Proyecto de carbono cafe y cacao bajo sombra

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: VCS Version 3

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SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION PROJECT

Document Prepared By ECOTIERRA

Project Title SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION PROJECT

Version Version 4

Date of Issue 11 April 2014

Prepared By ECOTIERRA Celso Alexis Navia Cuba

Contact

35, Belvdre Nord, Bur. 500, Sherbrooke, Qubec, Canada. J1H 4A7 +1-819-346-1000 Etienne Desmarais [email protected] http://www.ECOTIERRA.co/en/


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Table of Contents

1 Project Details .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Summary Description of the Project ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Sectoral Scope and Project Type ................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Project Proponent ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Other Entities Involved in the Project ............................................................................................. 5 1.5 Project Start Date ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Project Crediting Period .................................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Project Scale and Estimated GHG Emission Reductions or Removals ......................................... 7 1.8 Description of the Project Activity ................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Project Location ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.10 Conditions Prior to Project Initiation .......................................................................................... 32 1.11 Compliance with Laws, Statutes and Other Regulatory Frameworks ...................................... 45 1.12 Ownership and Other Programs ............................................................................................... 46

1.12.1 Right of Use ....................................................................................................................... 46 1.12.2 Emissions Trading Programs and Other Binding Limits .................................................... 47 1.12.3 Other Forms of Environmental Credit ................................................................................ 47 1.12.4 Participation under Other GHG Programs ......................................................................... 47 1.12.5 Projects Rejected by Other GHG Programs ...................................................................... 47

1.13 Additional Information Relevant to the Project .......................................................................... 48 2 Application of Methodology ...........................................................................................52

2.1 Title and Reference of Methodology ............................................................................................. 52 2.2 Applicability of Methodology ......................................................................................................... 52 2.3 Project Boundary .......................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Baseline Scenario ......................................................................................................................... 56 2.5 Additionality .................................................................................................................................. 68 2.6 Methodology Deviations ............................................................................................................... 68

3 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals .......................................69 3.1 Baseline Emissions....................................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Project Emissions ......................................................................................................................... 70 3.3 Leakage ........................................................................................................................................ 79 3.4 Net GHG Emission Reductions and Removals ............................................................................ 82

4 Monitoring ........................................................................................................................84 4.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation ............................................................................... 84 4.2 Data and Parameters Monitored .................................................................................................. 87

5 Environmental Impact .....................................................................................................99 6 Stakeholder Comments ................................................................................................ 101 HISTORY OF THE DOCUMENT ............................................................................................. 102


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1 PROJECT DETAILS

1.1 Summary Description of the Project

The Project Shade Coffee and Cacao Reforestation proposed by ECOTIERRA is an ARR carbon

sequestration grouped project based on improving agricultural farming techniques to include

coffee and cocoa under shade. The project aims to turn traditional land use schemes into shade,

organic and fair trade coffee and cocoa production systems by the mean of massive plantation of

trees, environmental education, technical training and accompaniment.

This Canadian-Peruvian initiative is led by ECOTIERRA, a company specializing in the

development and implementation of environmental, carbon and sustainable development

projects.

In Peru, 25% of small coffee and cocoa producers are members of cooperatives. This project was

initiated as a result of the findings by some cooperatives of the limitations and problems faced by

a large number of these producers such as inadequate management of the land, environmental

degradation, lack of income, limited technical knowledge, resistance to change and innovation,

inability to invest in developing and maintaining their parcels, difficult working conditions and the

limitations of these cooperatives to offer technical and financial help to its members. In fact,

cooperatives have very limited access to financial resources that allows them to develop and

maintain over time the technical expertise, or sufficient lending capacity, to properly support their

members in an attempt to break the state chronic poverty.

This lack of knowledge limits the ability of the producers to increase the productivity, to diversify

the agroforestry systems as well as to protect /improve the environment. At the same time the

customary management of their land, crops, pastures and their reluctance to change can affect

the overall profitability of their work and often leads to disastrous environmental impacts such as:

migratory agriculture on mountainsides with no protective measure for soil erosion, slash and

burn agriculture and poor fertilization to name a few. With the land becoming less productive over

time, the small producers abandon the parcels and move onto a neighbouring parcel and start the

whole process again.

The "SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION PROJECT" has been developed in

association with 32 cooperatives of small coffee and cocoa producers. The purpose of the project

is to convert degraded, low production or abandoned plots into high quality (fairtrade organic)

crop producing parcels with forest cover while focusing on sustainable development practices.

These Agroforestry projects will allow producers to increase their incomes by both agricultural

production and by adding the sustainable use of forestry resources.

Beyond the environmental objectives (carbon sequestration), the project focuses on sustainable

development objectives that include socio-economic and also their own environmental objectives.

The incentive related to the carbon aspect of the project as well as the initial funding will allow a

multitude of small producers to improve the management of their plot, increase crop yield,

diversify the source of income ensuring the sustainability of their farm and improving access to

education and healthcare. Reforestation, education and training related to the project will also


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promote the improvement and protection of the environment by combating soil depletion, erosion,

contamination and the drying up of rivers, siltation of the landslide while regenerating local

biodiversity.

In total 12,111 ha of land will be reclaimed over 11 years covering 13 departments of Peru from

the border of Ecuador to that of Bolivia. According to the member list of participating Centrales

and cooperatives, more than 16,000 small producers will benefit directly and indirectly from the

project. The project is expected to generate about 1,969,139 tons (LTA) of CO2 over the 40 year

period. Given that this is a grouped project the total is an estimate of future participation.

1.2 Sectoral Scope and Project Type

Sectoral scope: 14-Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

Project category: ARR

Project activity: Afforestation, Reforestation and Revegetation

The proposed project is a grouped project, including multiple instances in each year of

implementation of activities.

1.3 Project Proponent

Project Proponent: Socit de gestion de projets ECOTIERRA Inc.

Contact : 35, Belvdre Nord, Bur. 500,

Sherbrooke, Qubec, Canada.

J1H 4A7

Contact person : Etienne Desmarais

[email protected]

+1 819 346-1000

Roles and responsibilities: The project proponents and project developer is ECOTIERRA, a

Canadian based company which developed the project from the ground up. From field research

to building partnership, developing the project document, setting up planting and monitoring

procedure and training the local partners and management team.

Ecotierra will be responsible for the monitoring of GHG Emission and removal. The field team

collecting the data will be comprised of personnel from ECOTIERRA and duly qualified

contractors. Data inputting, gathering, computerization for storage as well as analysis will be

performed by qualified ECOTIERRA personnel.


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1.4 Other Entities Involved in the Project

Implementing Partner

The project is based on a solid partnership between ECOTIERRA and the rural communities in

Peru. To achieve this we have been solidifying our relationship for the past year with the different

associations of producers as well as the individual producers. Our structure is composed of 4

group.

1. ECOTIERRA

2. CENTRALES (grouping of cooperatives) and other partners

3. COOPERATIVE (We are partnered with 32 cooperatives in the development of this

project.)

4. Small producers of coffee and cocoa associated with our partner cooperatives.

Cooperatives are organizations whose members are individual small producers whom mainly

produce coffee and cocoa. They may be small in size (regrouping 40-50 members) or large in

scale (regrouping 4,000 members). The main purpose of the cooperatives is to market the crop

production of its members. The majority of the cooperatives have Organic and Fair Trade

certification and encourages all of its members to adopt these practices. Some cooperatives also

assist their members by providing some training and field technicians. Their expertise is key in

the development and the management of the project.

Roles and responsibilities: The cooperatives are responsible for the planting activities such as

the selections of the plots, the planting, the monitoring of the project including the sustainable

husbandry and commercialization of the trees. In the monitoring process they are responsible for

monitoring the integration of new plots (new instances) of the project, by onsite visits and surveys

to the producers. The cooperatives will also have the responsibility to monitor the implementation

of the project activities. For more details, see section 4 (monitoring).

Centrales were created by the grouping of smaller cooperatives whose main objective was to

reach critical mass for exporting their products. They specialize in the direct marketing and

exporting of the crop. Within the organizational structure sometimes can be found other types of

partners: Cooperatives that are not regrouped and an NGO.

Roles and responsibilities:

The Centrals have a role of support, training and monitoring activities. The project partners can

be found in the table below. In the monitoring process centrales will assume the role of first

verification and quality assurance of the monitoring of the cooperatives. For more details, see

section 4 (monitoring).


