PROSPERITY GOLD-COPPER MINE PROJECT CANADIAN … · 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 5733

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Mainland Reporting Services [email protected]

5733

PROSPERITY GOLD-COPPER MINE PROJECT

CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REGISTRY #09-05-44811

___________________________________

FEDERAL REVIEW PANEL PUBLIC HEARING

PURSUANT TO:

SECTION 34 OF THE CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ACT

_______________________________________

PROCEEDINGS AT HEARING

TOPIC-SPECIFIC SESSION

April 27, 2010

Volume 30

Pages 5733 to 6054

________________________________________

Held at:

Pioneer ComplexRoom 119

351 Hodgson RoadWilliams Lake, British Columbia

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5734

APPEARANCES

FEDERAL PANEL:

Mr. Robert (Bob) Connelly, Panel ChairMr. Bill Klassen, Panel MemberMs. Nalaine Morin, Panel Member

CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY (CEAA):

Ms. Colette SpagnuoloMr. Joseph RonzioMr. Jaron DybleMr. Livain MichaudMs. Carolyn DunnMs. Lucille JamaultMs. Patricia McKeage

VIA TELEPHONE CONFERENCING:

Mr. Raimo Kallio ) Environment CanadaMs. Manon Lalonde ) Ottawa, Ontario

Dr. Cameron Wobus ) The Stratus ConsultingMs. Connie Travers ) Group

TOPIC 2: WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY (Continued)

TASEKO MINES LIMITED EXPERT PANEL:

Mr. Rod Bell-Irving ) Taseko Mines LimitedDr. Jamie Cathcart ) Knight PiesoldMr. Trevor Crozier ) BCG Engineering Inc.Mr. Stephen Day ) SRK Consulting Inc.Ms. Karen Munro ) StantecMr. Dylan MacGregor ) SRK Consulting Inc.Mr. Greg Smyth ) Knight Piesold

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5735

NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA EXPERT PANEL:

Ms. Katherine McPherson ) Natural Resources CanadaDr. Alexandre Desbarats )Dr. John Kwong )Mr. Rob Johnstone )Ms. Margo Burgess )

ENVIRONMENT CANADA EXPERT PANEL:

Mr. Charles Dumaresq ) Environment CanadaMr. Mike Hagen )Mr. Raimo Kallio )Ms. Manon Lalonde )

THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT EXPERT PANEL:

Dr. Kevin MorinDr. Ann Maest

TOPIC 3: FISH AND FISH HABITAT

TASEKO MINES LIMITED EXPERT PANEL:

Mr. Rod Bell-Irving ) Taseko Mines LimitedMr. Bill Rublee ) Triton EnvironmentalMr. Ryan Liebe ) Triton EnvironmentalMr. Greg Smyth ) Knight Piesold

) Engineering

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

2425


5736

INTERESTED PARTIES AND PRESENTERS:(In order of appearance on the record):

TOPIC 2: WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY (Continued):

Dr. John Kwong ) Natural Resources Canada

Mr. Charles Dumaresq ) Environment Canada.

Mr. Mike Hagen ) Environment Canada

Mr. Raimo Kallio ) Environment Canada

Ms. Amy Crook ) Centre for Science and(Questions) ) Public Participation

) (Assisting TNG)

Mr. Tony Pearse ) Tsilhqot'in National(Questions) ) Government

Ms. Beth Bedard ) Esketemc First Nation(Questions of Dr. Morin) )

Mr. Ramsey Hart ) MiningWatch Canada(Questions of Dr. Morin) )

Dr. Kevin Morin ) Tsilhqot'in National) Government

Dr. Anne Maest ) Tsilhqot'in National) Government

Ms. Beth Bedard ) Esketemc First Nation(Question of Dr. Maest) )

Mr. Ramsey Hart ) MiningWatch Canada(Questions of Dr. Maest) )

Ms. Beth Bedard ) Esketemc First Nation(Question of Dr. Morin) )

Mr. Ramsey Hart ) MiningWatch Canada(Questions of Dr. Morin) )

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5737

INTERESTED PARTIES AND PRESENTERS:(In order of appearance on the record):

TOPIC 2: FISH AND FISH HABITAT:

Mr. Bill Rublee ) Triton Environmental) Taseko Mines Limited

Mr. Ryan Liebe ) Triton Environmental) Taseko Mines Limited

Dr. Gordon Hartman ) Tsilhqot'in National(Questions) ) Government

Mr. Rick Holmes ) Tsilhqot'in National(Questions) ) Government

Mr. Tony Pearse ) Tsilhqot'in National(Questions) ) Government

COURT REPORTING:

Mainland Reporting Services, Inc.Nancy Nielsen, RPR, RCR, CSR(A)Stephen Gill, CCR, CSR(A)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5738

INDEX OF PROCEEDINGS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

OPENING COMMENTS BY THE CHAIRMAN: 5741

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS SPOKEN TO: 5742

RESPONSE BY THE CHAIRMAN WITH RESPECTTO AN APPLICATION RECEIVED FROMDR. STEWART-HARAWIRA AND AN AFFIDAVITRECEIVED FROM MR. BARRY:

5743

TOPIC 2: WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY(CONTINUED)

CONTINUED PRESENTATION BY NATURALRESOURCES CANADA:

5746

EXPERT PANEL:MS. KATHERINE MCPHERSONDR. ALEXANDRE DESBARATSDR. JOHN KWONGMR. ROB JOHNSTONEMS. MARGO BURGESS

PRESENTATION BY NATURAL RESOURCESCANADA, BY DR. JOHN KWONG:

5746

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA:

EXPERT PANEL:MR. CHARLES DUMARESQMR. MIKE HAGEN

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BYMR. CHARLES DUMARESQ

5752

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BYMR. MIKE HAGEN:

5758

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BYMR. RAIMO KALLIO:

5787

COMMENTS BY THE CHAIRMAN: 5789

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5739

INTRODUCTIONS AND QUESTIONS BY TASEKOMINES LIMITED EXPERT PANEL:

DR. JAMIE CATHCART - KNIGHT PIESOLDMR. TREVOR CROZIER - BCG ENGINEERINGMR. STEPHEN DAY - SRK CONSULTING INC.MS. KAREN MUNRO - STANTECMR. DYLAN MACGREGOR -SRK CONSULTINGMR. GREG SMYTH - KNIGHT PIESOLD

5790

QUESTIONS BY THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE ANDPUBLIC PARTICIPATION, ASSISTING TNG, BYMS. AMY CROOK:

5818

QUESTIONS BY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONALGOVERNMENT, BY MR. TONY PEARSE:

5829

QUESTIONS BY THE FEDERAL PANEL: 5835

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY ESKETEMCFIRST NATION, BY MS. BETH BEDARD:

5839

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY MININGWATCHCANADA, BY MR. RAMSEY HART:

5840

(NOON BREAK)(PROCEEDINGS ADJOURNED AT 12:10 P.M.)(PROCEEDINGS RECONVENED AT 1:15 P.M.)

5851

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTER WITH RESPECT TO AQUESTION BY AMY CROOK ABOUT HEALTHCANADA:

5851

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'INNATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

EXPERT PANEL:DR. KEVIN MORINDR. ANN MAEST

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'INNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY DR. KEVINMORIN:

5854

5855

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'INNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY DR. ANNE MAEST:

5898

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5740

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY THE FEDERALPANEL:

5964

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY TASEKO MINESLIMITED:

5970

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY THE FEDERALPANEL (CONT'D):

5978

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY ESKETEMCFIRST NATION, BY MS. BETH BEDARD:

5987

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY MININGWATCHCANADA, BY MR. RAMSEY HART:

5988

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY THE FEDERALPANEL:

5992

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY ESKETEMCFIRST NATION, BY MS. BETH BEDARD:

5993

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY MININGWATCHCANADA, BY MR. RAMSEY HART:

5996


PRESENTATION ON FISH AND FISH HABITATBY TASEKO MINES LIMITED:

EXPERT PANEL:MR. BILL RUBLEE, TRITON ENVIRONMENTALMR. RYAN LIEBE, TRITON ENVIRONMENTALMR. GREG SMYTH, KNIGHT PIESOLD

6002

QUESTIONS OF TASEKO MINES EXPERT PANELBY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,BY DR. GORDON HARTMAN:

6021

QUESTIONS OF TASEKO MINES EXPERT PANELBY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,BY MR. RICK HOLMES:

6032

QUESTIONS OF TASEKO MINES EXPERT PANELBY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,BY MR. TONY PEARSE:

6041

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5741

OPENING COMMENTS BY THE CHAIRMAN:

THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, Ladies and

Gentlemen. I'd like to have you take your seats, and

would like to resume our hearing this morning.

Thank you. I will just check, first of all,

to make sure that we have people joining us on the

telephone again. Can you hear me?

MS. LALOND: Yes, we can hear you from

Ottawa here at Environment Canada.

THE CHAIRMAN: And we have Stratus

Consultants on the phone again this morning?

They haven't tied in yet, I guess. They are

planning to join us, I understand; is that correct?

Okay, we're just checking on Stratus to see if they

will connect.

Well, let me open the meeting this morning by

welcoming citizens of Williams Lake and the

Cariboo-Chilcotin region, Ladies and Gentlemen, Chief

Baptiste, I recognize here, and Former Chief Roger

William, Members of the Tsilhqot'in First Nation and

the Secwepemc First Nation within whose traditional

territory we're holding these hearings today, Members

of the Secretariat and Taseko Mines Limited and their

consultants.

We welcome you to the second day of our

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5742

hearings. And would like to thank the First Nations

again this morning for the drumming ceremony outside

of the room. I appreciate that. It reminds us once

again that we are holding these hearings within their

traditional territory. Thank you for that.

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS SPOKEN TO:

THE CHAIRMAN: I have a few administrative

matters to deal with before we proceed with the

continuation of the presentation from Natural

Resources Canada and Environment Canada.

First, the first item is just to go over some

of the exhibits posted yesterday and a few of the

undertakings.

First of all, the undertakings, Undertaking

29 from Taseko to provide an analysis of the effects

to fish habitat in the Taseko River resulting from a

reduction in flows to Lower Fish Creek during the

April to June flow period.

Undertaking 30, again, Taseko and I note

Karen Munro, undertaking to provide confirmation

whether cadmium levels may exceed Water Quality

Guidelines at specific times or year-round if mine

development occurs.

Undertaking 31, to explain how the Regional

Study Area for the cumulative effects assessment on

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5743

water quality was determined. And there was a

reference to a particular volume and section of the

Environmental Impact Statement.

So those are the three undertakings.

With respect to exhibits, we had four

exhibits tabled yesterday that I'll just identify.

Exhibit 116 was the opening PowerPoint

Presentation by Taseko Mines on alternatives.

Exhibit 117 was the PowerPoint Presentation

by Environment Canada.

Exhibit 118 was a PowerPoint Presentation by

Taseko on water quality and quantity.

And Exhibit 119, which we'll continue on with

shortly, was the PowerPoint Presentation on water

quality and quantity by Natural Resources Canada.

RESPONSE BY THE CHAIRMAN WITH RESPECT TO AN APPLICATION

RECEIVED FROM DR. STEWART-HARAWIRA AND AN AFFIDAVIT

RECEIVED FROM MR. BARRY:

THE CHAIRMAN: In addition to that, I

indicated yesterday that I would respond to a matter

of an affidavit and supporting application that we

received last week in the community of Esket, or

Alkali Lake. This was in the context of an

application we received from

Dr. Stewart-Harawira and an affidavit from Mr. Barry

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5744

who is the barrister and solicitor I believe acting on

behalf of the Esketemc First Nation. And this was a

request that we incorporate her opening greeting,

which was in the Maori language, into our, into our

record of the proceedings and the transcript.

And I'll just respond to that as I indicated

that I would following further examination of the

affidavit and its application.

And let me just read to you our decision and

the rationale behind that.

We have reviewed the transcripts from

April 20th, that's when she made her presentation,

that is Dr. Stewart-Harawira, and as well, the

transcripts from April 21st, when Mr. Barry filed the

affidavit and the supporting application from

Dr. Stewart-Harawira.

As stated in the written application, what is

sought is an order that the greeting in Maori, which

she refers to as an M-I-H-I be made part of the

official record. So that was her request.

In our view, it already is.

On April 21st, Mr. Barry read into the

record, as reflected in the transcript for that day,

the English translation of what Dr. Stewart-Harawira

had said in Maori on the previous day. In her

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5745

affidavit, Dr. Stewart-Harawira includes both a

phonetic version of what was said in Maori as well as

the English translation.

The affidavit, we understand, will be posted

on the Registry today. And the transcripts are

already on the record.

Therefore, Dr. Stewart-Harawira's M-I-H-I, or

her Maori greeting, will be part of the official

record in both English and the Maori language.

The relief sought in the application in

effect is accordingly moot. There is really no action

on our part in this regard. Her greeting in Maori is,

I would add, also recorded in the oral transcripts

that we are keeping and they are also part of the

record of these proceedings.

So we have both on the record the English

version, the Maori version, and, of course, in the

oral transcripts which are also available on the

agency website, her Maori words of greeting to the

First Nations in her Maori language.

So that is my response to that affidavit and

the supporting application.

We will now proceed to the continuation of

the presentation from yesterday. Again, I appreciate

the fact that Natural Resources was able to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5746

accommodate our time constraints and deal with the one

part of the presentation and we'll continue with the

second one this morning.

I believe this one is on the matters of

geology and geochemistry. And I note you're also

being accompanied by Environment Canada in that

presentation.

So, with that, we'll turn the floor to

Natural Resources and I would ask you again to

introduce yourselves and proceed with your

presentation, please.

CONTINUED PRESENTATION BY NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA:

EXPERT PANEL: Ms. Katherine McPherson

Dr. Alexandre Desbarats

Dr. John Kwong

Mr. Rob Johnstone

Ms. Margo Burgess

PRESENTATION BY NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA, BY DR. JOHN

KWONG:

DR. KWONG: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

My name's John Kwong, last name spelt as

K-W-O-N-G. I'm a Senior Environmental Scientist with

the CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories of

Natural Resources Canada.

To complete our department's technical

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5747

presentation to the Panel, I would like to briefly

summarize Natural Resources Canada's assessment on

aspects of acid mine drainage and metal leaching of

the proposed Project.

Upon reviewing the original EIS, Natural

Resources Canada identified deficiencies in the

following areas:

First, the determination of a time to onset

of acid rock drainage is unclear.

Second, extrapolation of a laboratory testing

results to the field may lead to uncertainties in the

water quality predictions.

Third, considerations for metal leaching

under neutral pH and low oxygen conditions is

generally lacking.

And lastly, comparison of the prospective

performance of the tailings storage facility, in other

words the TSF, at the Project site with the existing

TSF at the Gibraltar Mine is inappropriate.

By working in iteration to reach a resolution

of a potential issues of concern, more specifically

full participation in a water quality, acid rock

drainage and metal leaching working group co-ordinated

by the BC Environmental Assessment Office, NRCan is

satisfied that there are no fatal flaws in the acid

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5748

rock drainage metal leaching assessments performed by

the Proponent.

The questions raised and the clarifications

provided by the Proponent through these iterative

processes has been well documented in issue tracking

tables. There's no need to repeat them here.

However, Natural Resources Canada would

caution that the following 2 issues may need further

attention.

First, metal or metaloid mobilization under

neutral pH oxygen-poor conditions may require further

investigation.

The second is related to the potential

occurrence of elevated levels of selenium in

mine-derived waters.

I will address these two issues in a bit more

detail in the next four slides.

On the issue of a metal leaching in oxygen,

under oxygen-poor conditions, the Proponents has the

conception that metal leaching under reducing

conditions can only affect previously oxidized but not

relatively fresh geologic materials. Based on

research work done conducted at CANMET and also

observations from other mining operations, not

necessarily porphyry copper, mind you, Natural

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5749

Resources Canada is of the opinion that with

redox-sensitive elements like arsenic and antimony can

be leached from both fresh and oxidized rock in

oxygen-poor water under neutral conditions.

Given the fact that the detection of elevated

levels of arsenic and antimony in the Fish Creek

sediments and also one-third of the samples that

underwent shake-flask extraction gave evidence of

antimony leaching, it seems that to Natural Resources

Canada that further investigations or precautionary

actions regarding to metal leaching under reduced

conditions is warranted.

To address this issue, NRCan suggests that

the Proponent either provide evidence prior to the

commencement of mining that underwater disposal of the

mine waste would not reach significant metal leaching,

including arsenic and antimony leaching under any

conditions.

Or, the Proponent may choose to commit to

close monitoring of the pertinent elements in all

mine-derived waters during the operation and

post-mine.

If required, mine-derived waters should be

treated to the appropriate level prior to discharge to

the receiving environment.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5750

On the issue of a potential selenium

leaching, the Proponent, through modelling, noted the

potential occurrence of elevated selenium levels in

some mine-derived waters. However, the possible

sources of selenium has not been investigated in

detail. It seems that the Proponent is of the opinion

that the issue may not be significant because of the

conservatism built into the modelling. That is, well,

there might be potential attenuation of the

selenium through sorption with hydrate iron oxide.

And this possible attenuation mechanism was not

included in their modelling.

From Natural Resources Canada's perspective,

we think that in a receiving environment with a high

dissolved organic carbon content such as Fish Creek,

precipitation of hydrated iron oxides may be

inhibited, therefore significantly decreasing the

number of potential sorption sites and therefore, in

turn, eroding into the inherent conservatism built

into the modelling results.

And therefore, in NRCan's opinion, aqueous

transport of potentially deleterious elements like

selenium, antimony, arsenic and cadmium, remains an

issue.

To address this issue, NRCan would recommend

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5751

that the Proponent either conduct an appropriate

chemical study to identify the sources of the selenium

and to develop a suitable management plan for handling

this suspect materials, or, utilize an appropriate

effluent treatment if selenium levels become a concern

during operation or post-mine.

It is the understanding of Natural Resources

Canada that such monitoring and treatment of selenium

could be required or implemented under the Provincial

Mines Permit Act and for the B.C. Ministry of

Environments Discharge of Mine Effluent Permit.

This concludes my presentation.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Kwong.

And I believe that Mr. Dumaresq is now going

to continue with Environment Canada's presentation, is

that correct, on this same subject area. Yes.

Please proceed. We'll hold questions until

after we've completed the complete presentation and

also, of course, take questions on the presentation at

the end of the day yesterday once this is complete.

Please proceed.

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA:

EXPERT PANEL: Mr. Charles Dumaresq

Mr. Mike Hagen

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5752

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BY MR. CHARLES

DUMARESQ:

MR. DUMARESQ: Good morning. Thank you,

again, for the opportunity to speak. My name is

Charles Dumaresq. I'll be representing Environment

Canada with respect to our evaluation of the work that

was done by the Proponent on the prediction of acid

rock drainage and metal leaching. But our Environment

Canada presentation this morning has three different

speakers. I will be followed by Mike Hagen, who is to

my right. He is from our Vancouver office and he will

be speaking specifically on water quality issues. And

then on the phone at our headquarters in Ottawa we

have Mr. Kallio and Manon Lalonde and they will be

speaking to hydrology issues.

So I will pick up first on our evaluation

with respect to acid rock drainage and metal leaching

and I'll preface my comments by saying that the

primary focus of Environment Canada's analysis of the

work done on prediction of acid rock drainage and

metal leaching was the Proponent's predictions with

respect to volumes of potentially acid generating and

non-potentially acid-generating material because those

volumes then relate back to what the Proponent has

proposed with respect to the disposal of those various

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5753

waste rock streams and tailings streams. So that was

the primary focus of our review from Environment

Canada's perspective.

Environment Canada reviewed the Proponent's

predictions of the potential for the various geologic

materials, that's everything that would be coming out

of the pit from surface down, to be sources of acidic

drainage and metal leaching.

And ultimately we accept the Proponent's

findings that the tailings would be non-acid

generating, that a significant amount of the waste

rock and a small amount of the overburden would be

potentially acid-generating.

Now, I would clarify in this regard, because

the Proponent yesterday referred to overburden that

would have to be stripped from the pit which could

then be potentially used as impermeable materials in

various places if there was a need for impermeable

materials for construction purposes.

The Proponent used the term "overburden" to

refer both to those unconsolidated materials over the

rock, basically stuff that you could dig out with a

shovel or a backhoe or something like that, but also

used the term "overburden" to refer to rock that is

overlying the ore deposit itself, in particular some

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5754

of the basalt flows that are overlying the deposit

itself. So it's not the glacial tills. And materials

like that that the Proponent referred to yesterday as

possibly materials that could be used in construction,

which is the overburden, which is potentially

acid-generating, it's that rock from below those

unconsolidated materials but above the ore deposit

itself. It's some of that material that has the

potential to be acid-generating.

Environment Canada also agrees that the

balance of the waste rock and the overburden would be

non-acid-generating and it should be also noted that

the Proponent is proposing to stockpile low-grade ore.

This is material that contains the minerals of

interest that contain copper or contain gold but not

necessarily in sufficient quantities to be able to

process economically at a specific time.

The Proponent is proposing to retain that

material and process it at a future time provided the

economic conditions are favourable for reprocessing

that material at that time.

In the interim, that material would be

stockpiled along with or adjacent to the

non-acid-generating waste rock. But the Proponent has

concluded that the low-grade ore would be potentially

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5755

acid-generating, but it would not be managed in the

same manner as the acid-generating waste rock.

Environment Canada is of the view that the

Proponent's predictions for the amount of potentially

acid-generating material would be produced are

conservative. In general, however, a conservative

approach, that is slightly overestimating the amounts

of potentially acid-generating materials, is

appropriate from a planning perspective. It's better

to be somewhat precautionary in managing the

potentially acid-generating materials than to take an

approach of minimizing the amount of materials and

ending up with a problem later because some of the

potential acid-generating materials have ended up

being disposed in a manner that isn't appropriate for

the prevention of acidic drainage.

Environment Canada notes that the tailings

and the waste rock management alternatives proposed by

the Proponent would not be affected by this

conservative approach. Our view is that the degree of

overestimation is small and that that would be too

small to impact the alternatives or the identification

of the alternatives that the Proponent went through in

assessing the alternatives that were discussed in my

presentation yesterday.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5756

As part of the assessment of alternatives for

waste rock and tailings disposal, the Proponent did

assess four different options for the management of

potentially acid-generating materials. These were

discussed yesterday morning in the Proponent's

presentation on Alternatives Assessment.

Those four options are the subaqueous or

underwater disposal of PAG material within a tailings

slurry. So essentially by maintaining enough water,

the water level high enough within the tailings

management facility, it would ensure that the

potentially acid-generating waste rock is always under

water preventing exposure to oxygen and therefore

preventing or limiting to a very great degree the

amount of acid generation that would occur.

The second option that they looked at would

be sub-aerial or on-land disposal of potentially

acid-generating material, with an engineered cover, a

multilayer cover of materials of different

permeabilities to water to prevent infiltration and

exposure of the acid-generating material and thereby

preventing or, again, significantly limiting the

amount of acid generation that would occur.

The third option would be subaqueous or

underwater disposal of the potentially acid-generating

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5757

material in the mined-out pit after mine closure. So

during mine operations, in this scenario, the

potentially acid-generating material would be

stockpiled at an on-land location and then moved into

the pit following the end of mine operations and

before flooding of the pit begins. So that once the

flooding process has proceeded to the point where that

potentially acid-generating material is submerged,

that would again serve to prevent or severely limit

the amount of acid generation that could occur.

The final option was to commingle or sort of

mix together potentially acid-generating waste rock

and overburden with paste tailings and to have a cover

of non-acid-generating waste rock and soil at closure.

Paste tailings are a form of tailings, the

conventional disposal for tailings is to dispose them

as a slurry which is a mixture of water and tailings

solids with a fairly high proportion of water. If you

remove some of that water you move down to various

degrees of thicker kinds of tailings to ultimately you

get to something called paste tailings, which doesn't

have all the water removed, but in the order of 70 or

80 percent of the water is removed and it has

something in the order of the consistency of

toothpaste as opposed to something that will run

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5758

nicely and smoothly out of a normal pipe. The idea

with this option is that those grains of tailings

would fill in all the spaces around the blocks of

waste rock and overburden within the disposal area and

prevent, that combined with a cover over top, would

then help to prevent any acid generation from

occurring.

Environment Canada's view, all of these

options could effectively prevent acid-rock drainage

from the potentially acid-generating material.

That's the end of our portion dealing with

acid-rock drainage and metal leaching.

I will turn it over to Mike Hagen.

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BY MR. MIKE HAGEN:

MR. HAGEN: Good morning. My name is

Mike Hagen, H-A-G-E-N. I'm Environment Canada's

expert for water quality. I've done this for 18 years

now. I'm with the environmental effects monitoring

and I provide advice for biological aquatic

environments.

First of all, I'd like to thank the Panel for

making the realtime verbatim transcripts available to

me. It's extremely helpful.

And what I intend to do today is talk to some

of our Environment Canada's concerns and the way we

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5759

assessed this Project. And I'm also going to try to

address some of the issues and things that came up

yesterday to try to complement that. So I may

actually take a little bit longer than I planned to.

So what I'm doing, what we do first when we

assess water quality effects, of course we're looking

at the kinds of changes that might be expected by the

Project. We look at the magnitude of those changes,

the extent, the duration, and try to come up to some

judgment of whether those changes will have a

significant adverse effect on the environment. So in

this case, what is the significant adverse effect? As

a starting point, we were looking at some perturbation

water quality changes that could affect biological

systems and we are essentially looking to see where

the change may be outside the range of natural

variability, just as a starting point.

So if we define the natural variability as

the reference mean plus or minus two standard

deviations, the predictions are that we may see

changes in water quality that are outside that range

more than one time in 20, say. That may be something

that is of concern. We need to look at that more

closely.

So to start with, we look at the baseline

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5760

data that has been conducted. That is our starting

point, obviously. We need to know what the

characteristics of the baseline conditions are before

we can assess whether anything will change.

So, in this case, we have a very large data

set for the baseline or background information. The

site has been monitored since 1992. And reference

stations were adequately located. There were enough

of them. The parameters of interest were monitored

and the frequency was good. The detection limits were

adequate, especially in the later stage of the

baseline monitoring.

The quality control was good.

Environment Canada is satisfied that the

baseline information for this Project is actually

quite good. A little bit more than we usually see for

a Project of this nature in fact.

The next step, a very important step is to

look at what kind of water quality modelling has been

done, what kind of predictions we have. Because

obviously we won't know what the actual effects are

until they happen. So it's important to take a look

at what the predictions of those are.

And this relies on water quality modelling.

And an important uncertainty in the water

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5761

quality modelling is to make sure the inputs to that

are adequately done. And that was explained by NRCan

and some of our other scientists looking at the input

to that model.

We are satisfied that the Proponent has

properly processed these inputs and that the water

quality modelling has been done in a professionally

sound manner.

My feeling is that the model is, while it is

conservative, it is somewhat qualitative and I will

have some comments to make about that a little bit

later.

But at this point we accept that the

predictions are reliable and we proceed on the basis

that we can do some assessments based on those

predictions.

So given the predictions, what are the

potential effects that we see from those predictions?

And this is where we start to look at some of the --

we look at the guidelines, primarily, to see if those

predictions may exceed guidelines or be within the

guidelines we have. And I'll be talking a little bit

more about what the guidelines are and how we use

those.

Once that's done, we have to take a look at

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5762

some of the risk and uncertainties. As of course

there's natural variability in this system, we also

have measurement analytical errors that need to be

looked at. And, of course, some of the inputs, some

of the assumptions that are made may be flawed, there

may not be enough information. So this has to be

assessed also. And that's the risks and uncertainties

part. And I'll be talking about that. So this slide

is just a little bit of an outline.

I'll just cut right to the chase here and

present the summary and conclusion that Environment

Canada has in respect to this Project.

If the Proponent conducts the good waste and

water management practices that they should, and many

agencies have guidelines, codes of practices for

managing waste and water onsite, and the Proponent

should be following those, the Proponent follows the

commitments for mitigation that they have committed

to, then there should be no significant deleterious

effects on water quality downstream of the Project

area.

Now, we will continue to work with the

Proponent during the permitting stage if the Project

proceeds, so there's still further opportunity for

checking on what the impact might be and firming up

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5763

those commitments and contingency plans to ensure that

there are no significant deleterious defects.

Now, given the concern in the community

regarding impacts on water quality, and I thought I'd

just take a few minutes now to maybe be a little bit

more general than I normally would be, but try to

explain how and why Environment Canada comes up with

the conclusion. So I'll point out that the Province

came to the same conclusion in their Project

Application Report. So I'd like to take a few minutes

now to, in a general way, show why we make this

assumption, or make this conclusion.

Just starting out very briefly, the compounds

that we're talking about, nutrients, metals, minerals,

are compounds naturally found in water at low levels,

they are essential for healthy biological functioning.

So levels of nutrients like phosphorous and nitrogen,

and, of course, minerals, calcium, magnesium,

potassium, and some of the trace metals that we find

in water are essential to biological functioning. So

we have essential trace metals such as cobalt, copper,

magnesium, molybdenum.

Many people are aware that iron is an

essential component of red blood cells, people without

enough iron in their diet become anaemic. So that's

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5764

kind of what we're looking at for low levels, these

are essential trace minerals, essential trace

elements.

At these levels, organisms can regulate at

these low nutrient levels. So at low levels, they can

make use of these compounds. As levels start to rise,

organisms have the ability to segregate some of these

elements safely in different parts of their body. As

elements rise a little further, perhaps we start to

see organisms can purge the metals from their body.

An example of that, of course, many of us have heard

of people who take too many dietary vitamin mineral

supplements, often they have extensive urine, for

example.

But as levels continue to rise, deleterious

effects may start to occur. We start to see effects

on development, perhaps, growth, reproduction, these

levels continue to rise in the environment, we would

have effects on perhaps, more significant effects on

illness may occur. As levels rise still further,

mortality is happening, death.

So it's not the presence of these compounds

in water that is so significant, the concern is the

levels, the concentration. It's the dose that makes

the poison, not the presence.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5765

So it would be nice if we had an idea of what

the threshold is, at what level are these elements

safe. If they are below the thresholds, they are

considered to be safe. If they are above that

threshold, we start to be concerned and we want to

look at it a bit more closely. And that's the role

the guidelines play. And we for example we have the

Canadian Council, Ministry of Environment, Guideline

for Protection of Aquatic Life which we've been

referring to yesterday and at these hearings. There

are other guidelines as well.

