PSYC 200 Week #4 APA References (cont’d), Basic Research Methods, & The Main Parts of a Manuscript

PSYC 200Week #4APA References (cont’d),

Basic Research Methods, &

The Main Parts of a Manuscript

http://www.ubalt.edu/

Agenda Roll call Collect and discuss graded assignments Finishing up references Some quick and dirty grammar Basic research methods Manuscript components (Part 1)


Assignments Recap Reading assignment

Gram ch 3 – 8 APA ch 3, 7

Single article summary assignment Was due last week or later, depending on your

situation. Stragglers?

Essay #1 Graded


Essay #1 – Common Issues Missing title on body

You must put the title, centered, on the 1st page of the body.

Pronoun issues (will discuss later) Non-descriptive title Running head: NEEDS TO LOOK RIGHT Extra space between paragraphs



CITATIONS AND REFERENCES CLOSURE


Six or More Authors First use:

Jones et al. (2003) examined.... ...are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al.,

2003) Subsequent use:

Jones et al. found ...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)

First use in a new paragraph: Jones et al. (2003)


Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened

Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999) Jones et al. (1999)

Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999) Jones et al. (1999)

Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999) Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)


More Than One Source ... interactions between youth and their

parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2004).

The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).


Secondary Sources Citing a document implies that you HAVE

READ the original work (APA, 2010) Did you actually read the original reference?

Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)

Don’t include Smith’s article on your reference page.


Quotations When quoting from a source, “if the quotation

comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170).

Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote


Quotations Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an

indented block.

The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

Microsoft Word Document


Other Citation Hints Articles don’t say anything—authors do.

Don’t say, The article found that… Do say, Jones (2010) found

Don’t overload your reader with citations. You should only be presenting ideas that are relevant to your topic.

Practice…


Practice 1 Authors:

Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John Kendra H. Craik Robin Wright Robins

Year: 1998 Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in paper

(Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998)


Practice 1a Authors:


Year: 1998 Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in new

paragraph (already cited in paper)

(Gosling, et al., 1998)


Practice 1b Authors:


Year: 1998 Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text

Gosling, et al. found…


Practice 2 Authors:

Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John

Year: 1998 Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text

Gosling and John found…


FORMATTING REFERENCE ENTRIES

Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate,


Reference Page Format Rules Put the word References centered at top of new page Start references next Each new reference is a new, hanging indent

paragraph. Place references in alphabetical order Each citation must have reference and vice versa

This is an example of a hanging indent paragraph. In Word, go to Paragraph, Special Indent, and select Hanging.


Components of a Reference Author’s or authors’ name(s) Year of publication Article or Chapter Title Journal or Book Title Volume Number Issue Number Location of Publication

City, State or City, Country outside of US DOI or web address or database name

Publisher Information


Journal Article Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the journal article. Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp. If retrieved electronically

doi:xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxxor URL of journal home pageRetrieved from http://www.journal.edu/ref/filenameor Retrieved from Name of database

Last name and initials.

In parentheses, end with pd.

Sentence caps, end in pd.

Title caps, italicized

Italicized In parentheses

Start pg., hyphen, end pg., period


Best, T. (2010). Effects of name referents on childhood experiences. Journal of Adlerian Psychopathology, 6(7), 22-33. doi:10.11….

Journal Article Exercise Author: Tegan Best Published in 2010 Title of article: Effects of Name Referents on Childhood

Experiences. Title of journal: Journal of Alderian Psychopathology,

volume 6, issue 7, pages 22 to 33 Identifier: 10.1177/0093854806286208


An Entire Book Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the book. City, State or Country (outside of US):

Publisher.


A Chapter in a Book Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, State: Publisher.


Technical or Research Report Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of report (Report No. XXXX). City, State: Publisher

or Retrieved from Agency Site:

http://agency.gov/location/filename

Microsoft Word Document


APA LANGUAGE STYLE GUIDELINES

1. Headings

2. Language Guide


Headings – The APA Way


Using Headings Headings are used to create sections Improves sense of organization Improves accessibility of information Simple transition between major parts of

paper Heading styles are codified


APA Headings (APA p. 62-63)

Centered Title Caps (b)

Left Title Caps (b)

Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b)

Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b,i)

Indented, sentence caps ending w/ pd. (i)


Quick APA Language Guide Word choice and usage – the right word in the

right place Removing bias Grammar / Punctuation


Common phrases Avoid these!!