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Table 01 - List of the Implementing partners in the project

CENTRALES COOPERATIVES

(class partner)

NAME ACRONYM

PRO-A

ASOCIACIN DE PRODUCTORES ECOLGICOS SAN JUAN BAUTISTA DE CAARIS

APE CAARIS

ASOCIACIN DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS DE SHATOJA- SAN MARTN

APA SHATOJA

LA ASOCIACIN DE PRODUCTORES CAFETALEROS JUAN MARCO EL PALTO APC JUMARP

APC JUMARP

ASOCIACION DE PRODUCTORES CAFETALEROS Y CACAOTEROS DEL AMAZONAS-APROCAM

APROCAM

CENTRAL DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS DE AMAZONAS

CAC CEPROAA

ASOCIACIN PROVINCIAL DE CAFETALEROS SOLIDARIOS SAN IGNACIO

APROCASSI

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA FRONTERA SAN IGNACIO

CAC FRONTERASI

ASOCIACION DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS DEL ALTO MAYO

APAVAM

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA SAN IGNACIO DE LOYOLA

CASIL

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA LA PALMA CAC LA PALMA

COOPERATIVA DE SERVICIOS MULTIPLES CEDROS CAF LTDA

CEDROS CAF

APPCACAO

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA SAN GABN - PROYECTO SAN GABAN

CAC SAN GABAN

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA ALTO URUBAMBA

CAC ALTO HURUBAMBA

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA EL QUINACHO CAC QUINACHO

FUNDACION AMAZONIA VIVA-FUNDAVI

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA ORO VERDE CAC ORO VERDE

COPERATIVAS ASOCIADAS CECOVASA

CAC DE SERVICIOS VALLE SAN IGNACIO CAC DE SERVICIOS VALLE SAN IGNACIO

CAC INAMBARI LTDA CAC INAMBARI LTDA

CAC TUPAC AMARU CAC TUPAC AMARU

CAC SAN JORGE CAC SAN JORGE

CAC SAN ISIDRO DE YANAHUAYA CAC SAN ISIDRO DE YANAHUAYA

CAC VALLE GRANDE CAC VALLE GRANDE

CAC UNION AZATA CAC UNION AZATA

CAC CHARUYO CAC CHARUYO

COCLA By defining cooperatives By defining cooperatives


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COOPERATIVA AGRARIA INDUSTRIAL NARANJILLO

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA INDUSTRIAL NARANJILLO COOPAIN

COPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA LA DIVISORIA

COPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA LA DIVISORIA CAC DIVISORIA

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA SATIPO

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA SATIPO CAC SATIPO

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA RODRGUEZ DE MENDOZA

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA RODRGUEZ DE MENDOZA COOPARM

CAC PANGOA COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA PANGOA CAC PANGOA

CENTRAL DE PRODUCTORES AGROECOLOGICOS DE

PICHANAKI

CENTRAL DE PRODUCTORES AGROECOLOGICOS DE PICHANAKI

CEPROAP

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA LA FLORIDA

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA LA FLORIDA CAC FLORIDA

CAC VALLE DE INCAHUASI COOPERATIVA AGRARIA CAFETALERA VALLE DE INCAHUASI

CAC VALLE DE INCAHUASI

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA DE MUJERES PICHANAKI

COOPERATIVA AGRARIA DE MUJERES PICHANAKI CAMPC

1.5 Project Start Date

The project start date is the 30 September, 2013.

The date on which we begin activities with management operationalization nurseries for planting

the first group of instances. This date has been defined as the start date of the project.

1.6 Project Crediting Period

For this Grouped Project the total length of the grouped project crediting period is: 40 years

Start Date: September 30th, 2013.

End Date: September 30th, 2053.

1.7 Project Scale and Estimated GHG Emission Reductions or Removals

Project Scale

Project x

Large project


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First Grouped Instances

The whole grouped project

Years Estimated net GHG emission reductions or removals (tCO2e)

Years

Estimated net GHG emission reductions or removals (tCO2e)

2,013 0

2,013 0

2,014 117

2,014 117

2,015 339

2,015 2,615

2,016 697

2,016 9,657

2,017 829

2,017 24,201

2,018 1,283

2,018 43,960

2,019 1,875

2,019 76,479

2,020 2,617

2,020 125,250

2,021 3,488

2,021 194,905

2,022 4,559

2,022 293,442

2,023 5,805

2,023 429,160

2,024 4,210

2,024 605,221

2,025 5,127

2,025 772,658

2,026 6,181

2,026 970,408

2,027 7,380

2,027 1,188,528

2,028 8,706

2,028 1,438,820

2,029 7,919

2,029 1,727,466

2,030 9,229

2,030 2,000,067

2,031 10,691

2,031 2,268,614

2,032 12,311

2,032 2,552,370

2,033 14,095

2,033 2,788,528

2,034 2,549

2,034 3,018,079

2,035 2,936

2,035 3,192,166

2,036 3,423

2,036 3,345,098

2,037 3,997

2,037 3,438,934

2,038 4,673

2,038 3,380,910

2,039 5,459

2,039 3,303,268

2,040 6,364

2,040 3,288,673

2,041 7,394

2,041 3,106,004

2,042 8,528

2,042 2,892,521

2,043 9,818

2,043 2,419,005

2,044 5,612

2,044 1,875,496

2,045 6,318

2,045 2,065,730

2,046 7,113

2,046 2,280,608

2,047 8,007

2,047 2,495,655

2,048 9,007

2,048 2,689,508

2,049 10,093

2,049 2,903,110

2,050 11,316

2,050 3,108,290

2,051 12,655

2,051 3,263,034

2,052 14,117

2,052 3,423,447

2,053 15,706

2,053 3,495,692

Total estimated ERs

15,706

Total estimated ERs

3,495,692

Total number of crediting years

40

Total number of crediting years

40

Average annual ERs

393

Average annual ERs

87,392

The Long-Term Average GHG benefit from the first group of instances is 5,541 tCO2e, while

the whole grouped project sums up to 1,969,084 tCO2e, according to the document AFOLU

Requirements: VCS Version 3.0 section 4.5.5.1.a. The established period determined by the

estimated LTA GHG benefit is 61 years, considering the last harvest/cutting cycle as

indicated in that section.

The buffer for the non-permanence risk is not counted here.


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1.8 Description of the Project Activity

Nature and objective of the project

The Shade Coffee and Cacao reforestation project was developed to break the cycle of land

degradation and destruction caused by traditional agricultural practice in the rural areas of the

Peruvian Andes.

The traditional land use have had long-term disastrous results which affected not only the land

where these practices took place but also affected neighbouring areas as the farmers moved

from less fertile parcel to another which meant deforestation of the new parcels. The project

does not intend to take into consideration the avoidance of further land degradation avoided by

the carbon project. The project will focus on the ARR aspect for to evaluate the carbon footprint.

We consider the avoidance of deforestation as an environmental sustainability benefits to the

project.

Therefore the objective of the project is:

The capture of atmospheric carbon and long-term storage through reforestation within

agroforestry systems, more precisely the growing of coffee and cocoa under shade and small

forestry systems with sustainable timber harvest.

The purpose of the project is to convert degraded low production or abandoned plots into high

quality (fairtrade organic) crop producing parcels with forest cover while focusing on sustainable

development practices.

The project will be implemented on land that have been deforested for more than 10 years and

are underused and unprofitable due to their condition. Those abandoned or low yielding plots are

currently covered with annual crops, perennial fruit crops, wasteland and fallow or degraded

pasture. Their uses will completely switch to a new production systems. This Agroforestry

projects will allow producers to increase their incomes by both agricultural production and by

adding the sustainable use of forestry resources. Strategy to achieve this objective:

We have developed a strong partnership with local central and cooperatives that will facilitate the

implementation of the project. These partners are well entrenched in the community where they

serve and have established relationships with many of the local producers. Many of them have

expert agro technician who are expert in the field of coffee and cocoa agriculture.

Through the centrales and cooperatives, we provide the opportunity for small producers

(members or non-members) to participate in the project by converting their degraded, low

producing, abandoned parcels and convert them into shade coffee or cocoa producing parcels or

implement small forest massifs. The producers will benefit from the increase revenue as

described earlier. These sources of revenues are key factor in the longevity of the carbon

sequestration project.


