Protozoa (English)

8/12/2019 Protozoa (English)

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PROTOZOAPROTOZOA

Marlia Singgih WibowoMarlia Singgih Wibowo


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IntroductionIntroduction

Protozoa means first animal, the simplestProtozoa means first animal, the simplest

form of animal lifeform of animal life Protozoa are unicellularProtozoa are unicellular eucaryoticeucaryotic

microorganimsmicroorganims that lack cell wallsthat lack cell walls

Can grow in marine habitat, or soil, fresh water,Can grow in marine habitat, or soil, fresh water,

or symbiotic , or parasites in other organismsor symbiotic , or parasites in other organisms

Protozoa depends on nutrition, temperature, pHProtozoa depends on nutrition, temperature, pHand some depends on sunlightand some depends on sunlight


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Characteristic of ProtozoaCharacteristic of Protozoa

EucaryoticEucaryotic unicellular : 1unicellular : 1 150150 mm

No cell wallsNo cell walls Mostly motile, with flagella or cilia, or amoeboidMostly motile, with flagella or cilia, or amoeboid

ChemoheterotrophsChemoheterotrophs

Similar to animal, only unicellularSimilar to animal, only unicellular

Feed by ingesting particulate matterFeed by ingesting particulate matter

((phagocytosisphagocytosis) and engulfing liquid or dissolved) and engulfing liquid or dissolvednutrition (nutrition (pinocytosispinocytosis))


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Characteristic of ProtozoaCharacteristic of Protozoa

Most protozoa are parasites and have twoMost protozoa are parasites and have two

forms :forms : TrophozoiteTrophozoite and Cystand Cyst Protozoa are distinguished fromProtozoa are distinguished from

prokaryotes by their eukaryotic nature,prokaryotes by their eukaryotic nature,from algae by their lack of chlorophyll,from algae by their lack of chlorophyll,

from fungi by their lack of cell walls, andfrom fungi by their lack of cell walls, and

from slime molds by their inability to formfrom slime molds by their inability to form

fruiting bodiesfruiting bodies


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Two forms of protozoaTwo forms of protozoa


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Classification of ProtozoaClassification of Protozoa

Old Classification is based onOld Classification is based on motalitymotality ::

SarcodinaSarcodina (amoeboid) :(amoeboid) : i.e.i.e.EntamoebaEntamoebahistolyticahistolytica

MastigophoresMastigophores (with flagella) : i.e.(with flagella) : i.e.TrypanosomaTrypanosomabruceibruceivar.gambiensevar.gambiense,,TrichomonasTrichomonasvaginalisvaginalis

Ciliates (with cilia) :Ciliates (with cilia) : BalantidiumBalantidiumcolicoli SporozoaSporozoa (no mature form) : i.e.(no mature form) : i.e.

Plasmodium,Plasmodium, ToxoplasmaToxoplasma


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Classification of ProtozoaClassification of Protozoa

New Classification (started 1986) is based onNew Classification (started 1986) is based oncellular structure by electron microscope :cellular structure by electron microscope :

Phylum :Phylum : SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora :: TrypanosomaTrypanosomaSubSub--phylumphylum MastigophoraMastigophoraSubSub--pyhlumpyhlumOpalinataOpalinata

SubSub--pyhlumpyhlumSarcodinaSarcodina Phylum :Phylum : LabyrinthomorphaLabyrinthomorpha :: LabyrinthulaLabyrinthula

Phylum :Phylum :ApicomplexaApicomplexa:: ToxoplasmaToxoplasma

Phylum :Phylum : MyxozoaMyxozoa :: CeratomyxaCeratomyxa Phylum :Phylum : MicrosporaMicrospora ::EncephalitozoonEncephalitozoon

Phylum :Phylum :AscetosporaAscetospora :: MarteiliaMarteilia

Phylum :Phylum : CiliophoraCiliophora :: BalantidiumBalantidium


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SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora

With Flagella, pseudopodia, or bothWith Flagella, pseudopodia, or both

SubSub

--phylumphylum

MastigophoraMastigophora

(flagella at mature(flagella at mature

phase)phase) ClassClass PhytomastigophoreaPhytomastigophorea :: FlagellataFlagellata resemble toresemble to

plants, i.e. Euglena,plants, i.e. Euglena,VolvoxVolvox

ClassClass ZoomastigophoreaZoomastigophorea :: FlagellataFlagellata which lack ofwhich lack ofchromoplastchromoplast, i.e., i.e. TrichomonasTrichomonas,, TrypanosomaTrypanosoma

