Psyc 552Ergonomics & Biomechanics

Lecture 3

Anatomy & Work Evaluation Primary tool of ergonomists is surface

anatomy. The objective is to visualize the structures below

the skin.

Anatomical Position Standing erect Head, eyes, & toes

forward Heels and toes together Upper limbs handing

by side Palms facing

anteriorly.

Anatomical Planes Median…

Sagittal…

Coronal…

Horizontal, transverse, axial…

Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1023.html

Directional Terms Superior…

Inferior…

Anterior…

Posterior…

Directional Terms (cont) Medial…

Lateral…

Proximal…

Distal…

Directional Terms Superficial…

Deep…

Parietal…

Visceral…

Ipsilateral…

Contralateral…

Describing Movement Flexion…

Extension…

Hyperextension…

Abduction…

Describing Movement (cont) Abduction…

Adduction…

Opposition…

Protraction…

Describing Movement (cont) Retraction…

Elevation…

Depression…

Circumduction…

Describing Movement (cont) Rotation…

Medial rotation…

Lateral rotation…

Describing Movement (cont) Eversion of the foot…

Inversion of the foot…

Connective tissue Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and

cartilage are all connective tissue.

Connective tissue provides…

Bones Osteology – (osteon = bone; logos = study)

can be considered bone or tissue.

Divided into two groups…

Long bones Shaft / Diaphysis

Head / Epiphyses

Image from http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/appendskellab/head.jpg

Bone Physiology Cortical bone – compact bone

Cancellous bone – trabecular bone

Bone Architecture Bone structure varies according to its function

Long bones – are rigid

Tubercles and tuberosities and ridges and crests increase rigidity

Bone Architecture (cont) Bone elasticity results from organic matter

Rigidity results from lamella…

Image from http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/image/b11/20a3.htm

Bone Architecture (cont) Spongy bone…

Image from http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/bone/spongy_bone_histology.htm

Factors affecting bones…

The Spine 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar

Image fromhttp://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1286.html

Lordosis Concave anteriorly convex

posteriorly

Kyphosis Convex anteriorly and

concave posteriorly

Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1277.html

Joints Arthrology (arthros = joints; logos = study)

Types Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Synovial

Fibrous Joints

Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm

Cartilaginous Joints

Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm

Synovial Joints

Image from http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/joints.HTM#synovial

Synovial Joints (cont)…

Joint Lubrication Boundary lubrication…

Squeeze film lubrication

Joint Movements Limited by

Tension of ligaments & muscles

Tension of antagonist muscle

Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is to increase muscle length.

Types of cartilage Hyaline…

Fibrocartilage…

Elastic cartilage…

Factors Affecting Cartilage…