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Support and training will be provided to the centrales, cooperatives in order to assure the proper

execution of the approved plan. ECOTIERRA will perform its own monitoring as a form of quality

control that will ensure that the work is done in accordance to the plan.

Project management structure: A community based approach

The entire project has been developed in collaboration with the initial participating centrales and

cooperativesentities that are closest to the small producers.

ECOTIERRA`s role

ECOTIERRA will coordinate and participate in the activities related to the project including the

creation of a training program such as material, visual aid, workshops etc. It will be responsible

for the gathering of all information, its inputting, storage and its safeguard.

ECOTIERRA will take responsibility of the financing of the project and will work in the

development of a market for the crops generated from the project.

ECOTIERRA will also be responsible for the monitoring of the GHG emissions reduction.

The role of the Centrales

Centrales will have the responsibility of developing and creating some synergies between the

different regional cooperatives while monitoring the work done by both the producers and the

cooperatives and authorize payments to the producers. The hiring of forest engineer whose role

is to train and offer technical assistance to the cooperatives and the creation of forestry

cooperative will be part of the Centrales mandate.

The involvement of cooperatives

The cooperatives are responsible to offer technical support to the producers by delineating plots,

collecting data and supplying them with seeds. They will also offer technical training on the

growing and the implementation of a forestry crop, preparation of the field in accordance to the

PD and schedule field visits during the initial stage (nursery).

The cooperative will be responsible for the first level of monitoring as well as the educational

workshops and training. In the case where the trees are provided by outside sources (municipal

and regional), the cooperatives will be responsible for the transportation and the distribution of

these trees. They also have the opportunity to develop cooperative nurseries which provide

seedlings to farmers.

The role of the producers

The producer will be responsible for preparing the plot; to create a small nursery on it (in some

cases, trees will be provided by municipal or municipal nurseries), plant the trees, ensuring

proper nurturing (pruning, weeding and thinning) to assure good growth as well as replacing

seedlings in the event of high mortality in its first year.


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The producers will be paid after a satisfactory verification of the completed work. The planting of

the coffee and cocoa crop are not financed by the project but related training and technical

support related to the improvement of the crop yield, quality of the crop (organic) and the proper

use of will be part of the training received.

The 3 phases of the project

Pre-implantation phase

The projects activities begin with an information phase were ECOTIERRA in coordination with the

cooperatives and centrales present the project and its benefits to their members or groups of

producers who have shown interest.

After the information phase, producers who are interested in being part of the project can register

on a voluntary basis for the land eligibility assessment. If the land is eligible, the producer with

support of the project developer will chose the species and the technology package that is suited

and the parcels will be included as an instance.

Implantation Phase

This technical phase is described below. It is also accompanied by technical and more general

training:

Producers will receive training on planting and caring for trees (fertilization, pruning, fight against

diseases, etc.) adapted to their circumstances. As well the responsible technicians will provide

the necessary technical advice in the management of the planting to maximize the productivity

and to educate them in the value of organic agriculture. The improvement and protection of the

environment and biodiversity is part of the formation.

Through time the producers will develop a sensitivity to the effect of climate change and the

impact it has locally, as well as the negative impact of deforestation and the degrading of the

forest this leading to a sustainable development project.

Monitoring phase

Described in section 4.


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Grouped project and inclusions of instances

Because of the sheer size of the grouped project and inclusions of instances due to the number

of small producers involved, it is impossible to anticipate all reference plots that could participate

in the project. In addition, the gradual implementation of the project will have a ripple effect on

other producers who may want to participate once their neighbour start seeing the positive effect

of the project. We anticipate that the first year implementation will be leverage to generate

interest amongst producers/investors that will then increase the size of the project in subsequent

years. It is for this reason that we opted for the grouped project option.

Each of the participating cooperatives will have supporting tools to promote and inform about the

project1. Ecotierra will also develop workshops to present the project to local producers (members

and non-members of cooperatives). Interested producers may register in the cooperatives,

participation is free and is voluntary.

Once the producer is interested in the project, the cooperative is required to inform the producers

the rules and regulations of participation. For instance: Land eligibility criteria, in which the

producer agrees to participate and confirm that its lands comply with the rules and regulations of

participation, the cooperative technician will visit the producer land or farm, he will

georeferenciate it with a GPS, take photos (Photos having geographical location -GPS) where the

producer will implement the reforestation activities and have the option to choose an agroforestry

scheme or forested area that he may want to implement. All information collected is recorded in

Ecotierra database (MINKA2) for assessing the plot as per the eligibility criteria (See section 1.13)

for it to be included in the project. A MINKA3 software user manual was drawn up in order to

register the Coffee and Cacao Project activities.

After reviewing all compiled data from the instance and its processing in the MINKA software, the

results of the evaluation can be: Instance Accepted, Rejected or Pending; in any case, the

instance information is already recorded in the database. The plot is rejected when it does not

comply with land eligibility criteria; the plot is in pending status when they did not submit the land

property title of the land that will be involved in the project, or the plot was not yet assessed. Once

the parcel is accepted, the producer must sign an assignment agreement for transferring the

rights of greenhouse gases (those that will be produced inside the plot) in favor of Ecotierra. Also

a socio-economical questionnaire will be applied to the producer. The information will be kept

stored for two years after the end of the accreditation period. The reforestation schedule will be

decided based on the available funding for the future plots to be implemented.

This validation procedure is applied to demonstrate the eligibility of land for afforestation and

reforestation CDM project activities with an adaptation to the VCS criteria.

1 ECOTIERRA will facilitate to the cooperative awareness documents about the shade coffee and cacao

reforestation project. 2 Special software developed by ECOTIERRA to manage the execution of activities for the projects. In the case of

coffee and cacao project, it records the information of the processes linking the eligibility of areas, reforestation,

monitoring and disbursements (nursery, planting, monitoring, etc.). 3 Ecotierra, MINKA User Manual Shade coffee and cacao Project 2013


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How to achieve GHG removals

First and foremost this project is an ARR carbon sequestration project. The project focuses on

traditional economic activities of producers in the Peruvian Andes region such as growing coffee

and cocoa. Using their parcels the producers will create a new crop under shade trees generating

a forest cover and capturing carbon. The project is expected to generate an increment in existing

carbon stocks and GHG removals by sinks that are additional to those changes that would have

occurred in the absence of the project activity. This will be achieved by replacing unsustainable

activities with a sustainable commercial activity.

The project will take place on land with low vegetation cover and low biomass (crops4, Wasteland

and fallow of one to three years old, degraded pasture).

More specifically, the project offers the following benefits related to the sustainability of the

carbon sequestration:

Given that the producers are working with known crops and are aware of the economic value that

they generate and how to market them makes these individual comfortable with the project.

Training and education provided by the Centrales/Cooperatives and the implementation of shade

trees will improve quality of their crop and revenue generated by them. The adoption of modern

farming techniques without the destruction of the shade cover will ensure the sustainability of the

carbon sequestration. The revenues generated from the coffee and cocoa crop is a sufficient

incentive for the producers to keep the forest cover.

These updated management of greener and sustainable practices that does not include

deforestation and slash and burn activities will contribute to increase the carbon sequestration of

the soil, as well as the aerial and underground biomass.

Similarly, by working on the privately owned land of producers and demonstrating the long-term

impact on their income, they can apply the knowledge to other parcels that may not be part of the

project. The knowledge is not limited to participants of the project other producers will be

exposed to these practices and can adapt them to their needs. This ultimately will strengthen the

collective organizations and the service they can offer to their members and becomes a trusted

partner assuring the sustainability of the project.

The introduction of new economic activities for local producers such as the sustainable forest

management and timber harvesting from shade trees for coffee and cocoa plantation is also a

factor that favors the sustainability of the project. The diversification of the revenues is a crucial

element in the economic structure of the producers subject to global food markets.

The diversification of tree species in coffee and cacao project (that is normally 1-2 species per

parcels in traditional system but will reach as much as 18 certain models in this project) has many

advantages some related to the carbon capture. Some species have a high economic value,

other are fruit bearing while others have various utilities for the producers. Therefore not all trees

4 This includes annual crops and non-woody perennial fruit crops.


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will be harvested. The harvested species have different growth cycle but the majority of them are

longer cycles leading to longer harvesting period favouring the carbon sequestration.

