Psyc Term Paper

PSYC1013

BS ECE 1-1

CHAPTER II:

BIOPSYCHOLOGY

TOPICS: NAMES PAGE1. Definition of Biopsychology ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

2. Neurons --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes

--------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

3. Transmission of Nerve Impulse: Action Potential -------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59

4. Synapse and Synaptic Connection -------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia

-------------------------------------------------------------- 60

54

GENERAL

PSYCHOLOGY

5. Reflex Action --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia

-------------------------------------------------------------- 60

6. Types of Neurons --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61

7. Neurotransmitters --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

8. Connectors ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

Central Nervous System

9. The Brain and Its Parts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes

----------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

10. Layers of the Brain --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66

11. Lobes of the Brain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrew Angelo Cariño

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

12. Spinal Cord ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia

---------------------------------------------------------------- 68

Peripheral Nervous System

55

13. Somatic System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia

--------------------------------------------------------------- 68

14. Cranial Nerves --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69

15. Spinal Nerves ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes

----------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

Effectors

16. The Muscular System ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 72

17. The Glandular System ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Andrew Angelo Cariño

--------------------------------------------------------------------- 73

18. Receptors --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrew Angelo Cariño

--------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

19. Eight Major Sensations ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76

Dr. Evangeline de Jesus

56

OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT

To discuss what is

Biopsychology;

To show the divisions,

parts and functions of the

nervous system;

To discuss the bodily

processes and behavior;

To explain the voluntary

and involuntary

functioning of the body;

and

To discover the causes of

psychological disorders

be traced to biological

factors so that appropriate

treatment can be

effectively applied.

Understanding what is

Biopsychology;

Considering

biopsychology as

neuropsychology;

Classifying the important

divisions, parts, and

functions of the nervous

system;

Analyzing the bodily

processes together with its

behavior; and

Identifying the bases for

voluntary and involuntary

functioning of the body.

Definition of

Biopsychology

Biopsychology-

defined as the

specialization in

psychology that

investigates the

interaction of biology,

behavior, and

environment

Feldman considered

biopsychology as

neuropsychology,

because the importance

of the nervous system

in controlling behavior

has impacted on the

biological

underpinnings of

behavior

PowerPoint Presentation

(see appendix; pp. 92)

Essay

Question: Discuss

biopsychology in two

paragraphs with a

minimum of five

sentences each.

57


To discuss the meaning of

neuron and its relation to

biopsychology;

To know the importance

of neuron;

To determine the different

parts of neuron and its

function;

To locate the parts of the

neuron;

To explain how the

dendrites receive

chemical messages from

other neurons;

To determine how the

axon transmits an

electrochemical signal to

other neurons;

To know how the axon

ending converts

electrochemical signal

Discussing the Neuron;

Knowing the significance

of neuron in

Biopsychology;

Identifying the different

parts of the neuron and

how it works;

Determining and locating

the parts of the neuron

Explaining how chemical

messages were received

by the dendrites from

other neurons;

Identifying how the

electrochemical signals

were transmitted by the

axon to the other neurons;

Knowing how

electrochemical signals

were converted, by the

axon ending, into

chemical messages that

Neurons

The basic structural

unit of the nervous

system.

PARTS OF NEURONS

o Soma/cell body

Contains the nucleus,

which in turn contains

the genetic material in

the form of

chromosomes that

provides nourishment

and insulation.

o Dendrites

Receives chemical

messages from other

neurons.

o Axon

Transmits an

electrochemical signal

to other neurons,

sometimes over a

considerable distance.


(see appendix; pp. 93-96)

Discussion

Quiz (see appendix; page

78)

58


into a chemical message

that will travel to other

neurons;

To know the difference

between the axon and the

dendrites;

To explain how the

myelin sheath helps the

axon in preventing

messages from short-

circuiting one another;

To know the other names

of the axon ending; and

To know how synapse

works.

will travel to the other

neuron;

Determining the different

characteristics of the

dendrites and the axon

ending;

Explaining how messages

are prevented by the

myelin sheath from short-

circuiting one another;


names of the axon ending;

and

Explaining the use of the

synapse.

o Axon Ending

The electrochemical

signal is converted into

chemical messages that

will travel to the next

neuron.

o Myelin sheath

Is covered with a thin

fatty tissues and

protein cells that

protects themselves

around the axon in

preventing messages

from short- circuiting

one another.

o Synapse

A very tiny gap

between the axon

ending and the dendrite

of the next neuron.

o Glial cells

It holds the neuron in

place.