SubSub--phylumphylum OpalinataOpalinata : parasites: parasites

SubSub--phylumphylum SarcodinaSarcodina : pseudopodia: pseudopodia ClassClass RhizopodaRhizopoda : i.e. Amoeba,: i.e. Amoeba, EntamoebaEntamoeba ClassClassActinopodaActinopoda : i.e. plankton: i.e. plankton


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TrypanosomaTrypanosoma


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LifeLife--cycle ofcycle of TrypanosomaTrypanosoma


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Internal Structure ofInternal Structure of TrypanosomaTrypanosoma


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LabyrinthomorphaLabyrinthomorpha

Mostly living in marine habitatMostly living in marine habitat

Parasites on algaeParasites on algae example :example : LabyrinthulaLabyrinthula


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ApicomplexaApicomplexa

Apical complex : a set ofApical complex : a set of organellorganell availableavailable

at the end (tips) of cellsat the end (tips) of cells No flagella or cilia on mature /GrownNo flagella or cilia on mature /Grown--upup

phasephase example :example : Plasmodium,Plasmodium, ToxoplasmaToxoplasma


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MyxozoaMyxozoa

MulticellularMulticellular Spores,Spores, capsulcapsul form with oneform with one

or more polaror more polar Parasites on fish and invertebratesParasites on fish and invertebrates

Example :Example : CeratomyxaCeratomyxa,, MyxidiumMyxidium


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MicrosporaMicrospora

Parasites on invertebrates and lowParasites on invertebrates and low

vertebratesvertebrates Spores has thick cell walls contains ofSpores has thick cell walls contains of

infectious substances orinfectious substances or sporoplasmssporoplasmswhich is important in invasion processwhich is important in invasion process

Example :Example : EncephalitozoonEncephalitozooncuniculicuniculi,,

EnterocytozoonEnterocytozoonbieneusibieneusi


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AscetosporaAscetospora

Parasites on invertebrates and fewParasites on invertebrates and few

vertebratesvertebrates MulticellularMulticellular spores, withoutspores, without capsulcapsul oror

filamentfilamentAll species are parasitesAll species are parasites

Example :Example : MarteiliaMarteilia,, HaplosporidiumHaplosporidium


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CiliophoraCiliophora

With ciliaWith cilia

2 forms of nucleus2 forms of nucleus HeterotrophHeterotroph

WithWith contractilcontractilVacuolaVacuola Example :Example : Paramecium,Paramecium, BalantidiumBalantidium,,

Parasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog andParasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog andalso human.also human.


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ParameciumParamecium


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Amoeba engulfed ParameciumAmoeba engulfed Paramecium


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ParasitesParasites HelminthsHelminths

ParasitesParasites MetazoaMetazoa

Infect human, especially in tropicalInfect human, especially in tropicalcountriescountries

Consists of two Phyla :Consists of two Phyla : PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesandand NematodaNematoda


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Classification ofClassification of HelminthsHelminths Phylum :Phylum : PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes

ClassClass MonogeneaMonogenea

ClassClass CestodaCestoda (example:(example: TaeniaTaenia, a tapeworm, a tapeworm))

ClassClassAspidogastreaAspidogastreaClassClass DigeneaDigenea

Phylum :Phylum : NematodaNematoda

ClassClass RhabditidaRhabditida

ClassClass StrongylidaStrongylida

ClassClassAscarididaAscaridida (example :(example :AscarisAscaris))ClassClass OxyuridaOxyurida

ClassClass SpiruridaSpirurida

ClassClass EnoplidaEnoplida


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HelminthHelminthWormWorm

HelminthHelminth worms attack the digestive tract andworms attack the digestive tract andother internal organs of the vertebrate body andother internal organs of the vertebrate body andcause a wide variety of parasitic diseases. Thesecause a wide variety of parasitic diseases. These

worms include such diverse forms as theworms include such diverse forms as theroundworms (nematodes), flukes (roundworms (nematodes), flukes (trematodestrematodes),),tapeworms (tapeworms (cestodescestodes), thorny), thorny--headed wormsheaded worms(acanthocephalans), and tongue worms(acanthocephalans), and tongue worms((linguatulidslinguatulids). Many species are only able to). Many species are only able tocomplete their life cycle by spending time in acomplete their life cycle by spending time in avariety of animal hosts.variety of animal hosts.