In addition, the tracking and monitoring of the carbon capture will enable ECOTIERRA and its

partners to adapt and react quickly to situations that can adversely affect the carbon capture of

the project.

By solidifying its presence in the customary economic activity in the Peruvian Andes and by

reinforcing its activities, increase production and revenues proposed to the producers this

carbon capture project ensures the sustainability and the adoption of the proposed project by

small producers in the following years.

Technology, models of plantation and activities

The grouped project is based on a flexible technological package that can be adapted to the

particular circumstances of each instance, as inter alia: selected species, tree density, thinning

and harvesting. Ten different planting patterns are proposed in which 30 species of trees can be

selected.

Although ECOTIERRA emphasizes the promotion of mixed stands the different planting patterns

allows the producers to choose its mix of species. No less than 4 species are accepted for the

cocoa plantation, 5 for the coffee plantation and 3 for the forest system (18 or above). This

system has been developed considering the geographical magnitude of the project and to meet

and the requirements of the participants.

Each producer will choose, with some technical support the variety of tree species based on the

specificities of his land (climate, altitude, soil, etc.). This will include a combination of fast,

medium and slow growth tree species to plant in association with their coffee or cocoa plantation

or in little forest massif. The tree species are selected to provide shade and improve productivity

on the project area and include species of commercial value.

Each instance will provide information of the specific details of the package to be applied: the

choice of planting patterns and the number of trees of each species chosen. The information will

be stored in ECOTIERRA`s database (MINKA).

ECOTIERRA favours, without imposing the selective collection of trees and promote the natural

regeneration of trees generated by the seeds grown on the planting sites.

Species choice for reforestation and enrichment plantings

Tree species that are considered for planting in the project area were originally selected

according to the following factors: adaptability, compatibility in agroforestry systems with coffee

and cocoa, ecological and cultural value, availability of seeds, and resistance to pests and

diseases, as well as for their commercial value (for parts of the species). The project has

prioritized a large group of native species to maximize positive impacts on biodiversity, and few

exotic species. The wide list of species is explained by the extension of the project and variety of


v3.2

15

planting systems (forestry and agroforestry). Even though all the regions included in the project

have similar ecological conditions, native local species are the ideal or most popular ones to be

planted in each region. The list tree species that will be used in the whole project is shown in the

following table.

Table 2. Tree species of the project

Tree

Group Tree name

Harvest

time Familly

Growth

speed Origen

A

Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum) 20 Rubiaceae Fast Native

Tornillo (Cedrelinga catenaeformis) 40 Fabaceae Slow Native

Cedro (Cedrela odorata) 40 Meliaceae Slow Native

B

Moena (Aniba ssp.) 20 Lauraceae Fast Native

Sangre de grado (Croton ssp.) 20 Euphorbiaceae Fast Native

Caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) 40 Meliaceae Slow Native

Romerillo (Nageia rospigliossi) 40 Podocarpaceae Slow Native

Huamanzamana (Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) 10 Bignoneaceae Very fast Native

C

Andalan (Senna ssp.) 15 Fabaceae Fast Native

Shimbillo (Inga edulis) 15 Fabaceae Fast Native

Pian (Styrax ssp.) 15 Styracaceae Fast Native

Pino tecunumani (Pinus tecunnumanii) 20 Pinaceae Slow Exotic

Laurel (Cordia alliadora) 15 Boraginaceae Fast Native

Albizia (Albizia falcataria) 30 Mimosoidea Fast Native

Teca (Tectona grandis) 30 Verbenaceae Fast Exotic

Erytrina (Erythrina poeppigiana) 20 Fabaceae Fast Native

Guaba (Inga ssp) 15 Fabaceae Fast Native

Nogal (Juglans neotropica) 20 Juglandaceae Slow Native

Copal (Vochysia ferruginia) 30 Vochysiaceae Fast Native

Oropel (Erythrina ssp.) 20 Fabaceae Fast Native

D

Paliperro (Tabebuia ssp.) 30 Bignoniaceae Slow Native

Cedro Lila (Cedrela lilloi) 20 Meliaceae Slow Native

Pashaco (Schizolobium amazonicum) 10 Fabaceae Very fast Native

Ishpingo (Amburana cearensis) 20 Fabaceae Slow Native

E

Shaina (Colubrina glandulosa) 10 Rhamnaceae Very fast Native

Higueron (Ficus ssp.) 40 Moraceae Fast Native

Podocarpus (Podocarpus rospigliossi) 40 Podocarpaceae Very

Slow Native

Lanche (Calyptranthes ssp.; Syzygium

ssp.) 40 Myrtaceae Fast Native

Bolaina (Guazuma crinita) 7 Sterculiaceae Very fast Native

Cascarilla (Cinchona ssp.) 40 Rubiaceae Slow Native


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The Schematic layout of various systems:

The tree species were grouped in 5 groups: A, B, C, D and E. The Proposed ten different planting

patterns are based on these groupings. Thus, each pattern has a total amount distributed by the

various groups of species as shown in the following table tree:

Table 03. Table of the different planting patterns

Planting patterns Tree species groups Total Nb

of trees A B C D E

Cocoa 1 45 90 45 0 90 270

Cocoa 2 48 35 80 14 133 310

Cocoa 3 84 25 80 14 133 336

Coffee 1 17 34 84 17 80 232

Coffee 2 34 25 62 17 133 271

Coffee 3 51 34 69 34 133 321

Forest massif 1 370 370 370 0 0 1110

Forest massif 2 199 422 289 133 67 1110

Forest massif 3 255 178 422 178 77 1110

Forest massif 4 133 289 311 133 244 1110

The producer and cooperative`s technician must first choose the preferred system (Coffee,

Cocoa or Massifs). Then choose one planting patterns of the system in function of the desired

tree density and the number of species. The proposed planting patterns offer a variety of species

growing in terms of their number.

Then, the producer, still with the technical support of the cooperative will choose the desired

species. For each planting pattern densities of trees (number of trees) in each group must be

respected. However, the producer may choose in each group one or more species, or even all

species of tree respecting the minimum number determined for each planting patterns.

Among the ten different planting patterns proposed:

Three were developed for coffee growers:

Coffee 1: More traditional planting pattern: Minimum number of species 5

Coffee 01: Minimal number of species

Species Distance Quantity

A 8x8 17

B 8x8 34

C 8x8 84

D 8x8 17

E 5x5 80 tree hedge

Coffee 1.5 X 1.5 4444

Total of tree 232


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Coffee 2: Improved planting pattern: Minimum number of species 7



A 8x9 34

B 8x9 25

C 8x9 20

C 8x9 21

C 8x9 21

D 8x9 17

E 3x3 133 tree hedge

Coffee 1.5 X 1.5 4444

Total of tree 271

Coffee 3: Ideal planting pattern: Minimum number of species 12



A 10x5 17

A 10x5 17

A 10x5 17

B 10x5 34

C 10x5 23

C 10x5 23

C 10x5 23

D 10x5 11

D 10x5 11

D 10x5 12

E 3x3 66 tree hedge

E 3x3 67 tree hedge

Coffee 1.5 X 1.5 4444

Total of tree 321

Three were developed for Cocoa:

Cocoa 1: More traditional planting pattern: Minimum number of species 4

Cocoa 01 : Minimal number of species


A 3x3 45

B 3x3 90

C 3x3 45

E 3x3 90

COCOA 3 x 3 814

Total of tree 270


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Cocoa 2 : Improved planting pattern: Minimum number of species 6

Cocoa 02 : Minimal number of species

Species Distance Quantit

y

A 7x8 54

B 7x8 35

C 7x8 52

C 7x8 28

D 7x8 14


COCOA 3 x 3 1111

Total of tree 310

Cocoa 3 : Ideal planting pattern: Minimum number of species 9

Cocoa 03: Minimal number of species


A 8x6 28

A 8x6 28

A 8x6 28

B 8x6 25

C 8x6 26

C 8x6 26

C 8x6 28

D 8x6 14


COCOA 3 x 3 1111

Total of tree 336

Four planting has been developed for the Forest system.