59


To explain and define

what is nerve

transmission;

To discuss how nerves

send messages;

To understand the

important role of ions in

nerve transmission ;

To discuss the steps in

nerve transmission; and

To distinguish resting

potential, graded

potential and action

potential.

Analyzing how neurons

send messages

electrochemically;

Identifying the two ions

that is responsible for

nerve transmission;

Discovering the principles

governing nerve

transmission;

Understanding nerve

transmission and its

function in our body; and

Correlating nerve

transmission with those of

the other body systems.

Nerve Transmission

o RESTING POTENTIAL:

the unstimulated, polarized

state of a neuron (at about

–70 millivolts).

o GRADED POTENTIAL:

A graded potential is a

change in the resting

potential of the plasma

membrane in the response

to a stimulus.

FOUR STEPS OF NERVE

TRANSMISSION

Action Potential

Polarization

Hyperpolarization

Repolarization

PowerPoint

presentation (see

appendix; pp. 97-105)

Short Quiz (see

appendix; page 79)

60


61

To explain what happens

in a synapse;

To explain the

importance of the nerve

junction between

neurons;

To locate and discuss the

parts of the structural

connection of a synapse;

To explain the

importance of neural

transmission;

To explain reflex action

and the difference

between voluntary and

involuntary responses;

and

To discuss the

importance of sensory

and motor neurons to

reflex action.

Examining the process of

a synapse;

Analyzing the nerve

junction’s significance

between neurons;

Identifying the

components of the

structural connection of a

synapse;

Analyzing the

importance of neural

transmission;

Identifying reflex action;

Distinguishing the

difference between

voluntary and

involuntary responses;

and

Examining the sensory

and motor neurons’

significance to reflex

action.

Synapse and Synaptic

Connection:

o Presynaptic neuron

Brings in the

information signal.

o Synaptic gap

Where the

information is

transferred from the

presynaptic axon to

the dendrite of the

postsynaptic neuron.

o Postsynaptic neuron

Carries the

informational weight

to other neurons

Reflex Action

Automatic, involuntary

response to incoming

stimuli.

PowerPoint presentation

(see appendix; pp. 106-

108)

Discussion

Video watching about a

synapse:

o 5. Synapse Structure

and Function:

https://

www.youtube.com /

watch?v=rWrnz-

CiM7A

Short Quiz (see

appendix; pages 80-81)


62

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.youtube.com/

To discuss the different

types of neuron;

To discuss the sensory

neuron;

To define receptors;

To show the different

parts where there are

more specialized

neurons;

To discuss the motor

neuron;

To define effectors;

To discuss the

interneuron; and

To discuss white matter

and gray matter.

Understanding sensory

neuron;

Understanding the

importance of receptors;

Knowing the parts where

there are more

specialized neurons;

Understand how motor

neuron carry impulses;

Understanding the

importance if effectors;

Understanding the

function of interneuron;

and

Analyzing the difference

of white matter and gray

matter.

Types of Neurons

o Sensory (Afferent or

Bipolar) Neurons

Sensitive to non-neural

stimuli. They transmit

impulses initiated by

receptors to the spinal cord

and brain

o Motor (Efferent or

Multipolar) Neurons

Carry impulses away from

the brain and spinal cord to

the effectors.

o Interneurons (Association,

Central, Adjusting, or

Pseudopolare)

Receive impulses from the

sensory neurons and carry

impulses to other

interneurons

PowerPoint (see appendix;

pp. 109-110 )

Short Quiz (see



63

To discuss

neurotransmitter;

To discuss connectors ;

and

To show the diagram of

the relationship of the

structures of the nervous

system.

Understanding the

function of

neurotransmitter;

Knowing that they are

important link between

the nervous system and

behavior;

Understanding the

function of connectors;

and

Identifying the

relationship of the

structures of the nervous

system.