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HelminthHelminth


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Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infect theTapeworms are parasitic worms that infect the

intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates.intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates.Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract,Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract,

are able to absorb partially digested materialare able to absorb partially digested material

through their body surfacethrough their body surface

S hi tS hi t ii f th i f bl d fl kf th i f bl d fl k


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SchistosomaSchistosomamansonimansoni,, one of the species of blood flukesone of the species of blood flukes

that cause the disease known asthat cause the disease known as schistosomiasisschistosomiasis. The. The

males are thick and blue; the females are thin and clear. Amales are thick and blue; the females are thin and clear. Atype of flatworm, while in larval form blood flukes enter thetype of flatworm, while in larval form blood flukes enter the

bloodstreams of people or animals exposed tobloodstreams of people or animals exposed to

contaminated water in tropical and subtropical climates,contaminated water in tropical and subtropical climates,and then lay their eggs inside the hosts bodyand then lay their eggs inside the hosts body


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LifeLife--cycle ofcycle of BloodflukesBloodflukes


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Vector from PlasmodiumVector from Plasmodium


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Life Cycle of the Malaria ParasiteLife Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

Lif C l f th M l i P itLif C l f th M l i P it


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Life Cycle of the Malaria ParasiteLife Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

Malaria is an infectious disease caused byMalaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium.Plasmodium.The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of theThe parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of thefemalefemaleAnophelesAnophelesmosquito.mosquito.

TheThe PlasmodiumPlasmodiumparasite spends its life cycle partly inparasite spends its life cycle partly inhumans and partly in mosquitoes.humans and partly in mosquitoes.

(A) Mosquito infected with the malaria parasite bites(A) Mosquito infected with the malaria parasite biteshuman, passing cells calledhuman, passing cells called sporozoitessporozoites into the humansinto the humansbloodstream.bloodstream.

(B)(B) SporozoitesSporozoites travel to the liver. Eachtravel to the liver. Each sporozoitesporozoiteundergoes asexual reproduction, in which its nucleusundergoes asexual reproduction, in which its nucleussplits to form two new cells, calledsplits to form two new cells, called merozoitesmerozoites..

(C)(C) MerozoitesMerozoites enter the bloodstream and infect redenter the bloodstream and infect redblood cells.blood cells.

(D) In red blood cells,(D) In red blood cells, merozoitesmerozoites grow and divide togrow and divide toproduce moreproduce more merozoitesmerozoites, eventually causing the red, eventually causing the red

blood cells to rupture. Some of the newly releasedblood cells to rupture. Some of the newly releasedmerozoitesmerozoites go on to infect other red blood cells.go on to infect other red blood cells.


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(E) Some(E) Some merozoitesmerozoites develop into sex cellsdevelop into sex cellsknown as male and female gametocytes.known as male and female gametocytes.

(F) Another mosquito bites the infected human,(F) Another mosquito bites the infected human,ingesting the gametocytes.ingesting the gametocytes.

(G) In the mosquitos stomach, the gametocytes(G) In the mosquitos stomach, the gametocytes

mature. Male and female gametocytes undergomature. Male and female gametocytes undergosexual reproduction, uniting to form a zygote.sexual reproduction, uniting to form a zygote.The zygote multiplies to formThe zygote multiplies to form sporozoitessporozoites, which, which

travel to the mosquitos salivary glands.travel to the mosquitos salivary glands.

(H) If this mosquito bites another human, the(H) If this mosquito bites another human, thecycle begins again.cycle begins again.


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African Tsetse flyAfrican Tsetse fly

The South African tsetse fly is responsible for transmittingthe parasitic protozoan that causes sleeping sickness, which

can be fatal to humans and domestic cattle. The fly uses itsmouth parts to bite and draw blood from its host. If itdraws blood from an individual infected by sleeping

sickness, the fly can then transmit the infection to otherhosts in subsequent bitings.

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Protozoa (English)