There are generic guidelines that could be

used for drinking water, for example, or for

irrigation, wild stock watering, agriculture,

guidelines for recreational use or even industrial

use. These are generic guidelines designed to protect

the most sensitive use of a particular waterbody for

that use. They are generic guidelines designed to

protect the most sensitive organisms that might be

found in the waterbody and under most waterbody

conditions in Canada. So these generic guidelines are

designed to protect most of the organisms you would

find under most conditions.

These guidelines incorporate a safety factor,

which was referred to yesterday, and what the safety

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5766

factor is is we have, for example, our guideline

specialists, of which we have lots in Environment

Canada, they will process the raw established database

that we have, a verified database which is based on

toxicity tests that have been done for many years,

aquatic toxicologists conducting bioassays using a

variety of organisms, a variety of waters, with

different compounds at a variety of different levels

and determining what the no observed effect level or

the various levels of impact would be for various

organisms.

This database is processed with mathematical

tools applied. And I'm simplifying things, but

essentially what happens is that we will, the

guideline specialist will come up with, say, a level

at which we would not expect the observed effects for

most organisms. It could be, say, as an example, one

milligram per litre for compound X, then we normally

apply safety factor, typically 10 times, so the

guideline level would then become 0.1 mg/litre per

compound, say one tenth that known effect level.

That's oversimplifying but it gives you an

idea of what the process is.

Now, these are generic guidelines and there

are some cases when site-specific guidelines may be

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5767

appropriate. And we were talking a little bit about

site-specific guidelines yesterday and I would like to

talk in a little bit more detail about what that

process is.

And it essentially refers to focusing on the

specific conditions in a specific waterbody or a

specific reach where there may be an impact from a

discharge of some sort.

Most generic guidelines, generic guidelines

are designed to protect most species under most

conditions, but if we look at the site-specific

conditions at a particular area, those conditions may

have harder water, it may be a mineralized area with

naturally high background levels of various minerals,

as in this area that we're talking about, Fish Lake.

Fish Creek, Taseko River, there would be no mineral

exploration here, there would be no mine if there was

no minerals, so we would expect that the area would be

high in background levels, which it is.

The organisms in this area have adapted over

many generations to these conditions. The most

sensitive species may not be present here. And the

biological community will have adapted to that, the

absence of vulnerable species, and, generally

speaking, we have a healthy aquatic biosystem in spite

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5768

of somewhat elevated levels of certain elements.

So in that case a site-specific guideline may

be appropriate. And when a site-specific guideline is

derived, and if processed normally, would be a water

quality objective which is actually the Provincial

Ministry of Environment process. And Environment

Canada has site-specific guidelines which is a

guidelines to derive the site-specific guidelines.

But the Province has the ability to derive a

water quality objective, which is actually a

regulatory instrument which could be incorporated into

a waste -- or environmental management permit for a

discharger at that site. And the operator would be

required to attain that water quality objective.

Though this step by the Province generally during the

permitting process if the Project goes ahead,

Environment Canada very often will advise or

contribute to that process.

Moving on now. I was going to speak to some

of the results that were predicted for a couple of

sites, but this is the same table that Karen showed

yesterday, so I want to try to be a little bit briefer

here than I had planned.

This is Fish Creek, W3, which is the

monitoring site at the falls on Fish Creek, considered

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5769

to be representative of the water in Lower Fish Creek.

Also known as Mixing Point B. Some of the

contaminants or parameters of interest listed on the

right. The CCME Guideline listed in the next column

over. Baseline data in green. And our general

process would be to look at the predicted values from

the water quality modelling and ask if those values

are greater than CCME Guidelines, a perception of

being that if those levels are lower than the

guidelines, probably at base level, if the predicted

values are higher than CCME Guidelines but still

comparable to or lower than baseline, again an

indicator that a site-specific guideline could be

appropriate and organisms are adapted to those levels,

though probably not a concern.

But if we look at the predicted with no

mitigation column here, the pink column, second from

the right, for some of these parameters, we see that

for a lot of those, the predictions are that the

levels will be elevated above the guidelines and for

many of them also elevated above baseline.

So I'm going to have some discussion about

the water quality modelling a little later. But at

this point, taking those values at face value, our

judgment would be, without mitigation, we could very

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5770

well see some significant effects on water quality in

Fish Creek.

Now, the predicted with mitigation values are

lower and they are in the neighbourhood of baseline or

CCM guideline values. So, again, that would indicate

perhaps there will be no deleterious effect if the

mitigation occurs.

A couple of things on this slide I want to

talk to you now. Sulphate in particular, that

question came up yesterday about site-specific

guidelines. We just talked about them. And I want to

use sulphate as an example here.

We heard from Karen Munro that the sulphate

guideline is quite low and is a candidate for a

site-specific guideline very often. Try to give some

of the regulatory perspective on that.

We do not have a CCM guideline for sulphate.

Although one is being worked on right now with -- but

we do have a B.C. Ministry of Environment has

established a water quality criteria for sulphate,

which is 100 milligrams per litre, and that is a

generic guideline intended to protect sensitive use

organisms from sulphate in very soft waters, as we do

see in some instances.

Now, sulphate is quite sensitive to levels of

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5771

hardness. Hardness will mitigate sulphate toxicity to

a considerable extent. And without getting too

technical, the hardness, the calcium, the magnesium,

cations in water, as hardness rises, sulphate toxicity

will decrease.

So organisms tend to be very tolerant of

higher levels of sulphate if the water hardness is a

little bit higher and if they are adapted to that. So

very often a water quality objective for sulphate is

appropriate and it could be a level of 200mg/litre,

400mg/litre, possibly even higher.

Now, when Water Quality Objectives are set, I

want to emphasize that this process is similar to a

generic guideline in that we look at the biological

community at the site. And the intention of a

site-specific guideline or a water quality objective

is to protect the most sensitive organism actually at

the site under the conditions, the water quality

conditions that actually exist at the site. It is

certainly not the intention to set a level which is

attainable by the operator.

And the primary objective is to protect the

aquatic environment.

One comment to make about this slide, if you

notice the iron line, I've got a question mark there.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5772

When I looked over the materials provided by the

Proponent, I saw that the maximum annual value for

iron was 2.61 milligrams per litre, which struck me as

very high. I took a closer look at the monthly tables

and I saw that that value predicted only for January.

And Karen mentioned this could be due to dissolved

iron levels in groundwater seep during very slow,

low-flow periods, perhaps under ice cover when water

tends to be stagnant.

The predicted level for iron in the other 11

months for the year is only 0.47. It struck me as a

bit of a discrepancy and I actually wondered if it

might be an anomaly of some sort.

Okay, moving on to the next slide. This is

the Taseko River at W6, which is also known as Mixing

Point D, 500 metres below Fish Creek and the Taseko

River. The water quality at this site, we would judge

to be representative of the Taseko River for the whole

length of the Taseko River downstream as far as the

Chilko River, which is about 75 kilometres downstream.

There aren't a lot of other streams, creeks coming

into the Taseko River in that stretch, so there's not

going to be a lot of attenuation of water quality

downstream of Fish Creek until the next major

tributary.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5773

So for a stretch of about 80 kilometres, we

would assume that this is probably characteristic of

the water quality in the Taseko River.

Again, we've got the parameters on the right.

The CCME Guideline in blue. The baseline values in

green. The predicted values without mitigation in

this case are, in many cases, close to or about the

baseline values or the CCME guidelines.

With mitigation, those levels will be

slightly lower and only a slight change because of the

attenuation of Fish Creek water in Taseko River. The

Fish Creek did not contribute a lot of flow to Taseko

River.

So on the basis of these predictions, as they

are within CCME Guidelines or comparable to baseline,

it would be difficult to judge that there would be a

significant change to the aquatic environment based on

these numbers.

Now, I mentioned that there are a number of

uncertainties and some risk factors and I would like

to discuss those next.

Again trying to respond to some of the

comments and some of the questions that came up

yesterday and trying to complement some of that

discussion, I wanted to highlight a few of these

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5774

uncertainties with respect to water quality modelling.

But first of all, I'm talking about some of

the predicted changes, some of those levels will be

very much greater than baseline, but still lower than

CCME Guidelines, so it is quite possible that a

magnitude of change of that nature may lead to a

change in the aquatic environment. Though that change

is not likely to be adverse. It could be a shift in

community structure of algae or periphyton, but no

change in biomass. It could be a change in the

invertebrate community, a shift in the community

structure, but no change in richness or abundance and

it would not affect the fish, for example.

So it could be a change, but it would not

likely be a significantly, biologically significant

event and certainly not an adverse effect.

Now with respect to the water quality model,

the Proponents have said that this is a conservative

model and we accept that it is a conservative model.

They have used a mass balance approach in which they

have looked at all the inputs coming in from their

various sources, geochemical modelling and that type

of thing going into the model, they have preserved all

the metal levels or loadings coming into the system

and assumed that those loadings will remain in the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5775

system.

They have assumed there will be no

attenuation in the system. In other words, metal

levels will not absorb the particles or be scavenged

by other compounds and settle out. There will be no

precipitation.

So all these types of assumptions mean that

the water quality model predictions are conservative.

The problem we have here is that, while we

may accept that the predicted levels will not likely

be exceeded and that conditions will likely be better

than predicted, there is no indication by how much

better those levels may be and, more importantly,

there's no indication of how often we might expect

levels to be very much better than expected or how

often we might expect levels to be just a little bit

better than expected or as predicted. Consequently,

we really have no choice but to take those predicted

levels at face value and presume that those predicted

levels will be the levels that occur. And, as a

consequence of that, we look at the unmitigated

predictions of water quality at Fish Creek and

conclude that there may very well may be adverse

effects on water quality in Fish Creek if those levels

are not mitigated.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5776

Another comment about water quality, a model

that I want to mention is that we saw the Proponent

gave us two sets of predictions, without mitigation

and with mitigation. And we also saw Karen summarized

the types of mitigation measures that the Proponent is

intending to follow.

Those would include the good waste and water

management practices that I was referring to, the

ability to control various locations of where waste is

stored, how it is stored, how it is managed.

Mentioned that all the water on the site would drain

through fish valley into the pit lake and that pit

lake capture of all waters would give some control

over the ability to control the quality of the water

that departed the site.

Talking about things like source control.

The ability to focus on small areas which

might be hotspots and control those areas.

Moving it up a level, ability to control the

pit lake while the new lake was filling and the pit is

filling and they could be doing things like lining the

lake while it is filling to try to control water

quality.

And ultimately the ability to put a water

treatment plant at the outlet to pit lake.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5777

And ultimately as a last resort, perhaps,

treat all of the water that leaves the site, the

operations area.

However, the predicted values with mitigation

that the Proponent presents in their tables, I think

it was Table 6 to 8 in Appendix 5-2-B or the EIF

Volume 5, Table 30 and 31, I believe it was. My read

of the text suggests to me that those mitigated --

those predictions with mitigation are actually just a

run-through the water quality model whereby the

Proponent is assuming that water leaving the pit lake

will be equivalent to CCME Guidelines unless that

water is already better than guidelines.

And then they predict a model what the effect

on Fish Creek and Taseko River will be.

In my mind, that is assuming a performance

and it is not really a useful way of trying to

indicate what the actual water quality in Fish Lake,

with the various type of treatment, might be.

Another aspect of water quality modelling

that is a little bit of concern is just that the CCME

Guidelines are based on total metals. The baseline

that's summarized in the EIF Volume 5 Tables is total

metals but the predictions are based on dissolved

metals and this is just a little bit of an apples to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5778

oranges sort of comparison.

It makes it a little bit more difficult to

interpret when you've got a total metal guideline and

you've got a dissolved metal prediction.

Now I just wanted to illustrate that a little

bit by referring to the Taseko River aluminum, and for

that I'll have to back up to a previous slide.

They looked at the aluminum line and the

water quality for the Taseko River we see the baseline

in total metals is 923 micrograms per litre or 0.9

milligrams per litre. The predicted and both

predicted values are 282 milligrams or micrograms per

litre in dissolved metals.

Now, the baseline data for the Taseko River,

if you look at Appendix B, the Appendix Table B8, I

believe, to Appendix B in the EIF, the raw data is

presented there, and both the dissolved and total

metal results are presented there. We see that the

aluminum values, total aluminum is about five times

the level of the dissolved aluminum.

So 200 milligrams of -- two tenths of a gram

milligram per litre of aluminum, dissolved aluminum

compared to nine tenths of a gram milligram per litre

of total aluminum is very feasible. That's just

probably what we would expect there.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5779

So these are dissolved levels.

But one of the issues I have here is looking

back at the way the Proponent predicted water quality.

If it's a mass balance approach, with all metals

entering the system, retained, no attenuation of

metals, then I'm just wondering how that is dissolved

metals? Surely it should be total metals. If all the

metals coming into the system are retained in the

system and there's nothing coming out, then how is

that not total metals already? How can they predict

that as being a dissolved metal level when there's no

attenuation, no absorption to sediment, there is no

allowance for total metal flexion. So they should

certainly be modelling, I would think, total metals

and not dissolved metals. So that is a point I would

like to clarify somehow.

In that case, however, I don't understand how

we would have a prediction of 282 micrograms per litre

in the Taseko River, which is not likely at all

because of the flow of Fish Creek and fish -- Fish

Creek and Taseko River being so low. It would be very

difficult to lower those aluminum levels in the Taseko

River by that amount. So that's a little bit of a

question mark in my mind right now.

Okay. Just moving on to treatment. Some

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5780

uncertainties here. And I have treatment plant up

there, but it's actually mitigation. I think that I

wanted to discuss a bit. Some of this I've already

spoken to.

The Proponent is confident that mitigation

will not be necessary because they feel their

predictions they made are quite conservative.

But they do commit to mitigation if required.

And, as I mentioned, this could include things such as

source control in-pit measures like a water treatment

plant.

We've also heard yesterday that in other mine

analogies, an analogue to Prosperity such as Kemess or

Huckleberry or Bell Mines, very often some sort of

treatment plant is necessary. And probably going

to -- it may well occur. So that could be something

that happens down the line.

In this event, we are looking at these

mitigation measures which the Proponent may implement,

is committed to implementing, and we recognize that it

is technically feasible for a water treatment plant or

these mitigation measures to achieve a water quality

objective. And now going back to what I was saying

about water quality objective being a regulatory

instrument under the Provincial process, the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5781

Proponent, or the operator would be required to meet

these Water Quality Objectives that are established

downstream of the Project area.

And given that it is technically feasible for

this to happen, that also supports our conclusion that

there should be no significant adverse effect on water

quality if these mitigation measures are implemented.

Now, the uncertainty with this is that we are

presuming all sources of potential contamination to

the receiving environment in Fish Creek or the Taseko

River are amenable to mitigation. So that means all

sources of potential contamination would need to be

treated or mitigated, captured, and that type of

thing.

So if there are any areas where the Proponent

is unable to capture seeps or other areas, and if

those seeps have the risk of escaping to the receiving

environment uncaptured and creating an effect, then

that would be an uncertainty and that might be

something that we would be concerned about.

We have one here in respect to Fish Creek.

And that's the pit established above Fish Creek.

We've heard about base flow to recharge groundwater

recharge of Fish Creek via base flow. So in the

eventuality that we have a highly contaminated pit

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5782

water which requires a treatment plant at the outlet,

we may be concerned that if there's any seepage from

that pit into the base flow, which escapes capture,

that may have an effect on Fish Creek. And that may

be something that we would be concerned about. That's

an uncertainty to keep in mind.

Okay. I just want to highlight the issue of

selenium now. John Kwong spoke to that. And the

seepage. And we also heard from NRCan yesterday

talking about groundwater flows to the Big Onion Lake

area. And this is the area that I want to focus on

right now.

Just looking at selenium in a little bit more

general fashion. Selenium being a component of the

seepage which may escape capture and subsequently

impact Big Onion Lake area. Selenium is an essential

nutrient but is a teratogen at high doses. Selenium

is actually a very narrow range where it is a fairly

safe level.

A little bit of selenium is good, is

essential, but a little bit more, not very much more,

could start to produce those toxic events, so very

sensitive to the level there.

The primary pathway of selenium in the

environment to -- exposure pathway is via the diet.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5783

And this seems to be a poor water to tissue

concentration correlation. Selenium may be

bioaccumulated, bioconcentrated by aquatic biota.

Now, our experience at other sites with

selenium, just speaking generally, is that we see,

other sites being like Southeast Coal in British

Columbia, or other metal and mines such as Kemess

South, other areas, other mines also. But our

experience at other sites is we see an increase in

selenium in the environment with little demonstrated

ability to control that trend. So far.

Not to say that there hadn't been a lot of

effort to do that. There's a lot of research going on

both by industry, academia, and government.

And there are a fair number of current

control technologies that are established are in

development. But in our view, the long-term effect of

these various control technologies is still to be

demonstrated.

Speaking to that a little bit more, the

Proponent is committed to a reverse osmosis plant to

treat selenium if necessary, for example. We would

just like to point out some uncertainties there.

Reverse osmosis tends to be a very expensive treatment

method.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5784

And there may be issues with membrane fouling

or membrane rupture bringing up questions of down

time, maintenance, and, again, the long-term effect of

this treatment may be in question. So it's still a

little bit uncertain in our view.

The other aspect of selenium loading is that

we've already heard that selenium issues, levels in

fish tissue are already at guideline levels in some

instances. So even with the poor relation from water

to tissue concentration, in our view, any elevation of

selenium or any additional loading of selenium to the

environment in this instance may be of concern given

that we are already at guideline levels of selenium.

We also have a view that selenium pathways or

the way selenium is introduced into the environment

may not be as well understood as some of the more

traditional parameters. We see a link, for example,

to organic materials whereby I referred to increasing

selenium in Southeast Coal, for example, and, of

course, coal is an organic material.

We have increasing levels at Kemess South

mine and we've noticed there may be a co-relation

there to the organic materials in the overburden or

the waste rock at Kemess, which Kemess had elevated

organics in their waste rock overburden. Huckleberry

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5785

does not seem to have a selenium problem. They do not

have much organic material in their waste rock

overburden.

Prosperity, although the rock is similar to

Huckleberry, Fish Lake area appears to have a fair bit

of organic material in their overburden, so that would

suggest a risk factor there and some level of

uncertainty of what may happen with selenium in this

area.

So of all of the uncertainties that we've

identified, we are concerned that the risk of selenium

effect may be potentially the most significant and the

one that we have the most uncertainty about, we want

to take a closer look at.

The Panel asked that we speak to mine life

extension. I would just like to point out a couple of

uncertainties here, or a couple of aspects of mine

life extension.

If the Project is changed, if we have, if the

Proponent accesses their ore reserves by deepening the

pit, we will have a much deeper pit, much larger pit,

we will have much more material excavated from the

pit, we will have a larger tailings impoundment,

possibly more waste rock stored on the surface. We

will have changes in the water management regime, we

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5786

will have a longer time for the pit to fill, a changed

geochemistry in pit walls, acid onset may occur at the

same time but not be covered by water for a longer

period of time.

So that means essentially all the input to

the model will need to be reworked, reassessed.

The water quality model inputs will differ

and the predictions will be different. We'll need

revised water quality predictions. At this point, we

don't have those predictions.

So we'll be working in the dark with that

respect to mine life extension.

However, we fall back to the Proponent's

commitment to mitigate, if necessary, and recognizing

the suite of mitigation measures that are available to

the Proponent here, we can still conclude there is

likely no increased impact on the Taseko River given

the Proponent's commitment to attain the Water Quality

Objectives, and, indeed, the requirement for the

Proponent to obtain those Water Quality Objectives.

At the same time, with the larger

impoundment, we would have greater uncertainty

regarding seepage, seepage rates, and consequently

selenium and other effects on groundwater and

potential greater effects on the Big Onion Lake area.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5787

So under a mine life extension, we would

judge the uncertainties in Big Onion Lake area to be a

little bit higher.

And that concludes my presentation.

MR. DUMARESQ: We'll now hand off to our

colleagues in Ottawa to cover the hydrology.

Raimo, just so you know, I've got control of

the mouse.

PRESENTATION BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, BY MR. RAIMO KALLIO:

MR. KALLIO: Thanks. Do you have it on

our first slide?

MR. DUMARESQ: I do now.

MR. KALLIO: Okay. The review of

hydrology and water balance was performed by Manon

Lalonde and me. Does the reporter require that we

spell our names?

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, please do for the

record.

MR. KALLIO: Okay, my first name is

R-A-I-M-O. Last name is K-A-L-L-I-O.

MS. LALONDE: And my first name Manon is

spelled M-A-N-O-N, and last name Lalonde is spelled

L-A-L-O-N-D-E.

MR. KALLIO: Okay, hello Panel members and

attendees. I would simply like to give a high level

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5788

overview of our review of this issue.

The Proponents faced a common problem for

hydrologic design especially in remote and northern

areas of Canada. That is limited site-specific

meterological and stream flow data.

For the purposes of site hydrology, the

Proponent used the available gauged data if

applicable, compared the estimates of run-off to

available nearby stream flow data from the Water

Survey of Canada, using a probablistic approach to

characterize climate variability, and employed a

sensitivity analysis for hydrometerological parameters

to estimate the effects of uncertainty on results.

In summary, the Proponent's results indicate

that there's a high probability of water surplus

conditions, a probability of seasonal water shortages

cannot be ruled out, and that contingency measures

would be used if there is a water shortage.

Taking into account all of that, we concluded

that the hydrology and water balance assessment was

performed using accepted hydrologic methods for design

in ungauged areas therefore indicating that the

hydrologic and water balance results are plausible.

And that's it. We'll leave our presentation

there.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5789

COMMENTS BY THE CHAIRMAN:

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. That concludes

the joint presentation, then, within NRCan and Natural

Resources Canada and Environment Canada on this

specific topic.

Before I begin, I realize there are some new

people here this morning, and while I had no intention

of going through the opening remarks, I did yesterday,

explaining the purpose of the hearing and the

procedures, I will at least ensure that I introduce

the Panel and allow Taseko, of course, the same

opportunity to introduce their staff.

My name is Bob Connelly. I'm Chair of the

Environmental Assessment Panel. On my right is

Nalaine Morin and on my left is Bill Klassen.

I'll turn now to Taseko. Before I do, I'll

just go through the order of questioning that we had

established yesterday and turn to Taseko Mines to

introduce their group of people.

In terms of the order, then, following this

presentation, the first opportunity for questioning

and clarification would be given to Taseko.

That would be followed by the Tsilhqot'in

National Government, and I think they have perhaps a

few people that may have questions there.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5790

Then by the Panel.

Then the order after that would be, if they

are in the room, Canoe Creek Band.

Esketemc First Nation.

Friends of Nemaiah Valley.

MiningWatch Canada.

Share the Cariboo-Chilcotin Resources

Society.

And Williams Lake and District Chamber of

Commerce.

So with that, I'll turn to Taseko, but I do

note that there was one question that was raised by

Mr. Hagen in his presentation regarding the matter of

aluminum, total aluminum versus dissolved aluminum,

and perhaps that could be clarified.

Mr. Bell-Irving, please proceed, then, to

introduce your staff and pose any questions you wish.

INTRODUCTIONS AND QUESTIONS BY TASEKO MINES LIMITED:

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Rod Bell-Irving with Taseko Mines.

Mr. Chairman, I would like to obviously

introduce the panel, my team of experts, but, as we've

just gone through a very intensive or at least a very

comprehensive presentation from Environment Canada on

a number of topics, I would ask for just a minute or

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5791

two for me to caucus with the panel to organize our

questions. But beyond that, I could introduce the

panel now, if you wish, and then ask for that minute

or two.

THE CHAIRMAN: Why don't you introduce your

team of people and, as I look at the watch, this is

probably an appropriate time to stop for a short

coffee break in any case, so introduce your team and

then we'll stop for about 10 minutes and resume with

questioning.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Rod Bell-Irving. Taseko Mines has with us

today represents from four firms. On my far right

representing the firm SRK Consulting is Dylan

MacGregor on the far right and Stephen Day.

On my immediate left is a representative from

Stantec, Karen Munro. And her expertise is in water

quality. I should mention Stantec, at least SRK's

expertise is in hydrogeology -- in ARD metal leaching.

Next to Karen Munro is Dr. Jamie Cathcart.

He's from Knight Piesold Engineering and expertise in

hydrology.

Next to Dr. Cathcart is Trevor Crozier. He

is a representative of BGC Engineering and he is the

hydrogeologist expert.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5792

And on the far left is Greg Smyth, a

representative from Knight Piesold familiar with both

the hydrology and the engineering aspects of our

Project.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Bell-Irving.

As I indicated, we'll take a short break and resume in

about 10 minutes.

Thank you.

(BRIEF BREAK)

THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and Gentlemen, I'd ask

you to take your seats again. I believe we're ready

to resume the hearing. We are now ready to resume

once again. I'd ask you to take your seats and we'll

start once again.

Thank you everybody. We'll start with

questioning, then, from Taseko of the

Environment Canada/Natural Resources Canada joint

presentation.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. We

have a few questions, but I would ask your indulgence

before getting into the questions if I may raise a

point of order arising out of the presentations that

we've just finished.

And the point of order concerns the question

around the relevance of the information on the 33-year

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5793

mine life material.

On that subject, Taseko has to the extent to

date that both the Panel and the RAs and for that

matter the public generally have raised questions

about the 33-year mine life, Taseko has responded to

all of those questions to our understanding to the

best of our ability.

And these were points of clarification. And

I know the Panel specifically asked for an IR on the

subject, to which we devoted a lot of attention.

However, both Environment Canada and NRCan in

their presentations in our view expressed speculation

with regard to the 33-year mine life question and left

unanswered a number of issues or questions, and we are

finding it very difficult to respond to that because

we don't have an opportunity to respond to that

speculation. As the Panel knows, we have proposed to

this Panel a 20-year mine life. And that is our

Project.

And it's for good reason that we have not

undertaken the speculative foresight or looking at

what might happen theoretically or hypothetical

33 years if the Project were extended.

We have not undertaken the engineering or the

operational planning analysis or review that would

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5794

enable us to answer these speculative assertions. And

we've certainly not undertaken any studies other than

what we've filed in the way of a submission.

For example, Environment Canada in their

presentation showed a drawing and speculated as to

what might happen if the life were to go to 33 years

and if we were to raise the lake, Prosperity Lake

elevation, illustrating, quite frankly, what we

already understand and would conclude in our own mind

that that would be something we wouldn't even consider

doing, is raising Prosperity Lake to an extent that it

would extend into other drainages and to an elevation

or contour that was suggested.

If and when a decision is made by Taseko to

extend the life of the mine, we've understood and

still do understand that a regulatory regime will be

in effect at that time and that we will follow and

apply the regulatory scheme, be it MMER Schedule II,

any DFO policies with respect to habitat compensation,

and, at the end of the day, if, as a result of those

policies or those administrative procedures, it's

determined that a 33-year mine life cannot proceed,

then it won't proceed. But that's a matter for future

consideration, in our view.

And a final comment that I would ask the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5795

Panel to consider is that perhaps all of this

discussion is in relation to the precautionary

principle and the suggestion that it's good

environmental assessment to apply the precautionary

principle and speculate about what might happen if the

Project were to go 33 years.

In our submission, I would ask that, indeed,

the precautionary principle apply, but that it be

applied in such a way that we should be asking the

question: With the current Project in front of us

today, the 20-year mine life, is there anything in the

design of that Project that we are doing today that

would preclude the ability to do a 33-year mine life

if it were to happen in the future?

That that would be the approach.

So it's with those thoughts in mind that we

would seek from the Panel any advice or clarification

on this question, to what extent this discussion and

the examination or speculation of what might happen in

33 years about a Project that we've not proposed.

And I ask the Panel to consider that as we

continue in the presentations from today on.

THE CHAIRMAN: Perhaps, Mr. Bell-Irving, I

will respond to your question, at least initially,

because it is a good question.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5796

You'll recall that we identified, as you

noted in one of our Information Requests, information

on the 33-year possibility or possible expansion as a

consequence of the press release that was issued by

Taseko. Our conclusion at the time, I would say, had

less to do with the precautionary principle, rather

the fact that Environmental Assessment is a planning

tool, and secondly, we felt that, given the definition

of cumulative effects under the Canadian Environmental

Assessment Act and the Canadian Environmental

Assessment Agency's guidance on cumulative effects

which is clearly referenced in the Terms of Reference

document, or as is referred to by the Canadian

Environmental Assessment Agency the Guidelines for the

Completion of the Environmental Impact Statement, that

guidance document was also referenced there, so we

felt we had to pay attention to that.

In that document, it indicates that one

should look at the Project as proposed, which is your

current Application, as you quite rightly pointed out

for 20-year mine life, in conjunction with any

reasonably foreseeable project. And we concluded that

this was a reasonably foreseeable project. We

recognize that there are uncertainties there, as you

have certainly indicated.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5797

So it really was our intention to try to

understand whether the current Project, in

conjunction, what the effects of the current Project

would be in conjunction with any cumulative effects

caused by a reasonably foreseeable project, which is

the proposed 33-year mine life. So that was the

context in which we reached that conclusion.

We fully recognize that you do not have the

same kind of engineering data and information, nor

should you, for that at this stage.

We recognize that if you were at some point

to propose proceeding with an expansion, that that

would become a new application to the Province of

British Columbia. Whether that would trigger the

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act or not is

another matter, but that's not a matter we are

examining.

All of that to say is that we fully expect

that this should be examined in the context of

cumulative effects. We recognize the detailed

information will be certainly less than what you have

in the current Application before us.

It is helpful, though, for us to understand

that if, in the speculation by Environment Canada,

which I don't consider inappropriate, for you to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5798

comment that in fact you would not intend to do that.

I think that's helpful for us to understand what that

possible future project could be and consequently how

it might affect the current Project before us.

So I hope that provides some guidance to you

in terms of how we are seeing this, and to others here

in the hearing room.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Yes, I appreciate that

clarification, and the understanding, Mr. Chairman.