Neurotransmitter

chemical that carry

messages across the

synapse to the dendrite

or cell body of a

receiver neuron. They

are important link

between the nervous

system and behavior

Connectors or Nervous

Systems

mechanisms that

integrate receptors and

effectors causing an

individual to respond as

a coordinated organism

Central Nervous System

serves link the sensory

and motor fibers within

the nervous system



120)

Short Quiz (see



64

To discuss the Brain and

its definition;

To determine the

different parts of the

brain and its functions;

To locate the different

parts of the brain;

To know why brainstem

is responsible for body

coordination;

To explain how midbrain

divides the forebrain and

the hindbrain;

To identify how

cerebellum helps the

body to have fine muscle

movements and balance;

To know how amygdala

is involved in emotion

and aggression;

Explaining the definition

of the brain and its

functions;


parts of the brain and its

functions;

Identifying and locating

the different parts of the

brain;

Explaining why

cerebrum is responsible

in sensing, thinking, and

other unconscious

functions;

Determining why corpus

callosum is important

between the two cerebral

hemispheres;

Knowing how the

thalamus distributes

incoming and outgoing

impulses;

The Brain

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

o Cerebrum

This is responsible for

sensing, thinking,

learning, emotion,

consciousness, and

voluntary movement.

o Corpus Callosum

The bridge of fibers

passing information

between the two

cerebral hemispheres.

o Thalamus

The relay center for

cortex and it distributes


impulses.

o Hypothalamus


regulating basic

biological needs.



127)

Discussion

Short Quiz (see

appendix; page 84)


65

To know why the

stimulation that is carried

by the Reticular

formation is related to

sleep in arousal state;

To explain how the

medulla regulates large

unconscious movement;.

To discuss how the pons

connect the lower and

higher level of the

nervous system;

To know why cerebrum

is responsible in sensing,

thinking, and other

unconscious functions;

To explain why corpus

callosum is important

between the two cerebral

hemispheres;

To know how the

thalamus distributes;

Analyzing how the

hypothalamus helps the

body to regulate

biological needs;

Analyzing how

hippocampus works for

our learning and memory

skills;

Knowing why the sleep

and arousal state is

related to the stimulation

that is carried by the

Reticular formation

Explaining how the other

glands in the body are

regulated by the Pituitary

gland

Knowing why brainstem

is being responsible for

body coordination;

Explaining how the

forebrain and the

o Hippocampus

The part of the Limbic

System that is responsible

for “learning” and

“memory.”

o Pituitary Gland

The so-called, “Master

Gland” that regulates other

endocrine glands/ system.

o Amygdala

The part on the Limbic

System that is involve in

emotion and aggression.

o Midbrain

This divides hindbrain and

forebrain and is responsible

for sensory, motor, auditory

and vision.

o Pons

This is a bridge between

lower and higher level of

the Nervous System


66


impulses;

To explain how the

hypothalamus helps the

body to regulate

biological needs;

To discuss how

hippocampus works for

our learning and memory

skills; and

To explain how the

pituitary gland regulates

other glands in the body.

hindbrain are divided by

the midbrain;

Analyzing how

cerebellum helps the

body to have fine muscle

movements and balance;

Knowing how amygdala

is involved in emotion

and aggression;

Identifying how the

medulla regulates large

unconscious movements;

and

Explaining how the pons

connect the lower and

higher level of the

nervous system.

o Medulla (Oblongata)


regulating largely

unconscious functions,

o Reticular Formation

(Reticular Activating

System/ Center)

The group of fibers that

carry stimulation related

to sleep and arousal

state via brain stem.

o Cerebellum

This part coordinates

fine muscle movement

and balance.

o Brainstem


body coordination

and/or movement.


67

To discuss the three

protective layers of the

brain;

To list down the different

protective layers of the

brain ;

To know the location of

the different protective

layers of the brain;

To distinguish the

characteristics of each

layer; and

To tell the importance of

the protective layers of

the brain.

Identifying the layers of

the brain;

Identifying the functions

of these layers of the

brain; and

Knowing the important

role of the meninges in

protecting the brain from

damage.

Layers of the Brain:

o DURA MATER

Surrounds the brain and

the spinal cord and is

responsible for keeping

in the cerebrospinal

fluid.

o ARACHNOID

Is interposed between

the two other meninges,

the more superficial and

much thicker dura mater

and the deeper pia

mater, from which it is

separated by the

subarachnoid space.

o PIA MATER

Is the delicate innermost

layer of the meninges,

the membranes

surrounding the brain

and spinal cord.



