e1ery le1el of the administrati1e de-artment -oses as a
great obstacle in its oring4 efficiently and effecti1ely. +t in1erts the goals of the organisation4
that is4 it may encourage and create crime rather than deter it.
8ne of the main causes for this is that the -olice officials ha1e ceased to act as -rofessionals and
are -olitici9ed to a great e,tent. They are mani-ulated by -olitical leaders4 ho ha1e misused the
-oer of a--ointments and transfers to -atroni9e ea or corru-t officers for their on selfish
-ur-oses at the cost of -ublic interest. These leaders a--oint rong -ersons for the to- obs as
they are illing to carry out the dictates and ishes of their -olitical masters for their on
sur1i1al. The main areas for their interference are a--ointments4 transfers4 reards4 and
-unishments.
General -olice corru-tion includes bribery or e,change of money or something of 1alue beteen
the -olice and the rong doer. 8ther -olice crimes may range from brutality4 fae encounters4
se,ual harassment4 custodial crimes4 to illicit use of ea-ons.
$es-ite an attem-t to eliminate corru-tion by ays lie increased salaries4 u-graded training4
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incenti1e for education4 and de1elo-ing -olicies that focus directly on factors leading to
corru-tion4 it still e,ists. Therefore to eliminate this e1il from the system -olice -sychology is
trying to do something. Because the -erson ho is acted as -olice officer is not a alien s?he is
also lie all of us so for the better understanding of the -roblem and to sol1e it + thin -olice
-sychology is a best tool. +n s-ite of being an emerging field of science -olice -sychology is also
changing the face of the old age system.
Iss& !+ c!)'!( '( P!"'c& Psyc!"!#y
8n the face of it issue of corru-tion in -olice -sychology is not different ith the issue of
corru-tion in +ndian -olice de-artment. But in fact here the story is different in other ords e
can say that -olice -sychology tals about the scientific cause of the corru-tion and also tell us
about the solution.
The most famous code of corru-tion in -olice -sychology is The blue all of silence also blue
code and blue shield are terms used in the 'nited States to denote the unritten rule that e,ists
among -olice officers not to re-ort on a colleagueHs errors4 misconducts4 or crimes. +f ;uestioned
about an incident of misconduct in1ol1ing another officer (e.g. during the course of an official
in;uiry)4 hile folloing the code4 the officer being ;uestioned ould claim ignorance of
another officerHs rongdoing.
No e no that the abo1e -roblem is critical in nature so it is a tough tas to sol1e it. But
some ho -olice -sychology manage to the code:
8ne method of -re1enting the code from -enetrating the -olice force is e,-osure. %any states
ha1e taen measures in -olice academies to -romote the e,-osure of the blue code. +n most
cities4 before being admitted into the academy one must -ass a criminal bacground chec.
Through additional bacground checs4 -olygra-h testing4 and -sychological e1aluations4 certain
de-artments are better able to select indi1iduals ho are less liely to condone rongdoing. +nthese de-artments4 -olice are e,-osed to a basic training curriculum that instructs on ethical
beha1iorC this instruction is reinforced in seminars and classes annually in some cases.
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Se1eral cam-aigns against the blue code or for maing the blue code more 1isible in the -ublic
eye ha1e taen -lace in the 'nited States. 8ne of the first of these cam-aigns as the Ina--
0ommission in Ne 5or (officially non as the 0ommission to +n1estigate Alleged Police
0orru-tion) hich as headed by %ayor John /. &indsay in !K#. 81er
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The Second Trend:
Personality Assessment
Personality assessment4 the measurement of -ersonal characteristics. Assessment is an end result
of gathering information intended to ad1ance -sychological theory and research and to increase
the -robability that ise decisions ill be made in a--lied settings (e.g.4 in selecting the most
-romising -eo-le from a grou- of ob a--licants). The a--roach taen by the s-ecialist in
-ersonality assessment is based on the assum-tion that much of the obser1able 1ariability in
beha1iour from one -erson to another results from differences in the e,tent to hich indi1iduals
-ossess -articular underlying -ersonal characteristics (traits). The assessment s-ecialist sees to
define these traits4 to measure them obecti1ely4 and to relate them to socially significant as-ects
of beha1iour.
The $efense Personnel Security Research 0enter conducted one of the most e,tensi1e studies on
ability of -ersonality measures to identify e1entual -olice corru-tion and misconduct.
The fe -ersonality in1entories that had any success tended to indicate that those officers ho
engaged in misconduct or corru-tion during their careers had more of the folloing
characteristics:
difficulty getting along ith others4
delin;uent histories4
indications of maladustment4 immaturity4 irres-onsibility4 and?or unreliability.