Forest system 1: traditional: Minimum number of species 3

Forest massif 01: Minimal number of species


A 3 x 3 370

B 3 x 3 370

C 3 x 3 370

Total of tree 1110

Forest system 2: Improved 1: Minimum number of species 5


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A 3 x 3 199

B 3 x 3 422

C 3 x 3 289

D 3 x 3 133

E 3 x 3 67

Total of tree 1 110

Forest system 3: Improved 2: Minimum number of species 7



A 3 x 3 77

A 3 x 3 178

B 3 x 3 178

C 3 x 3 67

C 3 x 3 345

D 3 x 3 178

E 3 x 3 77

Total of tree 1110

Forest system 4: Ideal: Minimum number of species 18



A 3 x 3 44

A 3 x 3 89

B 3 x 3 144

B 3 x 3 145

C 3 x 3 67

C 3 x 3 111

C 3 x 3 133

D 3 x 3 44

D 3 x 3 44

D 3 x 3 45

E 3 x 3 122

E 3 x 3 122

Total of tree 1110

Following are the schemes of plantation for each system:


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COFFEE PLANTATION PATTERN

Coffee 01: Conventional Planting Pattern

Coffee 02: Improved planting pattern

Coffee 03: Ideal planting pattern

COCOA PLANTATION PATTERN


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Cocoa 01: Conventional Planting Pattern

Cocoa 02: Improved planting pattern

Cocoa 03: Ideal planting pattern


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FOREST PLANTING PATTERNS

Massif 01: Convetinal Planting pattern Massif 02: Improved planting pattern 1

Massif 03: Improved planting pattern 2 Massif 04: Ideal planting pattern

The proportion of agroforestry coffee systems, agroforestry cocoa systems and forestry plantations

will also vary according to the new instances and region.

Plantation Management Plan

All activities will follow the forestry protocol 5 . While most producers have already managed

nurseries for the establishment of coffee and cocoa and the planting of their plots - they will

receive training at different stages of the project life.

1. Nursery preparation. The plants will come from nurseries set up by the producers. These will

be near/on their parcels (in some areas the plants come from municipal nurseries).

Cooperatives technicians will supervise the work. The Centrales are in charge of seed

supply.

5 ECOTIERRA, FORESTRY PROTOCOL ON SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION PROJECT.

2013


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Parcel preparation

2. Clearing: Site clearing is done by hand with tools such as machetes, hoes or other

instruments in order to remove weed grasses located on the site chosen for the plants to

facilitate other work and promote the availability of water, nutrients, light and space for new

trees.

3. Protective barrier around the settlement area: In the case where plantations can be in contact

with animal pasturage, a protective barrier will be erected planted with trees (e.g. Eritrhina

spp.).

4. The preparation of holes: Holes will be done by hand with simple tools, in accordance with

the installation plan, scheme established according to tree species and soil structure. A

period of 4 to 8 days preparation is provided between the holes and planting trees to promote

better ventilation. The holes have a volume of approximately 30 cm x 30 cm x30 cm.

Tree planting phase

5. The trees are then planted and fertilized: Most plots are composed of a nutrient-poor soil;

small amounts of organic and inorganic fertilizers will be added at planting.

6. Replacement of dead trees. Replacement of dead trees will be during the first year after

planting.

7. Weeding: The weeding will manually be done using a machete, twice during the first year of

planting and as needed during the next two years.

Pest and Disease control:

8. Monitoring of pests and diseases. This activity will be the responsibility of the cooperative and

will be monitored for the first 3 years after the initial planting by one of the cooperatives

technician. The producers will be responsible to monitor and inform the cooperative.

9. Control pests and diseases. The project calls for compliance with specifications organic load

to achieve the certification of crops.

Managements of the trees

10. Tree pruning: In order to have a high quality wood, the pruning is done in the resting period of

the trees (July-September), or at the end of the rainy season (May-June). The pruning activity

is done in the early years with a pruner, and then it will be done with telescopic scissors or

hand saws. The first pruning will be called "formation pruning", the purpose of this initial or

formation pruning is to ensure that the trees have a good structure, that is to say, a single

main stem and avoid the formation of plagiotropic branches. The second pruning or

maintenance pruning is done as from the year and a have old to the third year by removing

the branches found below the 4 m high.


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11. Thinning: Thinning will be determined according to each species (2 to 4 cutting). This

elimination of the least productive in order to promote more robust trees will average in the

third, tenth and twentieth year after planting, and sometimes the thirtieth year. Because of the

variety of growth depending on the species, many of these cuts will be coupled with

commercial crops.

12. Commercial Harvest: The commercial harvest is performed based on the harvest, of

implanted species and based on minimum DBH for harvest. So around the age 7, 10, 15, 20,

30 or 40 depending of species. This harvest will selectively pick the best bole for harvesting,

preserving other high quality trees for seed production and other to harvest in a few years.

This is done in order to never completely strip the field, maintain a certain shade level, and to

preserve the different age strata. The successive selective cuts are then followed by

replacement plantings or selections of natural seedlings. This will allow permanence in time

of the different age strata in plantations and will ensure the continuity of the project activity

without any interruptions of the forest cover. At the same time, it will allow for the producer, a

better distribution of is income in time.

13. Replanting: As the project document suggests the use of diverse forest species with different

growth rates (rapid and slow growth forest species), there will be different crop years, 7, 10,

15, 20, 30 or 40 years so that when the rapid growth trees are cut, they will give the

opportunity to the slow growth trees to develop. The replacement of trees will be made

gradually and conservatively after these have served their cutting cycle by keeping the

continuity of the trees throughout the useful life of the project, for each of the planting

schemes shown in Table 04.

Table 04. Projection of the presence of trees during the life of the project considering the intervention of

thinning, harvesting and replanting.

The forest protocol includes a timeline with forest management activities of the project.

Initial trees/he

ctare PRESENCE OF TREES DURING THE

PROJECT

FENCE

SCHEMES AND GROUPS Year 3

to 30 TOTAL

A B C D E Year 01 Year 03 Year 10 Year 20 Year 30 Year 40

COCOA1 45 90 45 0 90 270 130 108 90 90 --- 90 trees

COCOA2 48 35 80 14 133 310 137 122 106 100 67 167 trees

COCOA3 84 25 80 14 133 336 161 143 119 110 67 177 trees

COFFE 1 17 34 84 17 80 232 135 120 120 120 64 184 trees

COFFE 2 34 25 62 17 133 271 129 120 120 120 67 187 trees

COFFE 3 51 34 69 34 133 321 149 133 120 120 67 187 trees

MASSIF 1 370 370 370 0 0 1110 555 444 354 300 --- 300 trees

MASSIF 2 199 422 289 133 67 1110 557 446 446 357 --- 300 trees

MASSIF 3 255 178 422 178 77 1110 555 443 356 301 --- 300 trees

MASSIF 4 133 289 311 133 244 1110 553 438 345 302 --- 300 trees


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Positive impacts of the project6

This project is supported by a global vision and analysis of socio-economic and environmental

conditions. The study of the conditions prior to project initiation led us to the conclusion that

reforestation (ARR) for carbon capture, integrated into a larger project could generate local

benefits guaranteeing carbon capture and long-term retention. In addition to the environmental

objective of biological carbon sequestration, the project includes sustainable development

objective for the local population, including social and economic objectives. This initiative aims to

ensure the initial funding for the project implementation that will allow a multitude of small-scale

producers to improve the management of their lands, increase their productivity, diversify their

income and ensure long term sustainable development business model. Indirect impacts may be

generated on the education, health, cooperative organization, etc. The project impacts go far

beyond the environmental benefits of carbon sequestration,

Among Them:

Improved economic conditions for farmers and surrounding communities through development

of business and job creation related to reforestation, diversification of income and the

accreditation plots labels "Organic" and "Fair Trade". It promotes formalization and organization

of smallholders by strengthening Centrales and cooperative institutions, contributing to the

Peruvian commercial balance in the agriculture sector.

Improved production systems using the technology package of coffee and cocoa plantations.

Including, the installation of crops under shade (creation of agroforestry systems) through

improved management (pruning and high growth, diversification of species), and the

management of the plots according to the standards of organic agriculture

Improvement and protection of the environment the creation of large and perennial vegetation

cover on degraded patches or recurring cycles of destruction with organic farming techniques will

provide an (alternatives to deforestation and land degradation as well as the negative

consequences such as soil erosion, landslides, poor water quality and biodiversity loss. At the

same time it will help Increase awareness stakeholders thesis is based.

