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8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (7 personalspace)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psych-372-environmental-psychology-7-personalspace 1/34
8/11/2019 Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (7 personalspace)
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Overview
•Definitions
•What are the main zones of space?
•How is personal space measured?
•How does personal space influencebehaviour?
• Applications
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The Close-Talker
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Just because…
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Personal space
•We all know implicitly what this is
• Sommers said it’s “an area with invisible
boundaries into which intruders may not come”
•This definition doesn’t quite capture it
• Personal space is malleable
• It’s reallyinterpersonal space
• Personal space functions as a signal to others
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Gradations of personal space
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How to measure personal space
•Simulation
• Old methods weren’t very good
•
We don’t scale this stuff very well• Yee et al used Second Life
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The Second Life metaverse
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Yee measured IPD and gaze angle
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Main findings•
Male-male pairs stood further apart•There was an inverse correlation betweenIPD and gaze angles
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How to measure personal space
•Simulation
• Old methods weren’t very good
•
We don’t scale this stuff very well•Stop-distance method
• Bubble bursting demo
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Ryan Brennan’s bubble bursting
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How does personal space influencebehaviour?
•Flight responses
• We tend to move away from those who enter
personal space inappropriately
• We also show arousal and sometimes negative
affect (though this can depend….)
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How does personal space influencebehaviour?
• Attraction
• Not surprisingly, strong gender effects
• In one study, everyone liked a female who sat close to them
more than they liked a male who sat close to them
• Elevator behaviour
• We don’t like it when we are invaded in an elevator unless it’s
crowded
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How does personal space influencebehaviour?
•Social influence (the Lyndon Johnson effect)
• We perceivea close-talker as being more influential
but they’renot
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How does personal space influencebehaviour?
•Group work
• When we face one another, we are more likely to
cooperate
• When we sit side by side, competition is more likely
• Generally, anything that increases the salience of
the other person will encourage cooperation.
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Theories of personal space
•It begins in a zoo
• Heini Hediger
• ...hunger and love can take only second place. The satisfaction
of hunger and sexual appetite can be postponed; not so escapefrom a dangerous enemy, and all animals, even the biggest and
fiercest, have enemies. As far as higher animals are concerned,
escape must thus at any rate be considered as the most
important behavior biologically.
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Theories of personal space
•Flight distance
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Theories of personal space•Hediger extended this to intraspecificspacing patterns
• And many others have discussed this
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Theories of personal space
• At a very general ecological level
• We are more likely to see rigid spacing rules and
defined territories when resources are well-defined
• For example, aerial predators and lemmings
•
Also intraspecific spacing mechanisms tend to bebetter developed in birds than in mammals
• Maybe because they can respond quickly and flexibly
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Theories of personal space
• Strange confluence of interests and people
• Humphry Osmond - Coined the word ‘psychedelic’ and used
hallucinogens in his therapeutic work
• Also coined the words “sociopetal” and “sociofugal” as usedin your textbook along with Robert Sommers
• Found his way to Saskatchewan and worked with architect
Kiyoshi Izumi on the design of asylums
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Weyburn psychiatric hospital
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The four seated ladies
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Izumi’s sociopetal plan
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Theories of personal space
•The most influential modern model ofpersonal space suggests that spacing isgoverned by approach-avoidance
mechanisms: The affiliative-conflict theory• We want to come close to get information but we
want to stay distant to preserve freedom and be
safe
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Theories of personal space
•We use compensation to bring personalcontact to equilibrium
• We saw this in the Yee study where men pushed
together increase gaze angles
• It’s also seen in natural situations
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Theories of personal space
•Social penetration
• Relationships change and so equilibrium rules
don’t always apply
• If you’re attracted to someone you may reciprocate rather
than compensate, for example
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Theories of personal space
• Awareness of Arousal
• The arousal generated by close contact is basically
neutral
• We are aware of the physiological arousal and we
imbue it with meaning ourselves
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The neuroscience of personal space
•Parietal cellsrespond to spacearound the body
• More such cells for
close spaces
• Shape of receptive
field affected by
attention
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The neuroscience of personal space• Amygdala: Patient SM
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Applications
•Seating arrangements in restaurants andbars
•
Seating arrangements in libraries•Have to take into account the functions of thespace
• It’s not always a good idea to force contact
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Summary
•Personal space has deep biological roots butalso shows evidence that it is learned
• Cultural differences, for example
•Most theories contain elements of approach-avoidance principles
•Personal space should influence design