And particularly the emphasis on that this is being

viewed in the context of Cumulative Effects

Assessment. And perhaps we have a slightly different

perspective on what constitutes a "reasonably

foreseeable" project. In the mining industry, and in

this case with Taseko Mines, there's so much

uncertainty in the future about commodity prices, the

cost of capital, and a whole variety of other

fundamental features associated with, as was said by

my colleague Scott Jones, pulling the trigger on a

decision to go from 20 to 33 years, that it's pure

speculation at this point.

And, in my respectful submission, it doesn't

constitute even a reasonably foreseeable project

simply because it's not something that's being

considered or permitted or applied for in any way in

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5799

the realm of a regulatory review.

So I'll leave it at that. And I appreciate

the guidance.

With respect to the presentation, I'll now

turn to a few comments, if I may, which I must put on

the record in response to Dr. Dumaresq's presentation

and a question that arises at the end of that.

First a comment on the solute transport

figure that was referenced in his presentation, and I

believe that's slide 26. He made the comment that the

plume had not yet reached time-in-variant conditions.

And we would like to state for the record that he is

correct in that regard. It had not.

This was deliberate and understood by us when

we did that model. It's a function of the

conservative modelling assumptions.

We curtailed the simulations at 100 years,

which he indicated, because we did not think it was

reasonable to continue beyond that time scale in terms

of prediction that far into the future.

The intent of the simulations was to identify

migration pathways and times to inform migration

design in the model.

With respect to the modelling that he did, we

looked at the data that we reported in our Application

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5800

and considered the groundwater chemistry of the seeps,

we've reported the data in the Application, and we

came to the conclusion that either the seep chemistry

was not representative of the groundwater feeding the

lake, or that our model was too simple and that

something was missing. So we took that analysis in

our assessment and came to the realization that there

was some anomalies between the groundwater chemistry

and the data that we had that would suggest a

connection.

So because of that, we used the water balance

approach that was documented in our submission.

All of which leads to the question that we

would have, which is simply in terms of the concerns

that we have underestimated the importance of

groundwater to Big Onion Lake, which data did you use,

and what tracers, conservative tracers did you

consider?

DR. DESBARATS: Okay, first I'd like to

respond to the question concerning the solute

transport model and the Proponent's decision to

curtail the model at 100 years. Can we pull up my

presentation from yesterday?

Okay. This slide shows the mass balance, our

mixing model equation for the mixing of tailings pore

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5801

water with baseline or virgin groundwater. Now, you

will note in that equation that there is no time

element involved. And, therefore, when considering

that type of equation, you're essentially making an

assumption that your groundwater system and all water

quality parameters, pore water, the fractions, have

reached some sort of stable system state. Therefore,

in my opinion, it is inconsistent to use, for example,

a pore fraction quantity derived from essentially a

model when it's still in its transient or time-varying

stage.

Therefore I consider that the Proponent's use

of, say, their 5 percent estimate for the tailings

pore water fraction as inappropriate in that equation

simply because the equation has no time dimension to

it. It is an equation that is applicable to a steady

system.

Now, with respect to the second part of the

question, which I believe concerned the

representativeness of the chemistry of the groundwater

seep for the mass balance modelling, let's just see

here. You'll see the location of this seep at the toe

of the steep slope below the western embankment.

I would argue that the seep chemistry at

sample site W21, which is about one kilometre along

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5802

strike, if you looked at a map of the area, it's about

one kilometre along strike from Big Onion Lake. And

also you have to consider the elevation. And also the

fact that the seep is at a discharge point. And

therefore the water quality at a discharge point would

be consistent with the water quality at a discharge

point in Big Onion Lake. Whereas, the water quality

parameters or sample sites used by the Proponent are

from wells located along the alignment of the western

embankment at the top of the hill essentially in a

recharge area.

Hydrogeologists are well aware of the fact

that groundwater quality evolves along a flow-path.

It picks up solutes, it loses some, and so on and so

on.

So I simply took the groundwater chemistry

sample data from the site that I believe is the most

representative of a discharge zone at the foot of that

embankment.

I would also point out that some of the wells

I believe along the western embankment are not even

within the Big Onion catchment. They are in the Fish

Creek catchment under the present conditions.

Now, with respect to my choice of ideal

tracers. Now, this is the mixing model for Big Onion

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5803

Lake where you see that the concentration of a solute

or a tracer in Big Onion Lake is simply a weighted

average of the concentration of the tracer in

groundwater times the proportion of groundwater plus

the concentration of the tracer in surface water times

the proportion of surface water.

Now, in this equation I've simply rearranged

the terms to solve for the proportion of groundwater

as a function of the various concentrations.

Now, consider a situation, Members of the

Panel, if you had essentially the groundwater quality,

the groundwater chemistry was identical to the surface

water chemistry. Then the concentration of

groundwater would equal the concentration of surface

water and the concentration of the mixture would be

identical to the concentration of the parts. So you

would have in that equation zero divided by zero. So

essentially you could not determine the proportion of

the two water qualities.

Suppose, now, that the concentration of a

solute in groundwater is quite small and is also small

in surface water and you're down near the detection

limit and analytical errors plus or minus come into

the picture. So your estimate of the proportion of

groundwater involves a division by this small quantity

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5804

and I don't think you have to be a rocket scientist to

see that if you divide a relatively larger quantity by

a very small quantity, it blows up.

For example, if you take a tracer and you

plug in the numbers and you get a proportion of

groundwater that exceeds 100 percent, well then you

know you've probably picked the wrong tracer for your

mass balance calculation.

What I'm getting at is that, in order to use

this technique, the two waters have to have a distinct

signature, their own fingerprint that makes them

unique. Obviously if you pick a tracer in which the

concentrations are identical in the two waters, then

you cannot distinguish the mixing proportion.

So in determining which, running through the

list of dissolved constituents that would work, you

can essentially rule out the metals simply because

they are rarely ideal conservative tracers. They

precipitate, they absorb, they do all sorts of things,

and also they are present in very small

concentrations, so they wouldn't work.

The usual go-to tracer is chloride. However,

in this case, the chloride concentrations are quite

low, and also many of them are at or slightly above

detection limit, which brings into problems related to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5805

the small number issue that I just brought up.

So you want a parameter, a chemical parameter

that is present in sufficiently high concentrations so

that round-off errors, analytical errors, aren't going

to overly influence your calculation, and you want a

tracer that is present in both the groundwater and the

surface water.

So that motivated me to try a basket of

different tracers. In fact you should never rely on a

single one.

And I used as a first, first cut, I used

total dissolved solids. And I admit, it's not, it's

not an ideal, ideal tracer because some of the major

constituents in water that account for total dissolved

solids are not always conservative.

But generally in this case, I feel that the

solute concentrations are relatively low, total

dissolved solids are relatively low, so it's unlikely

there's a whole lot of precipitation going on as

groundwater mixes with surface water.

So I did the calculation with total dissolved

solids and I got a number in about around 60 percent.

I did the calculation again with sodium.

Sodium is probably a better bet because it's unlikely

to precipitate in any kind of mineral phase when

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5806

groundwater and surface water are mixed in Big Onion

Lake.

And using sodium, I got a number of about

42 percent groundwater.

I didn't stop there. Although I didn't

mention it yesterday, I also tried potassium, just to,

you know, try two things, try some, another.

Potassium is problematic because the concentrations

are pretty low and they are near, getting near

detection limit. Although they changed the detection

limit in the course of their sampling campaign over

the many years they have been taking water samples

there.

However, the problem with potassium was, I

found out when I started calculating, was the

potassium concentrations in the surface water were

generally below detection. And so what I did was I

used a surrogate for surface water concentration of

potassium using water chemistry from Beece Creek.

Now, I don't know if that's appropriate or not. I

just -- that's why I didn't bring it up yesterday.

But I did get a number for the proportion of

groundwater at 37 percent using potassium, but I

wouldn't consider that terribly reliable. But it did

tend to corroborate the other numbers I've got.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5807

Looking through the list, I mean, of

potential traces, I certainly wouldn't use calcium or

magnesium because these things are likely to -- they

are not generally considered conservative. They are

likely to precipitate or they possibly can

precipitate.

So I think that concludes my answer.

THE CHAIRMAN: Does that respond to your

question, Mr. Bell-Irving?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Yes, thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I just make the observation that we would have

appreciated not taking the Panel's time on that sort

of discussion. We could have had it, you know, in the

technical sessions. If I may, Doctor, could you go

back to the slide with the cross-section. And just

clarify for me that that's a two-dimensional

cross-section running east/west?

DR. DESBARATS: Yes.

MR. BELL-IRVING: The arrows, the blue arrows

which I think you've drawn on there, could you comment

on to what extent that's truly representative of the

flow, the pathway for groundwater in a valley-shaped

system and the fact that perhaps if you looked at this

three-dimensionally you would see some arrows heading

in a north/south rather than an east/west.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5808

DR. DESBARATS: It's a 2-D cross-section.

And, indeed, there will be some flow along the axis of

Fish Creek valley. In fact that's, you know, there's

no doubt about it. Currently and in the post-closure

period.

All the flow from the impoundment that will

be going that way, some of it will be directed north

into the figure towards the pit.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Before, if I may,

Mr. Chairman, leaving this aspect of the presentation,

Trevor Crozier from BGC Engineering would like to

respond to an aspect of the comment that was just made

so that it's clear on the record.

MR. CROZIER: I would like to go back to

the comment about the application of or no application

of time in the mixing model that we used for Big Onion

Lake effects.

The simulation that we ran, we ran out to 100

years, it had not reached time-independent conditions

in the plume. What that tells us is you'd have to run

the model even longer than 100 years for that

condition to occur. And the way the model was set up

was such that it was conservative in that there was no

mass lost from the source area, a constant source

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5809

term, it's always present. There's no attenuation

along the flow-path, no reactive transport, no decay,

absorption, or anything of those minerals along the

flow-path.

So what would eventually happen in that

simulation if you let it run out forever is that you

would get constant source term water in the lake,

which is clearly not going to happen, because you're

going to get additional dilution, you're going to get

recharge of cleaner water through the pore water

system. We've also committed to mitigation and

monitoring strategies and committed to the fact that

none of that water if it would be harmful to Big Onion

Lake would reach the lake.

So it's a simulation that's been done to look

at when the concentrations of pore water might reach

the lake and which pathways they would follow. And we

needed to do that to understand where to monitor and

where to construct our mitigation methods to prevent

that from happening.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Chairman, if I can

continue referring to Dr. Kwong's presentation, then.

Just two quick questions.

You mentioned redox-sensitive element

research that informed your assessment and analysis.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5810

Would you be able to share and make that research

information available to Taseko?

DR. KWONG: On the research work done on

arsenic transformation and mobilization, myself and my

colleague have a published paper in Applied

Geochemistry in 2007. And another paper on

Environmental Sciences and Technology. I can give you

the reference afterwards, I mean, the detailed

reference. Okay, it is published literature. And

then on antimony leaching, I have published a paper

and presented a paper at International Symposium on

Acid Rock Drainage in 2006, I think, in St. Louis,

Missouri. I believe that Stephen Day would have a

copy of that proceeding. You can read that. And

there's still some ongoing research currently

undergoing at CANMET to address mobility of

redox-sensitive elements like arsenic and antimony.

Another observation I can make is that, for

example, Eskay Creek Mine in British Columbia, which

is a closed mine now, and they have I believe that

their strategy to deal with potential acid generated

tailings and waste is that immediately dispose of

fresh rock and fresh tailings into Albino Lake.

However, within 5 to 10 years of disposal, the

antimony level in the lake water has increased by

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5811

about seven-fold, just below the specific,

site-specific criteria set up by the B.C. Government.

So that indicates to me that in real life, I

mean in real field situations, mobilization of

antimony is possible under, even underwater, even

though your mine waste is fresh when you first dispose

it into water.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Just if I may, Dr. Kwong, as

a follow up, to what extent are you able to comment on

that mine specifically and whether or not that

presents to you an analogue to the Prosperity deposit?

DR. KWONG: No, it does not present a

perfect analogue, because Eskay Creek mine is not a

porphyry copper. If I do that, I will comparing

apples to oranges. But what it demonstrates to me,

that it's possible antimony leaching can occur even if

you use subaqueous disposal. This is my argument. I

don't -- I'm not saying that you will have the same

problem as Eskay Creek Mine, and I do believe that,

the extent of antimony leaching will be a lot less

than what you see in Eskay Creek Mine, but don't

discount the possibility of potential antimony

leaching.

That is my perspective, Mr. Chairman.


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5812

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you for that

clarification. Taseko.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Dr. Kwong. I

think it was your slide that had with respect to acid

rock drainage two recommendations. Could you put

those. Could you put those.

The ones, those aren't the ones. There's

other recommendations.

DR. KWONG: The second last one. No, the

third last one. Okay.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Yes, those ones. Just a

question. To what extent, in your experience, are

both of those recommendations normally discussed and

considered as part of Provincial Mines Act permit

considerations and to what extent do you believe that

the issue of treatment and the need to study and

monitor management plans for selenium would form part

of a normal Mines Act permit?

DR. KWONG: That statement in my slide simply

implies that, while currently in the Federal

regulations, as Environment Canada pointed out

yesterday, there is no specific guideline for selenium

and -- is it under MMER? There's no particular level

for selenium. But on the other hand, in mine

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5813

permitting in the Provincial Government, they can set

guidelines and it is the responsibility of the

Provincial Government to set those guidelines, not the

responsibility of the Federal Government. That is

what I mean by that sentence.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you. I just point

out for the Panel, that obviously Taseko is already on

record as to the extent to which we are undertaking

management of these issues and undertaking a

commitment to treat, if necessary.

If I may in the last two questions turn to

Mike Hagen's presentation. And one of the slides in

the presentation spoke at length about selenium and

raised the question about the ability of treatment,

the proven feasibility of treatment being a bit

uncertain.

I would just ask, Mike, given that we are

40-plus years away, assuming this Project's approved

and built, we're 40-plus years away before there would

be any discharge to the environment. Do you believe

that there's ongoing research and ongoing effort in

industry and government to address this uncertainty

about selenium and how methodologies might evolve and

the ability to treat during this period might in fact

advance between now and 47 years from now?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5814

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen, Environment

Canada.

Well, now you're asking me to speculate.

I think your point is good, obviously if

there's going to be 47 years discharges occur then

there'll be time for continued research and

development. And possibly time to demonstrate that

there may well be a reliable effective method for

treatment. So that lead time is certainly an

advantage here.

So it's an uncertainty. I'm just pointing

out that it's an uncertainty. At the present time

it's an uncertainty. That's the only fact that we

have.

The other point is that, while there may not

be surface water discharges until pit lake filling in

45 years or whatever that might be, those seepages

that we're concerned about could certainly be

occurring from the start of mine life. And however

long that might take to seep into the receiving

environment would be a consideration also. So it's an

ongoing evolving issue in all respects both in terms

of environmental impacts, in terms of the ability to

treat, mitigate, and research and development, it's

all ongoing, so it's all evolving.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5815

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Mike. Just one

last quick question. Referring to your slide 9 in

your presentation where you had the table of elements,

it's just a question of clarification about units with

antimony, the unit that's on there I think says

micrograms per litre. Question, should that not be

milligrams per litre? Sorry, the opposite, the other

way around, does it say milligrams and should be

micrograms?

MR. HAGEN: Well, that is something that

I would like to go right back to the paper and check.

I don't have that at hand right now. But I could

certainly clarify that for the Panel when I have an

opportunity to check my notes.

THE CHAIRMAN: That would be fine.

MR. BELL-IRVING: And, Mr. Chairman, I think

there was one question that was asked regarding

dissolved versus -- and I would ask --

THE CHAIRMAN: Versus total, yes.

MR. BELL-IRVING: And I would ask Karen Munro

to respond to that

MS. MUNRO: Karen Munro, Stantec. If we

look at this Table that we have right now on the

Taseko River, the baseline level for aluminum that's

recorded would be the total level. And we also

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5816

provided a level for dissolved, but that's not

presented here.

For the predicted and the mitigated, those

would be dissolved levels. And this points to other

places in Mike Hagen's presentation where he mentions

some of the difficulty about interpreting the Water

Quality Guidelines. They are made for total metals

because that's one of the more reliable methods of

measuring in water. They also -- it is -- you get

good reliable measurements for dissolved as well.

Because of the metal leaching issues and how

the modelling was done, those were all dissolved

levels and so we felt it was appropriate to compare

dissolved baseline to dissolved predicted levels.

And I think any of the issues around

detection, around permitting levels and Water Quality

Guidelines, there would be ample time to address that

issue and that difference.

THE CHAIRMAN: If I can just follow up on

that question or that response. It certainly is

confusing if you look at the table the way it's

presented with respect to aluminum because it seems to

suggest that with the Project there'd be a decrease in

aluminum which, of course, is not correct, and so that

is somewhat misleading.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5817

I wonder, though, if we could put this into

perspective, just for the record, I guess two

questions. What would be the actual increase in

aluminum, in total aluminum, I guess, to be

consistent, and I'm presuming, and this is back to

Environment Canada, I'm presuming you have taken this

into account in reaching your conclusion that there

are no significant adverse effects on water quality

associated with the Project?

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen.

Yes, essentially, we have. It is a little

bit more challenging when we have baseline and

summarized total metals and predictions and dissolved

metals. So we have to go right back to the raw data

to look at the dissolved and the total metal raw data.

But it is taken into consideration, yes.

THE CHAIRMAN: So the answer is "yes", I

think, to my question. Okay. Ms. Munro.

MS. MUNRO: Karen Munro. We do have

values for baseline dissolved aluminum and one of the

easiest ways is to refer to that Table 231 that was

referred to in the EA. And that shows no change from

baseline for the dissolved aluminum. So what you

would put, if you say the predicted no mitigation is

282, it would be the same for the baseline. Of course

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5818

there's, that's a mean value or it's a maximum value

and there's lots of range around that, but that's

apples to apples.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you for that

clarification.

Any further questions from Taseko?

MR. BELL-IRVING: No, Mr. Chairman, no further

questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: Then we'll proceed to

questions from others. I was presuming in my list of

questioners that Fisheries and Oceans and Transport

Canada would not have any questions, is that a

reasonable assumption? No questions. Okay.

Then I would ask if the Tsilhqot'in National

Government, who are also speakers, have any questions

of Environment Canada. And by the way, we've now

corrected the microphones here, so you can use the

stand-up microphone if you wish to raise any

questions, Ms. Crook.

MS. CROOK: It's not on.

THE CHAIRMAN: Go ahead again. Try it

again, Ms. Crook.

QUESTIONS BY THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND PUBLIC

PARTICIPATION, ASSISTING TNG, BY MS. AMY CROOK:

MS. CROOK: Amy Crook, Centre for Science

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5819

and Public Participation, assisting TNG.

I have a number of questions for you, so I

ask your indulgence here while I flip back and forth.

And I'm going to ask them in general to Environment

Canada and NRCan. And I guess I'm going to ask again

the Chair's indulgence, because a lot of our questions

cross jurisdiction between departments, so actually

the water quality also crosses with fish and with

health, so.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I assume if Environment

Canada is not able to answer it, that that question

can be just put on reserve for DFO.

MS. CROOK: Excellent, thank you, if we

could do that.

THE CHAIRMAN: So we'll proceed and see how

it goes.

MS. CROOK: Okay, thanks.

Let me start with Environment Canada's

presentation on treatment. You put up a slide with

several of the B.C. mines that needed -- were in

continuous treatment or some kind of treatment, some

kind of intervention, we've heard the word

"mitigation", for ongoing water quality problems. And

I have a series of questions that come from that.

Primarily, as we've heard, that there is an

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5820

indication, for sure, that there's going to need to be

mitigation or treatment of several water quality

parameters.

Knowing this, and knowing from your own

review of the proposal, could you talk about what your

policy would be in the permitting process or the

approval process of a mine that would need mitigation

for a number of factors and can you include in that

what your policy would be given that slide of all the

mines in B.C. that are already there, knowing that

there is a probability that this would have to go on

continuously or in perpetuity. Can you tell us your

procedures and policy on that?

THE CHAIRMAN: Can Environment Canada

respond? I would just note, I think, that the way

Taseko has characterized this is that they saw this as

a contingency, but we certainly are interested in

getting a sense as to the certainty or the

predictability of the need for treatment, which I

think is really what's behind your question. And then

your question to Environment Canada is how would they

possibly deal with this.

MS. CROOK: Well, if I could, Mr. Chair,

actually, that's a very good clarification. We have

heard contingency but we have heard from the agencies

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5821

of what, at least seemed to me, sounded like quite a

bit more probability that you're factoring in the need

for treatment mitigation, whatever you'd like to call

it. And I guess I'm addressing you, if you're

supposing this need already in your evaluation, how

you would then go forward in any kind of an approval

process in perpetuity?

THE CHAIRMAN: Environment Canada.

MR. HAGEN: Okay, we can speak to that.

Just give us a moment and we'll figure out what we

want to say and who is going to speak to that.

Okay, speaking from a regulatory perspective,

this is Mike Hagen, Environment Canada. The question

is how would we factor in the need for mitigation or

treatment of water. What it would come down to

primarily is the need for the operator of the facility

to attain the Water Quality Objectives that are set by

the Province. So this is a Provincial instrument.

It's not a Federal requirement.

Environment Canada would have input into the

process by which the Province develops these Water

Quality Objectives. Federally, we have site-specific

Water Quality Guidelines which are recommended, but

the Province has the ability to set objectives which

must be attained.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5822

So if the operator had difficulty in

achieving those objectives, then they would need to

look at what kind of mitigation measures they would

need to implement to achieve those levels. And that

could include a water treatment plant.

And, as we've noticed, a number of mines in

B.C. are having to assess and actually implement that,

that option.

The slide that Amy Crook referred to showing

the mines in B.C. that are going that route, that was

in the Taseko presentation. So we don't have any

information at hand that could summarize that but we

could certainly make a note of that and come back with

information if the Panel desires.

One other point that I could mention is that,

as far as Federal regulations go, the MMER does

regulate the discharge of an effluent stream and there

are specific limits that the operator must meet under

the MMER, though if there is a discharge from the

site, those levels must be achieved. And if they

can't be achieved without mitigation, such as the

water treatment plant, then we expect that the

operator will implement some option to achieve those

limits, but they would be required to as a condition

of deposit.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5823

THE CHAIRMAN: Maybe I'll just follow up on

this. I think you've outlined the process, if I could

call it, that one would go through, but the question I

think that has been asked and certainly one that I

would like to ask is, and it's a speculative question

of course, but given your knowledge of copper porphyry

mines in the Province of B.C., what do you think the

likelihood of permanent water treatment might be in

the future?

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen. It's something I

don't really like to speculate on, but I think if you

look at the evidence of what's been happening at other

similar analogue sites, the only evidence we have is

that the likelihood of a treatment plant is definitely

there. It's going to be something that may need to be

considered.

I think I'll probably just leave it at that

at this point because we can't speculate and we don't

really know.


MS. CROOK: Could I follow-up on that,

then. You did mention, I believe it was you, Mike, in

your presentation that your slide under the treatment

plant options or the treatment plant, the mitigation,

that it would be, there would be a trigger at which

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5824

point you would take I think you would have a

requirement for treatment, an inclusion of treatment

mitigation before approval of the process? What I'm

trying to get at is we've heard Taseko say that, if

it's necessary, we'll do it. But what I'm hearing

from you is, we think it's necessary. And what I'm

wondering is will you -- does that pull your trigger,

as you said? Do you, will you require treatment or

some kind of mitigation up front because you believe

that there's a need for it?

MR. HAGEN: As I understand the question,

what would trigger the need for a mitigation? And how

would we pull the trigger on that? I think I would

probably have to refer back to that this is a

Provincial process. It's the Province that has the

regulatory ability in this case to attain or to assure

that the Province -- the Province has the ability to

require that the Proponent or the operator attains the

water quality objective that is set.

I'll just pass it over to Charles here.

MR. DUMARESQ: Just to build on what Mike is

saying. Charles Dumaresq, Environment Canada.

From the perspective of the Federal

regulations, the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations,

because they are intended to be national baseline

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5825

regulations, in those regulations we don't get into

site specific details nor is there a specific

requirement in the regulations to do any kind of

treatment. We don't prescribe a requirement for

treatment, we prescribe a requirement to meet the

effluent limits which are specified in those

regulations. If those limits can be met with no

treatment, then the company is able to do so.

If the company has to implement some kind of

treatment to be able to achieve those limits, that's a

management decision taken by the company. And

obviously they may consult Environment Canada on that.

But ultimately we don't prescribe a

requirement to treat. We prescribe a requirement for

performance, not for how you achieve that performance.


MS. CROOK: Mr. Chair, I guess I just

have to share a frustration, then, on behalf of the

TNG. I understand that there's a Federal regulatory

process and there's a Provincial regulatory process.

But the Provincial process we don't have confidence in

because they have already approved this process and we

feel they've left a tremendous number of issues

uncovered, as you'll hear from us in our

presentations.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5826

But they are not here to ask this same

question of. And for you to say it's a Provincial

decision, a Provincial process to make this

determination, yet they are not here, nor are they a

part of this process, and they have also concluded

that there is no need, is an extreme frustration and a

concern. So I guess I'm just going to register that

with you and expect that we'll continue to have this

debate.

And so moving along. Selenium loading.

Understanding that it's a concern for fish

consumption, for human health, I'm wondering, have you

looked at, and maybe this is an environment, I mean, a

Health Canada question, which is where I ask for your

direction, Chair, Mr. Chair, have you looked at the

impact to local consumption of the fish from anywhere

in this drainage, could be Taseko River, could be Big

Onion Lake, could be Fish Lake, could be anywhere,

could be Prosperity Lake, of increasing selenium

concentrations?


Canada.

I think the perspective we have to take on

this is that our mandate is protection of fish

primarily, so when we look at selenium levels in fish

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5827

tissue, we are looking at the protection of, the

viability of the fish population to reproduce itself.

And that's why we have concerns about the selenium

levels we see in fish tissue.

The question of whether there is a human

health concern here is, as Amy Crook has noted,

properly directed to Health Canada. And at this point

Environment Canada would not have comment on that.

MS. CROOK: Could I ask that that issue

be handed to the appropriate agency, then?

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, we've heard from Health

Canada previously in the general sessions and heard

their conclusions regarding impacts on human health,

so I have to go back to the transcripts, but I think

they have probably addressed that issue.

MS. CROOK: I actually am not sure,

Mr. Chair. I guess what I would like to know is I

know that Health Canada concluded there were no human

health impacts, but I would like to know that they did

definitively consider selenium, whether or not they

did.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, we will examine that,

but --

MS. CROOK: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: -- through the transcripts.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5828

We would be, I think at this point it would be --

we'll check that and obviously we'd have to get an

answer if we were to pursue it by the end of the day

Friday, and that may be possible. We'll check to see

if that has been answered and, if not, we can pursue

that with Health Canada in a written way because they

are not present here.

MS. CROOK: Yes, thank you. I have one

more question. And again, I think this might be a bit

difficult because it's, it was a topic that I believe

you, Mike, brought up, or Environment Canada, about

sulphate concentrations that would be elevated in

spring low flows five to six kilometres downstream.

And what I'm wondering is if this would, and

again, maybe this needs to be directed to DFO or maybe

to the Province, but have you looked at any impacts to

fish, is there a spring spawning of any species, is

there impacts from sulphides on swim-up or exposure to

eggs in the gravel or any impacts like that? Have

they been assessed?

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen.

Okay, the question of the effects of

selenium -- of, sorry, sulphate on fish, fish habitat,

fish behaviour, that would more properly be directed

at DFO experts on fish.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5829

From our perspective at Environment Canada,

we would have to defer that kind of analysis possibly

to the water quality objective setting stage which, if

the Project goes ahead, would occur during permitting,

so once again we're back into the Provincial process.

This kind of information would be an

important part of setting the Water Quality

Objectives, so it would be certainly looked at at that

point.

Environment Canada does not have specific

information on potential effects of sulphides on fish

behaviour, however.

MS. CROOK: Yes, I guess, I just again

have to register a frustration that, at least for

TNG's interest, deferring these types of issues on

fish impacts, health impacts, to permitting is just

not workable. So, thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mrs. Crook.

Mr. Pearse, with the TNG again, so I will

take this question.

QUESTIONS BY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY

MR. TONY PEARSE:

MR. PEARSE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I

had just a couple of questions for Dr. Kwong. I'm

right behind you Dr. Kwong.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5830

You made the conclusion that you found no

fatal flaws in the ARD assessment. And I'm wondering

if you could tell the Panel what information, what

materials you reviewed to reach that conclusion.

DR. KWONG: The informations I reviewed

were basically, the original EIA and the supplements,

and the Appendices attached to the EIA, and also sort

of the participation in the Provincial ARD and Water

Quality Working Group where the participants, where

the interested parties raised questions to the

Proponent for clarification and the Proponent responds

and then other agencies were able, you know, to, you

know, go back and forth with the Proponent until we

come to a general agreement, yes, that issue is

satisfactorily solved or there are still outstanding

disagreement, you know, between the Proponent and the

various interested parties. That is how the process

went on.

And then after all that process, we came to

the conclusion that there's no fatal flaw involved.

As far as the acid rock drainage and metal

leaching assessment is concerned, our department did

not identify -- or consider that there's no fatal flaw

involved.

MR. PEARSE: Thank you. It's Tony Pearse

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5831

again. Did you review Dr. Morin's report which is on

the CEAA Registry, I think it went there about

September of last year, have you referred to that

report, sir?

DR. KWONG: I did read Dr. Morin's

comments on the issue tracking tables, but I did not

read the report in detail.

MR. PEARSE: And the issues tracking

tables that you're talking about were part of the

Provincial process in which Dr. Morin had no

participation; is that correct?

DR. KWONG: I do believe that Dr. Kevin

Morin had put input. I did see comments from

Dr. Kevin Morin in the issue tracking tables.

MR. PEARSE: Okay, well, it may be that

somehow it got on to that, into that process, but

Dr. Morin certainly didn't submit it. But you have

not seen the report, the full report that is currently

on the CEAA Registry; is that correct?

DR. KWONG: Yes, it is correct. I did

not read TNG's report in detail.