132)

Short Quiz (see

appendix; page 85)


68

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_mater

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superficial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid

To discuss the cerebral

cortex and its lobes;

To show the cerebral

cortex and its lobes;

To describe the structure

of the four lobes;

To explain the different

functions of the lobes;

To relate the functions of

the lobes with the

different senses; and

To know the problems

caused by the damaging

of the lobes.

Learning the cerebral

cortex, together with its

lobes;

Illustrating the cerebral

cortex, together with its

lobes;

Identifying the functions

of the four lobes;

Correlating the function

of the lobes with

sensations; and

Pointing out the

problems caused by the

damaging of the lobes.

Lobes of the Brain:

o Frontal Lobe – is located at

the front of the brain and is

associated with reasoning,

motor skills, higher level

cognition and expressive

language.

o Parietal Lobe – is located in

the middle section of the

brain and is associated with

processing tactile sensory

information.

o Temporal Lobe – is located

on the bottom section of the


memory, language skills

and interpreting sounds.

o Occipital Lobe – is located

at the back portion of the


interpreting visual stimuli

and information.



141)

EssayDirection: Make an essay

about the functions of the

lobes of the brain consisting

of three paragraphs with

five sentences.


69

To explain the

importance of the spinal

nerves in neural

transmission;

To discuss the functions

of the four regions of the

spinal column;

To point out the

difference between the

dorsal root and ventral

root;

To explain the effects of

lesion in spinal nerves;

To differentiate the

spinal cord and spinal

column;

To discuss the

components of the PNS;

and

To point out the

difference between the

cranial nerves and spinal

nerves.

Examining the

significance of spinal

nerves in neural

transmission;

Classifying the four

regions of the spinal

column according to

function;

Analyzing the dorsal root

and ventral root’s

difference;

Examining the effects of

lesion in spinal nerves;

Distinguishing the spinal

cord and spinal column;

Identifying the

components of the

Peripheral Nervous

System; and

Analyzing the difference

between the cranial

nerves and spinal nerves.

Spinal Cord

Huge rope-like segment

of nerve tissue

extending downward the

vertebral column

(backbone).

Four Regions of the Spine:

o Cervical

Neck

o Thoracic

Chest/trunk

o Lumbar

Lower back

o Sacral

Pelvic

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)

o Somatic System

Sends voluntary

messages from the

Central Nervous

System to the

skeletal muscles.

PowerPoint presentation (see


Discussion

Short Quiz (see

appendix; page 86)


70

To discuss cranial nerves

To discuss the twelve

pairs of nerves

To define olfactory nerve

To define optic nerve

To define oculomotor

nerve

To define trochlear nerve

To define trigeminal

nerve

To define abducens

nerve

To define facial nerve

To define

vestibulocochlear nerve

To define

glossopharyngeal nerve

To define vagus nerve

To define spinal

accessory

Understanding cranial

nerves


pairs of nerve

Understanding olfactory

nerve

Understanding optic

nerve

Understanding trochlear

nerve

Understanding trigeminal

nerve

Understanding abducens

nerve

Understanding facial

nerve

Understanding

vestibulocochlear nerve

Understanding

glossopharyngeal nerve

Understanding vagus

nerve

Cranial nerves- serve as

sensory nerves for vision,

audition, olfaction, and

gestation

o Olfactory nerve

smell

o Optic nerve

vision

o Oculomotor nerve

eyelid and eyeball

movement

o Trochlear nerve

superior oblique and

turns eye downward and

laterally

o Trigeminal nerve

chewing

o Abducens nerve

turns eye laterally

o Facial nerve

facial expressions

o Vestibulocochlear

(Auditory) nerve



146)

Short Quiz (see


71


To define hypoglossal

nerve

Understanding spinal

accessory nerve

Understanding

hypoglossal nerve

hearing and balance

sensation

o Glossopharyngeal nerve

taste and senses carotid

blood pressure

o Vagus nerve

senses aortic blood

pressure, slows heart

rate, stimulates digestive

organs, and taste

o Spinal accessory nerve

controls trapezius and

swallowing movements

o Hypoglossal nerve

tongue movements

72


To discuss the Spinal

Nerves and its importance

in our body.

To explain the relation of

spinal nerves in

biopsychology.

To identify the two major

subdivisions of the spinal

nerves and its functions.

To analyze how the

sympathetic nervous

system works.

To know why the

sympathetic nervous

system is called as a

“fight-or-flight” response.

To analyze how the

Parasympathetic Nervous

System works.

