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Steven LeachJune 2019
Protozoa and Metazoa in Wastewater
Which plant is running better?
They are both running very well- Eff COD <30 mg/L and Eff TSS < 15 mg/L
Presence of Protozoa or metazoa doesn’t mean your plant runs any better
but observing and identifying them can help you run the plant
Aeration basin
Home of “active biomass” Take the sample here!!
Provides a “real time” view of biomass
Bugs don’t lie!!
Once sample is collected try andobserve as soon as possible
Protozoa FactsSingle-celled organisms
Feed heterotrophically
Various forms of motility
Eukaryotes-(nucleus)
Over 65,500 currently identified*(120,000 sp)
Occur single or in colonies
Oldest identified- 770 million years*
Found almost everywhere
International Society of Protistologists-always looking for members
*The great oxygenation event was estimated to have occurred around 2300 million years ago
Single Cell- Amazing!
Motility
Reproduction
Respiration*
Feeding
Defense(encystment)
Adaption*
Extrusomes
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 4
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
tips of the
toxicysts
(There are anaerobic protists)
*Rain/excyst, feed,
grow, multiply then
Re-encyst
*Reproduction-binary fission or budding most common
Protozoa
Amoeba
Flagellate
Free-swimming ciliate
Crawling ciliate
Carnivore ciliate
Stalked ciliate
Suctoria
Given enough resources, most
protists can reproduce
asexually indefinitely. They are
functionally ‘immortal’ and don’t
age
Ciliates are different. They have
a characteristic life-span that
includes youth, maturity,
senescence and death
AmoebaSlow movement
False feet
Feed on organics and bacteria
Compete with bacteria
Chaos C.- 1000-5000 microns
Heliozoan
Testate Amoeba
Color tells age* -the longer in the system the more colored (copper)
The test may be organic or inorganic
Shell shape changes in drier conditions
Reproduction with binary fission with shell production first
Testate amoeba may
Feed more selectively
than naked amoeba
Some have teeth*
Flagellate
-Feed on bacteria
-Very fast
-5-10X bacteria size
-Have two or more
flagella
Most flagellum have fine tubular hairs on surface
Numerous genera and species!
Free-Swimming Ciliates
-cilia covers entire shape
-lower BOD present
-Sufficient D.O.
-C.V. shows health
-Asexual & Sexual reproduction
*Approx. 13,207 ciliates described
If paramecium was able to divide 1x/day it
would have more mass than the earth in 113 days.
Crawling Ciliates
pH close to neutral
Cirri cover portion
Established floc
Indicative of steady state*
Foissner et al. 1991
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band I
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Carnivorous Free-Swimmer
Adequate D.O
Available food
Low BOD
Neutral pH
Healthy biomass
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 4
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Didinium feeding on paramecium
Suctoria
Low ammonia
Presence of ciliates
With or without stalk
Lower BOD
Neutral pH
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 4
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Single vs. colonial
Length of stalk= age
Detached from stalk
during changes
Found in both poor and
good operations
Lorica possible
Stalk Ciliates
Foissner et al. 1992:
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 2
Bayerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Reactions of protozoa to shocks
High ammoniaSlow change in pH
High temperature >48C Low D.O. <.7ppm
??
Smashed from coverslip
Metazoa Facts (regards to wastewater)
Multicellular
Slower growing
Worms, rotifers, gastrotrich, etc…
Evolved during the Precambrian age (545 million years ago)*
Worms and higher have approx. 55 specialized cells
Typically larger than protozoa
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic
All are motile*
Rotifer
-Over 80% are female
-Longer Sludge age*
-Low BOD
-Sufficient D.O.
-Tardigrade food*
-2500 known species
-Live for 2-3 days
-Older rotifers have a darker pigmentation
-Majority are omnivorous
Rotifer jaws“Mastax”
Malleoramate trophi Ramate trophi
NematodeLow D.O.
Long Sludge age
Aerates floc
Feed on fungus
Common in fixed film systems
*Responsible for more crop damage than another other organism
Bristle worm
Very little known
Old sludge age
Fixed film systems
Can cause water to appear pink (reddish)
Spots are sensory cells
Thin cell wall enables growth in low D.O.
Some species are carnivorous
Tardigrade-”Water Bear”
Adequate D.O.**
Low BOD
Neutral pH
Good trout streams*
500 species
Mostly femaleNASA sent them to space
Gasterotrich
Not good indicator organisms
Confused with rotifers
Seen more frequently in fall
Found in both poor and good plants
Higher Life forms
B
C
E
F G
Rotifer
Stalk ciliate
Testate amoebaFlagellate
Suctoria
Amoeba
Carnivore ciliate
A
D
Common terms
Anterior- front part of the cell
Bacterivore- eats bacteria
Buccal- relates to the mouth structure
Cyst- body enclosed in extracellular lorica
Cytoplasm- the matter that makes up cells
Cytostome- the “mouth”
Daughter cells- product of cell division
Diffusion feeding-predator relies on the prey to make contact-(ex. suctoria)
Detritus- dead plant and animal material
Encyst- to change from active to cyst form
Eukaryotic- cells with nuclei and other membranous organelles
Extracellular- outside the cell
Extrusomes-organelle to catch, kill or protect
Flagellum- filamentous structure used for motion
Heliozoan- a protist with stiff radiating arms
Heterotrophic- a mode of nutrition with which the organism uses molecules created by another organism
Intracellular- inside the cell
Lorica-organic or inorganic casing or shell
Mastax- grinding structure behind the mouth of rotifers
Meiosis-two cells combine (sexual reproduction)
Mitosis-nucleus of a cell divides to create two new nuclei
Nucleus-an organelle where most of the DNA is located
Omnivore-eats bacteria, plant, other ciliates
Organelle-a structure found inside eukaryotic cells
Peristome-the area around the mouth
Phagocytosis-ingest food particles and enclose them with membrane to form food vacuoles
24
Common terms
Polysaccharide-a molecule comprised of many sugar molecules. Includes cellulose and starch
Prokaryotic-cells without nucleus-bacteria
Pinocystosis-ingesting material by enclosing it within a membrane
Raptorial-organism moves around for food
Sessile-organisms that are fixed to a substrate. Stalk or lorica
Spasmoneme-contractile element in stalk
Suspension feeding-feeding on suspended particles-stalk ciliates
Test-a rigid shell around an organism
Trophic-organisms that are active and feeding
Vacuole-a cavity in the cell enclosed by a membrane(ex. food and expulsion)
25
cilia
Food vacuole
cytostome cytopharynx
macronucleus
Contractile vacuole
Pellicle
micronucleus