Upload
alexander-malone
View
226
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Psychodynamic Psychodynamic PerspectivesPerspectives
Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians
Karen HorneyKaren Horney
theory of theory of neurosisneurosis– according to Horney, a means according to Horney, a means
of “interpersonal control and of “interpersonal control and coping”coping”
– neurotic persons exhibit neurotic persons exhibit greater greater neurotic needsneurotic needs and and exhibit greater exhibit greater anxietyanxiety when when they are not fulfilledthey are not fulfilled
– 3 basic coping strategies:3 basic coping strategies: compliance (moving toward compliance (moving toward
people)people) aggression (moving against aggression (moving against
people)people) withdrawal (moving away withdrawal (moving away
from people)from people)
Karen HorneyKaren Horney
suggested a male counterpart to suggested a male counterpart to Freud’s “penis envy” called “womb Freud’s “penis envy” called “womb envy”envy”
theory about developmenttheory about development– parents must make their children feel parents must make their children feel
lovedloved– lack of this is lack of this is parental indifferenceparental indifference
from the child’s point of viewfrom the child’s point of view two modes of coping: basic hosility and two modes of coping: basic hosility and basic basic
anxietyanxiety
Basic AnxietyBasic Anxiety
a feeling of hopelessness and a feeling of hopelessness and abandonmentabandonment
reduces interpersonal relationships reduces interpersonal relationships and the ability to thrive in a social and the ability to thrive in a social settingsetting
child tends to put up constant child tends to put up constant defenses and protective mechanismsdefenses and protective mechanisms
Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler everyone is everyone is
motivated by motivated by striving for striving for perfectionperfection
second to perfection second to perfection is is GemeinschaftsgefuGemeinschaftsgefuhl, or hl, or social social interestinterest
people cannot be people cannot be overwhelmed by overwhelmed by inferiorityinferiority
Inferiority ComplexInferiority Complex
occurs when a person focuses on occurs when a person focuses on their failures to live up to perfectiontheir failures to live up to perfection
people compensate to make up for people compensate to make up for their weaker areas in stronger onestheir weaker areas in stronger ones
characterized by timid emotions, low characterized by timid emotions, low self-esteemself-esteem
Social InterestSocial Interest
combination of innate and learned combination of innate and learned forms of social communicationforms of social communication
idea of caring for others, family, idea of caring for others, family, community, etc.community, etc.
notnot mere extroversion mere extroversion
Creative SelfCreative Self
the way we use hereditary and the way we use hereditary and environmental dispositions to form environmental dispositions to form our personalityour personality
we have the freedom to determine we have the freedom to determine our persons within predetermined our persons within predetermined boundariesboundaries
Carl JungCarl Jung the the psyche psyche is divided is divided
into three parts:into three parts:– EgoEgo– Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious– Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
the contents of the the contents of the collective unconscious collective unconscious are are archetypesarchetypes
people are classified as people are classified as introverted or introverted or extravertedextraverted
Collective UnconsciousCollective Unconscious
innate universal knowledgeinnate universal knowledge we cannot be truly conscious of itwe cannot be truly conscious of it influences all behavior and influences all behavior and
experiences, and we can discern it experiences, and we can discern it from those influencesfrom those influences– ex.: love at first site, déjà vu, ex.: love at first site, déjà vu,
recognition of certain myths throughout recognition of certain myths throughout many culturesmany cultures
ArchetypesArchetypes
dominating contents of the collective dominating contents of the collective unconsciousunconscious
Mother archetype: we can recognize Mother archetype: we can recognize the nuturing relationship of a motherthe nuturing relationship of a mother
Shadow archetype: the instinctive, Shadow archetype: the instinctive, animalistic evils we cannot admit to animalistic evils we cannot admit to havehave
Others: family, father, child, hero, etc.Others: family, father, child, hero, etc.
PersonaPersona
Archetype of the public imageArchetype of the public image we convey ourselves to the world we convey ourselves to the world
differently in groups than when we differently in groups than when we are aloneare alone
either a good or false impression on either a good or false impression on other people in order to maintain a other people in order to maintain a normalcy of self with othersnormalcy of self with others
Anima and AnimusAnima and Animus
Anima- the female Anima- the female aspect present in aspect present in the the unconsciousness of unconsciousness of menmen
Animus- the male Animus- the male aspect present in aspect present in the the unconsciousness of unconsciousness of womenwomen syzygy- their combinationsyzygy- their combination
relationships work well when the other relationships work well when the other person fulfills one’s anima/animusperson fulfills one’s anima/animus
Introversion v. ExtroversionIntroversion v. Extroversion
IntrovertsIntroverts– prefer inner prefer inner
thoughts, feelings, thoughts, feelings, ideas, beliefsideas, beliefs
ExtravertsExtraverts– relate to the world relate to the world
through exterior through exterior motives and goalsmotives and goals
Four functions that define introverts and Four functions that define introverts and extraverts within themselvesextraverts within themselves– Sensing- achieved through actual perceptionSensing- achieved through actual perception– Thinking- through cognitive functionThinking- through cognitive function– Intuiting- through innate knowledgeIntuiting- through innate knowledge– Feeling- through emotionFeeling- through emotion
Projective TestsProjective Tests
personality testspersonality tests provide ambiguous provide ambiguous
stimulistimuli trigger projections trigger projections
of inner dynamics of inner dynamics of the subjectof the subject
subjective answers subjective answers reveal inner reveal inner thoughtsthoughts
TATTAT
Thematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan
designed it in the 1930sdesigned it in the 1930s 31 slides with ambiguous images of 31 slides with ambiguous images of
situationssituations Subjects are asked to describe the sceneSubjects are asked to describe the scene
RorschachRorschach
A set of inkblots A set of inkblots made by Hermann made by Hermann RorscachRorscach
SymmetricalSymmetrical Sought to identify Sought to identify
inner drives by inner drives by analyzing analyzing interpretations of interpretations of the blotsthe blots
Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory
Theories stemming from Freud’s Theories stemming from Freud’s original ideasoriginal ideas
Divided the brain into different Divided the brain into different conscious and unconscious partsconscious and unconscious parts
We develop psychological ways of We develop psychological ways of thinking and processing information thinking and processing information from a young age; our younger from a young age; our younger experiences reflect in our older onesexperiences reflect in our older ones
The mind is not perfectly directThe mind is not perfectly direct
Poor TestabilityPoor Testability
Projective tests are hard to verify, Projective tests are hard to verify, since they have unique, per-person since they have unique, per-person responses and interpretationsresponses and interpretations
They do not predict behavior; rather They do not predict behavior; rather they take what is already known and they take what is already known and correlate different thingscorrelate different things
Inadequate EvidenceInadequate Evidence
Simply put, there is little empirical Simply put, there is little empirical data to support the theories of Neo-data to support the theories of Neo-Freudians other than specific Freudians other than specific individual experiencesindividual experiences
SexismSexism
The theories of the Neo-Freudians The theories of the Neo-Freudians are often gender specificare often gender specific– ex. Anima/animusex. Anima/animus
Horney’s complement of “penis Horney’s complement of “penis envy” with “womb envy” shows that envy” with “womb envy” shows that theories do not necessarily work for theories do not necessarily work for both genders, and data might be both genders, and data might be skewed toward men or womenskewed toward men or women