MR. PEARSE: As you will hear when

Dr. Morin gets up on the table later, he identifies a

number of what he calls "fatal flaws," and I'm just

wondering if in the light of the fact you haven't read

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5832

that material, you might actually find yourself in a

situation or a position where you'd want to adjust

your conclusion based on Dr. Morin's testimony?

DR. KWONG: My opinion is based on my

reading of the Proponent's way of handling the ARD

issue and the steps they take to prevent ARD from

occurring. And also steps they promise to take to

tackle the ARD and metal leaching issue. And we find

that what they propose is reasonable. And their

assessment is based on the available technology. And,

therefore, based on that, we do not think that there

is any fatal flaws involved. And that all depends on

what you mean by "fatal flaw". If you ask me specific

questions, you know, if this is reasonable or isn't

that a fatal flaw, then I would be able to give you a

more definite answer. If you just ask that since I

have not read your statement, and I do not really know

what specifically you say is a fatal flaw.

Is that reasonable, Mr. Chairman?

THE CHAIRMAN: I think you've summarized how

you can or cannot respond to Mr. Morin's report at

this point. So we'll leave it at that.

Mr. Pearse, a follow-up or further question?

MR. PEARSE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I

was just trying to establish whether Dr. Kwong would

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5833

agree with me that having not read what is a very

substantive critique of what the Proponent has

presented, and I'm not the person that's going to

define "fatal flaws," that's for them to talk about,

but whether he could find himself in a situation where

he might change his conclusion, because he's really

only read half of the evidence, or a part of the

evidence, he hasn't read the whole thing. That's what

I'm trying to establish.

THE CHAIRMAN: I understand the question all

right. And I've heard Dr. Kwong's response. But you

wish to respond further, sir?

DR. KWONG: Mr. Chairman, I would like to

point out that I would not like to be influenced --

well, my judgment, I don't believe that has to be

necessarily influenced by other people's opinion. My

assessment is based on my, sort of, assessment of the

methodology used by the Proponent based on my own

experience. I do not really think that we have to be

necessarily influenced by other people's opinion to

come up with our own.

THE CHAIRMAN: That response is clear, I

think.

MR. PEARSE: Okay. Thank you,

Mr. Chairman. I guess I was -- I think the Panel --

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5834

it's an issue that's kind of being punted to the Panel

in a way to try and figure out all these geochemistry

issues here and it would be helpful to get more sort

of a robust analysis in front of you so when you get

to that point and you have to go through that exercise

that it would be I guess easier for you. It seems to

me that when a rather categorical conclusion is

rendered to you without the benefit of a full analysis

of the pros and cons, it makes your life a little more

difficult. And that's what I was trying to establish.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Pearse. I

certainly understand the nature of your question.

It's not unusual in an environmental assessment

process, I suppose, to see some disagreement among

experts and perhaps that's where we are at this stage.

So we look forward to Dr. Morin's presentation and

further discussion on that.

I think that concludes, does that conclude

the questions from Tsilhqot'in National Government

folks at this point? It seems to.

I'll check with my colleagues here, with the

Panel, we may have a few questions, although I think

they have gotten fewer due to some of the answers that

have been provided both in the presentations and in

responses to questions.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5835

Yes, Bill?

QUESTIONS BY THE FEDERAL PANEL:

MR. KLASSEN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Back on the topic of selenium, we've had a fair amount

of discussion on that. So my question is relatively

simple, having to do with the treatment for selenium.

The Natural Resources Canada submission, written

submissions says that effective treatment technologies

are readily available. But my impression from

Mr. Hagen's presentation was that he's not so sure.

So could we have some clarification on

whether the treatment currently available is indeed

effective or is that view shared by both agencies?

Thank you.


Canada.

I would just like to start off with this and

then pass it on to John Kwong from NRC.

Just to clarify that I'm not an expert in

selenium treatment, so what I was doing was expressing

our experience, Environment Canada, of what we've

observed in B.C. based on the other situations where

we've had selenium loading where levels have become a

concern. And just in our experience, although there

are treatments available, we haven't seen a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5836

demonstrated effectiveness of these treatments over

the long-term. So that was an observation on my part

as our experience.

So the Panel's question about seeming

contradiction where there are effective treatments

available, that may be true. And John will speak to

that. But my experience is that we haven't seen a

demonstrated effectiveness of these treatments in a

practical sense in B.C. to this point.

I'll just pass that on now to John.

DR. KWONG: Selenium issue usually is more

common with coal-deposits. But on the other hand some

metal mines, particularly massive sulphide deposits,

also commonly have selenium contamination problem.

There are two general methods, well,

depending on the specific, site specific selenium

guideline. There are existing methods to lower the

selenium levels to meet Water Quality Guidelines.

One of these is to reduce the selenium to

elemental selenium. And then the other is a

co-precipitation with iron oxide hydroxide and then an

alternative means is reverse osmosis as pointed out by

the Proponent. And then this has been practised, for

example, I think that at, let me see, the Red Dog Mine

in Alaska, they use co-precipitation with the feric

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5837

sulfate. But I'm not absolutely sure, but I think

that is it. And then in the uranium industry, they

prefer to use reverse osmosis because they can tackle

some other trace elements at the same time.

So there are available technology. But not

necessarily cheap.

MR. KLASSEN: What does "not necessarily

cheap" mean? How expensive is selenium treatment?

DR. KWONG: I do not have the figure.

I'm not a sort of a mining engineer or a metallurgist.

But I'm aware that, relatively speaking, reverse

osmosis is really expensive.

MR. KLASSEN: Okay. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I'll leave that.

THE CHAIRMAN: Nalaine?

MS. MORIN: My question is concerning the

mitigation strategies that have been proposed by

Taseko to prevent seepage from the tailings

impoundment.

My question for the group is, in your

opinion, are the mitigation measures that Taseko is

proposing Best Management Practices or are there other

technologies or techniques that would be more

appropriate?

DR. DESBARATS: Mr. Chair, Members of the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5838

Panel, I'll take a stab at answering that. With

respect to seepage from the tailings impoundment

through the base of the impoundment and through the

western embankment towards Big Onion Lake, I believe

the mitigation scheme proposed by the Proponent

involves a pump and treat system, a line of wells

located near the -- I wish I had a pointer -- near the

base, near the toe of the embankment. Right around

there, yeah. To a depth, I don't know, I believe I

heard yesterday maybe 100 metres. And that is a tried

and proven and partially successful method. It's

well, you know, it's common technology. It's not,

it's not experimental in any way.

As to the effectiveness, it's highly

variable. It depends, for example, on the

heterogeneity of the rock mass within this area here,

the various geological units.

And, for example, one of the things that

happens a lot with the movement of a plume is that the

plume follows the path of least resistance, a fairly

preferential pathway, and that is often not known

apriori. So, you know, there's a lot of hit and miss

with treatment wells whether you intercept the plume

or not.

But generally it's a well, well accepted

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5839

technology. But I would say that it's not all

together 100 percent effective.

And, of course, it's only effective as long

as the pumps are operating under some sort of

institutional control.

THE CHAIRMAN: I think that concludes our

questions, then, as a Panel on this subject.

I'll then turn to the order of questioners.

As I'd indicated yesterday, we'll go through the order

in alphabetical order of those organizations that have

received participant funding.

So just to determine if there's anybody here

that wishes to raise a question from Canoe Creek? I

don't see any.

Esketemc First Nation? Ms. Bedard, I

believe.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY ESKETEMC FIRST NATION, BY

MS. BETH BEDARD:

MS. BEDARD: Thank you. This has been a

very sobering experience listening to all this

information this morning. And Esketemc is really

concerned about water resources. However, we want to

note, for the record, that lack of funding capacity

hasn't permitted Esketemc to develop the expertise to

question this and that Esketemc concerns have not been

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5840

addressed with respect to water issues. Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, thank you, Ms. Bedard.

I guess more of a comment than a question.

Next, Friends of Nemaiah Valley, any

questions there? I don't see any.

MiningWatch Canada? Mr. Hart, I believe.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY MININGWATCH CANADA, BY

MR. RAMSEY HART:

MR. HART: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Ramsey

Hart with MiningWatch Canada.

If possible could we get the coloured chart

with the CCME Guidelines baseline and predicted up for

the Taseko River? For, Mr. Hagen, you mentioned that

many of the metals we're talking about have naturally

health, healthy in fact required concentrations in the

environment. What is the biological use of cadmium,

in particular?

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen. All right. Just

a little detail on my presentation there, perhaps you

pointed that out to me. Under the line for essential

trace minerals I've listed the essential nutrients

metals for human consumption first. Those three in

brackets were of interest to me. It was just kind of

a little bit of a factoid. I intended to mention

this, so thank you, Mr. Hart, for bringing it to our

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5841

attention. These three in brackets, arsenic, cadmium

and vanadium are not essential nutrients for human

consumption. That's important. They are not

essential for humans. But they may be essential

nutrients for other organisms. So that was the point

I was going to make with that. I actually did

consider that I should probably edit that out in case

I missed it, which I did, so thank you for clarifying

that.

MR. HART: I appreciate that

clarification.

Can you speak to the utility of cadmium to

fish in particular?

MR. HAGEN: That's another reason for

maybe editing that out, is I can't really speak to

which organisms those levels would be essential to, so

just a note that they may be essential elements to

some organisms and at this point I can't clarify which

ones. I could undertake to research that and provide

the information to the Panel if they are interested,

though.

MR. HART: If I may be permitted a

brief comment. I don't believe that cadmium is in

fact essential to aquatic organisms. It's a toxic

element.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5842

THE CHAIRMAN: Perhaps on that we could get

a response from DFO when they are --

MR. HART: That leads me to the

questions about the chart itself, so if we could pull

that back up. The reason I raise that is because I

have some concerns about the information presented

there. I would like some clarifications.

So between -- there's some confusion around

total metals versus dissolved metals. From a

toxicology perspective, which is the -- is it the

total metals that we should be concerned about or the

dissolved metals? Which has a higher correlation

towards toxicity?

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen. Generally

speaking we would look at the dissolved fraction as

being the more relevant B.C. -- to induce toxicity in

the receiving environment. And the personal

perspective, I would like to see guidelines expressed

as dissolved and as total. But we're working with

guidelines of total metals so that's the guideline we

have, and that's what we want to work with. But yes,

the dissolved metal fraction generally represents the

fraction that would be more bioavailable in terms of

metals that would generally be dissolved metal ions

and reduced toxicity in fish, food, a variety of

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5843

mechanisms. So dissolved would be the more important

parameter to look at.

MR. HART: So could you provide us with

any guidance in interpreting this chart, then, given

that response? In particular, I'm concerned about

cadmium which does show a substantial increase over

both the CCME Guidelines as well as the baseline

conditions.

MR. HAGEN: Mike Hagen. I think that

I've already pointed that out as an uncertainty here.

And I mentioned that it is challenging when we have

guidelines and baseline and total metals and the

predictions in dissolved metals. So I think it's

highlighted as an uncertainty by Mr. Hart as well as

by myself. I'm not sure I can respond any more detail

about that at this point.

MR. HART: That's great. Just one

last question. I'm wondering why arsenic doesn't

appear on that table.

MR. HAGEN: Well, I could have put a

whole lot more elements up there as parameters, but I

didn't want to overwhelm everybody. There's enough

there as it is. Arsenic, in particular, was I believe

fairly close to detection limits. And also baseline

was relatively close to guideline areas and/or levels

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5844

and it didn't really seem to be a concern, so I wanted

to highlight some of the other parameters without

listing everything. And arsenic didn't make the list,

so to speak. It was on the Provincial -- the Taseko

presentation. They had that up there. I could

provide the information if you like.

MR. HART: That's okay. I was

mostly curious because it did come up in one of the

earlier presentations.

If I may, just one sort of final line of

questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: Please proceed.

MR. HART: I would just like to ask

some questions. You mentioned that you were very

involved with the Environmental Effects Monitoring

Program? Is it Dr. Hague or Mr. Hagen? Mr. Hagen?

One of the most important parts of that from our

perspective is the ongoing monitoring of in-situ

impacts and I was just wondering if you could explain

a little bit about the process if a mine does detect

environmental effects through the Environmental

Effects Monitoring Plan, what does that then trigger

and what processes are followed after that and perhaps

a bit of an indication of the time lines involved with

following the determination of an effect.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5845

MR. HAGEN: Okay. Mike Hagen. One

moment please, I want to talk to Charles. Okay, Mike

Hagen here.

And Mr. Hart is referring to me in my

capacity as the Environmental Effect Coordinator for

the MMER EM Program in British Columbia. Though I can

answer the question from that perspective.

First of all in a general way, just

explaining what EEME is. Environmental effects

monitoring is included in the MMER. As a condition of

deposit and operating mine with an effluent discharge

is required to conduct a periodic biological

monitoring program, which is the component Mr. Hart is

referring to.

These include fish monitoring and benthic

invertebrate monitoring.

And the process essentially is to monitor in

the exposed areas below an effluent and compare those

results to a reference area which is unaffected by

effluent. And the first step in the process is to see

if there's an effect, which is a different, a

statistically significant difference between

parameters measured in the reference area versus the

exposed area.

If there is a difference, which may not be

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5846

biologically significant, but it is a statistically

significant difference, then the subsequent EEM

program will confirm that those effects exist. If the

effects are confirmed, this works in an iterative

step-like fashion subsequent program to then look at

the extent management of those effects and move on to

the investigation of causes of those effects.

So in a general sense, that's how the EEM

program is designed to work.

These effects are not necessarily a

deleterious or significantly adverse effect, but they

are defined as an effect. And the purpose for doing

EEM, they go back to the original objectives of the

program, is to assess the adequacy of the regulations.

And I think yesterday people were commenting that we

may have some mines that are compliant with the limits

in the MMER but still having environmental effects

measured in their EEM program. So we are not at this

point discarding that as a deleterious effect. We are

saying this is interesting and we need to investigate

this. And at some point down the line we may be

assessing the adequacy of the regulations in light of

this kind of information.

So that's a long way off for metal mining at

this point. And I hope that answers Mr. Hart's

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5847

question in a general sense.

MR. HART: It does. Just in terms

of from detecting an effect to, what's the next step,

is magnitude and extent, to investigation of cause, to

actually having the company required to change its

practices, how long might the effect be continued

before something changes?

THE CHAIRMAN: Maybe I could just intervene

before that question gets asked here. Given that

maybe it's related, given that Taseko's not proposing

to have any discharges to the receiving stream for

many, many years, I wonder if in fact this Project

would indeed be subject to the program?

MR. HAGEN: Well, yeah, that is a good

perspective. If the Proponent in fact does not have a

discharge of when they are operating, and there's no

effluent, there's no exposed zone, then the

requirement for EEM program would be possibly moot.

If the Proponent never had to discharge of any kind

any time, then they would not be subjected to those

provisions in the MMER, no, they would not.

THE CHAIRMAN: So I think the line of

questioning is probably irrelevant at this point,

isn't it?

MR. HART: I respectfully disagree

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5848

with the Chair. After we discussed yesterday whether

the seepage was covered by the MMER, and it is, as

well, there will be discharge upon filling of the pit.

Now, I perfectly respect that's 40-years-plus down the

road and the MMER may change, but that's speculation.

And all we have to work with is the current regulatory

regime. And I think the regulatory regime as it is

presently, that will monitor the discharge from the

pit lake as well as seepage during operations, I do

think that's relevant.

If you disagree, then I'll withdraw --

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, certainly you've

introduced the matter of seepage and that's an

appropriate question. I guess my question is in fact

would the EEM program cover the matter that Mr. Hart

has raised about seepage?

MR. DUMARESQ: Charles Dumaresq from

Environment Canada. Take the question in two parts

and first step back to the discussion that we had

yesterday about whether or not any seepage that was

coming through the west embankment and ultimately

reaching down into Big Onion Lake would be considered

effluent under the definition in the MMER. And the

definition of effluent under the regulations does

include seepage.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5849

I should qualify, though, that the

regulations apply to mines from the construction

period through their operations period. And if the

regulations do not begin to apply to a mine through

the construction or operations phase, then the

regulations would not apply once that mine has ceased

operations.

So whether or not the MMER would apply to any

seepage coming through the west embankment and down

into Big Onion Lake would depend on the timing of the

breakthrough of that seepage relative to where it is

in the mine lifecycle at that time.

If that were to occur during the period the

mine is operating, that would be effluent under the

regulations. If that were to occur at a later date,

once the mine has ceased operations, then that would

be a matter to be addressed under Section 36(3) of the

Fisheries Act which is the general provisions for the

prevention of -- prohibiting the discharge of a

deleterious substance.

So it would be whether or not the MMER and

whether or not the environmental effects monitoring

provisions within the regulations would apply would

depend on the timing of when that happened.

Similarly, if there was any, as you indicate

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5850

the mine is not planning to have any discharge during

operations into the Lower Fish Creek, if they were to

have a discharge which exceeded our trigger level of

50 cubic metres a day, then the mine would be at that

point subject to the regulations because of that

discharge into the lower, into Lower Fish Creek.

Qualifying that by a statement that the mine doesn't

intend to do that during operations.

MR. HART: I appreciate that

qualification. I didn't actually know that nuance of

the MMER. So I appreciate that. No further

questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, and thank you for

that clarification as well.

The next two organizations, I'm not sure they

are here, but I'll just check.

Share the Cariboo-Chilcotin Resources

Society?

And the Williams Lake and District Chamber of

Commerce?

They I don't think have any questions.

So we're at the point of completing our

questions of the gentlemen from Environment Canada,

Natural Resources Canada.

This is also an appropriate time to break for

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5851

lunch. And we'll return after lunch with

presentations from I believe it's Dr. Morin followed

by Dr. Maest associated with the Tsilhqot'in National

Government.

We will plan to reconvene at 1:15. I hope

that gives everybody a chance to grab something to eat

before we reconvene our hearing again.

Thank you. We'll see you at 1:15.

(NOON BREAK)

(PROCEEDINGS ADJOURNED AT 12:10 P.M.)

(PROCEEDINGS RECONVENED AT 1:15 P.M.)

THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and Gentlemen, I would

like to resume the hearing, please, and I'd ask you to

take your seats and we'll begin once again.

Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. We

will begin the hearing once again.

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTER WITH RESPECT TO A QUESTION BY AMY

CROOK ABOUT HEALTH CANADA:

THE CHAIRMAN: Just one administrative

matter in response to a question raised by Amy Crook

before lunch about Health Canada. We had a chance to

check the records in terms of the way in which they

have addressed the matter of selenium, which is a

question you raised. I would refer you to page 9 of

Health Canada's written submission that they tabled,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5852

in fact submitted to the Panel before the hearing

started. And on that page, and I'll just quote the

reference, it says:

"Although metal concentrations in

fish from Lower Fish Creek were

predicted to increase, the

probable daily intakes of

chromium, copper and selenium from

fish consumption did not exceed

toxicological reference values."

So that is the reference by Health Canada

with respect to how they have responded to the matter

of selenium.

Now, in terms of proceeding this afternoon,

we understand that there are three presentations from

some of the experts that the TNG have engaged.

Dr. Morin, first of all, then Dr. Maest, and then I

believe Dr. Maest you're also going to present a paper

by Dr. Morris that was originally scheduled for

tomorrow but it's related, I understand, to the matter

of water quality and quantity, is that a correct

understanding?

DR. MAEST: Yes, that's correct.

THE CHAIRMAN: What I propose to do again,

for efficiency reasons, is to have all of the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5853

presentations occur and then we'll have an opportunity

for questions afterwards.

So we'll go through all of the presentations

and then deal with questions once they are completed.

Now, I expect that may take some time by

looking at the size of at least two of them, and we

don't have a paper copy of Mr. Morin's, but we have it

in front of us on the laptop now. Am I understanding

correctly your intentions in proceeding this

afternoon?

MS. CROOK: That's correct, Mr. Chair.

We are trying to get you printed copies right now and

hopefully they'll arrive momentarily.

The only thing I would ask is that Dr. Maest

has a flight early this evening, so if questions for

her on either one of her presentations could come

first and then Dr. Morin has agreed to stay for as

long as it takes.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, we'll do our best to

try to accommodate that to the extent we can.

I also note, and I haven't seen Dr. Morin's

presentation in advance, but I would imagine it's

going to deal in part with acid generating rock and

metal leaching and I notice that Dr. Maest's

presentation addresses the same issue to some extent

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5854

so there seems to be some overlap there, so I don't

know if you've had any opportunity to collude and

perhaps shorten that in your presentation, but if not,

we certainly would suggest that that would be

efficient, if possible.

So I see some nodding so it looks like you

have had some collaboration, that's great.

Okay, well, with that, then we'll turn to

Dr. Morin who I believe is the first one to present.

Please proceed.

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

EXPERT PANEL:

DR. KEVIN MORIN

DR. ANN MAEST

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY

DR. KEVIN MORIN:

DR. MORIN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. So

my name is Kevin Morin. And before I start, I would

like to thank the TNG for inviting me into their

traditional territory. Being here, they have been

very friendly and made me feel very welcome. So thank

you very much TNG.

So again my name's Kevin Morin. And on the

second slide is a brief introduction of who I am and

what I've been doing.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5855

And I've been studying mine site drainage

chemistry at full-scale mine sites for 32 years now.

And this has involved several hundred proposed,

operating and closed mine sites around the world. The

only continent I didn't get to work on is Antarctica.

And I think because of all the ice I probably

won't be there.

And I've published several papers, dozens and

dozens of papers and internet case studies because I

thought people might benefit from the things I've

learned and seen around the world. And both my

Master's degree and my Master's thesis and my PhD

thesis focussed on contaminant migration from mining

operations.

So I'd like to start off with just a few

important notes.

Last year, the TNG asked me to review the

Prosperity EIS and then the supplementary material

that goes with it.

So then I focused on a number of issues in

that EIS in the supplementary material, particularly

Metal Leaching and Acid Rock Drainage, which is called

M-L-A-R-D. It happens to be an acronym I don't like

because it was derived 15 years ago here in British

Columbia and it really doesn't describe mine site

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5856

drainage chemistry. For example, fluoride and

sulphate are not metals yet it's captured by ML-ARD

here in the Province. But it's used here so I'll keep

talking about ML-ARD. But just keep in mind we are

talking about all the chemistry at the mine site. All

the different elements.

I also looked at how those chemical

constituents in the mine site drainage would travel

through pathways downstream into the open environment.

Now, I want to really emphasize here that

most of what I'm about to tell you is not my

interpretation of the data. I did not go back and

reinterpret the data for Prosperity.

Most of what I will show you are quotations,

statements and information from the EIS and the

supplementary material.

Now, the company responded to my comments as

part of the Provincial process, which surprised me

because I didn't submit to them as part of the

Provincial process. And then responses were also

provided by the company as part of the Federal

process.

And no additional responses or technical

information were provided by the company by the

Panel's deadline of April 16th.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5857

So what I did is I went back to my original

table of contents of September 2009, which was also

the table of contents I supplied on April 16th of my

letter that I would follow that table of contents and

those topics.

For each of the topics, I took word for word

my original comment, copied that into a word

processing program, took all the Taseko comments word

for word and copied that in, and then wrote a summary

of what the issue was and whether it was addressed or

not.

So that written document is about 73 pages

long. I'm not going go through that otherwise we'll

be here for a few days, but what I will do is go

through the summary of the issues and summarize what's

been resolved and what hasn't on each of these issues.

My table of contents involved over a dozen

issues and we don't have time to talk about all those.

So on this presentation, they contain all the

issues that I wanted to address, but I'm going to skip

over some. I'd be happy to come back and talk about

any of those issues that anybody's interested in, but

I'm going to stick to some of the more important ones.

Before I start off, I just want to show a few

slides on source term pathways and receptors.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5858

And this is the old environmental model.

That there is in order to have any kind of

environmental contamination or impact, you have to

start with a source term. In this case, the mine

site, the proposed mine site is the source term. That

includes the pit, the waste rock, the overburden, the

overrate ore, ore, dams, roads, tailings, buildings

foundations, all the disturbances. That's the source

term.

Now, the source term, all these at mine site

components can raise aqueous concentrations and

there's lots of water quality parameters a mine site

has to meet. It can raise concentrations of all

those, Ph, selenium, are some of the things we talked

about, cadmium, sulphate, fluoride. So the source

term can raise all those concentrations.

Then it goes out into the pathways, such as

groundwater and surface water and then it drains down

into the receptors where, if the water quality

parameters are too high, there's damage to aquatic

life.

So what I ask you to keep in mind during my

presentation, some of the important points:

ML-ARD is predicted not to appear anywhere on

the Prosperity Mine site at any time. That's an

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5859

important part of the mine plan.

If ML-ARD arises at Prosperity where it is

not expected or when it is not expected, then aqueous

concentrations will be higher in the source term.

And then we'll just run through down along

the chain of command. If the source term

concentrations are higher, the concentrations along

the groundwater and surface water flow pass will be

higher and in turn the aqueous concentrations in the

receptors, the creeks, the lakes, the rivers, will be

higher also.

Therefore, any errors or significant

uncertainties in the predictions of no ML-ARD will

lead to greater environmental effects than already

predicted in the information.

Now, just to illustrate that, and this is a

map of the Prosperity Mine site and the surrounding

area. The black box represents basically the mine

site footprint. It doesn't incorporate all the roads

and all the disturbances but it generally represents

the mine site footprint. If the water quality goes

bad inside that footprint, look at the arrows, those

are the pathways. It's not very far to all those

receptors, the creeks, the lakes, the river.

So that's how important the source term

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5860

predictions are for Prosperity.

There's not much room for error.

Fatal flaws is defined by the Prosperity

Alternatives Assessment. We heard an interesting

conversation this morning between Tony Pearse and

Dr. Kwong about what a fatal flaw is. And Dr. Kwong

explained, well, it depends on how you define it. One

person's fatal flaw is not another person's fatal

flaw.

So I'll be talking to fatal flaws throughout

my presentation. The definition I use is not one I've

created. I am using the fatal flaws that were used in

the company's alternative assessment. These are not

my fatal flaws, but I'm defining them the same way the

company does.

Three of those four fatal flaws in the

Alternatives Assessment involved aspects of ML-ARD.

That's why the selected mine plan now proposed by the

company cannot allow ML-ARD. Otherwise, it would have

fatal flaws, in the company's own criteria.

Also, if the current mine plan is considered

safe because there's contingencies such as water

treatment, then some of the fatally flawed and

rejected alternatives may also have been acceptable

with those contingencies.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5861

Now, I want to go back and emphasize this.

If we find that the proposed mine plan as being

considered has a fatal flaw and requires mitigation or

treatment, then you cannot reject the other

alternatives. It's not a level playing field. You

have to go back and allow the other alternatives to

have a treatment plant also.

Some of those other alternatives may protect

and preserve Fish Lake. So, again, level playing

field. If we expect ML-ARD at this proposed mine

plan, we have to look at the other alternatives with

those same contingencies.

Okay, now we're going to get into some of the

details. And although ML-ARD can be complex, I think

I can make it fairly simple. Use fairly simple words.

One problem it does have is it's full of

acronyms, the ML-ARD is the first sign of that. We're

now going to talk about PAG versus non-PAG materials

at Prosperity.

Since a fundamental major objective of the

proposed mine plan is to prevent ML-ARD from arising

at any time, a major first step is separating the

materials. You've got to decide which ones will

release acidic water and which ones will never release

acidic water. That's the first basic step.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5862

To do that, the mine plan identifies two

relevant types of mine materials. PAG stands for

"Potentially Acid Generating". Makes sense. Non-PAG,

and again these are quotes from the EIS, non-PAG

stands for "Non-Potentially Acid Generating". In my

original comment from last year, I argued that

terminology is misleading because the non-PAG material

can still generate acidity.

The company and its consultants in a response

to my comment agreed and confirmed that non-PAG

materials, quote, "Have the potential to generate

acid."

Now, again, it's really important to

understand that both PAG and non-PAG materials at

Prosperity have the potential to generate acid.

Okay?

The other reason, remember I said it's really

important to avoid misconceptions, what did the EIS

also say about this non-PAG rock? Well, it actually

used the words "non-reactive waste rock".

The EIS also said some of the low sulphur

materials will likely be nearly geochemically inert

when excavated.

But they have sulphur in them. They can

generate acid.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5863

Therefore, non-PAG materials at Prosperity

will generate some acidity and release metals and

other elements into drainage waters.

Non-PAG materials are not non-reactive at

Prosperity.

And they are not nearly geochemically inert.

However, in the response, the company said,

"Kevin, we don't know why you need this distinction,

it's unclear to us, but there you go."

Why was it important to understand both

non-PAG and PAG material can generate acid?

Here's an example. Environment Canada's

submission on April 16th of this year, they found that

the balance of the waste rock and overburden, that's

the non-PAG stuff, they said it would be non-acid

generating.

Also yesterday, Environment Canada showed

maps. If you look at the three proposed mine plans,

each of those show, label the waste rock as "non-acid

generating".

Did Environment Canada misunderstand that

non-PAG materials can still generate acidity? They

are not non-acid generating.

Okay?

Now the reason that's important is, if you're

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5864

now confused that they both can generate acid, what's

the difference between the two?

Well, the difference between the two is one

is self-neutralizing. It contains additional minerals

that will dissolve internally and neutralize that acid

so it doesn't come out.

From that perspective, the non-PAG material

that has those extra minerals to neutralize the acid

is more reactive than the PAG material.

So be really careful with words and acronyms

in this EIS and in these hearings.

So again, non-PAG material is acid

generating.

Now I'm just jumping through some topics.

Now, there's an issue of will there be any

PAG material outside the Tailings Storage Facility?

The EIS is really clear on this. There will

be no PAG material outside the TSF, so there is no ARD

risk outside the tailings facility.

The real problem is the low-grade ore. Part

of that is PAG and it will be kept outside the TSF.

And it will be, according to the current mine plan, it

will be placed on top of non-PAG waste rock.

So in my comment I said it is clear there

will be PAG material outside the TSF. And the company

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5865

still refused to admit that.

Instead, the way the company explains it is,

well, whatever's out there is going to be removed

before it becomes acidic.

And that leads into something called "lag

times" and I'll come back to this. The time that it

takes PAG material and in this case some non-PAG

material to turn acidic is called a lag time. So keep

that in mind. I'll come back to lag times.