To know why the

parasympathetic nervous


“house-keeping response.

Determining the Spinal

Nerves and its importance

in our body.

Distinguishing the

relation of spinal nerves in

biopsychology.

Classifying the two major

subdivisions of the spinal

nerves and its functions.

Analyzing the processes

in Sympathetic Nervous

System.

Knowing why the

sympathetic nervous


“fight-or-flight” response.

Analyzing the process in

Parasympathetic Nervous

System.

Knowing why PNS is

called as a “House-

keeping” response.

Spinal Nerves

Serve as sensory and

motor nerves for

shoulder, chest, trunk,

and upper and lower

extremities.

TWO MAJOR

SUBDIVISIONS OF

SPINAL NERVES:

o Sympathetic Nervous

System (SNS)

The “fight-or-flight”

response because it

prepares the internal

organs or glands to

impel the person to

respond to stressful and

emergency situation.

o Parasympathetic Nervous

System

The “house-keeping”

subdivision.



151)

Discussion

Quiz (see appendix;

page 87)

73


To discuss the Muscular

System.

To identify the three

types of muscles.

To locate the three types

of muscles.

To discuss the difference

between the Three Types

of Muscles.

To know what Striated

muscle is and its

functions.

To identify what

Unstriated muscle is and

its functions.

To discuss what Cardiac

muscle is and its

functions.

To illustrate the Three

Types of muscles.

To analyze how the Three Types of Muscles work

Identifying the Muscular

System.

Classifying the Three

Types of Muscles.

Determining and locating

the Three Types of

Muscles.

Differentiating the Three

Types of Muscles.

Explaining the striated

muscle and its functions.

Knowing the unstriated

muscle and its function.

Determining the cardiac

muscle and its functions.

Illustrating the Three

Types of Muscles.

Analyzing how the Three

Types of Muscles work.

The Muscular System

THREE TYPES OF

MUSCLE:

o Striated Muscles

Responsible for

movements of the

appendages, bones,

trunk, head, jaw, etc.

o Unstriated Muscles

Located on the walls of

the digestive, tract,

arteries, veins, uterus,

bladder, etc.

o Cardiac (Heart) Muscle

A special type of muscle

located in the heart.

Responsible for

contraction and

relaxation.

PowerPoint Presentation (see


Discussion

Quiz (see appendix;

page 88)

74


To discuss the glandular

system.

To define gland.

To know the different

functions of the glands.

To identify the glands

and the role they play in

the human body

To distinguish

differentiate exocrine

glands from endocrine

glands.

To state the location of

the exocrine glands and

the fluids they secrete.

To name the endocrine

glands and state their

location, the hormone(s)

they secrete, the actions

of the hormones and the

diseases brought about

by the hormone

deficiencies.

Understanding glandular

system.

Understanding the

meaning of gland.


functions of the glands.

Naming the glands and

the role they play in the

human body

Differentiating exocrine

glands from endocrine

glands.

Knowing the location of

the exocrine glands and

the fluids they secrete.

Identifying the endocrine

glands and stating their

location, the hormone(s)

they secrete, the actions

of the hormones and the

diseases brought about

by the hormone

deficiencies.

Glandular System

o Exocrine System (duct glands)

1.) Lacrimal Gland – a gland tha

secretes tears and is found in the

upper outer part of each socket of

the eyes.

2.) Salivary Gland – a gland that

secretes saliva and is found in and

around the mouth and throut.

3.) Sebaceous Gland – a gland that

secretes an oily substance for skin

protection from getting dried and

scaly.

4.) Mammary Gland – a gland that

produces milk in all female

mammals and generally non-

functional form in male.

5.) Gastric Gland – a gland tha is

found in the surface of the stomach.

o Endocrine System (ductless

glands)

PowerPoint Presentation (see


Short Quiz (see


75


To relate the function of

the glandular system

with those of the other

body systems.

To tell how hormone

works in the body.

Correlating the function

of the glandular system

with those of the other

body systems.

Understanding hormone

and describing how it

works in the body.

1.) Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) –

a pea-sized gland that regulates

many key function

2.) Thyroid Gland – a gland that

has two lobes and is found in the

lower part of the neck just below

the larynx.

3.) Parathyroid Gland – a gland that

partially embedded in posterior

surface of the thyroid gland.

4.) Adrenal Gland – a gland that is

located on top of each kidneys.

