Protozoa Darah

Protozoa darah

Parasit yg hidup di darah

Trematoda:

Schistosoma

Protozoa:

Trypanosoma

Toxoplasma

Plasmodium

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Bag. Parasitologi FK UNEJ

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TRYPANOSOMIASIS

Gambianse Sleeping

sickness (Kronik)

African Trypanosomiasis

Atau Ngana

American Trypanosomiasis

atau Chagas disease

Rhodesiense Sleeping sickness

(akut)

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Morfologi

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Trypomastogote di

Darah tepi

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SIKLUS HIDUP

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Distribusi Geografis : Afrika Barat (Gambia-Congo), Tengah ,Af. Timur (Uganda)

Morfologi dan daur hidup parasit:

anterior station multiplikasi binair ( di primary chancre & usus lalat)

Gambaran Klinis : Inkubasi (Africans = non Africans) Trypanosomal chancre sembuh spontan 2-3 mgg Demam (Tryp.+) Tidur siang hari Keterlibatan nll :Winterbottom sign +(Lnn membesar) SSP :perubahan motorik, sensorik: Kerandel sign+(hiperestesi) Stad. akhir : koma & meninggal

Trypanosomiasis gambian (chronic sleeping sickness)

Sleeping sickness

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TRIPANOSOMIASIS CRUZI (CHAGAS DISEASE)

Distribusi geografis: Amerika Tengah (Mexico) dan Selatan (Argentina)

Morfologi dan daur hidup: posterior station

Stad. Amastigot intraceluler pada otot jantung dan jaringan lain

Bentuk Tryp. bervariasi

nukleus sentral, kinetoplast posterior, bentuk C atau U

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SIKLUS HIDUP

Toxoplasma gondii

Disease :Toxoplasmosis

Phyllum: Apicomplexa

Class: Coccidia

Order: Eimeriida

Genus: Toxoplasma

Spesies: Toxoplasma gondii

Sejarah: 1908 Nicolle&Manceaux menemukan hewan Ctenodactylus gondii pd semua hewan kec.ikan

MORFOLOGI

1. Trophozoit

-bentuk spt busur panah/crescent

-1 ujung runcing, ujung lain agak membulat/tumpul

-uk. 4-8 x 2-4 m (< eritrosit)

-nukleus oval, subsentral

-pd ujung runcing, tdp apical complex : conoid, toxonema

Trophozoit dapat berada:

Di dalam sel makrofag

berbiak dgn cepat (disebut btk proliferatif/Tachyzoit) koloni dalam makrofag berisi 8-32 tachyzoit Pseudocyst

Di dalam sel jaringan (otot, otak, dsb)

berbiak dgn lambat btk non proliferatif / Bradyzoit tjd coloni yg dikelilingi oleh dinding CYST (True Cyst)

Pembiakan trophozoit secara:

Pembelahan biasa (bynary fission)

Internal budding

2. CYST (True cyst / tissue cyst)

Ukuran 10-100

Sel hospes dpt pecah cyst mjd extraseluler dgn dinding asli bentukan parasit sendiri

3. OOCYST

Immature

-bentuk oval, dinding tebal, unsporulated

-ukuran 10-12 m

-non infektif

-infektif : 5-37C, 1-5 hari

Infektif

-sporulated, berisi 2 sporocyst masing2 mengandung 4 sporozoit

Tachyzoit T.gondii Trophozoit tahap

proliferatif

Tachyzoit dengan bentuk crescent, prominen, nukleus

sentral kadang subsentral

Kista

Toxoplasma

gondii

Ookista toxoplasma gondii

SIKLUS HIDUP

SIKLUS HIDUP

Mrpk parasit obligat intraseluler

Ada 2 fase :

o Asexual : dlm tubuh berbagai jenis hewan mamalia dan unggas, tms manusia

o Sexual : dlm tubuh kucing

Secara normal dimulai dengan masuknya:

o Cyst berisi sporozoit

o Oocyst

MALARIA

Malaria : masalah kesehatan dunia dan negara tropis, termasuk Indonesia.

Di Indonesia 10 besar penyakit infeksi, insiden tahun 2009/2010 sebesar 22,9 dan prevalensi 10,6 % (Riskesdas, 2010; Ditjen P2PL, 2011)

Di dunia, diperkirakan penderita malaria mencapai 216 juta kasus (81% terdapat di Afrika) dengan angka kematian sekitar 655.000 kasus (91% terjadi di Afrika). (WHO, 2011).

3/25/2014 [email protected] 27

Malaria

Infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes (Anopheles.sp)

Caused by protozoa of the genus : Plasmodium

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Six species infect human :

P. falciparum (malignan tertian malaria)

P. vivax (malaria tertian)

P. ovale (malaria tertian)

P. malariae (malaria quartan)

P. knowlesi (Singh et al, 2004; Sulistyaningsih et al, 2010)

P. cynomolgi (Ta et al, 2014)


Widespread species : P. falciparum

P. vivax

Less widespread species : P. malariae

P. ovale

P. knowlesi

P. cynomolgi


Endemic Malaria Area 3/25/2014 [email protected] 31

Transmission and life cycle of malaria parasites :

A-sexual reproduction in a human host.