So I expect the low-grade ore, which is

actually net acid generating, and outside the TSF, to

release significant ML-ARD quickly. Since it's being

placed on top of non-PAG waste rock, once it releases

acid, it's like a disease, a virus, it spreads, that

acid will go down into the non-PAG rock and turn it

acid.

Therefore, ML-ARD should be expected outside

the TSF at Prosperity.

Okay, I'm going to jump down a few topics.

And I'm going to stop at the question: How

many ABA samples were used for all these critical

ML-ARD predictions at Prosperity?

And I say again, preventing ML-ARD is a

fundamental objective. And, again, I remind you that

both PAG and non-PAG materials will generate acidity.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5866

And all these predictions and estimates and

modelling are based on what are called acid base

accounts, ABAs. And it's based on these ABAs that we

separate PAG from non-PAG.

So my simple question was: On how many ABAs

are your ML-ARD predictions based?

The reason I asked that is because, in the

EIS, different sections have different numbers. One

section of the EIS is based on a certain number of

samples, another section, all those predictions are

based on another number of samples and another section

is based on another number of samples.

In the EIS, some are in tables. I counted

those. None of those totals matched what was said in

the EIS.

And in response, that I've skipped over, in a

response to 3D modelling there was yet another number

of how many samples were used to predict all this

ML-ARD in Prosperity.

Here's the company's response, the first

bullet has quotations.

The first one is:

"This is a very specific

question of technical merit, not

one required to determine the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5867

adequacy of the Application."

Also:

"This question will take a

considerable allocation of

resource and significant time

commitment to properly address."

Now, on the surface of it, it just sounds like

sloppiness, but what the company is saying, "We don't

know, and it would take too much time to find out."

Now, let me make this clear. I've worked on lots of

mining projects and if I'm in front of my computer and

somebody asks me that question, it takes me five seconds

to open up the Excel spreadsheet and tell you how many

samples were used in the interpretations.

So this goes beyond sloppiness.

This fundamental issue of how many samples there are

cannot be answered. And there's different numbers.

But even if next week the company was compelled to

come up with a number, there's still problems. That

would not resolve my concerns.

First, I would want to see the original

analytical Certificates for these signed by an

accredited laboratory analyst before I would accept

them, because I'm suspicious of how many there actually

are.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5868

And second, even if they could come up with

all these analytical certificates it still shows that

one part of the predictions in the EIS were based on one

subset, another part on another subset and another part

on another subset. Who filtered these data sets? Which

samples did they leave out? Did they leave out the

worst ones for one section and put them in another

section? I can't answer that. I can't get the

information. I don't even know how many samples there

are in total.

The next topic is larger scale onsite kinetic

tests.

Now, on my comment the company pointed out

that there are no standard requirements to do these

larger scale on site kinetic tests.

Now, here's the problem. Most of the

predictions for Prosperity are based on one kilogram

humidity cells. This is one kilogram you can hold in

your hand. They're placed in chambers inside a

laboratory under fairly constant conditions. Now, think

about Prosperity. Full-scale mine-site components of

Prosperity will have tens of millions of tonnes to

hundreds of millions of tonnes under the onsite variable

climatic and seasonal conditions. And you're predicting

that based on one kilogram samples under steady

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5869

laboratory conditions.

So when you upscale these little one kilogram

samples, it would be prudent to have something what I

call in between so that you can see, are you on track?

And there's what these large scale onsite kinetic tests

provide. They often contain hundreds of kilograms to

thousands of kilograms and they can be run at any time.

Now, the next slide shows some pictures from

British Columbia. These are the larger scale onsite

kinetic tests that I've been talking about. You can see

that they are not onerous, they are not difficult. Easy

to do.

Now, these in-between tests offer a milestone.

You are going from one kilogram up to 100 million

tonnes. Well, a hundred million tonnes is the same

thing as 100 billion kilograms. So you're trying to

upscale from one kilogram up to a scaling factor of

100 billion times. Wouldn't you want something in

between just to see how you're going or you're on track?

The ML-ARD studies for Prosperity have been

ongoing for about 20 years, so there was plenty of

opportunity to do these larger scale onsite kinetic

tests.

So, yes, there are no requirements in British

Columbia. But there is a 1997 Prediction Manual that

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5870

recommends acid-base accounts be done. Prosperity did

those.

I see that copies have come in. I can pause a

moment. Okay.

So there are no standards of what's required

in British Columbia. But this 1997 manual from 13 years

ago recommends acid-base accounts, recommends humidity

cells, and recommends these larger scale onsite tests.

Prosperity did the acid base accounts, the humidity

cells, but not the onsite tests.

Now, I've been doing these onsite tests for

decades. And they are really important. And they are

very valuable for confirming the larger scale

predictions.

In some cases in British Columbia, where they

have gone back from the one kilogram humidity cells and

did these larger scale tests, they found out they had

underestimated the concentrations based on the one

kilograms. They had to change the predictions.

In the company's response to my comment, they

actually list two of my publications saying that those

other mine sites are more valuable for predictions at

Prosperity than these larger scale tests and other work

at Prosperity.

Absolutely wrong.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5871

That is absolutely wrong

That's not what my papers say.

My papers say that there are some similarities

but you cannot use one to predict another.

My papers highlight how important these larger

scale onsite tests are.

That's what my papers actually say.

Now, yesterday, Mr. Day talked about

geochemical and waste management analogues using other

B.C. copper porphyry mine sites, like Kemess south and

Huckleberry.

One of the issues that came out of that was

about how many of the sites required water treatment.

And Ms. Crook raised that this morning.

And I believe it was Mr. Connelly who asked a

question: What is the difference between continuous and

perpetual treatment and how long will treatment go at

some of these sites.

And I believe Mr. Day's response was he's not

familiar with the sites enough to provide some idea of

how long the treatment would have to go on.

A number of those sites I've actually done the

work. And the companies have actually asked me

specifically at a number of those sites, "How long do we

have to treat the water?" So I can answer that.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5872

What I said to the companies, and I say to

everybody, is that we cannot predict it accurately

enough. We know that it would take many decades at

least before treatment has to end. So what I say is

count on a century or more.

Where I did numerical estimates, one that was

showed yesterday was Brenda Mines, I estimated 50 to 150

years of treatment. So the average is a century.

Another mine mentioned yesterday was

Bell Mine. I predicted 200 to 300 years of treatment if

the waste rock is not covered, 500 to 600 hundred years

if the waste rock is covered.

And other sites.

So if water treatment is required at these

kind of sites, including Prosperity, count on a century

or more.

As Mr. Day explained yesterday, there are some

analogues based on geochemistry and waste management and

he mentioned Kemess South.

I was at Kemess South about a week ago. They

keep their tailings underwater so they don't generate

acid. Prosperity proposes that also.

They also have PAG waste rock, but they put it

into a temporary stockpile and it's been sitting out

12 years. And just now, because the mine is going to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5873

close in about a year, just now they are picking it up,

double handling it and dumping it into the pit. And

they're supposed to take eight months. That's the kind

of effort they have dedicated themselves to to get that

PAG rock underwater.

When I looked at that PAG rock, it wasn't very

iron-stained, it did not seem reactive, and I asked

them, "Is it giving off a lot of ARD?", they said,

"Well, no, not really." And I said, "Well, why are you

putting it into the pit, maybe it won't generate acid?"

They said, "Because our larger scale onsite kinetic

tests said we had to. That it hasn't yet, but it will

soon."

Prosperity does not have larger scale onsite

kinetic tests.

One more point about Kemess South, they have a

recent problem they were not anticipating.

In the creek downstream of the mine site,

after dilution, they have toxic selenium concentrations

up to 100 micrograms per litre. That's after dilution

in the creek. They traced that back to their non-PAG

rock and so now they have to do something with the

non-PAG rock.

So if Kemess South is, and I believe Mr. Day

used the words "strong supporting," or similar,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5874

"strongly similar," then we're going to have a problem

with Prosperity, particularly with selenium leaching.

And I was fascinated this morning to hear Environment

Canada's presentation, several of the people from

Environment Canada, and I believe from NR Canada,

Natural Resources Canada, were expecting selenium

concentrations to be higher than predicted at

Prosperity. So if we get SRK Consulting together with

their analogue, with Environment Canada, we can expect a

serious toxic selenium problem at Prosperity. And

that's from the non-PAG material.

Yesterday, Mr. Day also pointed out

Huckleberry as an analogue because they put all their

tailings and all their PAG rock underwater shortly after

it's mined. They have been filling in a pit. They have

been raising dams very high. They've been putting

everything underwater.

Huckleberry, like most mines, submit Annual

Reports to the government. And they also update their

Closure Plan about every five years.

In these documents, somewhere around

2000/2001, in these Annual Reports, SRK Consulting said:

"The water at Huckleberry will not be acid. The

water over the tailings and the waste rock is neutral.

This water will spill out into the pit when it's closed,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5875

fill up the pit and that will remain neutral."

But the alkalinity in that water cover above

the tailings in the PAG rock began to drop and fall off

around 2003/2004, no longer was there enough alkalinity

in the water to offset the acidity that was going to be

coming from the other parts of the mine or from the pit

walls.

In 2003/2004, the SRK report said it looks

like it could be acid in the pit after closure.

And I believe it was either 2006 or 2007 the

SRK report said the pit will be acid, there will be ARD.

And the company was furious. They were livid. They had

spent so many millions of dollars putting all this

underwater, raising those dams, so there would not be

any ARD. And the company that was looking at this

eventually came around and said, "no, you're going to

have ARD".

How sad is that?

That's why yesterday when Mr. Day showed the

slide, he showed next to Huckleberry it said

"Contingency water treatment".

Now, he also pointed out that Prosperity

cannot be compared to mine sites with strong ARD. And I

believe he mentioned a pit, the Berkeley Pit in Montana

and maybe some others. But certainly the classic one

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5876

here in British Columbia is called Equity Silver. And

it's known around the world as a world-class acid

generator. I've been to countries like Australia where

they already know about Equity Silver.

And the problem is I can't compare Prosperity

to Equity Silver. One reason is because everybody's

saying there's not going to be ARD at Prosperity. But

I'm about to show you how there is in the kinetic tests

very quickly. So there's going to be ARD, I don't know

how bad it's going to be, but there's not going to be

ARD, so it's hard to compare to an acid generator like

Equity Silver, the bad one.

But I can tell you this, that you can't

compare it to Equity, because Prosperity, if it has a

problem, will be a lot worse than Equity Silver. A lot

worse.

The reason I say that is because this world

class acid generator, Equity Silver, spends $1.5 million

a year treating all its water. Bad ARD.

Prosperity has estimated treatment costs and

Mr. Kwong missed this in his presentation this morning.

He admitted he didn't read all the documents.

But for the Provincial Review, the company

submitted, it was SRK Consulting, submitted a short

document on water treatment cost for Prosperity.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5877

It said that if some of the water, not all of

it, if some of the water had to be treated, it would

cost $4 million a year. If most of the water has to be

treated, it will cost $10 million a year or more to

treat that water. Equity Silver, a world class acid

generator, only spends $1.5 million. So, yes, you

cannot compare Prosperity in this matter to Equity

Silver. It's a lot worse.

Okay, so I think I've made my point, too,

about the larger scale onsite kinetic tests.

Well, some sites have similarities. I know

that you have to run these tests for each mine site,

there's enough of a difference. And certainly if you're

going from one kilogram up to a factor of 100 billion

times larger, you should have something in between.

It was interesting yesterday, Mr. Day told the

Panel the predictions for Prosperity were based on

site-specific test work. And I wrote down this quote

because I heard him say that:

"This included test work

performed in the laboratory and on

site."

But, no, these larger scale onsite kinetic

tests, I agree they are important, but they have not

been conducted for Prosperity.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5878

So as a result, this scaling by 100 billion

times up, I find it very uncertain and seriously prone

to failure.

So let's talk briefly now about these small

one kilogram ones that we call humidity cells. Here's a

picture. Those are what the predictions for Prosperity

are based on.

Scaled up 100 billion times.

Now, the company did do lots of these humidity

cells and they showed some of the samples became acidic,

and we'll come back to that shortly, that's the lag time

I was talking about.

But we know that they have been running these

cells, at least they tell us they have, but the only

information we have is up to January 2008. That's more

than two years ago. These things have been running for

more than two years. What would we find in them now?

Have more turned acidic that weren't supposed to become?

Are the ones that did turn acidic are they more acidic

now, like really bad ARD like Equity Silver?

I asked for the information and the answer was

"No".

And perhaps I'm paranoid, but I just have to

suspect, there's got to be something bad in this

information. Otherwise the company would just say,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5879

"Here it is, here is how many ABA samples we have, here

are the humidity cell data over the last two years." So

I am concerned.

But that's okay. There is another point to be

made. And that is that data to January 2008 was already

seriously in error compared to what the EIS was talking

about. So I'm just interested, what else has gone

wrong?

However, the company did say, "Yes, we will

reveal that information, but not to you, not to the

public. We'll show that to the Provincial Government as

they are writing their permits."

Well, by then, our review is over with. It

doesn't sound like a good idea to me.

I'm going to skip down a topic. And we're

coming down to the criteria for separating PAG and

non-PAG materials. And again, this is really important.

These things have to be separated really well, because

if there's an error, ML-ARD is going to arise on the

site.

Now, I skipped over a comment talking about

this NP and if you go to the last bullet, it ties in

with this thing we called Net Potential Ratio, NPR or

what some people call NP over AP. And if you're getting

tired of acronyms, it is really simple. The NP are the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5880

good guys. Those are the good minerals that neutralize

acid. The AP, they are the bad guys, they're the ones

that generate acid. So you base it on the ratio of good

guys to bad guys.

So what number does the EIS use to separate

the PAG material from the non-PAG material based on that

ratio?

Well, there's numbers like 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, out

there around the world. The higher the number selected,

the more bad PAG rock there would be.

Which one was used in the EIS? Both 1.5 and

2.0. One section talks about 1.5, another one 2.0.

Then in response to the Provincial Government,

the information was showing that the number should

actually be 3.0 or higher for most Prosperity Mine

materials.

So which one is it?

It's critically important which one is it that

separates the good rock from the bad rock, the PAG from

the non-PAG.

At this point, the company's consultants are

sticking with 2.0.

Now, please understand, anything greater than

2.0 will never become acidic. The reason I emphasize

that is on the next slide I'll show you a quotation from

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5881

the EIS. This is not from me:

"Despite having an NP to AP

ratio value of 2.5, the paste pH

of the sample was slightly acidic

and acidic conditions developed

almost immediately."

So anything above 2.0 will never generate acid

at Prosperity. And look what happened in the test work.

Now, how does that support a criterion of 2.0?

How can we believe that the company can

actually separate the PAG from the non-PAG material

reliably?

Because they can't, and there's going to be

PAG material outside the TSF, that's a fatal flaw.

But not according to my criterion, according

to the Alternatives Assessment.

Okay, now I go to these lag times. Again, the

lag time is how long does it take for something that's

going to turn acid to turn acid? It doesn't happen

usually right away. Sometimes there's months, years or

decades in the lag time.

Because I showed you some of the non-PAG

material has already turned acid. And the company said,

well, we're going to take all the PAG material and put

it in the TSF and it's going to be underwater fairly

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5882

quickly. But the big issue is there's going to be a lot

of material that doesn't go in the TSF. Non-PAG rock

outside the TSF, low-grade ore, which we know is PAG,

will be outside the TSF.

Now, there are two primary reasons and you're

going to hear other ones along the way, of why the lag

times are so wrong and so greatly exaggerated. There's

two reasons. One is because the test work actually said

it would happen quickly, in the EIS the interpretations

say it wouldn't. But another one has to do with

reducing the reaction rates by a factor of four.

Now, I don't know if you're aware of it, but

in the EIS, they took all the reaction rates and all the

predicted concentrations for the source term, the mine

site, and divided them by four before they used them for

predictions.

They brought them down to about 23 percent of

the tested level. So it's a little bit more than a

factor of four, but I'm rounding it off.

If anybody didn't realize they had divided all

those by four, that's because it's just based on one

sentence. I've checked the EIS. Only one sentence, not

in the tables, in the text, one sentence had the

statement about the arrhenius equation was used to

adjust the factor, everything by a factor of four,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5883

divide the concentrations by four, increase the lag

times by a factor of four.

Now, a lot of good work has been done up in

the Canadian Arctic. For example, the Geological Survey

of Canada, even back in the 1970s, said that permafrost

and freezing does not stop ARD. So temperature isn't a

major thing here.

But I pointed out there was a recent report by

the Federal group called MEND, that's Mine Environment

Neutral Drainage, part of Natural Resources Canada.

This report was written in 2006 by SRK Consulting that

showed that most of the time it doesn't fall by a factor

of four. The company's response back was, "Yes, it

does. That report does support it."

So you've got one person saying one thing,

another person saying the opposite.

So I'll show you the data from the report.

In this diagram, on the Y axis you'll see a

1.0 at the top. That means that if the test work was

run at 20 degrees and then run at 4 degrees, there was

no temperature effect.

For the data points you see down around 0.4,

that means when the temperature was dropped from 20

degrees down to 4 degrees, the rate fell to 40 percent.

Now, notice the one used for Prosperity is

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5884

that white line. They used 23 percent. They divided

everything by a factor of 4, all the concentrations.

Even the theoretical range in that report, which is in

the magenta colour there, they picked the lowest number

that they can get that number down to, from the theory.

The Y axis is this one running vertically up

here. Oh, that's the ratio of the rates run at

4 degrees to the rates run at 20 degrees.

So as you go down, you have slower rates as

the temperature falls.

The point on this diagram is here is the white

line used for Prosperity. How many data points were

actually at and below that line? That would be a

reasonable adjustment. If they are above that line,

they should not have divided it by four.

So I leave it to the Panel and to other

people, should they have divided it by four?

Okay, so then there was no rationale that I

could see, there was no test work done at Prosperity to

find this out. This is based on the literature. I say

the report does not support dividing it by four.

But let's be generous, let's say, yeah, it was

okay to divide it by four, because at four degrees

that's going to be the lower rate. Well, now you have a

real issue when you agree to something like that.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5885

Is the whole mine site going to be 4 degrees

Celsius forever every day of the year, every year, every

decade?

There's a frost line. Everybody knows about

the frost line. Below that it's above freezing. More

than 4 degrees.

During warm summer months at Williams Lake,

they don't get above four degrees Celsius here at

Williams Lake in the summer?

That's when the water's flowing. That's when

there's storms coming down, rain falling.

Well, if it's 20 degrees, then, no, you don't

divide those predictions by four like the EIS did.

Also, another point is acid generation from

sulphide oxidation is exothermic. And if you haven't

seen it, it's really interesting. The maximum

temperature measured in acid generating dumps in British

Columbia is 60 degrees Celsius, six zero. The highest

I've seen internationally was Indonesia and Mexico at

70 degrees Celsius. These things are self-warming.

And there's stories of moderately acid

generating dumps, ones that don't generate a lot of ARD.

I remember one fellow telling me, he worked for the

mining company, during the winter when the snow was on

the ground, they would take their bathing suits and

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5886

their lawnchairs and go up to the top of the waste rock

dump because there was hot air coming out, it would melt

the snow and have a sulphur smell. And they would sit

there and enjoy it for a few hours. That is what this

acid generation can do, it's self-warming. So, again,

do you expect four degrees Celsius at the Prosperity

Mine site? Keeping in mind both the PAG material and

the non-PAG material will both generate acid and produce

heat.

So should we have divided all the

concentrations on the mine site in the source term by

four?

If you say "no", then all the concentrations

on the source term will be higher, all the

concentrations in the pathways will be higher, all the

concentrations in the receptors will be higher than

predicted.

And one final point, I mentioned Equity Silver

earlier. Early on, about 20 years ago, its temperature

was 60 degrees Celsius inside, but as of December of

last year, it had fallen to 30 degrees. That's a

temperature drop of 30 degrees Celsius. The arrhenius

equation would say, oh, well, it should be about

one-tenth the original strength. No, no change, still

the same, with a 30 degrees Celsius drop.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5887

So what I'm saying is all the concentrations

on the mine site will be higher than predicted in the

EIS.

And that also increases lag times. Now, the

company says, well, we're going to put the PAG material

underwater within two years so it won't generate acid.

Keep in mind some of tests generated acid within a year.

That might not be fast enough.

But what's more alarming, is the PAG material,

the low-grade ore outside the TSF and the non-PAG

material outside the TSF, that would be a concern,

becoming acidic in a short time.

That ML-ARD will move down into the

groundwater system, run down the water into the surface

water, so follow the pathways into the receptors. So

things will be worse than is predicted in the EIS and

the supplementary material.

And again I repeat that point, that we're

talking about non-PAG rock, too.

Now, based on all this, I expect ML-ARD to

appear on the site, and quickly. That's a fundamental

flaw based on the company 's own Alternatives Assessment

The current mine plan that's proposed is

fatally flawed by the company's own criteria.

Now what we're going to get into is the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5888

contingency plans, and you've heard that discussed

earlier like the treatment plant.

Well, I say that if you've got a

fatally-flawed mine plan that requires a treatment

plant, then let's go back to all the other alternatives,

some of which would protect Fish Lake and put treatment

plants on those. In other words, let's level the

playing field with the alternatives.

Now, there was one sample that turned acidic

long before it was supposed to by centuries. And I

actually helped the company, I said, "Well, you know, if

you use this safety factor and if you do this, it tells

you that that sample should turn quickly, turn acidic

fairly quickly". And the company pointed out, "Well,

no, Kevin, your revised number is not quite there, you

know, if this core was stored in a building, we don't

know it was stored, and it reacted and if you add that

on, that's the right prediction."

And I think, well, good for me, I'm glad I

could help the company. But, again, I would like to

check the kinetic test data to see have the rates

changed. But we can't get the data.

So again, this one sample turned acid. I

helped them get the right number. It wasn't supposed to

turn acid for centuries, it turned acid quickly, but I

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5889

wasn't quite on. They helped. So good thing I helped

them.

But there's one big elephant of a problem

remaining. Other ones turned acid long before they were

supposed to by centuries. I'm sorry, not even I can

help on that one. It's just not possible. There's

something wrong, something very serious. There will be

ARD at the site.

Safety factor or not, the EIS has

underpredicted ML-ARD and thus contains a fatal flaw

according to its own criteria.

And again, there was no reason to lower the

predictions by a factor of four using temperature

corrections.

Now, I'm at the bottom at the last point I've

put in some quotations from Natural Resources Canada.

They seem to have revised their story a bit today that

they do have some concerns about lag time, but back

then, in their submission to the Panel, they weren't

concerned.

I'm very concerned about the lag times. I

think they are very short.

Okay, so if you agree that there's a

reasonable probability that there's going to be ML-ARD

somewhere at that site, let's go into the contingency.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5890

If the current mine plan has a reasonable

probability of needing a water treatment plant or other

mitigating factors, it's fatally flawed according to its

own criteria.

Additionally, well, if we are going to put in

a treatment plant or additional mitigative methods,

let's go back and look at the other alternatives and

give them the same fighting chance. Maybe one of those

alternatives will look better now, let's level the

playing field.

But, okay, let's say we go to a treatment

system. I already gave you some idea of how much it

could cost. Very expensive. And it could go for a

century or more. Without it, environmental destruction.

But this can cost one billion dollars, based on

information from the company, submitted to the

Provincial Government, over the first hundred years.

Who has one billion dollars to pay for something like

that? Can the company support that bill? Or will it be

left to other people?

And, technically, will it work well enough to

protect the downstream surface waters and groundwaters?

As I said, nobody knows. The company won't

give us detailed information. The company says it's not

needed, it's just a contingency, we don't have to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5891

justify it.

So by consistently underestimating the ML-ARD

over and over again, they have been able to hide the

most critical part of the mine plan, the treatment

plant, and other mitigating factors, from our review and

comment.

And I'm disappointed in that kind of

behaviour. And I hope it doesn't set a precedent for

future reviews.

And just to briefly comment on the effect of

PAG and non-PAG misclassification. The dream always

would be that the low-grade ore stockpile outside the

TSF would be reprocessed before becoming acidic. I've

already showed you how short the lag times actually are.

I don't think it's going to happen. But in the recent

comment response from the company, now there's new

words, it will be reprocessed or "otherwise managed".

Does that mean a treatment plant? What is the

"otherwise managed"?

The reality is both PAG and non-PAG rock as

defined in the EIS will release ARD and faster than

envisioned. Lag times were grossly overestimated, they

will be short.

Therefore, I expect ARD and metal leaching to

appear quickly at Prosperity outside the TSF. And

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5892

again, that's a fatal flaw according to the Alternatives

Assessment.

I'm going to jump down.

Expected and predicted exceedances of Water

Quality Guidelines.

Now, what I'm about to do is show you

quotations from the EIS and supplementary material.

These are not from me. These are quotations.

I've added italics to show you where the

company is saying with their predictions that

concentrations will be higher than Water Quality

Guidelines. These are quotations. There's four.

Here's another page. Quotations.

More. There's some more.

The EIS and supplementary material indicate

already Water Quality Guidelines after dividing by four

by doing all this minimization will already be exceeded.

Imagine if we multiply everything by four now and add on

all the other factors.

But the company's made a commitment that

they'll either meet generic or site-specific guidelines

through natural attenuation, and, if needed, treatment

options.

After what I've shown you, do you think it is

needed or there's a reasonable probability that it will

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5893

be needed?

And despite those quotations, the EIS says

over and over again water quality -- sorry, the

quotations explain the EISA, it will be clear the water

quality will be adversely affected.

Now, I've shown that the ML-ARD is expected

early on. Thus, again, it's fatally flawed. Things

have been underestimated.

It's clear to me, a treatment plant will be

needed, either for ARD, for selenium, something, some

problem, and it will be needed very quickly at

Prosperity. It's not a contingency and consider it part

of the mine plan.

But I've told you a bit about the costs of it.

That's just the annual operating cost. Building one of

these things can cost 10 to 20 million dollars and the

company incurs that every 10 to 20 years to rebuild it.

There's a lot of money involved in water treatment.

I've seen it around the world. It is expensive.

And what if the company can't afford it and

they are not expecting it and they haven't put up a bond

for it. Who is going to pay for it? Us, the taxpayers,

the TNG?

So I think that treatment plant and other

mitigating factors should be carefully reviewed and

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5894

scrutinized by us, the TNG, the Federal Government.

Will the company provide those details? No. Because

they have underestimated the concentrations. They say

they don't need it.

And I guess it burns my butt a little bit, but

they also have the audacity to say the Provincial

Government has "confirmed" and that's their word, they

have confirmed that treatment is only a contingency and

not necessary.

To see the Provincial Government used like

that, it just makes me feel very uncomfortable.

But it's also important to keep in mind, and

this is also the Provincial Government, they did not

identify any of the ML-ARD flaws I showed you today.

So again on water treatment, I explained that

Provincial Government has confirmed that's not needed.

The company agrees.

I say it is. It's a critical aspect and it

can cost one billion dollars or more over the first

hundred years.

Now, to conclude, I'm going to show you a

slide that I showed at the beginning of my presentation.

Source term pathways receptors. I asked you to remember

these important points:

ML-ARD is predicted not to appear anywhere on

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5895

the Prosperity Mine site at any time. If it arises,

where it's not expected, or when it's not expected,

aqueous concentrations will be higher in the source

term, they'll be higher in the pathways, and they'll be

higher in the receptors, the lakes, the creeks, the

river.

Now you can see my concern. We're not just

talking about the mine site, we're talking about

environmental damage below the mine site by this

underprediction of the source terms.

As I mentioned, other alternative mine plans

have been assessed. You heard about that yesterday.

Its purpose was to show the other alternatives for

disposal of rock and tailings were not acceptable. They

had fatal flaws. Some of the alternatives would have

had less effect on Fish Lake, but they were rejected due

to fatal flaws.

As I said earlier, three of the four fatal

flaws used in that assessment involved ML-ARD. And this

is why the selected mine plan now proposed to you cannot

allow ML-ARD, otherwise it would have a fatal flaw.

And the previous slide showed that ML-ARD is

expected at Prosperity with the proposed mine plan based

on the information in the EIS and the supplementary

material itself. Therefore, it's fatally flawed.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5896

So water treatment is not needed but it's a

contingency.

And maybe it can be invoked.

But can the company afford it? And

technically will the treatment plant get the

concentrations down low enough, will it take out the

selenium to a low enough concentration to protect Fish

Lake -- sorry, Fish Creek?

Yesterday, I was actually encouraged to hear

the company's presentation. I felt that the company and

the consultants were beginning to see the light. And

despite all the quotations I showed you from the EIS and

the supplementary material, I heard something different

yesterday:

I saw a slide saying, "Mitigative water

quality will meet water quality guidelines for all

metals, but not for sulphate".

I already showed you the quotations from the

EIS and supplementary material saying it will not meet

those.

So what's changed?

Look at the first word, "mitigated". Now the

company is mitigating the water quality. That wasn't in

the EIS. That wasn't used for the other alternatives.

An oral statement was made that: "Treatment

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5897

will bring selenium down to baseline. And current

treatment technologies are suitable and cost-effective".

Can you see where the company's heading now?

I didn't see those statements with the

company's submission by April 16th. I think they are

new.

But to me, it shows that the company has

recently implemented among themselves unspecified

mitigation in the mine plan, because it's different than

what's said in the EIS, in the supplementary material.

But still saying it's a contingency.

So if the mine plan now has mitigating

factors, I say let's go back to the alternatives and add

on those mitigating factors and let's see if there's one

that would protect Fish Lake.

But I don't know what those mitigating factors

are. I'm suspecting a treatment plant.

You heard from Environment Canada today saying

they actually considered water treatment probably, a

reasonable probability that they need it.

I agree with that. So it's not just me saying

that water treatment's needed.

And I'll stop with, end with once upon a time

story. There was once upon a time there was a mining

company in British Columbia that wanted to mine a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5898

deposit. And it did its ML-ARD test work. And the

ML-ARD test work said there would be ARD at the site.

The company said, well, our site's cold, we don't think

we'll have ARD. And they built the mine.

Sound familiar?

Actually, that was 35 years ago. That's the

Equity Silver project.

But they said, well, if anything does ever

happen, we'll collect and treat.

When the mine operated, it made a profit.

That treatment plant is still going and has to go for at

least 100 years more. And according to one consultant

has to go for 10,000 years. The profit that Equity

Silver made is long gone and it's actually a drain on

the company's finances.