5.) Pancreatic Gland (Islet of

Langerhans) – a gland found just

posterior to the stomach and

attached by a duct to the intestinal

tract.

6.) Gonadal Glands – a gland that is

found in testes (in males) and ovary

(in females).

76


To discuss receptors.


types of receptor.

To distinguish difference

between these three:

exteroceptor,

proprioceptor and

interoceptor.

To tell the importance of

receptors

To explain how different

sense organs receive

information from the

environment.


sense organs.

To use this knowledge

for the future.

Learning about receptors.


types of receptors.

Differentiating these

three: exteroceptor,

proprioceptor and

interoceptor.

Knowing the importance

of receptors.

Understanding how

different sense organs

receive information from

the environment.


sense organs.

Applying this knowledge

for the future.

Receptors – are specialized

structure of the sense organs

which are sensitive to the

particular stimuli.

o Exteroceptors

Receptors for:

Vision

Audition

Olfaction

Gustation

Tactile/Cutaneous

o Proprioceptors

Receptor for:

Static

Kinesthetic

o Interoceptor (Organic)



173)

Short Quiz (see


77


To discuss the eight

major senses

To know the different

sense organs in the body

To define sensation

To distinguish sensation

from perception

To tell the function of

every sense organ

Identify the eight major

senses

Knowing the purpose of

the different sense organs


organs that is responsible

for sensation.

Analyzing how sense

organs work

Knowing the importance

of sense organs

8 Major Senses

o SIGHT/VISION: is the

capability of the eye(s) to

focus and detect images of

visible light on

photoreceptors in the retina

of each eye.

o HEARING/AUDITION: is

the ability to perceive sound

by detecting vibrations

o SMELL/OLFACTION: is

mediated by specialized

sensory cells of the nasal

cavity of vertebrates, which

can be considered

analogous to sensory cells

of the antennae of

invertebrates.

TASTE/GUSTATION: refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc.



183)

Short Quiz (see

appendix; page 91)

78

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light


TOUCH/TACTILE: is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.

BALANCE/VESTIBULAR: is the sense that allows an organism to sense body movement, direction, and acceleration, and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance.

PROPRIOCEPTION/KINESTHETIC: provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the relative positions of the parts of the body

INTEROCEPTION: is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body". These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs, such as stretch receptors that are neurologically linked to the brain.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor

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Quiz: Neurons

1. The basic structural unit of the Nervous System is calleda. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology

2. Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, which in turn contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes that provides nourishment and insulation.a. brain b. Dendrite c. Soma/ cell body d. Axon

3. It is hard to distinguish from the dendrites.a. axon b. myelin c. dendrites d. brain4. Thin fatty tissues and protein cells that protects themselves around the axon in

preventing messages from short- circuiting one another.a. Myelin sheath b. Dendrites c. Axon d. Glial cells

5. A Greek word meaning glue.a. Myelin b. Glial c. Axon d. sheath

Answers:

1. A2. C3. A4. A5. B

TOPIC: NERVE TRANSMISSION

1. A neuron has a polarized membrane, which means it is relatively positive on the outside of the membrane to relatively negative on the inside. Which of the following creates

this opposite charge characteristic of a neuron's membrane?

a. sodium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside

b. sodium ions on the outside and potassium ions on the inside

c. sodium and potassium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside

2. When a neuron is depolarized, the gated channels of the membrane open to allow __________ to enter the neuron. A neuron becomes hyperpolarized when the gated

channels of the membrane open thus allowing __________ to exit the neuron

a. K +; Na +

b. Na +; K +

c. Na +; protein

3. A resting membrane is measured at __________ while a depolarized membrane will measure at __________.

a. +30 mV; –70 mV

b. –70 mV; +30 mV

c. 0 mV; –70 mV

4. __________ is the term used to describe the movement of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron, and __________ is the term used to describe excess potassium ions

moving to the outside of a neuron.

a. Repolarization; hyperpolarization

b. Hyperpolarization; depolarization

c. Polarization; hyperpolarization

5. During repolarization, the sodium channels are closed. How does this affect a neuron?

a. The neuron cannot respond to new stimuli.

b. The neuron becomes more sensitive to new stimuli.

c. It does not affect the neuron; it can still respond to stimuli.

