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8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (2 Perception)
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Environmental Perception
8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (2 Perception)
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Perception matters
• Studies of perception constitute the oldest partof scientific psychology
• Most often, such studies relate to theperception of objects
• There is strong emphasis on vision becausewe are very visually dominant animals, but
other senses will assume importance too,especially hearing
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An overview of vision
• A little bit about eyes
• Neuroanatomy of vision
• Separate processing streams for perceptionand action
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The eye
First steps in seeing 4
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The retina has two types of receptors
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The human eye
Note that the receptors are in differentareas
8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (2 Perception)
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The retina is not much like a camera
Ophthalmoscope allows clinician to
look at state of retina
FoveaOptic
disk
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The duplex retina
• Rods
• Very sensitive
• Found in most of the
visual field
• Colour-insensitive
• Cones
• Not very sensitive
• Capable of colour
vision
• Capable of resolvingfine detail (as aconsequence of how
they are wired)
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Overall organization of visual system
9
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Foveal magnification
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Figure 4.2 The main visual areas ofthe macaque monkey cortex
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Free viewing
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8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (2 Perception)
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What was happening just prior?
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Remember their clothing
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How long had the visitor been away?
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But consider this….
Louis Necker’s cube - 1824
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Or how about this….
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A little movement:
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What’s really happening?
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How do we cope with all of thisuncertainty?
• Gestalt principles
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More formal models
• The buzz in traditional perception now issomething called the Bayesian approach
• Without slogging into details, it’s really muchthe same idea as was expressed less formallyby the Gestalt psychologists
• We make educated guesses because we cannotknow with certainty
• This should remind you of Egon Brunswik
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The important points
• The retina is specialized for different types ofseeing
• We are only capable of detail vision with cone cells inthe fovea this is really a very small part of the visualfield
• We simply cannot see everything that is “out there”
• We need to make guesses based in part on our experiences andin part on the physics of the world
• Both traditional and modern views in perception lean strongly towardsthis view
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What about environmentalperception?
• When we are looking at objects in scenes, weuse our powers of selective attention
• This can mean something quite obvious, such as
an overt orientation of the eyes and maybe thehead and the rest of the body
• So for example in the Yarbus images, we inferthat the pattern of eye movements reflects theway that we are attending to a scene
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What do we do with scenes?
• Recent studies suggest that we are very fast andaccurate at processing scene information
• We are able to extract what is called the “gist” of
a scene without processing information aboutdetails
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We probably rely on
coarse mathematical
features (called
ensemble statistics)to do this
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In scene-based guidance, processingof scene gist works hand-in-glove
with selective attention
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Environmental psychologists typicallygo even further to ask questions like:
• What is the meaning of what I see?
• What can I do with what I see?
• What are others doing with the environment Isee?
• How does the scene before me affect myemotions? My cognition?