Basically4 the study found that the single best -redictor of corru-tion as not a -ersonality
measure. Rather4 the strongest -redictor as -osthire misconduct. 8fficers ho got into trouble
for misconduct early in their careers ere most liely to be -unished for the later acts of
corru-tion.
The Third Trend:
Stress %anagement
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2Stress arises hen indi1iduals -ercei1e that they cannot ade;uately co-e ith the demands
being made on them or ith demands being made on them or ith threats to their ellbeing.3
hether -olice officers actually e,-erienced more stress than -ersons in other high ris
occu-ationsL
Ne1ertheless4 there as little doubt that stress -layed a maor role in li1es of la enforcement
officers at all le1els of the organi9ations. The focus on stress as significant because it mo1ed
-olice -sychologists aay from their traditional testing functions and into a much larger realm of
o--ortunity and ser1ices. 0onse;uently4 -sychologist began to offer not only stress management
but also crisis inter1ention training4 hostage negotiation training4 domestic 1iolence orsho-s4
and substance abuse and alcohol treatment.
Police or is highly stressful and is one of the fe obs here one continually faces the effects
of murders4 1iolence4 accidents and serious -ersonal inury. A -olice officerHs tenty-lus years
of M-eacetime combatM reas a hea1y toll -ersonally and -rofessionally. No human being4 no
matter ho healthy4 ell trained4 or ell adusted4 is immune to the longterm effects of
cumulati1e stress or sudden critical incidents. +n the ords of one -olice 1eteran ith ! years
on the de-artment4 MPolicing is a combination of mindnumbing boredom and mindbloing
terror.M
Because the nature of -olicing has changed so drastically in the -ast decade4 many de-artments
ha1e begun to -ro1ide -sychological ser1ices for officers and their families either as an inhouse
unit or as a contractual arrangement ith a -ri1ate thera-ist ho is not an em-loyee of the
de-artment.
8ne barrier that -re1ents officers from seeing counseling is the -erce-tion that the information
they share is not confidential. These concerns are 1alid because in some cases4 the information is
not confidential. The folloing information is essential for all officers to -rotect their rightsshould they see the ser1ices of a thera-ist on their on or be ordered by their de-artment.
+m-ortant $efinitions: 0onfidentiality and Pri1ilege
0onfidentiality refers to information that is shared ith the im-licit or e,-licit -romise and
e,-ectation that it ill not be disclosed to others.
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Pri1ilege is a legal -rotection against forced disclosure in legal -roceedings that ould 1iolate
the -romise of confidentiality. MPri1ilegeM allos the -rofessional to refuse to anser ;uestions
in court and?or to refuse to -roduce records ithout fear of a Mcontem-t of courtM citation or an
ad1erse instruction to the ury. Professionals ho can decline to disclose information -ro1ided by
their MclientsM or M-enitentsM are -riests4 layers4 -hysicians4 and thera-ists in many states.
*oe1er4 a recent Su-reme court decision (June !"4 !KK Jaffee 1. Redmond) is -articularly
im-ortant to -olice officers because it u-held the right of -sychothera-ists to maintain the
confidences of their clients. %oreo1er4 this case in1ol1ed a -olice officer in +llinois.
C!(c"s'!(
This is a noble goal to rid our nations -olice organi9ations of unethical beha1ior. Although
studied and researched4 the to-ic of -olice corru-tion4 in large -art4 remains a mystery. 81er the
-ast fe decades4 great strides ha1e occurred in the la enforcement -rofession. To begin ith4
many -olice agencies ha1e a1oided hiring candidates ho ha1e lo ethical standards and ha1e
identified those onboard em-loyees early in their careers ho might com-romise the
de-artments integrity. +n addition4 research has disco1ered ne methods of testing candidates
for their -sychological -ro-ensity to act ethically. *oe1er4 unethical conduct by the nations
-olice officers continues to occur in de-artments large and small.
Therefore4 First of all4 the discussion of ethics as related to la enforcement must begin ith a
definition of the ord integrity. Because it is 2the sum of the 1irtues re;uired to bring about the
general goals of -rotections and ser1ice to the -ublic.3 8fficers must -ossess to ha1e integrity
means -rudence4 Trust4 0ourage4 +ntellectual honesty4 Justice4 and Res-onsibility.
+n short4 an ethical -olice organi9ation 2ill re;uire the scru-ulous adherence to e,isting
-olicies and standards4 the ability to detect an indi1idual or collecti1e -attern of -erformance
hich falls short of that e,-ectation4 and the courage to deal ith those ho are res-onsible for
those failures.
And for the abo1e target + am sure that -olice -sychology has a 1ision to ee- u- the good or
ith la enforcement agencies in the direction to mae integrity and remo1e unethical issues
lie corru-tion.
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'9"'!#*y
• A--lied Psychology in 0riminal Justice4