Slide 1

Psychologists in OrganizationsPSYC 200Week #111AgendaRoll callCollect Term Paper TopicsPsychologists In Organizations2Psychology Careers what do psychologists do?Counseling / therapyEducational psychologyTeachResearchPublic PolicyMedical / NeuropsychologyHospital workExecutive CoachingMilitaryWorkforce developmentTests and measurements3Sternberg CategoriesAcademiaClinical / CounselingOrganizationsMiscMilitaryHealthTests, etc.4Psychologists in OrganizationsFederal Research Agencies, Public Agencies, Private Agencies5Federal Research AgenciesDepartment of Health and Human ServicesDepartment of EducationHomeland SecurityNational Transportation Research BoardDepartment of TransportationOffice of Personnel ManagementNational Academies of the SciencesMany many others!!6Local Govt and Private Agencies7Psychology Skills and the Org8Industrial/Organizational PsychologyCareers in Psychology

9Brief History of I/O Psychology1. Hugo Munsterberg Father of Industrial Psychology

In 1911, cautioned managers to be concerned with all the questions of the mind

First to encourage government funded research in industrial psych.

In 1913, published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency10Assumptions of Munsterbergs ApproachPersons need to fit organizations

Behavioral science can help organizations shape better-fitting employees

New employees can serve as replacement parts for the organizational machine11Frederick W. Taylor First Efficiency Expert

Argued for redesign of workplace to achieve higher productivity

Conducted first time and motion studies of worker behavior

In 1911, published The Principles of ScientificManagement12Assumptions of Taylors ApproachWork methods should be designed scientifically to maximize efficiencyThe best workers should be selected,then trained in the best work methods

Showed iron workers more productive if given rest periods:*Productivity increased almost 4-fold*Production cost dropped by more than 50%13Complaints Against Taylor(and other Efficiency Experts)Inhumane exploitation of workers to increase profits

Increased unemployment because fewer workers needed to do same amount of work

First World War Ends Complaints!14Robert Yerkes Father of group testing

In 1917, proposed ways of screening army recruits for mental deficiency and assigning to specific army jobs

Created Army Alpha and Army Beta pencil-and-paper intelligence tests15Other Significant Events1917 Journal of Applied Psychology first published

1921 James McKeen Cattell founds The Psychological Corporation to promote usefulness of psychology to industry

1924 Hawthorne Studies conducted to identify factors increasing productivity

1933 Elton Mayo demonstrates importance of employee attitudes and employer sensitivity16Other Significant Events1932 Morris Viteles publishes Industrial Psychology, first use of that phrase in print

1939 Kurt Lewin publishes first empirical study of effects of leadership style

1941-1945 I/O psychologists help army develop General Classification Test for draftees

OSS (precursor to CIA) develops stress and other assessment tests for candidates to be agents17Other Significant Events1945 Kurt Lewin forms Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT (later moved to U. of Michigan)

1946 I/O psychologists form Division 14 of APA

1950s Skinner initiates discussion of behaviorism applied to the workplace

1960s David McClelland (and others) propose various theories of achievement motivation18Other Significant Events1970s Skinner (in Beyond Freedom and Dignity) advocates b. mod. strategies to motivate persons in organizations

Porter and Lawler propose expectancy model of motivation in the workplace

1980s to present Explosion of I/O research and application19I/O Psychology DefinedThe general practice specialty of professional psychology with a focus on scientifically based solutions to human problems in work and other organizational settings.20Educational RequirementsCore undergraduate education in

1. Biological bases of behavior2. Cognitive-affective bases of behavior3. Social bases of behavior4. Individual differences5. Research methods6. Psychological/behavioral measurement7. Statistical methods21Educational RequirementsAdvanced (graduate) education in1. Ethical/legal issues in the practice of I/O psychology2. Consulting and business skills3. Attitude theory4. Career development5. Consumer behavior6. Health/stress effects on individuals in organizations7. Human factors and performance (a la Taylor)8. Individual/group/organizational assessment methods9. Job/task analysis10. Job evaluation11. Work motivation and compensation12. Leadership and management theory13. Organizational theory14. Training theory and program design/evaluation22What I/O Psychologists DoJob/task analysesDevelopment/validation of organizational policies/proceduresAnalyses of employee morale, job satisfaction, and organizational environmentLeadership and team developmentManagement consultation and coachingHuman resource planning and policy analysesExpert testimony in employer/employee disputes, such as sexual harassment cases

23CompensationRecent PhD median salary: $65KRange: $70K - $140K24