The reinforcement of the organizational capacity of producers and cooperatives and

technical capacity of cooperatives. Carbons income and other investments made by the project

will provide the means to co-develop and retain engineers, agronomists and foresters can provide

adequate services and training to producers. In addition, the project training will be offered to

cooperatives by our partners to strengthen collective organizational capacity to ensure proper

long-term development project

Training and education of producers. Technical training related to the development of the

project will be done first. While the environmental protection and related topics will be addressed

and adapted to regional realities.

6: Ecotierra, Environmental Report of the activities of the shade coffee and cacao reforestation project 2014.


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1.9 Project Location

In general, the project is spread throughout the Andes from North to South. The projects activities

are located on the eastern slopes of and inter-Andean valleys of the Peruvian Andes. The project

which encompasses 12 department of Peru is limited in its altitudinal zone - with a minimum of 80

Meters Above Sea Level (masl) for the cocoa agroforestry systems to a maximum of 2 500 MASL

for forest plantation. However, approximately 90% of the project will be developed between 300

masl and 1 500 masl.

These regions between 300m et 1500masl are known as the most suitable coffee and cocoa

production zones in the country, due to their similar ecological conditions (temperature,

precipitation and soil). Land use patterns in the project areas can be considered as

homogeneous. It comprises areas that are managed by producers members, the Cooperatives

(see section 1.4) and some independent small-scale producers who are joining the cooperative.

The General map of the SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION PROJECT (SCCR).

Note in green on this map, the zones where are the first group instances of the project.


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Figure 1: General map of The SCCR project


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The project is a grouped project. The partners of the project are located in 12 departments and 37

provinces of Peru, as shown in the following table:

Table 05. Geographic Location

The grouped project is made on a single geographic area for the inclusion of new instances as

defined by the VCS criteria. Indeed, the initial conditions that can influence the baseline scenario

and additionality (land use, socioeconomic conditions biophysical and ecological) are sufficiently

homogeneous throughout the scope of the project to justify this grouping. Small Peruvian

producers of coffee and cocoa, with whom we work, form a very homogeneous group with

respect to the management of their lands and plantations and their socioeconomic conditions.

Popular and current agricultural practices (such as "slash and burn, Migratory agriculture, low

density and diversity in the use of shadow when used, etc.) are common to all. We use the same

unique geographic area for the non-permanence risk assessment.

12 country 37 provinces

12 country 37 provinces

Lambayeque Caaris

Junin

Chanchamayo

Amazonas

Uctubamba

Satipo

Bagua

Madre de Dios

Tambopata Rodrguez de Mendoza

Ayacucho Huanta

Pasco Oxapampa

Cajamarca San Ignacio

Puno

Carabaylla

Jaen

Sandia

Cusco La Convencion

San Martin

El dorado

Huanuco

Leoncio Prado

tarapoto

Huanuco

Moyobamba

Pachitea

Tocache

Maran

Mariscal Cceres

Jose Crespo y Castillo

Shunte

Rupa Rupa

Uchiza

Marino Damaso Veraun

Lamas

Luyando

Ucayali

Padre Abad

Daniel Alomia Robles

Curimana

Chinchao

Irazola

Hermilio Valdizan

Campo Verde

Monzn


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The geographic area within which new project activity instances may be developed is delimited by

the sphere of influence of the participating cooperatives:

Each cooperative has its producer members and performs these activities in a zone of influence.

Each of these geographic zones forms a unit for an implementing partner. In addition, producers

who are not related to a cooperative of the project but are located within the area of influence of a

cooperative may choose to become member and join the project. The following maps show areas

of cooperatives or central that are part of the SHADE COFFEE AND CACAO REFORESTATION

PROJECT. In some cases these territories may overlap. All these maps are stored in ArcGis, and

also joined in KML files, where each one is delimited by a geodetic polygons. Below are few

examples of maps of the territories covered by each cooperative. The complete list of these maps

is attached.


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Geographic area for the first group instances

Every instance has its polygon defined by a GPS during the initial visit. The geographic

coordinates of the boundaries of each one of the plots include a georeferencing procedure by

registering the UTM coordinates with horizontal projection WGS 1984 South. This information is

stored in our database (MINKA), processed in ArcGIS and identifies every instance of the project.

Also KML digital files referring to the cooperative size and location of the first group of instances

were prepared.


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Cooperative Department Province District Sector Area (ha)Total Area By

Cooperative (ha)

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO LLAYLLA CHALLHUAMAYO 3.0293

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO LLAYLLA VISTA ALEGRE 0.6799

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO RIO NEGRO HUAHUARI BAJO 4.7626

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO RIO NEGRO UNION PROGRESO 0.6608

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO RIO TAMBO VISTA ALEGRE 0.8968

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO SATIPO CAPIRO BAJO 1.7128

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO SATIPO NUEVA ESPERANZA 1.8801

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO SATIPO PARATUSHALI 7.6429

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO SATIPO SANTA CLARA 3.1111

CAC SATIPO JUNIN SATIPO SATIPOPUEBLO LIBRE DE

AZOPE3.58

JUMARP AMAZONAS UTCUBAMBA YAMON NUEVO AMAZONAS 1.8139 1.8139

29.7702

First group instances: Partners and Locations

27.9563

The following table shows the participating cooperatives of the first instances group, with

departments, provinces, districts and the number of hectares. Implementation of the reforestation

activities with the first instances group will be carried out during the first year of the project, as

pilot test to collect lessons learned. Almost 30 hectares will be reforested in the departments of

Amazonas and Junin scattered in "different producer areas".

Table 06: Participating cooperatives, geographic reference and size of the first group of instances

The following maps are example of the first instances.


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1.10 Conditions Prior to Project Initiation

Global geographical areas of the project

Natural and physical description of the development area of the grouped project

Ecoregions

As previously noted in section 1.9 the project will be developed over a large area encompassing

the northern and southern Peruvian cordillera. Given that the projects aim to reforest these

areas with agroforestry systems based on the coffee and cocoa crop and in its area altitudinal

limits of these cultures. For these reasons, the project will be mainly developed on the slopes

and inter-Andean valleys (between 300masl and 1,500masl) but can reach 2,500masl (forestry)

for a few cooperatives in the Cusco, Puno et Lambayeque regions and a minimum of 80 meters

for cocoa agroforestry systems. For this, only one ecoregion is affected by the project the

lower section of the Selva Alta. The project will also encompass to a lesser degree other

ecoregion in Peru the upper section of the Amazonian tropical forest (Bosque Tropical

Amaznico o Selva Baja) and Equatorial dry forest (Bosque Seco Ecuatorial) which represent

less than 5% or the project. The MINAN (Ministry of the environment Peru) defines an

ecoregion as a geographical area having similar characteristics (climate, soil, hydrology, flora

and fauna) that are interrelated and interdependent. These zones can be differentiated from one

another with relative ease (Brack-Egg, 2004)

Selva Alta: This area on the eastern flank of the Andean cordillera spans from the Ecuadorian

border to the Bolivian border at between 500 and 3 500 masl in altitude as well as on the

western flank in the high watershed of the Jequetepeque, Zaa, La Leche, Chira and Piura

rivers. The climate is semi-hot in the lower region and cold in altitude. Three distinct altitudinal

areas are present. From top to bottom they are: the Rainforest where rain accumulation can

exceed 3,000mm, the Cloud forest and the high altitude Dwarf forest. The moisture allows the


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abundance of epiphytic plants that grow not only in trees, but also on the ground. The project is

located in the lower part: the rainforest.

The Amazonian rainforest (lower forest): It includes all the Amazon rainforest (east of the

Andes, below 600 masl The climate is hot and humid Its average temperature is 24 to 26 C.

It.. find the greatest diversity of species. vegetation is more heterogeneous and fauna is rich and

varied. The project is located in the upper part of this zone. (more than 300m) .

The equatorial dry forest: coastal strip 100 to 150 km wide. The main vegetation types are

carob wood, dry wood and savannah formations. The fauna is of Amazonian origin while its

maximum altitude is of 1 500m. The climate is characterized by a prolonged dry season, which

can lasts up to 9 months.


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Map 1- Ecoregions.