But notice the parallels to Prosperity.

So I hope and trust the Panel will remember

all of these problems and fatal flaws in its

recommendations.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Morin.

We'll proceed right away to Dr. Maest for her

presentation.

PRESENTATION BY THE TSILHQOT'IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY

DR. ANNE MAEST:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5899

DR. MAEST: I'd like to confirm that

Stratus is on the line. Are Connie and Cam, are you

on the line?

SPEAKER: Yes, we are, Dr. Maest.

DR. MAEST: Great, thank you. Thank you,

my name is Anne Maest, that's M-A-E-S-T, with Stratus

Consulting, and I'm here representing TNG.

I'd also like to start off by thanking TNG

for having me in their native territories and I

appreciate all the, everything that's gone toward this

from TNG's side.

There are a number of people that are kind of

standing behind me metaphorically as I give this

presentation. Two of them are on the line and the

other one is Jamie Holmes, and I just wanted to give a

quick overview of our experience.

I have over 20 years of experience

specifically working on hard rock mines. And more

experience before that as an aqueous geochemist.

After my Ph.D. at Princeton, I worked at the

U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, as a

research geochemist where I focused mostly on arsenic

and selenium geochemistry and phaeton transport of

contaminants in the environment.

I am currently probably the main geochemist

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5900

consultant to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

on hard rock mining applications.

So we're just picking a couple things here

out of the -- I also want to say that, although I'm a

Yank, I was trained by an excellent geochemist, David

Crear.

And Connie Travers, who is on the phone, has

23 years of experience as a hydrologist. She worked

for a number of years as a consultant to mining

companies in the United States and her focus is on

hydrogeology especially groundwater and phaeton

transport of contaminants at mine sites, hard rock

mine sites. She has a Master's degree from Stanford.

Cam Wobus, who is also on the phone, has a

Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and

he's a hydrologist with an emphasis on sediment and

river transport at the watershed scale, works in the

Arctic and also has an emphasis on groundwater

hydrology and surface water hydrology.

Jamie Holmes, who is not on the phone, has

almost 20 years of experience evaluating contaminant

effects at hard rock mine sites and he has a Master's

degree in Earth Science from Dartmouth College.

The main issues that I'm going to be talking

about today are listed on this slide. The first is

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5901

issues with geochemical testing.

Now, Dr. Morin has gone over a number of

those general topics. I'll see if there's anything

that I can cut out of my presentation as a result of

that.

Then I would like to talk about how the

results of the geochemical testing are used in

modelling that predict concentrations down-gradient

and downstream of the mine.

And then I'll cover some hydrologic issues.

I'm going to give this part of the talk, but it was

really all the work on it was done by Cam Wobus, who

is on the phone, and so hopefully he can pitch in at

that point.

Then I'm going to end up talking about some

case studies.

Okay. I think I'm just going to briefly go

over this.

There is a table in the environmental impact

statement. The title of this slide is "Geochemical

testing".

And there has been quite a bit of geochemical

testing done for this site. I would say that, you

know, in my experience, that some of the numbers of

tests and the types of tests are similar to or in

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5902

excess of, you know, better than what I've seen at

other mine sites.

However, there are some important caveats,

and Dr. Morin mentioned some of those earlier.

So we'll just go through that a little later.

What I'm going to focus on a lot are humidity cell

tests, HCTs. There were 25 of those in rock, let's

call that waste rock, and three in tailings. And

these are best used to look at the rate of weathering

and to get an idea of contaminant concentrations at

the site.

So Dr. Morin talked a lot about acid

generation, potentially acid generating conditions,

and cleared up a couple of confusing points on

terminology.

A lot of my talk is going to focus on

contaminants of concern, although I will talk a little

bit about lag time.

Okay, so the sources of contaminant of

concern are COCs. What are these at the site?

Largely they are sulfides. These are metal sulphide

minerals or compounds that exist at the mine site.

That's why we're talking about this. That's what they

are after is some of the materials that are in these

sulphide minerals.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5903

Okay. The first three, pyrite, marcasite,

and chalcopyrite, these are iron sulphides,

calcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide, and these are

the ones that can generate acid.

The next list is the other types of sulfides

that are there, that they themselves do not generate

acid, but once the acid is generated, from pyrite

largely, these will leach metals quite rapidly.

And those are sulfides of copper, arsenic,

antimony, zinc, which also has some cadmium in it,

lead, and molybdenum. And you see that we don't have

anything there about selenium. I agree with what

Dr. Kwong said this morning that more work needs to be

on selenium. Chances are it's in the sulfides, but

we're not really sure.

So the EIS has identified what they call

"leachable contaminants of concern". And those are

antimony, arsenic, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, lead

and zinc. These are all very important aquatic and

human health toxins.

We'll hear a little bit more about all those

later.

Some of the ones they don't identify but are

contaminants of concern at the site and certainly will

become an issue if the mine goes forward, are nitrogen

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5904

compounds such as nitrate and ammonia, and this is

from the blasting of the rock, sulphate, which has

been brought up a couple of other times, and other

metals and metaloids such as selenium and other

metals.

So there's several issues that we have with

the geochemical testing.

The first one is representation of site

materials. If you don't have a good representation of

everything that's in the deposit, then you don't know

that you have represented everything properly in your

testing and you may have missed something. So you

need to make sure that the samples that you've

collected and conducted the geochemical testing on are

representative of the site materials.

The second issue I'll discuss is the length

of the humidity cell tests, which are also known as

kinetic tests.

And then the third issue is dilution of

contaminants.

Do we have a pointer? Oh, I could just use

the mouse. Okay, thanks.

Okay, this a table. It's a little busy, but

I'll go through it here. It's called "comparison of

characteristics of humidity cell tests and rock types

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5905

as a whole". There's a couple of phases of

geochemical testing, this is the most recent phase,

phase five.

This presents information on nine of the 13

humidity cell tests in waste five. I've excluded the

basalt from this just to simplify it down a little

bit.

And what we have here is the NP to AP ratio

that Dr. Morin talked about earlier. So the higher

this is, the less likely it is that the sample will go

acid.

And over here we have percent sulphide. And

what I'm comparing, now sulphide is the source of acid

generation at the site, So generally the

higher percent sulphide, the higher the chance it is

that it will go acid. And then you just multiply that

number by 31 to get acid AP.

And within those two categories I've shown

that value for the humidity cell test sample that was

used and then the value from the EIS of all the rocks,

and this is the mean value, this is from one of the

appendices in Volume 3. And then again for percent

sulphide, this is what the samples were, and this is

what it was for all rocks.

And you see that the ones that are in yellow

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5906

have, the sample has an NP/AP ratio or a percent

sulphide value that's going to underestimate acid

generation potential relative to what all those rocks

have as a whole.

And this talks about the rock types. There's

a lot of andesite, it's a volcanic rock that's at the

site. And then there's also some diarite. But mostly

it's andesite.

And then there's different types of

alteration. After the rock forms, there's heat that

is associated with implacement of this ore deposit

that changed the chemical characteristics of these

minerals a little bit in the rock.

Okay. So what I want to point out here is

that a lot of the samples are selected and they are

actually going to underrepresent the mean acid

generating potential for that rock type as a whole.

So we're already starting out with rock types that are

probably going to underestimate acid generation

potential. And that's what we're basing all the

predictions on.

And I should say I'm not presenting this

information for phase four, but there's less

information available in the EIS for the earlier phase

four. But the EIS says that this phase was

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5907

particularly -- they were looking to find kind of

lower sulphide concentrations and lower -- higher NP

to AP ratios.

Actually, I think they wanted to look at the

uncertain, you know, the rocks that, the samples that

were going to be uncertain.

So the phase five is a more important phase

of testing for humidity cell tests.

Now, Dr. Morin mentioned that a number of

these samples became acidic.

I wanted to show you what it looks like when

one of these samples goes acidic.

On the left vertical axis it's cadmium,

copper and nickel concentrations in milligrams per

litre. And over on the right I've got pH and zinc.

So you can look at this key here, the pH and

the zinc, this is the pH here, you look over on this

axis to see what the value is and the same with the

zinc which is this blue line that goes up like this.

And on the horizontal axis I have the week of

the humidity cell test.

So first thing that happens is there's some

leaching of contaminants right away when it starts off

and this is leached under neutral pH conditions.

Now that's because these samples were

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5908

weathered at the surface as they were storing them and

that's as it should be. In fact there's a lot of

guidance coming out now that says you really shouldn't

conduct humidity cell tests at all on unweathered

samples.

So we do see some weathering and that's a

good thing. But what it does show is that you can

leach contaminants under neutral pH conditions.

So if you follow along, along the X axis, you

see week 10, 20, 30, not much is happening, the pH is

staying neutral. And then you start to come on to

about week 38 or so and the concentrations of the

metals start increasing. And initially they don't

increase that much and then they go way up and you

note that the pH at the same time is going down. So

this is kind of a mirror image of, you know, what's

going on with the pH. As the pH drops from 7.0 down

to 2.8 or so, the metal concentrations go really sky

high.

The zinc concentrations peaks, in this graph

at least, at 9 milligrams per litre, that's 9,000

micrograms per litre.

Now, this is a high zinc propylitically

altered andesite. So we expect elevated

concentrations of zinc, but that, I have to say in my

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5909

experience, that's one of the highest zinc

concentrations I've seen in a humidity cell test.

And it's not just zinc that increases.

There's also cadmium and nickel and copper.

So we have seen certainly acid generation

coming out of these humidity cell tests in the

timeframe of the testing.

I just wanted to show kind of cross-sections

through the open pit area to show how much of this

type of rock there is.

Okay, that sample that I just showed you the

results for is HC4. There's another sample that's

similar but has a much lower sulphide content. It

only has about 2.0 percent sulphur, sulphide.

And that also is a propylitically altered

andesite, which is just a kind of altered volcanic

rock.

So this greenish material here is what is

called "crowded porphyritic andesite". This is the

top of the open pit, so if you took a slice

horizontally through the top of the pit, this is the

geology that you would see. There's quite a bit over

here.

And this is a map of the alteration types.

And the blue is propylitically altered. So you see at

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5910

the top of the pit there's quite a bit of

propylitically altered rock.

And the EIS says that as you head toward the

outer side of the pit, what you're seeing here, in the

propylitically altered rock, that's where you get

higher sulphide concentrations. So we can see up at

these what's called the high walls of the pit that

we're going to have quite a bit of rock that might be

extremely acid generating.

And then I'm just taking you through the pit

as we go down to a couple of different levels. You

see that there's more of it here. This is at 1402

metres, so a little deeper in the pit, still quite a

bit of propylitically altered rock. And then a little

deeper you get into a different kind of alteration.

And then finally at the bottom of the pit for the

500-metre-deep pit, this is what you would see, still

some propylitically altered rock. And there's plenty

of high sulphide concentrations in the other rocks as

well, but I just wanted to show you what the

cross-section looks like in the pit.

So much of the wall rock in the open pit will

be porphyritic andesite. And we've seen that two of

these humidity cell tests are porphyritic andesite

with a certain type of alteration in it.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5911

Now, HC4 is the one that went acidic the

fastest. That has quite a high sulphide content and a

low NP to AP ratio. So you would expect that this is

the one that would go acidic the fastest. And there's

several points in the EIS where they say the rate of

oxidation and the onset of acid is a function of the

NP to AP ratio. So things are kind of behaving the

way we would expect them to.

What we feel is that the tests needed to be

longer. If you had kept on going with these, more of

these likely would have become acidic and then that

gets into the lag time that Dr. Morin brought up.

Now I want to talk a little bit about the

leach tests. The humidity cell is a leach test, it's

one of the longer term leach tests. There were a

couple of other kinds of tests that they did. Column

tests, which were slightly larger, they have got a

little more material in them, they are not on the

order of what Dr. Morin was talking about, a field

test site where you have actually a pile on the site

that's a larger size, but they are a little bit

bigger.

And then there was something called shake

flask tests which are used to assess, the EIS said,

soluble weathering products. These are very

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5912

short-term, they're only a day long. And they have a

water to rock ratio that is pretty high. That means

that you're going to be diluting out these soluble

weathering contaminants that you are trying to get a

handle on.

One of the reasons we do these tests is to

identify the contaminants of concern and see what

we've got. Do we have them all properly identified or

have we missed some?

Another reason to do them is to look at

rates.

And as I mentioned earlier, this phase four,

the humidity cells, I find to be particularly

unhelpful, because the detection limits, when they

took the sample out of the bottom of those columns and

looked at concentrations, the detection limits in the

laboratory were too high. They were higher than a lot

of water quality standards, so the results from that

whole phase are not that helpful. And again they were

made to look at lower sulphide percent sulphide

content rocks.

Now, one thing you notice about these is that

the initial concentrations were -- I showed you that

there were some increases in the very beginning in

concentrations of metals in these tests. And those

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5913

are the soluble salts that have been produced by

weathering. And this is what would happen at the

site. And that under dry conditions, they are there,

when it rains they get dissolved very quickly.

What they did with the humidity cell tests is

they diluted those initial flush concentrations, they

used higher volumes of water in their initial

flushing. So when that first sample, when they took

that, you know, there was 1.5 times more water than

they used in the rest of the weeks. So those

concentrations would have been even higher if they had

used 500 millilitres.

And then with the column tests, they wanted

to look at stored weathering products but they flushed

this five times before they started collecting data.

So all that information that we wanted to see on

contaminants of concern was getting flushed out before

they actually collected a sample.

So here are the results of the phase five

humidity cell tests and these are all the pH values

for the 13 tests in that kind of covey of tests.

This is called Phase 5 HTCs too Short pH.

On the vertical axis we have pH and again on

the horizontal axis we have weeks, the week of the

humidity cell test.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5914

And this red line here is HC4, that's the one

that went acidic in 40 weeks. Then this one here is

HC5, which has a similar composition, you can see that

it's kind of heading down here. It's only a pH a

little above 5.0, so that one's heading in the same

direction.

This one I'm not going to mention anymore

about. But this is a basalt. This orange line with

the crosses. And you can see it starts out at a pH of

4.0. And Taseko has admitted that some of this

overburden material is going to be acidic. And this

is an example of how acidic that basalt can start off

to be.

Okay. So this initial flush of contaminants

that I talked about, there were many humidity cell

tests that showed this initial flush. And I just want

to show you some of these. I'm on the next slide now.

Examples of Initial Contaminant Flush.

I'm sorry, this is a little hard to see.

This first one on the upper left is conductivity. So

this is a measure of all of the kind of dissolved

solids in there, in the test.

You can see a lot of these start off high and

then go down low. So they have -- and this represents

all the soluble components. You can see a lot of them

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5915

have what's called an initial "flush" of contaminants.

Over here is selenium on the upper right.

And some of these, including HC4, the selenium

concentrations are quite high. These are rates on the

Y axis, on the vertical axis, but the higher the rate

the more selenium. So they start off, a number of

these start off having an initial flush of selenium

that's coming off at neutral pH conditions.

Mercury, we've got an issue with detection

limits that gets a little better as time goes on here,

I believe, but we see an initial flush of mercury from

some of these as well.

And then kind of surprisingly uranium, we see

an initial flush of uranium in some of these.

So I'm going to go back a slide. So there

are a number of contaminants, there's quite a few,

actually, that really should be added to the

contaminants of concern.

The ones I have in green here, sulphate,

cobalt, mercury, nickel, thallium, selenium, and

uranium, I believe should also be added to the list of

contaminants of concern. And the thing that is

important to note, again, is that these are released

under neutral pH conditions according to the humidity

cell tests.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5916

Now this slide, I probably just should have

shown one of these. It's called "Comparison of Leach

Tests and Actual Water Quality".

This is from a consultant to mining companies

in the United States. There's a geochemist named Bill

Schafer. This is the information he presented at the

Northwest Mining Association annual meeting and I

believe I presented this, the whole presentation. I

submitted that as part of the materials.

And the point here is that he's plotted a

number of different, the results of a number of

different leach tests. Okay. Let's see if I can pick

these out for you. Nevada has a test that they like

to use called the Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure.

The results from those are shown in red. On the

vertical axis on the left is sulphate concentration in

milligrams per litre. And this is a log scale. Okay,

so every jump here is a factor of 10. Here's 100

milligrams per litre. We've heard about that being

possibly, you know, a concentration of concern for

certain aquatic biota.

1,000, 10,000, 100,000.

Okay. So here are the results from the

Meteoric Water Mobility test. And we also have zinc

on this other plot, zinc concentrations also on a log

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5917

scale here.

This is one milligram per litre, 10, 100,

1,000. Milligrams per litre. Not micrograms.

So these leach tests, and these are somewhat

similar to the shake flasks although they have less

dilution, it's only one-to-one water to rock ratio,

they predict fairly low concentrations and pretty high

pH values.

The black dots here are the actual water at

the sites.

And then we have in, let's see, in yellow

diamonds, the humidity cell tests. And they are

scattered across so there's a wide range.

And again, the contact water concentrations

at least for these more soluble constituents like

sulphate and zinc are higher and the pH values are

lower.

And there's increasing evidence that these

tests, if anything, underestimate concentrations in

actual conditions.

So we do the best we can with these tests,

but they, in general, were concerned, beginning to be

more and more concerned that they underestimate

concentrations of what you would actually see at a

mine site.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5918

Now I'm going to move into talking about

issues with the modelling of the environmental effects

as presented in the EIS statement.

So this is when you use the geochemical

testing results, and we've already talked about

there's some problems with representativeness, are

they representative, these tests, that we conducted of

the material at the site, the range of materials at

the site. And then there's lag time issues with the

modelling. And then there were predictions that were

ignored or contaminant inputs that were minimized or

completely eliminated for modelling that I'm going to

talk about.

So we've already talked about the use of

geochemical testing results a little bit and some of

these other, the initial flush. I want to focus on

lag time for acid production. And Dr. Morin brought

up quite a bit of information about this.

The estimates are definitely too high. There

are some problems with the geochemical tests. And

what I mean by that is that the time that they predict

that it will take, you know, X years to produce acid

at the site, that time of the predicting is too long.

We think it's going to happen a lot faster.

There are some problems with the geochemical

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5919

tests. They probably were not conducted for long

enough, HC4 was -- of course it was cut off at 80

weeks and the concentration showed no indication of

levelling off before that. So we don't actually know

how high those concentrations will get.

And then the representation. We've already

talked about that.

I want to just show some issues with

calculation errors and the lack of calibration of this

lag time.

I'm on the next slide called "PAG Rock".

Taseko admits that about 70 percent,

69 percent of their waste rock is potentially acid

generating. And they have these numbers and I'm just

taking these straight out of the Environmental Impact

Statement, 225 million tonnes out of 327 million

tonnes, they say will be PAG. So it's not like they

are saying, no, we don't have any PAG rock on the

site. They're saying, we have a lot of PAG rock on

this site.

And they are saying that all of the PAG rock,

and then they say 237 million tonnes, even though up

here they have 225 million tonnes, will go into the

tailings facility. They also have 12 million tonnes

of overburden that is PAG. And we don't hear much

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5920

about this, but obviously a large portion of the pit

walls is PAG. Otherwise the waste rock wouldn't be

PAG. That's where it came from.

So then Taseko was saying, yes, we have all

this PAG rock, but it's not going to go acid. And

that is where the lag time comes in.

So I just wanted to show a picture on the

next slide called "Mine Facilities".

This is the mine facilities as they are

depicted kind of in a cartoon here on the site.

Tailings impoundment facility is here. This is the

beach. Okay. This would be the subaqueous PAG waste

storage, and then we've got the low-grade stockpile,

which Dr. Morin has already shown us, is PAG. The

company admits it's PAG. And then we have the non-PAG

waste storage around and underneath this low grade

stockpile, which Dr. Morin has also said is acid

generating.

And then we have the overburden stockpiles,

which is in the same category, really, as the

so-called non-PAG waste rock. And we have the open

pit here.

Okay. So the humidity cell data show that

the rate of oxidation, in other words how quickly

those sulfides are going to weather, is a function of

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5921

the amount of sulphide that's in the rock. And that

makes sense, that the more sulphide you have, the

faster the rock will go acidic. And so another way to

say that in a mathematical sentence is the rate of

sulphide oxidation is a function of the acid

generation potential.

And to get AP from percent S, you just

multiply by 31.5. So that is very straightforward.

And they say it's a function. Well, what

kind of a function? That is what this K is. So that

is the coefficient that tells us what kind of a

function the acid production is, you know, when you

look at the rate.

So we can plot this up. We can just do a

simple Y equals call MX plus B where B is the

intercept. And the intercept would be zero, because

if you don't have any sulphide, you're not going to

have any oxidation of sulphide materials.

On the vertical axis we can plot the rate of

sulphide oxidation, and on the horizontal axis, we can

plot the percent sulphur or the acid generation

potential.

And I'm going to quickly show this plot, and

that is what we have here. This is the stable

sulphide release rate in, and it's a rate, milligrams

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5922

per kilograms per week. And this is taken from the

humidity cell test. So that's our Y axis.

And on the X axis we have percent sulphur.

So let's go back for a minute.

What they did to figure out the lag time is

they removed the humidity cell tests that are

influenced by this mineral called gypsum, it's a

calcium sulphate mineral. So when gypsum weathers and

dissolves it makes a lot of sulphate but it doesn't

have anything to do with acid production. So they

wanted to get those out of the story so they weren't

kind of in error looking at sulphate produced by

gypsum.

And they came up with, this is the rate they

come up with in the EIS, they say it's 7.18 times 10

to the minus 5 per week. It's kind of a funny unit

there. But, let's remember, that they are reducing

this down, they are only taking one-quarter of that

rate because of the cold temperatures at the site.

And Dr. Morin has commented on that extensively, so I

won't go into that.

So let's just kind of show here, they have

got the sulphate rate versus percent sulphur. These

ones they took out because they are influenced by

gypsum dissolution. That's a good idea.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5923

Then they came up with a rate that describes

this, you know, how quickly does this sulphide get

produced, the sulphate get produced from this sulphur.

They said it's 7.2 times 10 to the minus five. But we

looked at some of these other tests and it really

doesn't match with the results we've seen for the one

sample that has gone acid. That's the only one we

really know how long we're going to have this

so-called stable sulphate release rate.

So if you bring in those other ones and

you've got a completely different rate and that rate

shows that you're going to have higher rates, faster

lag times than predicted.

And we think that it's proper to use the data

that they have from these geochemical tests to figure

out the lag time.

Let's just use the 40 weeks that we've seen

from HC4 and rearrange that equation that we saw

earlier up here and you could kind of rearrange this

and, you know, solve it for time. I won't go into

that, and then HC5 has started to go acid. It's not

really clear, we would need to see more here, is it 60

weeks that it started to go acid, is it more like 70?

It's somewhere in that timeframe.

Okay.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5924

The model was not calibrated to those

results. And it should have been. And if you do

calibrate it to those results, you get a very

different story in terms of lag time and how much of

the rock will go acidic in a certain amount of time.

Dr. Morin already talked about how the cores,

the weathering and when you store the cores on site

should not be added to the lag time. This is

completely apples and oranges. They didn't break up

those cores into little pieces the way they do for the

humidity cell tests. So that should not be added on.

So on this slide, which is called "Lag Time

With Calibration," using their own data to come up

with a lag time, and these are humidity cell tests

1 through 9, this is what we're going to have in the

open pit that the waste rock will be made out of, this

is what the EIS predicts in terms of years to acidity.

Okay, four, they say, well, it's going to be about

nine years until that kind of rock would go acid.

HCT-5, which is the one that started going

acidic in, you know, 60 to 70 week timeframe, they

said that's going to take 12 years.

If you calibrate it with 4 and 5, then things

look a lot different. That kind of rock would take

less than a year to go acidic under the new results

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5925

with the calibration. The HCT-5 would take about a

year. And the other ones in yellow show that this,

you know, quite a bit of those would go acidic with

this new prediction of lag time within the 20-year

mine plan.

So there's an important figure in the

environmental impact statement. I'm on the next slide

now that says "Taseko Predicted Time to Acid

Generation," and this is what they are basing a lot of

their mine management on.

On the Y axis we have time to onset of acid

generation in years. We have -- okay, this is a lot

of years here, we've got 200 is the lower number, 400,

up to 1,200 years.

On the horizontal axis we have the percent of

rock that will go acidic.

Okay.

And we draw a line here for the pit lake

infilling. It's a 20-year mine life and then it takes

18 years for the pit to fill with water. So they are

saying in 38 years there's only going to be about

5 percent of the rock that will be acidic.

So Connie took these, all the information

that was in the appendices that gave information on NP

to AP ratios and percent sulphur and re-did this

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5926

calculation based on our improved lag time equation

using the calibrated one.

And what she did is she only took the ones

that said "PAG" to figure out how, you know, which

ones would go PAG.

So I'm on the next slide now that says "Time

to Onset of Acid for PAG Rock". And we have the same

sort of thing, on the vertical axis we have years up

to 1800 years, and then the percent of rocks that

would be acid.

And I'm going to just go to the next slide

here because you can't really see the area of

interest. So the next slide is just a blow up of this

area in here, the lower part. So it's 100 years and

lower. Time to Onset of Acid for PAG Rock. And on

the vertical axis now we just have 100 years and,

again, this is the percent of rock that will become

acidic.

And here's the pit lake infilling, 38 years

in the red, solid red line here.

This lower line here is the humidity cell 4,

that using that, you know, which took 40 years --

sorry, 40 weeks to become acidic. Just straight as it

is. And Dr. Morin talked about this arrhenius rate

factor reduction. So let's just assume for the moment

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5927

that we're going to, you know, it's cold on the site

and it actually does make a difference.

That's this magenta line here.

If you look at the undoctored rate, all of

the waste rock will go acidic within the time that it

takes to fill the lake. That's a very different

result than what we have in the EIS.

If you look at the magenta line, which is,

you know, cutting these rates down, because it's going

to be cold, even with that, we have over 40 percent of

the waste rock will become acidic in the time that it

takes to fill the lake.

And then it gets better from there. But this

is a very different result than we have in the

Environmental Impact Statement.

So just again to show you. This is what

we're using as the lag time here. It's about 39 or 40

weeks from humidity cell test five. And that's what

we use to calibrate.

So what are the implications of an

overestimated lag time?

First of all, they are saying that the

exposed pit wall rock below 1440 metres, and that

would be the level of the lake, they are assuming that

none of that would generate acid.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5928

Taseko is also assuming that none of the PAG

rock storage facility and the PAG rock in the tailings

area would generate acid.

They are also assuming that none of the

tailings would generate acid and none of the low-grade

ore stockpile will generate acid.

If they are wrong, then the contaminant

releases to pit lakes, to the pit lake, tailings,

down-gradient water, whether it's groundwater or

surface water, all of that has been underestimated and

the releases will be quite a bit higher.

And the logical next step is that active

water treatment will be needed during operations.

Okay, the next topic is talking about kind of

continuing on here, I wanted to talk about the metal

leaching results in the models and how those were

used.

And this talks about the way in which the

metal leaching results were minimized in the models.

There are a number of points, some of these

were brought up earlier today.

Only dissolved concentrations were used in

the models.

Now, there's certain good reason for that, if

you look at equilibrium modelling, geochemical

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5929

modelling, you really have to use dissolved

concentrations. But what they are saying is none of

those particulates that are in, you know, the water

that's going to be leaching off of this rock will get

dissolved.

Well, if the pH drops, those will get

dissolved. And there are ways to take that into

account.

Also in the model, they cut off the

concentrations at week 55. And I'll show a little

more about this in just a minute.

Why did they cut them off at 55 weeks? It

seems rather arbitrary.

The concentrations from all the humidity cell

test, let's just think about zinc for a minute, were

averaged and that was for phase four and phase five.

Phase four, they admit those rocks, those samples were

selected to look at kind of low sulphur rocks.

But all of the results for zinc were averaged

for all the humidity cell tests.

The acidic leaching from the pit walls was

excluded because they said it's not going to make

acid.

Okay.

So that's a lot of wall that they are saying

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5930

is not really going to be contributing metals under

acidic conditions to the water that will be entering

the pit.

Now, they do say after the pit reaches the

steady state level that the wall rock above that will

produce acid.

And then they increased the rates by just --

they do increase the rates, but they assume that only

3 percent of the rock will have increased rates. And

I'm not really sure what that's based on but it seems

to me there's going to be quite a bit more than

3 percent that will go acidic.

They also assume that there will be acidic

leaching in the tailings impoundment. The discussions

this morning, the NRCan and Environment Canada seem

satisfied that the tailings materials were not going

to be acid generating. I don't think we have enough

information to know.

And then again, as Dr. Morin mentioned,

there's the arrhenius reduction, but they don't stop

there. There's also a particle-size reduction. They

are saying, you know, we are breaking these rocks up

into small pieces, so we think that there's more

surface area leaching per unit of mass in these tests

than there would be out of the site, so let's cut that

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5931

down again.

Then here's another reduction, let's cut it

down because we're not sure that all these bad things

that are going to be leaching out will actually make

it to down-gradient receptors.

There's a lot of points in the modelling

effort where they reduce the concentrations.

So let's just take an example. And this is

the mine rock source term. They have these things

called source terms, and this is, you know, they do

one for mine rock and one for tailings.

And this is for propylitic rocks. And this

is a type of alteration. It's just a geology term but

it means a certain kind of alteration that was present

in these rocks.

So the way they got this was they averaged

the results of all phase four and phase five humidity

cell tests with propylitic alteration.

There were six phase four samples. So there

were six phase four samples and three phase five

samples and they averaged those nine together.

Now, if there had been 25 phase four samples

and one phase five, would they have just averaged

those, too?

We know that phase four are not

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5932

representative. And we have three in phase five.

One, this HC4 that went acidic has a high percent

sulphur, percent sulphide content.

HC5 has an average percent sulphide content.

And HC9 has a low percent sulphide. So maybe if you

averaged the three of those, you would get something.

But then they cut it off at 55 weeks, they reduced it

for temperature and grain-size contact and clearly

this is not representing acidic conditions.

So let me show you what this looks like.

This slide is called "Zinc Value: Water Quality

Predictions".

On the vertical axis I have zinc. And this

is a rate, not a concentration, zinc in milligrams per

kilogram per week. And again we have a log scale

here. So every jump on the Y axis is 10 times higher.