Ans. a, b, b, c, c

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TOPIC: SYNAPSE AND SYNAPTIC CONNECTION

1. ___________ is a nerve junction in which the nerve impulse passes through in order to reach its final destination.

a. Synapse

b. Axon

c. Receptor site

2. Are tiny bubbles of chemicals

a. Vesicles

b. Neurotransmitters

c. Mitochondria

3. Are the chemicals inside the tiny bubbles

a. Vesicles

b. Neurotransmitters

c. Mitochondria

4. Special place on the cell membrane of the next neuron that are like little locks.

a. Axon

b. Dendrite

c. Receptor Sites

5. Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.

a. Vesicles

b. Axon

c. Synaptic gap

Answer Key: 1.) A 2.) A 3.) B 4.) C 5.) C

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TOPIC: REFLEX ACTION

1. _______ are automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli.

a. Reflex arc

b. Reflex action

c. Neuron

2. What are the components of reflex arc?

3. Afferent

a. Sensory

b. Motor

c. Interneuron

4. Efferent

a. Sensory

b. Motor

c. Interneuron

5. _______ are electro-chemical impulses transmitted to the spinal cord up to the brain.

a. Sensory-motor arc

b. Withdrawal reflex

c. Stimuli

Answer Key: 1.) B

2.) sensory neuron; motor neuron,

interneuron, sensory receptors and effector

3.) A 4.) B 5.) C

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I. TYPES OF NEURON

NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. 4. 7.2. 5. 8.3. 6. 9.

II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS1. Write the meaning of Neurotransmitters.2. Write the meaning of Connectors3. What is the other term for connectors?4. What is an effectors?5. What is a receptors?6. Give at least four connectors.

III. CRANIAL NERVES

NERVE FUNCTION1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

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ANSWERS:

I. TYPES OF NEURON

NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. Sensory Neuron 4. Afferent or Bipolar 7. –Sensitive to various non-neural stimuli

- transmit impulses initiated by receptors to the spinal cord and brain

2. Motor Neuron 5. Efferent or Multipolar 8. -Carry impusles away from the brain and spinal cord to

the effectors

3. Interneuron 6. Association, Central, Adjusting or Pseudopolare 9. - Receive impulses from the sensory neurons and carry impulses to other interneurons

II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS7. Chemical that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite or cell body of a receiver neuron. They are important link between the nervous system and behavior8. Mechanisms that integrate receptors and effectors causing an individual to respond as a coordinated organism which act as a response over efferent or motor neurons9. Nervous System10. Muscles and glands which act as a response over efferent or motor neuron11. Specialized structures of the sense organs which are sensitive to the particular stimuli12. Acetylcholine, Nor-epinephrine, Glutamate, Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid, Dopamine, Serotonin & Endorphins

III. CRANIAL NERVES

NERVE FUNCTION1.Olfactory Smell2.Optic Vision3.Oculomotor Eyelid and eyeball movement4.Trochlear Superior oblique and turns eye downward and laterally5.Trigeminal Chewing6.Abducens Turns eye laterally7.Facial Facial expressionsVestibulocochlear Hearing and balance sensationGlossopharyngeal Taste and senses carotid blood pressureVagus senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, and taste

Spinal Accessory Controls trapezius and swallowing movements

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Hypoglossal Tongue movements

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1. The massive soft, spongy, mottled nervous tissue and pinkish-gray in color found inside the skull.a. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology

2. Part of a brain that is responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement.

a. Cerebrum b. cerebellum c. thalamus d. hypothalamus

3. The relay center for cortex and it distributes incoming and outgoing impulses.

a. Corpus callosum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. Brainstem

4. The part of the Limbic System that is responsible for “learning” and “memory.”a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. pons d. brainstem

5. The master gland.b. Endocrine gland b. Pituitary gland c. thalamus d. pons

Quiz: The Brain

Answers:

1. b2. a3. c4. a5. b

TOPIC: LAYERS OF THE BRAIN

1. The meninges cover the __________.

a. Brain

b. spinal cord

c. brain and spinal cord

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the layers of meningeal membranes beginning with the brain and going to the skull?

a. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

b. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

c. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

3. Associated with the anterior fontanel of a newborn, the parietal and frontal bones are separated. There is a membrane covering the “exposed” area that one can feel if one

touches the fontanel area lightly. This membrane would be the __________ mater.