The Soil:

The type of soil found in our project area is of the Acrislica variety. They are typicaly found in

coffee growing area. On the other hand, in the cocoa growing regions of the project that

stretches further down the rain forest it is also possible to encounter the following types of soils:


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Acrslica Litoslica and waved. As for the Cusco, Puno and Lambayeque departments we will

encounter Lito-cambislica and Kastanoslica.

Acrislica: This type of soil is found in the middle and lower section of the forest between 500

and 2800 masl in altitude. This includes a few valleys where the soil is rich. Deep, red and

yellow soil with good drainage (acrisols) and deep clay soils (nitosols) are predominant. As we

move to the lower forest, the appearance of clay soils, acid and ferrous (acrisols plinthic)

become apparent. On the hillside a rocky soils (litho) is present while in the bottom of the valley

we encounter alluvial (fluvisoles), sometimes with poor drainage (gleisoles) or clay (Vertisols).

Acrslica ondulada: soil found in the lower forest. This includes red and yellow, acidic soil and

naturally infertile (Ultisols), young undistinguishable soils (Entisols), young distinguishable soil

(Inceptisols), poorly drained soils (aguajales), well drained moderately fertile (Alfisols, Vertisols,

Mollisols) and very infertile sandy soils (Spodosols), or white sand.

Litoslica : On the western slopes and on the arid slopes where the topography is very

unfavorable predominate rocky and rocky soils (litho) is encountered. In the lower region there

is an accumulation of sand (regosols) gravel and lime (calcium Yermosols). While in the middle

section clay and lime (Yermosols Luvic), soil with lime and dark layer (xerosols) and brown soils

(Kastanozems) can be found.

Lto-cambislica : This type of soil is encountered in the intermediate and high forest zone or

between 2200 and 3000 masl in altitudes. The soils are poor due to the steepness of the slope

and are susceptible to erosion in heavy rainfall. The topsoil is predominantly litho and Cambisol

and can be acidic or limestone and are often yellow in color.

Kastanoslica : This soil can be found in valleys between 2,200 and 4,000 m in altitudes.

Predominantly, red and reddish-brown color ( Kastanozems calcium), clay (Kastanozems storm)

and depth and thin (Phaeozems). In the south dominated by lacuster soils (planosols),

sometimes poorly drained (gleisoles) and volcanic soils (Andosols).


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Map 2- Soils of Peru


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Elevational ecoregions of Peru

Hydrology:

The project will be developed on the territory of most of the Peruvian river basins. The project

activities are carried away from the altitudes refill areas or the origin of these basins (heads of

watersheds). Among the most important watersheds, the project goes through the Maraon

basin, characterized by the importance of its tributaries. The Following basins are located within

the project's area:

Chinchipe River Basin, Utcubamba River Basin, Alto Maran Basin, Imaza River Basin, Sisa

River Basin, Alto Huallaga Basin, Aguayta River Basin, Peren River Basin, Ene River Basin,

Tambo River Basin, Apurimac River Basin, Inambari River Basin, Tambopata River Basin.

Regarding minor courses or streams, it should be noted that these are irregular. Many of them

are dry most of the year despite having at certain times of the year a strong water flow. Others

have a more regular and higher flow allowing intensive agriculture in irrigated areas.

Climate:

In general the project is located on the Eastern flank of the Andes cordillera subject to the dry

coastal climate. Although rain can be observed all year, the climate can be divided into the dry

(summer) and rainy (winter) season. North to South variation depends on the seasons but heat is

more of a factor in the North. Altitude plays an important role in the climate where hot and

humid temperature is found in the low lying areas and the reverse is also true even though the

humidity always remain relatively high. Differential in temperature are high in high altitudes and

narrows as we move toward the coast. The following table summarizes the temperatures and

average precipitation of various departments and provinces without taking into account the most

local variations (due to altitude).


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Department Province AltitudeTemperature range by

department

Annual precipitation

Average

Uctubamba 500 msnm a 2400 msnm

Luya 1000 msnm a 2000 msnm

Rodrigues de Mendoza 1500 msnm a 3300 msnm

Bagua 400 msnm a 1500 Climas msnm

Huanta 800 msnm a 1800 msnm

La Mar 800 msnm a 2200 msnm

San Ignacio 500 msnm a 2200 msnm

Cutervo 1400 msnm a 3300 msnm

Jaen 400 msnm a 2600 msnm

Cusco La Convension 500 msnm a 3000 msnm 6C min. A 22C max. 732,5 mm

Maraon 250 msnm a 600 msnm

Leoncio Prado 0 msnm a 1200 msnm

Huamalies 1000 msnm a 1800 msnm

Huanuco 1000 msnm a 2000 msnm

Satipo 400 msnm a 2600 msnm

Chanchamayo 700 msnm a 1900 msnm

Lambayeque

(Caaris)Ferreafe 2500 msnm a 3200 msnm 4C min. A 22 C max. 800 mm

Madre de Dios Tambopata 186 msnm 8 C min. A 36 C max. 2 217,9 mm

Pasco Oxapampa 800 a msnm a 2600 msnm 8C min. A 30 C max. 993,4 mm

Sandia 700 msnm a 3300 msnm

San Antonio de Putina 1000 msnm a 2000 msnm

Carabaya 500 msnm a 2700 msnm

El dorado 600 msnm a 1800 msnm

Lamas 600 msnm a 1400 msnm

Picota 300 msnm a 900 msnm

Tocache 500 msnm a 2000 msnm

Huallaga 400 msnm a 800 msnm

Mariscal Caceres 300 msnm a 1300 msnm

Rioja 900 msnm a 1900 msnm

Moyobamba 900 msnm a 2100 msn

Ucayali Padre Abad 200 msnm a 1400 msnm 20C min a 31 C max. 2 019,6 mm

SAN MARTIN 22C min A 33 C max. 1 298,6 mm

Junin 4,5 C min a 30 C max. 912,1 mm

Puno Promedio 0 C a 22C max. 760,5 mm

Cajamarca 20C min A 35C max. 1 247,2 mm

Huanuco 13,7 C min. A 36 C max. 701,0 mm

Project Area

Amazonas 4C min. A 36C+ max. 882,3 mm

Ayacucho 6C min. a 28C max. 613,5 mm

Table 07 Altitudinal range, temperature, mean annual precipitation and geographical location of the

coffee and cacao project

For example, in the Amazonas in the Utcubamba Province the rainy season starts between

October and November declining in December and continuing in March and April, presenting a

summer season between May and August. Its precipitation ranges between 630 and 1800 mm

per year and has 50% of relative humidity, the temperature ranges from 14 C to 22 C in the high


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altitude. (Provincial Municipality of Utcubamba - Provincial Institute Utcubamba) while the Bagua

Province has an average annual temperature that ranges between 22C and 27C and the

average annual rainfall range from 588 mm to 1.053 mm.

Flora and Fauna:

Despite the uniformity in this section, a variety of habitats exists due to the varied mountainous

terrain and the area covered (low-high altitude) by the project. These differences lead to a

multitude of smaller ecosystems.

"Peru is a very diverse country because of its location and the presence of the Andes Range,

which gathers various climates (28 of 35 identified climates around world), ecosystems and life

zones (84 of 117 worldwide life zones). This diversity also makes Peru more vulnerable to climate

hazards as floods, droughts, hailstorms, freezing fronts, heat waves, among others, that impact

severely our society and its assets". Second National Communication of Peru to the UNFCCC,

2006.

It would be nearly impossible to individually describe all of these areas as they are poorly

documented and the total biodiversity of these forests is not known. It is possible that there are a

numbers of species endemic to a small area exist. For example, orchids and other epiphytes

(bromeliads, aroids, etc.), are found in the Andean valleys in northern areas of the country. In

reality, this only applies in areas or very low human interaction. The areas related to our projects

are agricultural land and have been long cleared and frequently disturbed by slash and burn

method. By increasing the productivity - therefore profitability of these agricultural areas and

regenerating the soil fertility, the project will contribute to the protection of the ecosystems by

reducing the deforestation due to migratory agriculture and creating niches or corridors for many

species.

The flora and fauna are characterized not only by its relative abundance but also by their great

variety, as well as species that are endemic to Peru. The location of these species varies greatly

depending on the environment and the altitude where they are located. A significant number of

species are threatened in the zone of influence of the grouped project.