Sexual multiplication (sporogony) in the anopheline mosquito


Life Cycle


[email protected] 34 3/25/2014

Hypnozoites:

Some of the sporozoites of P. vivax, P. ovale and P. cynomolgi after invading liver cells delay their development into PE schizonts. They become dormant forms called hypnozoites

Hypnozoites are reactivated to become PE schizonts by an unknown stimulus Relapse P. vivax ; after 1-18 mo

P. ovale ; after 2-8 mo

Relapse is not the same as recurrence, which can be due to re-emergence of drug resistent parasites


E-phase

Time between invasion and bursting of the infected RBC : P. falciparum : 48 hours P. vivax : 48 hours P. ovale : 49-50 hours P. malariae : 72 hours P. knowlesi : 24 hours P. cynomolgi : 48 hours Fever is induced when the schizonts rupture, releasing

pyrogens into the blood. Once the cycle is synchronized it is this cycle of multiplication

in the blood which cause the periodic fevers of malaria. 3/25/2014 [email protected] 37


MORPOLOGY

E-phase : trophozoite P. falciparum


Young: -Small delicate ring form(

E-phase : Schizont P. falciparum


-Not seen in peripheral blood - If (+) : severe malaria - Chromatine divission - Cytoplasm divission - 12-30 merozoite - Dark mass pigmen

-Small compact -Few, uncommon, usually in severe malaria - mature: 12-30 or more merozoite in cluster - Single dark mass pigmen

E-phase : gametocytes P. falciparum


Cressent or banana shape Central chromatine dots Rice grain pigmen

-Banana shape or rounded - Single, well defined chromatine - Scattered, coarse, rice grain like

E-phase :trophozoite P. vivax


-Inf.RBC > normal -Scuffners dots - Ring > 1/3 RBC - Heavy chromatin dots - Amoeboid cytoplasm

-Schuffner stipling in ghost RBC - Broken ring to irregular form -Single, occasionally two chromatin -Scattered fine pigment

E-phase :Schizont P. vivax


-Progressive chromatin division - Clump of brown pigmen - 12-24 merozoites

-12-24 merozoites usually 16 in irregular cluster - Loose mass pigmen

E-phase :gametocyte P. vivax


-Rounded or oval with homogenous cytoplasm - diffuse brown pigment - eccentric compact chromatin

-Round large size - Single well defined chromatin - Scattered, fine pigment - Eroded form with scanty or no cytoplasm and pigment present

E-phase :trophozoite P. malariae


-Inf RBC =/< nRBC - No Scuffner dots - Multiple ring: rare - Small ring with heavy chromatin dots - Vacuola at times filled in - Band-shaped solid form -Pigmen form early

-Ring to rounded compact form - Single, large chromatin - Regular dense cytoplasm - Compact, dense pigmen

E-phase :Schizont P.malariae


-Progressive chromatin division - Clump of brown pigment ( smaller, darker, larger than that of P. vivax) - 6-12 merozoites - Central arrangement of brown-green pigment

-Small compact - 6-12 merozoites, usually 8 in loose cluster, some without cytoplasm - concentrated pigmen

E-phase :gametocyte P. malariae


-Rounded or oval with homogenous cytoplasm - dark & coarse diffuse brown pigment - eccentric compact chromatin

-Round, compact mass - Single, well defined chromatin dot - Scattered, coarse pigment

E.phase: Ring form & trophozoite P. knowlesi

Ring form:

Delicate cytoplasm

1 to 2 prominent chromatin dots

Occasional appliqu (accol) forms

Trophozoite:

Compact cytoplasm Large chromatin Occasional band forms Coarse, dark-brown pigmen

E.phase: Schizont P. knowlesi

Schizont: Mature = up to 16

merozoites with large nuclei

Clustered around mass of coarse, dark-brown pigment

Occasional rosettes Mature merozoites appear

segmented

E.phase: Gametocyte P. knowlesi

Gametocyte: Round to oval Compact, may almost fill RBC Chromatin compact Eccentric (macrogametocyte) More diffuse

(microgametocyte) Scattered brown pigment

E.phase: P. cynomolgi

Almost identical to that P. vivax

red blood cell enlarges as the trophozoite grows,

Prominence of Schffners stippling and pigmentations in mature trophozoites.

The cytoplasm becomes amoeboid and pigments in small granules with yellowish brown in colour are scattered throughout the cytoplasm.

Rodent Malaria

P. berghei

P. Yoelii

P vinkei

P. chabaudi


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Protozoa Darah