Feel, believe, think, prove, stated, wrote, said Replace with:

Hypothesize, conjecture, reason, support, found, suggested

Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage


Avoid Wordiness Clear & Concise Write like a poet

Make every word count Avoid unnecessary transitions Say what you want to using one word instead of

two Say it with one word rather than two Say it with one word, not two



Informalities and Slang No contractions—ever! No colloquialisms

Sky-high, bright idea, and the like others?



Using Conjunctions Correctly Since vs. Because

Andrew has been excited about going to the zoo since last Thursday.

The dog salivated because Pavlov rang the bell. While vs. Although

Although I enjoy watching baseball on television, I would rather be at the stadium.

While Jack cleaned the garage, Mary dusted the living room. Or vs. Nor

The girl was allowed to have either a piece of candy or a sticker. Neither the doctor nor the nurse could find the patient’s chart.



Referring to People Do not use “You” to refer to the reader. Do not use “We” to refer to general groups or

society.

Use “One” If one chooses to engage in criminal activity, then one

must be ready to accept the consequences.

One should not equate correlation with causation.



Me, myself, and I Can you use first person?

YES!! Use the appropriate first person pronoun

when referring to yourself or the author(s) of your paper.

Consider using passive voice I gave the survey to 70 participants Seventy participants received the survey



They All Sound the Same... They’re, There, and Their

They’re going to the store this afternoon. (contraction = they are)

I just returned from Dublin, have you ever been there? (place, direction)

Their house is white with blue shutters. (possession)

To, Too, and Two Kent is moving to Massachusetts. I want to go too. He is taking his two dogs with him.



They all sound the same... It’s and Its

It’s Jake’s birthday today. (It is) Its hair was matted and mangled. (possession)

Whether and Weather It does not matter whether or not Mandy stays for dinner. The weather is supposed to be cold and damp.

Then and Than Men are more likely than women to watch UFC. The students were instructed to clear their desks then begin the

examination.



Often Forgotten..... Who vs. Whom

Who is the person with the white lab coat? With whom did you leave the key?

Who vs. That Individuals who study, often find exams to be easy. Companies that give employees better benefits have higher

productivity. The vase that broke is in the cardboard box. Times when..., Places where...

Affect vs. Effect Psychology students often learn about the Hawthorne effect. Amy wants study how energy-drinks affect performance and

cognitive ability.



Anthropomorphizing Do not give human traits or abilities to

inanimate or non-human objects/creatures.

Do not write The article shows...

Instead try...Deci and Ryan indicate The research explains...

Instead...Pavlov explains



Removing Bias One must be conscientious of how individuals

and groups are identified. Do not over generalize Gender bias Racial/Ethnicity bias Mental health or disability status Age

Quick APA Language Guide - Bias


Sexist Language When referring to an object that could be

either male or female (e.g., a participant, a client, etc.) you MUST not exclude a gender.

For example, “When a therapist begins a session, she introduces herself first.”

Try, “…the therapist introduces his or herself…” “…self-introductions come first…” Or: Make it plural “When therapists begin

sessions, they introduce themselves first.”Quick APA Language Guide - Bias


Irregular Plurals

Data

Datum

Singular Plural

Phenomenon

Phenomena

Hypotheses

Hypothesis

Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar


Irregular PluralsSingular Form

Child Mouse Foot Offspring Formula Datum Stimulus Index Hypothesis Criterion

Plural Form Children Mice Feet Offspring Formulae Data Stimuli Indices Hypotheses Criteria



Abbreviations That is…

Study for your class; that is, if you don’t want to fail. Study for your class (i.e., if you don’t want to fail)

And so on… Notes, books, pencils, etc.

For example… For example, students in PSYC200. …(e.g., students in PSYC200).

And other people (things) [used when have many authors] …was found (Johns, et al., 2002).



Dirty Grammar They’re always there to hurt their grade

their, there, and they’re Plural possessives

Individual, individuals, individual’s, and individuals’

Pronoun shifting Someone cannot be a they



Parallel Construction Each statement must be able to stand alone and still be

grammatically correct.

The student is required to read 30 pages of text, write a report, and memorize a list of vocabulary words. to read to write to memorize



Dirty Grammar Make ‘em parallel

My experience with psychology is mostly from attending classes, working with children, and to read books.