a. Pia

b. Dura

c. Arachnoid

4. What is the space between the dura and the arachnoid mater?

a. Subdural space

b. Subarachnoid space

c. Cerebrospinal fluid

5. It is the general term for the three protective layers of the brain.

a. Arachnoid

b. Meninges

c. Tissue

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Ans. c, b, b, a, b

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TOPIC: SPINAL CORD

1. __________ composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.

a. Spinal cords

b. Spinal column

c. Spinal nerves

2. The root that brings the sensory nerve.

a. Square root

b. Dorsal root

c. Ventral root

3. The root that brings the motor nerve.

a. Square root

b. Dorsal root

c. Ventral root

4. _________ consists of the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to the other parts of the body.

a. Peripheral Nervous System

b. Central Nervous System

c. Sympathetic Nervous System

5. _________ a part of the Peripheral Nervous System that sends voluntary messages from Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles.

a. Autonomic system

b. Somatic system

c. Soma

Answer Key: 1.) B 2.) B 3.) C 4.) A 5.) B

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Answers:

1. a2. a3. d4. a5. b

Quiz: Spinal Nerves

1. It serve as sensory and motor nerves for shoulder, chest, trunk, and upper and lower extremities.

a. Spinal Nerves b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology2. The nerve fibers that is, the nerve fibers make connections and specialized

clusters of neurons termed ganglia.a. Sympathetic Nerous System b. Parasympathetic Nerous System c. Soma/ cell body d. Spinal

3. Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

a. fibers b. myelin c. nerves d. ganglia4. The fight-or-flight response

a.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve

5. The house-keeping responsea.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve

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Quiz: Muscular system

1. Responsible for movements of the appendages, bones, trunk, head, jaw, eyes, etc.b. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles

2. Muscles found in the heart.a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles

3. Muscle that is responsible for contraction and relaxation. a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles

4. Located on the walls of the digestive, tract, arteries, veins, uterus, bladder, etc.c. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles

5. Skeletal, striped or voluntary musclesa. Striated muscles b. Cardiac muscles c. Unstriated muscles

d. Brain

Answers:

1. a2. d3. d4. c5. a

I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMFill the table:

A. Exocrine System

Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.2.3.4.5.

B. Endocrine System

Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.2.3.4.5.6.

II. RECEPTOR

Answer the following:

1. What is receptor?

2. Give and explain the three types of receptors.

3. Enumerate the primary senses.

4. Enumerate the secondary senses.

5. What are the General Conditions of Sensory Processes? Explain.

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ANSWER KEY:

I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMA. Exocrine System

Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.Lacrimal Gland upper outer part of each socket tears2.Salivary Gland in and around the mouth and throut saliva3.Sebaceous Gland beside the hair roots sebum4.Mammary Gland in the chest milk5.Gastric Gland in the stomach gastric juices

B. Endocrine System

Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.Pituitary Gland bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the

brain TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, ADH, Oxytocin

2.Thyroid Gland lower part of the neck just below the larynx Triodothyronine, Thyroxine, Calcitocin3.Parathyroid Gland psurface of the thyroid gland PTH4.Adrenal Gland on top of each kidneys Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Cortisol,

Androgen, Estrogen, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline5.Pancreatic Gland posterior of the stomach Glucagon, Insulin6.Gonadal Glands in the sex organs Testes: Testosterone

Ovary: Estrogen and Progesterone

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TOPIC: 8 MAJOR SENSES

1. Rods and cones of the eye are __________.

a. Nociceptors

b. Proprioceptors

c. Photoreceptors

2. In order to initiate an action potential regarding olfaction, which of the following must occur first?

a. The olfactory bulbs must be activated.

b. The synaptic areas within the brain must be activated.

c. The molecules of the vapor must dissolve in the mucus that covers the nasal epithelium.

3. The vestibular apparatus is involved in maintaining equilibrium. The vestibular apparatus consists of the __________ and the __________.

a. vestibule; semi-circular canals

b. eyes; inner ear

c. vestibule; cochlea

4. As sound waves travel through the ear canal, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate and in turn cause the ossicles to also vibrate. Which of the following is the correct

sequence of the ossicles going from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

a. incus, malleus, stapes

b. malleus, incus, stapes

c. stapes, incus, malleus

5. Gustatory cells are located __________.

a. within the taste buds

b. within the papillae of the tongue

c. on the surface of the papillae of the tongue

Ans. c, c, a, b, a

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