And again, on the horizontal axis we've weeks

of the humidity cell test.

This is the 55 week cutoff right here.

And this is HC4 and you can see that the zinc

concentrations went up really high. They went to I

believe 9.0 milligrams per litre.

HC5 also has elevated concentrations of zinc.

And then HC9, which is a little hard to pick

out, but it's the green line here, those are the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5933

concentration of zinc there.

But the value they use in the model is below

all of those. It's point 0.0008 milligrams per

kilogram per week. That's the rate they used to

figure out zinc weathering in these rocks.

Let's look at another one, cadmium. And I'm

picking this out because cadmium is an important

aquatic toxin. We have the same thing on the vertical

axis but cadmium this time. The rate of cadmium

released from the materials in the humidity cell test

and weeks again on the horizontal axis. Here's their

55 week cutoff and here's the concentrations of

cadmium in HC4 -- sorry, not concentrations. This is

the rate. It's weathering at a rapid rate after it

went acid.

HC5 rate is fairly high, too.

HC9 is this green line in here. And that's

about what they picked for the rate for cadmium.

So the rate that they picked is not honouring

the data under acidic conditions, so it's pretty clear

that the inputs to the model are not acidic rates.

And what we're going to get out of the model is not

acidic concentrations. We're getting rates that would

be present possibly before the rocks go acid, which

fits with their model, their conceptual model of the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5934

site, but is it reality?

The next slide is "Open Pit Flow and Mass

Inputs and Outputs".

And this is under post-closure conditions.

I wanted to show this because it shows the

water going to Lower Fish Creek.

So this shows kind of a water balance and

also contaminant, you know, balance of what's coming

into the open pit and what's going out of the pit

under post-closure conditions.

So we've got run-off from the exposed pit

wall.

Okay, well, we know that they are not -- they

are assuming that no acid will be produced until the

water level goes up to the 1440 metres. So all of

that contact for 20 years of mine life is assumed to

be non-acid conditions.

We have water coming in from the Tailings

Storage Facility. And assuming that that is all under

neutral conditions. And remember that we have PAG

rock reporting to the tailings impoundment.

Now, what they used when they did get up, as

I mentioned, they got up to the stable water level and

they said, all right, we think these rocks up on the

top here are going to produce acid. Then they went,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5935

rather than looking at HC4, they went over to the

Huckleberry mine and they used the copper rates from

over there. And I believe they said that they

increased the rates by 680 times to account for

increased copper weathering under acidic conditions.

Now, what we get when we look at the

concentrations that they predict that will be in the

open pit, there are a number of elevated

concentrations, but not that elevated because, again,

this is not really representing acidic conditions

except for, you know, a little bit of the rocks on the

top.

But we do see that antimony, arsenic and

selenium do exceed water quality standards in the pit.

Those are, I believe there are, at least selenium and

antimony, do not have MMER regulations in terms of

effluent discharge.

But these MMER regulations prohibit discharge

that is acutely lethal to fish. We'll talk more about

that later. But if all these inputs were adjusted to

account for acidic weathering during rising of the pit

wall, during operations, the results of the model

obviously would be very different.

And then the next slide, "Tailings Flow and

Mass Inputs and Outputs Under Operational Conditions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5936

for the Tailings Storage Facility". Again, no acidic

leaching is assumed.

What about the tailings beach run-off? Okay,

that is not under water. That's under atmospheric

conditions, no water covering it. Why would that not

generate acid?

The tailings pore water seepage we believe is

underestimated concentrations.

And they definitely have underestimated the

concentrations of contaminants related to blasting,

and these are nitrogen compounds, nitrate and ammonia.

If you look at the concentrations predicted in the

tailings impoundment and in the pit lake, the

concentrations of nitrate and ammonia are unreasonably

low.

The first 20 years you see that sulphate,

aluminum, antimony, arsenic and selenium exceed water

quality standards in the tailings water, and then for

some unknown reasons, the concentrations are modelled

to decrease over time after that. I'm not really sure

why, but this is what the results show.

In my experience, that has not been the case.

You do not see concentrations in tailings pore water

or super natant water decreasing over time.

Contaminant Leaching Summary.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5937

The humidity cell samples are not

representative of the site rocks. And this is a

really important starting point. If you don't have

representative samples in the first place, you can

conduct 1,000 or 10,000 geochemical tests and you're

not really going to gain that much helpful information

for the site.

And we believe that the use of these results

in the modelling predictions will underestimate

concentrations and acidity over time.

The humidity cell test, except for HC4, were

not conducted for long enough. And much of the waste

rock on the pit -- much of the wall rock on the pit

and the waste rock will be like that kind of material

that went acid.

The tests dilute out the contaminants. In

the humidity cell tests, the column tests, and the

shake flask tests, all of those underestimate

concentrations because either the water to rock ratio

is too high, in the case of the shake flask test, or

they are diluting out those, they are kind of flushing

those contaminants off from the beginning. That's

what we want to see.

The modelling didn't honour the real data.

The acidic conditions aren't represented

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5938

except for the upper pit after closure.

The lag times are overestimated.

And because of all this, the down-gradient

and downstream concentrations we feel will be at least

10 times higher than predicted and water treatment

will be necessary rather than a contingency.

I'd like to go into the hydrology section

now.

Dr. Cam Wobus is on the phone. Cam, if I say

anything untoward, please correct me immediately if

that's okay.

THE CHAIRMAN: If I could just interrupt for

a moment. We've been at it for about two hours now.

And I just want to pause for a second. I think we

should take a break.

I'm conscious of your time. And I'm also

conscious of the need for Taseko to respond to

questions. But I think at this stage you've gone

through about half of the total pages in the

presentation.

So I need to understand whether you're able

to stay longer or not because, in all fairness, Taseko

deserves the right to, you know, to ask questions.

MS. CROOK: I do apologize for the complication

of this, but when we asked -- that's the reason we

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5939

wrote you earlier and asked for the water quality

section to be right up front before the alternatives

because we knew that Dr. Mason and Dr. Morin's time

was so limited and, frankly, Mr. Chair, we can't

afford for them to be here any longer.

THE CHAIRMAN: And we had no choice but to

proceed with the way we did, and you were certainly

advised of that.

In any case, let's take a break for about

10 minutes and come back.

(BRIEF BREAK)

THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and Gentlemen, I'd

like to resume the hearing again, please.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I think we're ready to

resume.

I believe there's been a discussion,

Dr. Maest, between you and the Secretariat in terms of

how best to proceed. If I understand correctly, you

might be able to summarize this next presentation on

hydrology in about half an hour; is that correct?

DR. MAEST: What I'd like to do, if

possible, is hydrology and the case studies and I

think I can do that in 30 to 40 minutes at the most.

THE CHAIRMAN: And that will leave then a

good hour or so for questions at that point.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5940

In terms of the case studies, my suggestion

would be we have information here on them. And since

some of them are, in fact many of them are

international, perhaps that could be summarized fairly

quickly.

DR. MAEST: If that's okay, I would like

to try to finish up in 30 to 40 minutes and then allow

about an hour or so for questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I'll just check with

Taseko in particular, because I think I want to ensure

that they at least have time for questions and so do

we.

Would that be reasonable in terms of what you

estimate the time you might need, Taseko?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Yes, from Taseko's

perspective, that's certainly more than reasonable.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Then please

proceed under those or with that agreed approach. So

I assume you can deliver this presentation in 30 to 40

minutes or so. Thank you.

DR. MAEST: Okay, thank you,

Mr. Chairman.

Okay, I'm going to next talk about the

hydrology. We've already -- Dr. Wobus presented,

submitted a report and so I'm just going to go over

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5941

kind of the high points here of water balance,

uncertainty, and then the implications of the water

balance and uncertainty for water quality.

The main issues in water balance are related

to water quality. If the PAG material in the tailings

impoundment desaturates, the water in the tailings

facility will become acidic.

If the pit lake becomes acidic. The pit lake

water will also require treatment potentially.

And then the other issue we have is seepage

coming through the Tailings Storage Facility, if

that's too contaminated, we'll need to have that

captured and possibly treated.

This is the undisturbed hydrologic system,

with Fish Lake here, and the deposit area in the red

circle.

And this is what that watershed looks like

under operational conditions. And this shows the

proposed water management system.

And the major issues again are desaturation

of the tailings facility, groundwater seepage into Big

Onion Lake. And the questions are:

Did Taseko get the hydrogeology right and the

water balance right?

And can that perturbed system maintain itself

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5942

in perpetuity with little to no management during the

post-closure period.

So I've skipped to the problems with the

Tailings Storage Facility water balance. The first is

that the baseline data are inadequate. We've heard

yesterday and today that there are only two years,

actually, of complete run-off data for the site.

And only two years of complete precipitation

data for the site.

And there's a Monte Carlo simulation that

Taseko did to estimate the range and variability, but

we actually don't have very much information from the

site itself on variability.

The water balance and the revisions that have

taken place recently are not transparent. Okay, the

Panel asked Taseko to do a calculation where they

decreased the run-off, so that this Mean Annual Unit

Run-off, M-A-U-R, they decreased this, Taseko

decreased this from 128 millimetres to

111 millimetres. But somehow that led to an

approximate doubling of water going into the Tailings

Storage Facility.

There's a lot of variability in the results

of this water balance calculation and we're not really

sure which version is correct.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5943

I just want to go ahead here to the slide

called "Range of TSF Water Balance Predictions".

On the vertical axis we have the predicted

volume to the tailings storage facility.

And the red line indicated across here, the

red dashed line is the amount of water that's needed

to cover the Tailings Storage Facility. And that's

three million cubic metres at least.

So there are three sets of estimates done.

On the left, we have an estimate done in October of

2009 for year 5. And then another estimate here for

year 10. And another estimate for year 15.

The next set of bars we've got November 2008,

year 5, November 2008, year 10. And year 15.

So the left set of bars are year 5, the

middle set of bars are year 10, and the right side of

bars are year 15.

Then there's a wet calculation, a wet-year

calculation, which is shown as a third bar in each

set. And then a dry calculation, which is shown as

the last bar in each set.

The second bar here is the estimate based on

decreasing the Mean Annual Unit Run-off which

represented -- which ended up being an increase in the

amount of water for some reason.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5944

And the thing to note here is that the error

bars show that under most of these conditions, there

are times when there might not be enough water to

cover the tailings facility. The material in the

tailings facility. If there's not enough water, then

it's more likely that the tailings material will

become acidic.

So let me just go back. Okay, so the third

problem with the Tailings Storage Facility water

balance is that the seepage through the impoundment we

believe is underestimated.

The hydraulic conductivity of the till, the

glacial material that is under or presumed to be under

the tailings impoundment is at least five times higher

than the value used in the water balance model.

And Taseko did do some sensitivity analysis,

but the variability in hydraulic conductivity is

10,000 times, the range is 10,000 times in hydraulic

conductivity and we are concerned that they did not

capture the upper range of the hydraulic conductivity.

Also the flow in the basalt will be in

fractures and we need a multi-well pump test to

predict the flow rates.

And I don't think it was brought out clearly

yesterday, but there's only been one pump test

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5945

conducted at the site.

Okay, that's a much better way of estimating

hydraulic conductivity and other hydraulic properties.

There are slug tests and there are other tests that

are not as good as pump tests and there's only one at

the site.

And usually for this kind of an operation,

you would see a lot more than one good pump test.

I think I've talked about a lot of this.

The slide I'm on now is "Water Balance is Not

Transparent (Continued)".

Okay, so in August 2009, there was a revision

to the water balance using a Mean Annual Unit Run-off

of 128 millimetres. And that's the solid blue line

shown here.

And on the right this is the calculation done

in November of 2009 after the Panel asked them to use

a lower Mean Annual Unit Run-off and to see what the

results would be for the water balance. And they used

a 14 percent lower Mean Annual Unit Run-off, but

there's twice as much water going to the tailings

facility.

This may be because they are adding in 1.2

million cubic metres from the north diversion, but

whatever the case is, it's not an apples to apples and

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5946

you see differences that are not well explained at

all.

On the left, in the August 2009 version, in

year 16, there's 18 million cubic metres of water

going to the tailings facility in year 16 and on the

other one there's about 50 million cubic metres going

to the tailings facility. So I feel that we need to

understand those differences better. It's not that

well explained.

So to summarize the water balance, the water

quality relies on the water balance, particularly the

acid generation in the tailings impoundment. And we

don't feel that there's -- we feel that there's too

much uncertainty about the water balance to ensure to

make everyone feel comfortable that the mitigation

measures that are proposed, especially keeping the

tailings material wet all the time in perpetuity, can

be accomplished.

The Monte Carlo simulations are based on

limited data, and we're concerned that they

underestimate the natural site variability.

We also feel that the groundwater seepage

beneath the tailings impoundment has been

underestimated and that -- and we also heard from

NRCan this morning that they also think the same

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5947

thing.

If this mine as proposed expands, and we've

heard a lot about that, although Taseko says that

we're just looking at the unexpanded portion right

now, all of this would need very careful evaluation.

And not just for the expansion, but we feel for what's

going on now, just the mine site and the mine plan

under consideration, that more detail needs to be

provided and more transparency and more information so

that we can understand the water balance.

I'm going to talk just try to cut this down

on the case studies and this is the final part of my

presentation.

I did a study in 2005/2006 that we refer to

as the Comparison Study. It was done for large hard

rock mines in the United States. And it was done with

Jim Kuipers who is a mining engineer in Montana. And

it's already been submitted. It's in evidence.

This was a large study. A study like this

had never been done before. We looked at 183 major

mines and we looked at the Environmental Impact

Statements for those mines.

137 of those required -- let me just back up,

137 of those required Environmental Impact Statements

of one type or another, and of those 137 mines, we

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5948

reviewed 71 mines, we looked through, you know, all

the EISs. There were 104 EISs. Because, you know, if

you have expansions or additions or changes, you have

to do a new Environmental Impact Statement in the

United States.

So there could be multiple EISs for the same

mine.

So it was quite a bit of reviewing. It took

us 16 months to obtain all the documents through

Freedom of Information Act and the data that we used

to do the study.

And the purpose of the study was to compare

predictions of water quality in the Environmental

Impact Statements with actual water quality. So we

had 71 mines where we reviewed all the predictions

that were made, and then we took a subset of those

that was representative of the 71 mines to look at in

detail for the water quality during operational

conditions.

And because this is in evidence and a lot of

people know about this study, I'm just going to

summarize the results right now.

For surface water results, we looked at all

the case study mines, which were 25, and then we asked

the question, are there certain mines or certain

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5949

conditions that would cause, you know, even more

problems for water quality?

We looked at the things, the so-called

inherent conditions, that's what we called them, that

will possibly increase acid drainage potential in

metal leaching and cause more impacts to water

quality.

So we looked at the distance from the mine to

water resources, groundwater and surface water

resources, and we looked at the contaminant leaching

and acid drainage potential based on the geochemical

tests. And we found that 13 of the 25 mines fit into

this category of mines that are closer to surface

water and had moderate to high acid drainage and

contaminant leaching potential.

When we looked at these, we found, if we

looked at all case study mines, 64 percent of the

mines had impacts, mining related impacts to surface

water. We also looked at baseline data to make sure

that we weren't including baseline impacts.

For example, in Nevada, there's a lot of

naturally occurring arsenic in the groundwater so we

did not count that as a mining related impact.

Over half of the mines had mining related

impacts to surface water and that just means

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5950

increasing concentrations that we could say were

related to mining activity.

Of those, a little less, 60 percent actually

had exceedances of water quality standards in surface

water.

Now, when we looked at the smaller subset,

the ones that have inherent characteristics that might

worsen water quality, we found that 92 percent of

those mines had impacts to surface water that were

related to mining and 85 percent of the 13, 11 out of

13, had exceedances in surface water.

We look at groundwater, we see similar

results.

Look at all the case study mines versus those

that are close to groundwater with moderate or high

acid drainage and contaminant leaching potential. We

see 68 percent of all the case study mines had mining

related adverse effects to groundwater. All of those

actually had exceedances of U.S. water quality

standards. And 93 percent, a higher percent of the

ones that are close to groundwater, and metal

contaminant leaching had higher, had exceedances of

groundwater standards.

And Prosperity Project certainly fits into

the category of mines close to groundwater and surface

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5951

water with moderate to high acid drainage and

contaminant leaching potential. I don't think anyone

would argue with that.

So the other thing that was interesting about

these study results is that mines with acid drainage

on the site, there were about -- there were

36 percent, so about a third of the mines actually had

acid drainage on site. Not all the mines had acidic

drainage but of those that did, almost 90 percent said

initially that there wouldn't be any acid drainage.

And then overall, if you look at across

surface water and groundwater, 76 percent of the mines

underpredicted the impacts.

So what we found is there were two different

categories of water predictions. There was what the

EIS has referred to as potential water quality. This

is, you know, how bad it could be without mitigations.

And then it's what they called predicted water

quality, and this is what permits are given on is the

predicted water quality after mitigation measures.

So just as with the Taseko Project,

hydrologic and climatic information and geochemical

information from the testing goes into the prediction

of potential water quality.

And then they look at the predicted water

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5952

quality and they say, well, is that going to be a

problem? Are we going to have to put mitigation

measures in place or not? So they use engineering

design and put mitigation measures in place. And

these could be, you know, lining a tailings facility,

mixing PAG and non-PAG rock, run-on run-off controls,

et cetera, water treatment.

And they design mitigations.

And then they make a guess or, in rare cases,

a modelling effort to show what the predicted water

quality will be with the mitigations in place.

And what we found when we looked at this was

the whole study was about comparing predicted and

actual water quality and also potential and actual

water quality.

What we found is that the predicted water

quality has a poor relationship with the actual water

quality.

And we found also that at 64 percent of the

sites, the mitigation measures failed. Even though,

you know, with best intentions, they were created, you

know, engineered, designed, there was definitely a

failure, a lot of the reasons the water quality

standards were exceeded was because these mitigation

measures failed.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5953

So that's not terribly reliable either.

And what we found in the end is if you go

back to the potential water quality that is predicted

before the mitigation measures are in place, that that

had a much better relationship with the actual water

quality.

And I just wanted to present one example,

Greens Creek, Alaska. Not to say that this is like

the Prosperity Project, but it does have an

interesting parallel.

This is a copper silver lead zinc underground

mine. In the 1988 Environmental Assessment, they

predicted no acid drainage. A few years later they

said there would be no net acid drainage potential but

there could be high zinc.

In 2003, with a new EIS, they said, okay, we

think there is going to be acid drainage but it's

going to be delayed.

Here are some of the mitigation measures that

they used. They said we're going to rely on dilution,

we're going to capture the tailings drainage, and

we're going to mix and blend waste rock and we're

going to actually backfill the underground mine.

What happened was, and this prediction that

there would be a 500-year lag was based on humidity

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5954

cell test results and modelling, much like at the

Prosperity Project.

What happened was that their acid drainage

developed in 20 years. High zinc and sulphate

occurred in small streams in ground water and their

dilution prediction didn't hold.

And they violated the U.S. Clean Water Act a

number of times.

So the implications of the study are that

mines close to water with moderate to high ARD ML need

special attention from regulators.

What we found was that the water quality

impact predictions before the mitigations were in

place were actually a lot more reliable than the ones

after mitigations were in place.

The geochemical and hydrologic

characterization need improvement.

And then kind of just a question left

unanswered, why do the mitigations fail so often and

what can be done about it?

And one of the things Jim Kuipers is

promoting a lot now is what we he calls "redundant

mitigation". You know, to have a liner and a

downgrading collection system.

And he feels, and there's not a lot of work

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5955

on this yet, but he feels that the mines that are

starting to put in redundant mitigation measures, and

we are starting to see much more of this in the U.S.,

that they are less likely to fail.

Until we understand a little bit more about

why these mitigation measures aren't working that

well, if we double up on the mitigation measures,

there's a better chance that it can be done right.

I'm going to skip over the tailings dam

failures. It's in the evidence if you would like to

look at it.

I do want to talk just for a minute about the

Berkeley Pit in Montana.

Mr. Day said yesterday I'm going to talk

about the Berkeley Pit and it doesn't have any

relationship to Prosperity.

Okay. It is, however, an open pit porphyry

deposit. And the lake, the pit lake is 540 metres

deep, which is pretty similar to what the Prosperity

depth is proposed to be.

The pH is quite low. It's between 2 and 3.

It gets worse as you go down in the water column. And

the thing that I found really interesting is that the

copper concentration in the lake has stayed at about

100,000 micrograms per litres for years, year after

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5956

year after year. In fact they pump this and treat it

and they make quite a bit of money and they fund

projects, research projects for mining.

When we look at underground mine water,

copper, this is the same sort of stuff, it's in the

underground workings right on the other side of that

open pit, we've seen that the copper concentrations

have decreased by three orders of magnitude as a

result of filling. But in the pit, they have stayed

absolutely steady at 100,000 micrograms per litre.

This site requires in-perpetuity treatment.

The concern is that when the water level gets up too

high, there's an alluvial aquifer, there's concern

it's going to go into that and discharge into a

stream.

So the pit is stratified and the worse water

quality is at the bottom. There's much higher

concentrations of arsenic and much lower pH at the

bottom, although the whole pit is quite poor water

quality.

However, there are occasional events that

cause mixing and I'm bringing this up because I think

there's come confusion in the EIS about will this pit

be mixed, you know, or will the pit water be mixed or

will it be stratified. I believe Taseko is predicting

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5957

that it will be stratified and I think we heard

yesterday that the poor water quality would be on the

bottom.

What happened in the Berkeley Pit in 1998 was

a wall failure. A big chunk of the wall rock fell

into the pit and the entire thing turned over. There

was a landslide that brought these deep contaminants.

One of the big issues in the Berkeley Pit is arsenic,

but there's also copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, a long

list of contaminants, brought that up to the surface.

So I think it's not reliable to assume that the

Prosperity pit lake will remain stratified in

perpetuity.

I would like to close with just a recent case

study at the Buckhorn Mountain mine in Washington

State.

This is a mine that I'm working on with the

Okanagan Highlands Alliance. It's just over the

border from B.C. In fact you can see the Canadian

border from the mine.

This is a Canadian company. Kinross

subsidiary. It's a -- before the mine started, there

was a proposal for an open pit gold mine. It would

have been the first open pit gold mine in a very long

time in the state of Washington.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5958

There was a long battle. And there was a

panel much like your own that heard all the arguments.

The panel decided not to grant the permit for

the open pit gold mine because of the high level of

concern and uncertainty about environmental effects.

Later, Kinross came back, a new company, and

redesigned the mine completely and they proposed

instead of an open pit mine, an underground mine.

There are discharges to streams and there are

permits for that, for this mine. This is a company

that I consider to be a good actor. We have a very

good relationship with the company. They are

extremely transparent.

With all of that, though, they violated their

water permit within one year.

The EIS predicted that there would be neutral

leaching. Also they predicted high concentrations of

a number of contaminants. But there wasn't any

mitigation in the mine plan. And instead they relied

quite heavily on adaptive management. They did have a

water treatment plant, an ion exchange water treatment

plant.

And I just wanted to go through a couple of

things that have happened at this mine after just a

couple of years of operation.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5959

They made a prediction about the

concentrations in the mine water. And what they found

now already is that the sulphate and the zinc is two

times higher than their predicted worst-case scenario.

The aluminum, lead and manganese is 10 times higher

than their predicted worst-case scenario.

They have a treatment plant, ion exchange,

but it was not working as predicted, largely because

the concentrations were higher and there was some

contaminants it just couldn't handle.

So it exceeded permit limits for a number of

constituents including total dissolved solids,

chloride, because it was coming off the ion exchange

columns, arsenic, zinc, ammonia from blasting, which

ended up being their Achilles heal, and chlorine

because they said alright we need to get rid of the

ammonia and we're going to put a chlorine system in

place to get rid of that, and then the chlorine levels

went so high. And that's a known aquatic toxin at low

concentrations; that that ended up not working and it

resulted in numerous violations and fines.

They couldn't treat the water. They saw it

wasn't working to treat the water so they had a

facility that's similar to the water capture pond for

Prosperity where they store the water. But they were

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5960

not going to have enough capacity. So they stored it

in the underground mine. Well, it turns out there was

a fault that they hadn't found earlier in the EIS

process.

And this fault was not one that was described

yesterday where it prevented migration, it actually

enhanced migration. And they ended up having

concentrations of contaminants in springs and seeps

and streams.

The other issue that they had was the

groundwater control. They could not seem to get a

good cone of depression. They had pumping wells but

it wasn't, you know, creating a good cone of

depression which also can result in some environmental

protection because everything would go into this cone

of depression and then get treated.

And in large part it was because of this

fault that they didn't know existed.

I just wanted to show you what happened over

time here.

Here's ammonia milligrams per litre as

nitrogen on the vertical axis and arsenic on the other

vertical axis.

And on the horizontal axis is time.

The mine started around here. This late

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5961

2007. Okay, this is the arsenic concentration. We

have arsenic in green and ammonia in magenta.

Low concentrations in the beginning, but kind

of lots of variability but high concentrations over

time.

The arsenic monthly permit standard permit

level was exceeded and the ammonia monthly permit

limit was exceeded by quite a bit, and we see that

concentrations still aren't coming down.

They stored water in the underground workings

here and it seeped down and went into this drainage

here, and showed up and this is ammonia nitrate

concentrations that were increasing at SW14. This was

obviously not part of their prediction.

They also had elevated concentrations in

seeps over here.

So what did they do?

They are spending an enormous amount of money

redesigning the water capture and treatment. Both of

those.

They had to more than double the dewatering

wells and it's still not entirely effective. They are

working with us and with the regulatory agencies to

figure out what's going on and what they can do.

They had to completely scrap the ion exchange

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5962

treatment plant and replace it with a reverse osmosis

treatment plant.

And I should note that there's no mine in the

United States that treats water around-the-clock 24/7

with reverse osmosis. There's lots of problems with

fouling of the membrane. And what the Buckhorn

Mountain mine is hoping to do is store some water,

treat it, then release it.

This is a direct result of underprediction of

the contaminants of concern.

So the adaptive management failed and really

they should have started the mine with the right water

treatment plan and this could have been predicted just

looking at the geochemical testing results.

So this slide is overall summary of my

presentation. What we feel is one of the most

important issues at the Prosperity Project is that all

the predictions of water quality hinge on the lag time

to create acidic conditions.

Taseko admits that 70 percent of the rock

will be potentially acid generating.

But they are saying there will be a lag time

and we'll be able to manage all this so that it

doesn't go acid and we'll be able to put it under

water and otherwise manage it so it's not a problem.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5963

However, their lag time is underestimated.

It doesn't honour the data that they collected from

their own geochemical testing results and there may be

calculation errors. We feel there might be

calculation errors.

They did not use the data from the one sample

that did go acidic in their calibration. If you do

use that and calibrate this lag time, instead of

getting about 5 percent of the rock becoming acidic,

it's 45 to 100 percent of the rock will go acidic

during the life of the mine and more if it expands.

The pit water, the tailings water and the

seepage and the down-gradient water quality, it's

quite clear if you follow all this logic that the

concentrations will be a lot higher than what Taseko

is predicting in their modelling.

There are large uncertainties in the water

balance and the tailings facility easily could go dry,

which means that it would then generate acidic and

metal leaching conditions.

And we feel that the Project needs active

capture, not just treatment, but also capture,

especially of the water coming through tailings

facility, and then treatment and long-term careful

management.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5964

That's it. Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Maest, for

first of all for bringing forward some very

interesting information and thank you for summarizing

the latter part so that we would have time for

questions while we still have you captured here with

us. So we appreciate that.

We'll proceed, then, with the order of

questioning with Taseko first of all, and the focus

should be on Dr. Maest's presentation. We can deal

with Dr. Morin's presentation later in the day.

So I'll turn to Taseko to start off the

questioning.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Chairman, I'm advised

that our main statement or question is just being

written. If you wouldn't mind either perhaps the

Panel going ahead first and then let us, or give us a

minute, that's all.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY THE FEDERAL PANEL:

THE CHAIRMAN: We'll proceed with a few

questions while you're getting your question or

questions in order. Thank you.

Nalaine.

MS. MORIN: I have a few questions. In

your analysis of the ML-ARD, I'm wondering, one of the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5965

things that you didn't really speak about was

neutralization or neutralizing materials in the ore

body. And I'm wondering if you can speak a little bit

about that. And perhaps if there is some information

or if you can speak about the geological

characterization. So other factors that may influence

the materials ability or inability to become acid.

DR. MAEST: Okay. Are you asking about

the ore itself or the rocks of, you know, the walls of

the open pit or waste rock or?

MS. MORIN: Yes. All of it.

DR. MAEST: All of the above, okay.

Well, that is taken into account when the

acid base accounting information takes that into

account.

MS. MORIN: I realize that in your NP to

AP ratio it does take that into account, but I was

wondering if you could provide some additional details

characterizing that material so the types of

neutralization, minerals that are available.

DR. MAEST: There was quite a bit of

mineralogic work done on this, and what we would like

to see is essentially mineralogic neutralizing

potential, because then we have a check against the,

you know, the kind of operational definition of

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5966

neutralizing potential.

And there is, there are carbonate minerals

that will provide neutralizing material in the rocks.

And Taseko found through it's mineralogic work that a

lot of that is calcite, which is the calcium one,

which is the good one, but some of the materials have

siderite, which is an iron carbonate, and will

actually produce a little acid, depending on the pH.

So you have to be careful about that. And I believe

that's why they ended up taking, in some cases, ten

off, they subtracted ten from the neutralizing

potential to kind of account for that.

There can be some neutralizing with silicate

minerals, but once you get to low pHs, it's not

effective at all.

So, really, all that should be counted as

neutralizing potential in the rocks is calcite and

dolomite.

And I think, Dr. Morin, I'm sure, has a lot

more to say about that. It's probably more in his

area. But that's what I know about it at this point.

MS. MORIN: Thank you. In your

presentation, you spoke about this Project needing

active water treatment. And I guess my question with

regards to that is why, given that the mine is

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5967

proposing no discharge during the operation of the

mine life?

DR. MAEST: It does mention in the EIS that

they may discharge to Fish Creek during operation.