If you can’t pull it apart, then it ain’t parallel ..from attending classes ..from working with children ..from read books



Dirty Grammar – Comma use I expect to gain much experience in this class, and hope to

find out a direction for my career. I expect to gain much experience in this class hope to find out a direction for my career

I expect to gain much experience in this class, and I hope to find out a direction for my career. I expect to gain much experience in this class I hope to find out a direction for my career

Mostly, whenever possible, use, or otherwise utilize, a comma on introductory phrases At that time, I wanted to be a counselor



Resources for help The ARC – writing center

(410) 837-6244 [email protected]

Your peers Your texts

Quick APA Language Guide

mailto:[email protected]


APA SCAVENGER HUNT


INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS


Research Methods There are 6 basic categories of scientific

method that virtually all research falls intoResearch

Non-Experimental Experimental

Naturalistic Observation Quasi-Experimental

Survey

Relational Research

Field Study Experimental


Research Methods –Naturalistic Observation

Addresses most basic scientific question: “What is out there?”

Requires operational definition of events to be observed

Observer must be unobtrusive, and design must be nonreactive


Research Methods –Field-Based Research

Like naturalistic observation, conducted in real-world settings

Goal is to establish natural relations among events

Observer must be unobtrusive, but methods are intentionally reactive


Research Methods –Survey Research

Appropriate to the study of private behaviors Two primary styles:

Interviews (structured/unstructured) Questionnaires (structured/unstructured)


Research Methods –Relational (Correlational) Research

Goal to verify systematic (usually linear) relations among events

Strengths/directions of relations generally expressed in form of correlation

coefficient (rxy)


Research Methods –True Experiment Goal: to establish a cause-effect relationship

among events Does low-fat diet cause decrease in cancer risk? Does exposure to violent video games cause

increase in violent behaviors? Does spaced study cause increase in memory

accuracy and retention? Do genetic variations cause sexual preference?


Research Methods –True Experiment Requires:

random assignment of participants to at least two equivalent conditions

manipulation of one factor (independent variable, or IV) in one condition (experimental), leaving it unchanged in other condition (control)

measurement of one other factor in both conditions (factor called dependent variable, or DV; measurement instrument called dependent measure, or DM)


Research Methods –True Experiment Concludes:

if groups are NOT equivalent with respect to DV, and

if the difference between the groups is so big it probably did not happen by chance, then

manipulation of the IV caused the difference in the DV


Research Methods –Quasi-Experiment Goal also to establish cause-effect relations

among events Required when random assignment is not

possible, because must use pre-existing groups, or IV impossible to manipulate directly, or IV unethical/illegal to manipulate directly


Research Methods Review Name 6 categories of scientific research


The parts of an APA manuscript Title Page Abstract Body

Literature review Method Results Discussion

References Tables Figures Appendices


Review General guidelines Title page Abstract


Body Purpose:

The “meat” of your article. You want to share your experiences, knowledge, opinions with the world.

Formatting: Title centered at top of first page Double space, indent, and begin your text

Content: Discuss all necessary aspects of your topic {see next slide}


Body – Experimental / Research Paper Introduction

Purpose: Identify previous work in the field relating to your

topic / study Formatting:

NO heading (e.g., “Introduction”) to start May use headings to separate sections


Body – Experimental / Research Paper Introduction (cont’d)

Content Lit review

Cite previous scientific work related to your article Logical (usually not chronological) order

Purpose of study What are you trying to accomplish / investigate?


Body – Experimental / Research Paper Introduction (cont’d)

Content (cont’d) Theoretical issues

How does your article impact the field? How has previous work in the field influenced your article?

Definitions of variables What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?

Statement of hypotheses What do you expect to find, given the previous work in the

field and your own personal twist?


Body – Literature Review Paper Introduction

Content Theoretical issues

What previous work has been done in this topic? Is there any controversy / disagreement about this topic? What are the opposing view points?

Definitions of variables What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?


Body – Experimental / Research Paper Other Components of the Body

Method Section Results Section Discussion Section

{to be continued…}


Review and Next Steps Review Next week assignments

Gram reading (ch 9) and assigments #1-3 in the book

APA ch 4 APA Style Practice Test #1

Editorial style (the minutiae)


Documents

PSYC 200 Week #4 APA References (cont’d), Basic Research Methods, & The Main Parts of a Manuscript