The area of first group instances of the projects holds a landscape of humid montane forests with

mosses, lichens, characteristic fungi, tree ferns, palms and countless epiphytes. Ecologically,

according to the Holdridge Classification System, the following ecological formations have been

identified in the provinces: Pre-montane transitional dry forest to tropical dry forest (Bagua area

and Jan) and Tropical Pre-montane Dry Forest Premontano transitional to Pre-montane dry

forest. According to the Holdridge Classification, most of the area of the first group instances is

classified within the Montane Humid Tropical Forest.


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Threatened Species 7 :

The project covers a large area of Peru and is home to many endangered and threatened for its

commercial value. The list of these species can be found in the annex.

Annex01: Flora Species Protected by National and International Legislation in the Area.

Annex02: Fauna Species Protected by National and International Legislation in the Area.

Development Zone of the grouped project and anthropogenic activities:

The above descriptions relate the abiotic environment of the project and its natural environment

of origin, without considerations of disturbance by human presence. The project activities will

occur in inhabited area which has already been affected by human presence. Given that the area

covered by our project, we will be utilizing national statistics.

Deforestation is a growing problem in Peru, to year 2000 MINAM estimated a deforested area

ascending to more than 7 million hectares, in the same way INRENA8 confirmed the annual forest

loss to be 261000 hectares due to the increasing shifting cultivation.

In Peru deforestation is one of the main sources for CO2 emissions. This activity is intrinsically

related to LULUCF (Land use, land-use change, forestry) activities, whose emissions represent

63% of the National net CO2 emissions. On the other hand, these deforestation related emissions

represent 47% of the net GHG emissions according to the National GHG Inventory to year 20009.

The deforestation process has yet to stabilize and according to the MINAM the natural Peruvian

forest continue to fall victim to deforestation (logging and slash and burn) related to migratory

agriculture. These forests are always threatened by the arrival of new populations migrating from

the highlands in search of a better life.

The problem is amplified by the fact that the Peruvian soils are extremely vulnerable.

A large portion of the area, eastern and western slopes of the Andes and the inter-Andean valleys

the soil is less than 60cm deep. In the project area, the soil can be characterized as low infertility,

natural acidity, low in nutrient (caused by erosion) and because clay as a low incidence of

transfer. All these characteristics make the soil more sensitive to erosion.

According to MINAM, the erosion related to water and winds has reached alarming proportions

and constitutes one of the most disturbing problems and are generally of human origin. Poor

farming practices and destruction of vegetation cover are more prevalent on the western and

eastern slopes of the Sierra mountain range.

7 Convention CITES- http://www.cites.org/esp/disc/how.php and Decreto supremo N 043-2006-AG- Reference threatened plant species. 8 Currently is Direccin General Forestal de Fauna Silvestre (DGFFS) 9 MINAM, Segunda Comunicacin Nacional del Per a la convencin del Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el

Cambio Climtico 2009


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More specifically in the Sierra and inter-Andean valleys where deforestation is a common method

of converting forest into agricultural parcels water erosion (river and rain) is a problem. Low

vegetation cover and frequent use of the slash and burn techniques to clear the land makes 60%

of the agricultural land in the region susceptible to erosion. Overgrazing and the massive

trampling of non-local species (sheep, horse and cattle) have had a negative impact on the

vegetation destroying the roots and the surface structure. Erosion related to water as caused

large scale damage during the rainy season. Given the pronounced slope it is not uncommon to

see mudslide, rock slide and landslide. This problem is widespread.

Peru`s deforestation problem can also be noticed by the "soil classification according to their

ability to use." Although Peru is a poor country it has relatively good soil. Of the 128 521 560 ha

of the country, only 25.525 million ha (19.86%) are suitable for agriculture and livestock (in

Category A, C and D). While 3.81% (4.8 million HAS, of which 1.341 million hectares in the

mountainous region, the project site) are of category A or suitable to all form of agriculture.

Type C soil represent 2.11% of the total land mass (2.7 million Has) of which 20,000 Has are in

the mountainous region and should be used for permanent crops that do not disturb the soil and

that maintain permanent cover and abundant ground cover. It is therefore estimated that 94% of

the land against serious limitations to agriculture.

The Peruvian situation is exasperated by the fact that the authorities have little to no resources

available to curb the problem. Illegal mining, logging, migration, slash and burn methods,

deforestation are virtually unchallenged by the local authorities. While there is some work done

on the characterization of the soil at the national level the reality is that very little work has been

accomplished by the department. The most advanced department barely finished their maps and

its current uses. In the field no concrete action has been taken to manage the use of the soil.

The inappropriate use of the land can lead to major issues which easily explains the speed at

which a parcel of land once deforested rapidly reaches the quasi-irreversible stage

According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 60% of agricultural soil in the Andes is facing

moderate to extremely serious erosion conditions. In the lower forest, 60% of these parcels are

already abandoned due lack of fertility.

As mentioned previously, the main cause of deforestation is related to the migratory farming

practice in Peru. A pattern as emerged: new productive lands are generated by slash and burn

technique. Then the ground begins to be cultivated. Crops are either annual, permanent, but at

the end of each cycle of vegetation they are burned and razed. The soil is degraded and

impoverished. Few years of annual crops are enough to make the soil unproductive. The land is

fallow and cultivated again. The first fallow will normally last four years before the land can be

used again. It is then replanted and the cycle begins again (The second fallow will last at least 7

to 10 year) until depletion no longer allows the culture. The land is either abandoned or use for

pasture requiring yearly burning to clear. In the end it becomes totally depleted and abandoned

for up to 20 years in the hope that it naturally regains its fertility.

The cycle looks like this:


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Deforestation Perennial culture Annual culture Abandoned Annual culture Pasture

abandonment

After the land has finally been abandoned, the soil can stagnate without cover becoming a sparse

pasture, one overgrown with invasive weeds, best indicators of degraded areas, like the

herbaceous vegetation grasses as cashaucsha (Imperata), torourco (Axonopus, Paspalum,

Homolepsis), foxtail (Andropogon), or fern (genus Pteridium) or a secondary forest (Bosque

Secundario).

The following table highlights the impact on land degradation caused by migratory agricultural

practice. If we assume as the MINAM and INRENA confirms that the majority of these parcels

have been deforested for migratory farming purposes we notice that these parcels go through

these 4 cycles. First, agricultural production - annual or perennial (Agricultura, Bosque

Secundario / Agricultura), second becoming pasture (Pasto), followed by degradation leading to

abandonment and ultimately becoming secondary forest (Bosque Secundario) or soil without

vegetation (Areas sin vegetacion).

Table 8-Accumulated deforested area in 2000 according to soil use

Source: PROCLIM 2000

Project development area

The project development area encompasses the area covered by our partner cooperative. Within

these areas, the project focuses on parcels own by small producers who are members of the

cooperative. These small producers are owner of a Finca often far from his home. These

parcels are used for multitude purposes from coffee and cocoa production, abandoned,

pasture, annual food crop, fallow land, fruits and unexploited forest.

The project is developed small and low producing plots of these fincas and are scattered

throughout the territory. According to the first group instances, these plots are mainly located on

the slopes of the mountains and not in the valleys. These are all agricultural plots that have been

deforested for more than 10 years. The soil is usually degraded due their over-utilization, bad

farming practices and the regular uses of burning as a mean to clear the land.


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In all cases no deforestation activities have been undertaken for the purpose of claiming the GHG

removals of the subsequent reforestation. The project is only claiming the removal related to the

reforestation and sequestration in the tree`s biomass. The project has therefore not generated

any GHG emission for the purpose of their subsequent removal.

Description of initial strata

We defined the project for three types of land use that are eligible to run project activities.

A. Crop areas: It consists of annual and perennial fruit crop areas.

These land use types (annual crop and perennial fruit areas) have the same behavior, they will

always repeat the same soil use cycle: Crop Abandonment crop Abandonment

crop.

Annual crop areas: The crop grown in these areas are maize, sorghum, beans etc. The soils

have a low fertility because of past intensive use and often, after harvest, the land will remain

as fallow for several years. An annual crop is a way of using as much as possible the low

productive land and the crops cultivated are not always necessary for the farmers

subsistence.


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Perennial fruit crops: These areas are destined to harvesting over a two year period such as the Yuca, rice and caupi or over a few years such as bananas, plantain, papaya

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Proyecto de carbono cafe y cacao bajo sombra