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8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (12 workspaces)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psych-372-environmental-psychology-12-workspaces 1/36
Environmental psychology of theworkplacePsychology 372
8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (12 workspaces)
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The Hawthorne effect
• There actually was something to learn here….
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An organizing framework
• The physical environment (sound, light, furnishings, etc.)
• The symbolic environment (what is the workspace for?)
• The aesthetic environment (does it look good?)
• The worker (different roles, personalities, levels of experience)
• All of these affect:• Performance
• Feelings
• Health
• Social behaviour
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Sound, noise and music
• What is noise?• Sound you don‟t want or like
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Noise and productivity
• Task effects• Individual differences
• Sound properties (pattern and predictability)
• Control
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Noise and Feelings
• 99% of employees consider noise a negative factor in tworkspace
• Most often, it is singled out as the most irritating part ofworkspace
• There may be a disconnect between feelings and prod
• Eg maybe we just work harder when its quiet
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Noise and health
• Depends on the intensity and duration of the noise• 90dB exposure for a few hours can cause a TTS
• Over 100dB exposure can cause a TTS more quickly(depending on intensity)
• Generally, such noise levels are found in industrial settare regulated
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Noise and social behaviour
• A double-edged sword in open environments• Too low affects privacy
• Too high affects communication
• One fascinating study suggests that noise influences pdecision-making
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Climate in the workspace
• Effective temperature• Temperature, humidity, air movement combined
• Of course must take into account usual clothing and thtask
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Climate and productivity
• Most effects at top and bottom of range• Above 30C performance on cog tasks drops
• Below 14C performance on fine manual tasks drops
• Complex dependencies between type of task and optimal(learning is best below 25C, vigilance better above 27C)
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Climate and feelings
• Our comfort zones may not match our productive zone• We are easily fooled
• Control is important
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Climate and health
• We have remarkable ability to adapt• Atlantic fishers
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Climate and social behaviour
• One study showed increased aggression in story compthe lab
• In the field, lots of studies have measured relationship violent crimes and climate – generally positive relations
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Air quality in the workplace
• More of a concern now because of emphasis on sustai
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Air quality and performance
• The “myth” of negative ions • Does fragrance matter?
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Air quality and feelings
• Skimpy evidence for effects• Perception of air quality may matter more than actual q
• The streamer effect
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Air quality and health
• Sick building syndrome?• Seems real but the precise cause has been hard to pin do
• Oxygen levels
• The TSE story
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Air quality and social behaviour
• We band together against bad odours
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Light in the workplace
• The obvious – we have to have enough light to work• Wide variety of indoor lighting systems
• Natural light when possible is the gold standard
• But it‟s rarely possible to have enough of it
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Light and productivity
• Task lighting is the most sustainable and efficient• Full spectrum lighting – not strong evidence for an effe
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Light and feelings
• There‟s no end of recommendations for influence of cofeelings
• Hard evidence is harder to come by
• Evolutionary “just-so” stories
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Schauss or „drunk-tank‟pink
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Light and health
• The obvious effects of glare-eyestrain
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Light and social behaviour
• Sporadic accounts of effects (eg warm wavelengths encollaboration) but little of substance
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Space in the workplace
• Brief history
• The assembly line model
• The action-office
• The open workplace
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Assembly line offices
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Action office
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Cubicle farm
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Open plan office
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Playground open offices
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The non-office
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How do these office designs stack up?
• Cubicle farms produce isolation, depersonalization
• But CAN be good for certain kinds of work
• Open offices have been vaulting in popularity but are auniversally disliked
• The Chiat-Day experience
• Lack of privacy, noise
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Telecommuting is in flux
• Marissa Meyer and Yahoo
• The power of face to face
• Swarm intelligence and agile decision making
• CMU study showed performance related to group dynamics individual traits
• Turn-taking, social sensitivity, # of women• Performance exceeded prediction from average and max sc
individuals in the group
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Distance matters
• The 30 meter rule
• Floor effects
8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (12 workspaces)
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The organizationof space
-main street
-serendipitous encounters
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Summary
• Traditional corpus of evidence suggests that basic phyproperties of office have an influence
• Overall office design philosophy can have broad impac
• (and this is really a small part of a company‟s budget)
• Ideas about technology, open offices, telecommuting a
much in flux