There's a lot of water that's being pumped, it's

called dewatering water, And the plan is to put all

that dewatering water in the WCP, the water

containment pond. And from there it would go to the

mill and then from there to the tailings management

facility.

I have a hard time believing that they are

going to be able to contain all that water. I think

they are going to end up needing to discharge to the

environment. That's my opinion.

And Dr. Morin may have more to say about

that.

But that's why I think the other part that's

important is there's a lot of material outside of the

capture zone, the management zone, that will leach

contaminants, And that could find its way to other

locations. And that could be a problem.

If, you know, so I guess I challenge their

statement that they will not need to discharge during

operational conditions.

MS. MORIN: Towards the end of your

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5968

presentation you talked about the Berkeley Pit and an

event that caused mixing.

DR. MAEST: Yes.

MS. MORIN: Also on that slide you spoke

about occasional events that cause mixing. Can you

provide some additional examples?

DR. MAEST: In the Berkeley Pit?

MS. MORIN: Generic examples would be

fine.

DR. MAEST: Well, what I was referring to

there "occasional" is that occasionally the walls of

the pit slough into the lake. That's all I meant by

that.

MS. MORIN: Okay. On another one of your

slides you talked about the nitrate and ammonia

predictions being too low. Can you provide some

additional detail on that and also what a good

estimate of that would be?

DR. MAEST: Yes, it's a difficult thing

to -- you can't really do it in your geochemical tests

because the rock has not been blasted yet. So if you

look at the results of the geochemical tests and they

do analyze those samples for nitrate, nitrite,

ammonia, you don't see high concentrations. But, so

what you have to do is look at other mines and see how

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5969

high the concentrations are.

We could look at other mines in B.C. and, you

know, we could look at mines in the United States. I

think Dr. Morin has quite a bit to say about this, I'm

sure. But it's in the tens of milligrams per litre of

nitrate and it depends what they are using for

blasting materials, too, so we would need to know all

that to make a prediction.

MS. MORIN: I'm wondering, have you

reviewed the correspondence between government

departments and the company with regards to some of

the information that you've presented here today?

DR. MAEST: Yes, I believe so.

MS. MORIN: So my question for you is,

why have you arrived at different results?

DR. MAEST: Regarding?

MS. MORIN: Than what's been presented to

us by the various departments, government departments.

DR. MAEST: Oh, okay. I'm not really

sure how to answer that. I, I, we had to, we, a lot

of us at Stratus, had to get into the weeds in this

and really look at what went into the source term for

the model and how the tests were conducted and all

that. And it, you know, it takes quite a bit of work

to go into that and when we did that, we found very

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5970

different results. I believe what we heard this

morning was that the agencies are accepting the

modelling results as they are.

We did not accept those. And I know that

NRCan also went back and looked at that to see if they

thought the results were plausible.

But when we did that, all I can tell you is

that we found -- one of things that we really, when we

started looking at this, we said, wait a minute,

70 percent of this material is supposed to be

potentially acid generating, how is it that they can

be saying that none of it is going to go acidic during

operational conditions. So that caused us to go back

and look into the lag factor and a couple of the other

issues and humidity cell tests.

MS. MORIN: Okay.

THE CHAIRMAN: Perhaps we can hold any

further questions until after Taseko has raised theirs

with you. Thank you. Go ahead, Mr. Bell-Irving.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY TASEKO MINES LIMITED:

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Chairman, I begin at the

end and say we have no questions. But I would like to

give you a reason and an explanation for that.

We've listened to Dr. Morin and Dr. Maest's

presentation. And we welcome this debate, which

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5971

surely it is, a scientific debate, and the advice

that's been offered by the two doctors.

And we're just sitting here appreciating the

difficult position that perhaps places the Panel. And

we understand that. But we also understand that this

forum in the timeframe that we have available in our

opinion, having listened to the slides, is not an

appropriate or even possible to go slide by slide and

comment and ask questions on those slides.

And I'll give you just two examples to

illustrate that point.

Dr. Morin in his presentation made the

observation, I believe, and I don't have the slide up

there, but I think you can recall this, in his

presentation he referred to the fact that in his paper

he asked Taseko what was the exact number of analyses

for the ABA total elements. And he quoted in the

slide our response, which I'm reading from my

Provincial Government record of that response where it

says:

"This is a very specific question of

technical merit, not one required to determine the

adequacy of the Application."

And Dr. Morin in his presentation cited that

quote and left us with the impression that somehow we

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5972

were hiding something. Perhaps left others with that

impression

What he didn't read was the next sentence that

followed that in the record that says, and I quote:

"This question will take a

considerable allocation of

resource and significant time

commitment to properly address.

As such, we the Proponent are

committed to working with the

questioner, Dr. Morin, in order to

outline the specific samples and

analyses used to generate the

table."

So here was an exchange that took place in

May of 2009 where the question was raised and we

responded. Unfortunately Dr. Morin didn't get back to

us and there's been no further discussion. So it's

correct to say that he still has that question. But we

have some issues with the assertion that somehow we're

not being co-operative.

That same comment and issue goes on to say,

and quotes:

However, it should be noted that

MEMPR has stated in their

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5973

assessment:

'Overall, we have determined

that the approach to the

geochemical modelling has taken an

appropriate conservative approach.

Source terms presented in the

Application or report have been

developed with due care and

provide a reasonable conservative

estimate of geochemical loading to

the downstream receiving

environment. It's our

determination that other agencies

should consider the modelling

appropriate for assessing

downstream water quality effects

of this Project.'"

End quote.

All of that in a response to the one comment

that was provided to us in May of a year ago.

And we hear it now in front of the Panel, and

it illustrates in our view the inappropriateness of us

to go through slide by slide point by point in making

these observations.

So we turn that back to the Panel.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5974

I could give another example, but there are a

number of specific comments that clearly indicate to

us that the TNG, Dr. Morin's report, was a part of the

Provincial Review. These issues that were discussed

were addressed, at least from the Proponent's point of

view.

So what happened in the interim I can't

comment.

Dr. Maest in her presentation, again presents

us with this situation where there's been some very

clear opinions expressed. In our view, some of them

are extreme. However, we would welcome in some other

forum perhaps, an opportunity to go line by line, item

by item to comment on that.

But as Panel member Morin just mentioned, we

note, too, that, you know, Dr. Maest's comments seem

to fly in the face of comments and conclusions reached

by Environment Canada, NRCan, and MMER.

And we Taseko remain confident that all the

information that the Panel needs to reach their

determination on this matter can be found in our

submission and in the record. And so for purposes of

your hearing today, we conclude that it would not be

possible and inappropriate in fact for us to go line

by line and ask questions. And that's why we've said

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5975

we have no questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Bell-Irving.

I can certainly appreciate the challenge of going

through slide by slide, and, in fact, it's very

difficult to do that in a hearing process such as

this.

I assume, though, you do not have any general

questions to raise at all and you're going to leave it

at that, if that's a fair conclusion to have reached?

MR. BELL-IRVING: That's correct, Mr. Chair.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, thank you.

I just would make one comment, first of all,

that perhaps to explain to Dr. Morin why some of the

material that he had presented might have ended up on

the tracking tables within the B.C. process.

One of the things that had been arranged by

the B.C. Government and I guess the Federal Government

before we were appointed in setting out the Terms of

Reference was that there would be a sharing of

information that was provided by the Federal

Government in this process to the Province and vice

versa so there was a complete sharing of information

throughout these processes. So that would explain why

this information in fact that you had provided showed

up in the tracking tables.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5976

I wanted to say that because there has been

an enormous amount of information shared back and

forth, and it's all, again, transparent on the public

Registry.

DR. MORIN: Excuse me, if I can make a

comment, Mr. Chairman.

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes.

DR. MORIN: I didn't know until about two

months ago that my report to the TNG had actually been

submitted and addressed under the Provincial Review

Process. I was surprised. Because it was never meant

for that. So I never responded to the comments from

the company because I didn't even know they had

responded under the Provincial process.

So, yes. And the TNG weren't involved in the

Provincial process so there would be no way for me to

know or for me to comment. It's very unfortunate.

THE CHAIRMAN: Do you want to respond to

that, Mr. Bell-Irving?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I just comment that that

comment from Dr. Morin confuses us because there was a

second report submitted by the TNG under Dr. Morin's

name in September of 2009 and that second report

reflected a response to and a change from the one that

was submitted in May. So there are two reports that

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5977

form part of the record.

DR. MORIN: Yes, Mr. Chairman, I would

like to address that. My first report was just on the

EIS. Then supplementary material came in in the

summer of last year and TNG asked to make sure before

I made comments to make sure that it's consistent with

the supplementary material also. So I responded at

that point. I found out two months ago that there

were responses to my comments by the company of

December last year. So again I was not aware of that.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I think we will

proceed, then, with the questioning while you're still

here with others who may have questions.

And I would again proceed in the order of the

presenters that we had, so I would ask Environment

Canada, first of all, if they had any questions of

Dr. Maest. And then I'll follow with Natural

Resources Canada.

Natural Resources, any questions? Okay,

thank you.

Two other departments who aren't, I guess,

weren't presenters today, Fisheries and Oceans and

Transport Canada, any questions? No. Okay, I see

none.

Then we'll return back to some of the Panel

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5978

questions that we have while you're still here. Do

you want to continue, Nalaine?

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY THE FEDERAL PANEL (CONT'D):

MS. MORIN: The last question that I have

is with regards to mitigation strategies.

Taseko has identified a number of mitigation

strategies that will be employed to prevent seepage

from the tailings. Some of these strategies include

using glacial till material as the base material for

the tailings, creating tailings beaches, creating

lined seepage collection ponds to collect groundwater

that comes to the surface, and in the event that

monitoring shows that groundwater quality

down-gradient of the tailings is of an unacceptable

quality, installing vertical interception pumping

wells.

So my questions are, there's two of them, in

your opinion, are the mitigation measures that Taseko

is proposing Best Management Practices, or, are there

other technologies or techniques that you feel would

be appropriate?

And number two, do you feel the proposed

mitigation measures will be successful in preventing

adverse effects to Big Onion Lake?

DR. MAEST: Wow. I can make a stab at

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5979

answering that, but I should precede it by saying that

I'm not an engineer. And, you know, but I can just

talk from my experience at mine sites.

Those certainly are some of the mitigation

measures that make sense. I think what I would say is

that we hear a lot of contingency mitigation measures

from Taseko. If this happens, then we'll do that.

And the concern I have about that is that if

it's not in place in the beginning, then it's hard,

there's a lag time, you know. You find that there's,

you monitor, you find there's a problem, then other

steps have to happen, then you have to drill the well,

et cetera, meanwhile the seepage is continuing to flow

toward Big Onion Lake.

One of the mitigation measures we haven't

heard from Taseko is a liner, you know, a GCL liner or

some sort of a non-till, non-earthen material liner,

that that would be best practice would be to line the

facility with a liner and then underneath that have a

leachate collection system that would pump back. I

mean, there's some incredibly fancy ones that actually

have different sections individually pumped so that

you know which part is leaking and you can go in and

actually fix the problem.

So there are many more kind of higher level

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5980

mitigations that are possible to propose that we

haven't heard from Taseko.

In terms of your second question, do I think

that -- was your question do I think that the ones

they have proposed will be successful in limiting

impairment of the environment?

I really can't say. You know, I am concerned

that they wouldn't be able to capture the treatment --

sorry, be able to capture the seepage. You have a

fractured rock that this tailings impoundment is

sitting on the top of. There's a 10 percent gradient

from the impoundment to the Taseko River. That means

that there's a lot of desire on the part of the water

to go downhill there.

And difficult encapturing it in a fractured

system.

So I think that makes it much more difficult

to ensure that you can protect the environment through

capture and treatment.

MS. MORIN: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Bill, you have some

questions.

MR. KLASSEN: Dr. Maest, you had some

criticism of the leach tests and just to help me

understand better what you were getting at, are there

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5981

accepted protocols in the industry for conducting

leach tests for a mine of this type and size?

DR. MAEST: Yes. And there are accepted

protocols. There are no required protocols. And, you

know, Canada has a long, especially B.C., has a long

good history of designing some of these tests. And as

Dr. Morin talked about, the one kind of area that's

missing is a larger-scale long-term test.

We have the very short-term leach test with

the shake flask. That's a 24-hour test. We have

longer-term tests with the column and the humidity

cell test, but we don't have bigger longer-term tests.

So that would be a bigger missing element in their

geochemical testing program.

MR. KLASSEN: Thank you. While they may

not be required, are there best management practices

in the industry that members of the industry sign on

to or could be expected to follow for leach tests?

DR. MAEST: For leach tests? I think,

you know, there are, but, you know, none of them are

required.

I think my feeling is that, aside from the

comments that Dr. Morin stated about using a larger

scale test, that the types of tests they have done are

probably in best industry practice. What, you know,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5982

with the caveats that I mentioned, they shouldn't have

flushed out all that material, you know, all that kind

of weathering product in the beginning. And, you

know, I think really where we see the issue is not the

tests that are used but the interpretation of the

results.

And the problem, the biggest problem we have

there is they are cutting down and cutting down and

cutting down the concentrations through all these

factors that have not been proven, so.

MR. KLASSEN: Thank you. You mentioned a

concern as well about ammonia is a by-product of the

blasting activity. I'm interested in knowing whether

that ammonia residue, I'm assuming, you can correct me

if my assumption is inaccurate, that some of it will

end up with the tailings in the Tailings Storage

Facility. What are the implications for water quality

in the Tailings Storage Facility with that ammonia?

DR. MAEST: What we see at mine sites with

ammonia and nitrate is that concentrations peak you

know obviously during operation when they're blasting

and then they decrease over a period of anywhere from

five to 20 years after the mining stops. So there's a

long period of time when the concentrations can be

high.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5983

They will be in the tailings because they

blast that material and then they crush it. The

crushing doesn't involve any blasting. But there'll

be residues in the tailings facility and that could

infiltrate to groundwater as well with all the other,

with the cadmium and sulphate that we've heard about.

MR. KLASSEN: You referred to, and I'm not

sure of the pronunciation, Jim Kuipers.

DR. MAEST: Kuipers.

MR. KLASSEN: Redundant mitigation

measures. And just to follow up on one of Nalaine

Morin's questions. What, unless that's in the report

that you've mentioned, can you outline what that

redundancy would entail?

DR. MAEST: Well, for example, for the

tailings facility, I guess I've already said this, but

I'll try it again. To have a liner with a leachate

collection system would be, and down-gradient capture

wells, all of that together would be considered

redundant mitigation.

To put just one of those in, in other words

just the liner, well, you know, then you don't know

what's coming out, just the wells, then you're not

protecting at the source as well.

So that's mostly what Mr. Kuipers is talking

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5984

about, to have something closer to the source and then

maybe something a little farther away from the source.

We are working on a mine right now and an

evaluation for the Environmental Protection Agency in

the United States where we're talking about lining a

waste rock facility and putting a cover on the top.

You usually don't see that. Or, I mean, there are

many different options, but putting a cover on the top

and a down-gradient leachate collection system.

Because what we've found is that it's really hard

to -- mining is very large scale, it's hard to control

this stuff. So you have a much better chance of being

able to control it if you have multiple ways of

getting it at different points.

MR. KLASSEN: And one last question,

Mr. Chairman.

Are there other potential causes for mixing

of water in these deep pits? You mentioned wall

failure, basically a landslide into the pit. Are

there other factors that might cause an overturn or a

mixing in a pit once it's stratified?

DR. MAEST: I'm probably not the best

person to answer that. The only one, you know, the

cause I've seen in pits like this that are pretty

deep, would be sloughing of the walls so that you can

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5985

upset that. It's called mirror mixes. You know, when

you get kind of fresher water on the top.

The other thing I guess to think about with

mine water is it gets denser because it's got a lot of

contaminants in it, so it tends to hang low, you get

the bad stuff at the bottom. And then you have

fresher water on the top and that inhibits the mixing.

Large wind events could cause a turnover

depending on the ratio between the depth and the width

of the lake and other factors.

But I think probably one of the most

important ones that, you know, pit lake we're talking

about with the Prosperity would be sloughing of the

pit walls.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I had I guess

just one question regarding the matter of the water

balance. You had mentioned in your presentation that,

at least in your view, that the baseline data was

inadequate. And also mentioned that the water balance

in the revisions was not that transparent.

I had been under the impression, certainly

listening to previous presentations, that the baseline

data was pretty good from what I'd heard and I

wondered what would you suggest as being reasonable if

the data over two years was not sufficient in your

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5986

opinion?

DR. MAEST: Cam, are you on the phone?

MR. WOBUS: Yeah, I'm here. I think the

main comment that I had with the water balance was

that the uncertainty in the site-specific data is

going to be really hard to characterize. You can run

a Monte Carlo model using a mean and standard

deviation based on the data you have available, but

it's not clear with just two years of site-specific

data that they can capture the variability in the

site-specific precipitation and run-off parameters.

They, I think in the presentations yesterday, we saw

the double mass curve analysis which allows you to at

least estimate the mean or how the site data compares

to the remote site data on a kind of bulk mean sense.

But it's not clear to me how the variability within

the site parameters were quantified enabling them to

run the Monte Carlo simulation to look at the range of

variability that might be expected.

DR. MAEST: If I could just follow up on

that. Two years of data, that's not very much data.

There's interannual variablility and longer term

climatic variability. And clearly Taseko felt that

they had to go elsewhere to get more data because they

used, you know, nearby sites to round that out.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5987

So my understanding is that there's about six

or so years of data at the site, but only two years of

really continuous data, so you miss a lot when you

don't have those holes filled in.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, thank you. That

completes my questioning, and I guess the Panel's at

this stage for you, Dr. Maest. So I'll just see if

others have any questions of you while you're here.

I'll go through the order again.

Canoe Creek?

Esketemc First Nation?

Friends of --

Oh, Esketemc, Ms. Bedard.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY ESKETEMC FIRST NATION, BY

MS. BETH BEDARD:

MS. BEDARD: Thank you. Is the mic on?

I have a question. I was wondering if you had

factored in earthquakes?

DR. MAEST: That's not my area of

expertise. I really -- no, the answer is no, I have

not factored in earthquakes.


Friends of Nemaiah Valley, questions? No.

Then MiningWatch Canada, any questions?

Mr. Hart.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5988

QUESTIONS OF DR. MAEST BY MININGWATCH CANADA, BY

MR. RAMSEY HART:

MR. HART: Ramsey Hart with MiningWatch

Canada.

Dr. Maest, you dropped a bit of a bomb on us

there at the end of your presentation. A hunch, a

concern that I've had but I haven't seen really

addressed anywhere and I'd really like you to

elaborate on your opinion that the volume of water

from dewatering would not be sufficiently handled in

the management system as proposed. Whether that's

just a gut feeling or is that based on some analysis

or where did that come from? Because I think that's a

pretty critical issue that needs a little bit further

examination.

DR. MAEST: Okay, I'll answer that, but,

Cam, if you're on the phone, if you have anything more

to add to that, that would be good.

I've just never seen a mine that has to

dewater that much. And this is a 500-metre-deep lake

(sic) that has groundwater almost to the surface now.

That's a lot of water to handle.

You know, there's two options: There's

groundwater infiltration. You could do kind of an

infiltration gallery and send this to groundwater or

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5989

you can discharge to the surface water, usually treat

and discharge to surface water.

But I just -- and basing that mostly on my

experience with other mines. And this is a large

mine. I mean, to think that this is, you know, would

be the size of the Berkeley Pit, I don't know if that

means anything to anybody in Canada, but if you've

ever flown over the Berkeley Pit, it's quite large.

So that's my concern. I don't know that there would

be enough need for that water as make-up water at the

mine. Seems like there would be some, you know. And

it's also mentioned in the EIS, so it's already in

their minds. Anyway, that's what I based that on. I

have not done a calculation.

Cam, do you have anything to add to that?

MR. WOBUS: I can just make one

additional comment that again relates to uncertainty,

you know, that in one of the comments I believe from

the Panel, there was a question about whether there

was enough make-up water available to keep the

tailings impoundments full in the event of a dry year.

And Taseko acknowledged in their response to that that

not enough was known or -- not enough that -- the

details of that deep groundwater aquifer didn't need

to be known in order to ensure that there was enough

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5990

make-up water available. That to me suggests that not

enough is really known about that deep groundwater

aquifer and it's probably difficult to predict based

on just one pump test how much water will be expected

to flow into that pit.

DR. MAEST: Apparently I said lake

dewatering. I meant pit dewatering.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Any further

questions?

MR. HART: Just a final follow up to

that. Can you speak from your experience regarding

the quality of dewatered mine water and whether or not

it often requires treatments or if it can be

discharged to the environment?

DR. MAEST: I've seen a range. You know,

in Nevada, there's hardly any treatment of dewatered

water because they are putting it into a groundwater

system that has already quite a bit of arsenic in it.

But I would say probably most of the sites

that I've worked on, there's some treatment that is

required even for discharge to groundwater. And

certainly for discharge to surface water, yes.

MR. HART: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank

you, Dr. Maest.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Hart. The

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5991

other two organization would be Share the

Cariboo-Chilcotin Resources Society. And I don't

think they are present.

And also Williams Lake and District Chamber

of Commerce.

No questions there.

Then I think that probably concludes the

questioning for you, Dr. Maest. And I appreciate your

involvement here today and your presentation. And

wish you a good flight back to wherever it is you're

going.

DR. MAEST: Okay. Thank you,

Mr. Chairman.

THE CHAIRMAN: I guess while we've still got

Dr. Morin here, I will again check to see if there's

any additional questions for him.

Again, the Federal departments, Environment

Canada, Natural Resources Canada, any questions of

Dr. Morin? No, I see none.

I assume Fisheries and Oceans and Transport

are in the same situation?

Then I would ask if any of the other -- I'll

ask first of all Panel Members, we may have addressed

most of our questions at this point, but, Nalaine, any

questions for Dr. Morin? Go ahead, then.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5992

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY THE FEDERAL PANEL:

MS. MORIN: Dr. Morin, in your

presentation you spoke about humidity test or humidity

cell tests and the types of tests that were undertaken

by the company. You also spoke about in your opinion

the importance of doing larger scale humidity tests.

My question for you is what is the degree of

uncertainty in your opinion from scaling a test such

as the one that was undertaken by the company to the

results that they have -- or to the parameters and

results that they have presented in the EIS to one

such as that you're describing using a larger scale

humidity test and scaling that up?

DR. MORIN: In general, I would say the

predictions that one would come up with just using the

small humidity scale cells and scaling up tend to

underestimate the actual large-scale concentrations.

And I'll give you one example that I was involved in

about two or three years ago.

There was a project, it's called the Brule

project up near Chetwynd, it was a coal project here

in British Columbia. And I was helping the Ministry

of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources review the

ML-ARD. And they had done the humidity cells and they

scaled up to this huge coal pit and they gave

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5993

predictions for it. And I was concerned that they

didn't have the larger scale kinetic tests and I felt

they had underestimated the concentrations.

Well, fortunately within that large pit area

there was already a small pit mine working and so I

asked the Ministry not to continue with the review but

to get that information from that small little mine

just to see, because that's a scale up. And it turns

out the humidity cells were 10 to 100 times lower

below what the actual small mine already had in it.

And then, of course, if you went to a bigger pit, it

could be even higher.

So that's an example.

MS. MORIN: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, I'll ask if there are

other questions of Dr. Morin from any of the other

groups and organizations that I had mentioned

previously?

Ms. Bedard, with the Esketemc First Nation?

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY ESKETEMC FIRST NATION, BY

MS. BETH BEDARD:

MS. BEDARD: Yes, Dr. Morin, I was

interested in your description of the costs of

treatment. Now, in your expert opinion, what would

the costs of treatment be for the Prosperity Mine

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5994

until it was neutralized or reached a state where

there was no more danger to the environment and, if

that's not possible, in your prediction, what does it

take or in your experience what does it take for a

perpetual system to dewater and to treat a mine? And

who's involved, who bears the costs?

And if for a system like this, if Taseko is

taking down the transmission line in 20 years, how do

you think something like this would be powered?

Thanks.

DR. MORIN: Wow! There were several

questions there. Let's see if I can remember them.

The first thing is as far as treatment costs

go for Prosperity, I would love to be able to say how

much it's actually going to cost, whether the

treatment process would be effective, and how long it

would have to go. The problem is that's all avoided

because the company says it's a contingency, the

Province has confirmed it's not needed. So I really

can't provide that.

The only thing I do know is that there was a

report done by SRK Consulting, and I believe it was

late last year approximately, for the Provincial

Government where the government said, apparently, we

want some idea of how much it would cost to treat the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5995

water at Prosperity.

And the answer was, based on a reverse

osmosis system, if you treat some of the water it

would cost four million dollars a year.

And then I just took a calculator, and said,

well, what if you have to treat all the water? And I

get $10 million a year or more. And that's compared,

as I said during my presentation, to a world-class

acid-generator, Equity Silver, at $1.5 million a year.

How long might it go? Well, I come back to

my answer I usually give. Count on a century, maybe a

lot longer. It's hard to pin it down.

As far as transmission lines go, I have no

experience with transmission lines. I don't know what

their impacts would be.

MR. CHAIRMAN: I think the question there

was related to what would you do for power if you

removed the transmission line.

DR. MORIN: I'd bring in generators,

diesel generators to power the treatment plant.

Did I get all the questions?

MS. BEDARD: Yes, thank you.

DR. MORIN: Sorry, I think the other part

of the question was how does somebody pay for that; is

that correct? Yes, that's usually done in British

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5996

Columbia with a Provincial bond, a reclamation bond.

So what the Province will do is take the cost, for

example, of putting soil on the material, planting

grass, growing trees. And if a water treatment plant

is needed, they'll add that cost on. And they will

say something like, well, if your water treatment

plant is going to cost a billion dollars over 100

years, we require, before you start mining, a good

chunk of that down in a bond. So they would ask for

hundreds of millions on something like that. So

again, it's the Provincial bond. But keep in mind

that the Province has already said, and has confirmed

according to the company, water treatment is not

needed. So my impression is the Province will not

include the water treatment system in the bond. And

again, that's why I mentioned my fears that we

taxpayers or the TNG will have to pay for that.

THE CHAIRMAN: Any further questions?

Mr. Hart from MiningWatch.

QUESTIONS OF DR. MORIN BY MININGWATCH CANADA, BY

MR. RAMSEY HART:

MR. HART: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Ramsey

Hart with MiningWatch Canada.

We heard a bit of a summary of the comparison

report, that Kuipers and Dr. Maest had worked on.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5997

From your experience in British Columbia, to what

degree does that resonate from your experience on

predictions of water quality before and after

Environmental Assessment approvals?

DR. MORIN: In the decades that I've been

doing this kind of work, I've been trying to track

down good studies like Dr. Maest has. And we do not

have that kind of information available in Canada to

compare. For example, I've tried to get water quality

monitoring at mine sites in British Columbia from the

Ministry of Mines here in the province and when I've

asked for it, they often say, "We've lost the reports.

We don't know where they are at. We don't have any

copies."

So, unlike the United States where it's very

strongly regulated and controlled, here in Canada,

it's like, well, if we loose a report, who cares.

So it's very difficult to come to that.

But I will say that I've had the opportunity

of publishing papers where people have asked me to

look for errors in predictions here in Canada. And

those papers are on our website if you're interested.

And what I found is most of the time when there's an

error in ML-ARD predictions it's not the test work.

The test work, like humidity cells have been around

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5998

for 50 years, a half a century. It's not the test

work that's been wrong, but what people have done is

they've taken the test work and interpreted and got

the interpretations wrong.

For example, I mentioned Equity Silver where

all their acid-based accounts said there would be acid

drainage, so they said, well, it's going to be cold so

we're not going to have any ARD. So the test work, I

find, most of the time is right, but --

(TELEPHONE ROBOTIC VOICE ENDING CALL)

THE CHAIRMAN: I hadn't invited that person

to speak, actually. I think we've got our folks back

on the line again.

DR. MORIN: So to finish off. Again,

most of the errors here in Canada that I have found

have been with people taking test work that's telling

the right information, like at Prosperity where

something with an MPR of 2.5 turned acid immediately,

and saying, no, we're not going to have ARD.

It was that interpretation that's usually the

errors.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Morin.

Are there any others that I may have missed

in terms of questioning? I think I've probably gone

through the list.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


5999

Then I thank you again for your presentation,

and also Cameron Wobus on the phone for participating

in the presentation and in the response to questions

here today.

What I suggest, and I'll just check with

Taseko, is that perhaps we might take a short break

and would you be prepared at this stage to make your

presentation on fish and fish habitat?

Sorry, we just need to -- just one second.

The presentation, just by clarification,

Dr. Jeff Morris, just losing track of that, is that

today or tomorrow?

MS. CROOK: Well, by default, it's

tomorrow. So I guess we'll have to -- what would be

very helpful is if we could have a general time when

Mr. Morris could through again teleconference make the

presentation and we'll figure out how we're going to

change slides and do things here.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, let's do this offline

with the Secretariat. The point is it won't occur

now?

MS. CROOK: No.

THE CHAIRMAN: And if Taseko is prepared to

do the presentation on the overview on fish and fish

habitat, perhaps we could hear that at this stage.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6000

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Chairman, my fish and

fish habitat panel is sequestered out of the room and

I have to take 10 minutes to get them back. But if

there's a sufficient gap, we could certainly proceed

with that.

THE CHAIRMAN: What I was going to suggest

is a break because I knew that you would have to

reassemble your team and we'll take the appropriate

break to allow them to be present and we'll hear that

presentation, then. So would 15 minutes or so be

adequate? 15 minutes or so be adequate for a break?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I think that's fine,

Mr. Chairman.

SPEAKER: Is that presentation on the

website?

MR. BELL-IRVING: No, it's not. I haven't

given it to the agency, which I will do in the next 10

minutes.

THE CHAIRMAN: The Panel has not received

the presentation at this point.

SPEAKER: Okay.

(BRIEF BREAK)

THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and Gentlemen, I think

we're ready to begin again. I'd ask you to take your

seats, please. I think we're about to begin again.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6001

For those on the telephone, the presentation

that Taseko's about to make has been posted on the

registry, so you should be able to access that. I

don't know if you've checked on that, but I'll just

verify that.

SPEAKER: Yeah, I have a presentation

here, it's fish, fish habitat and fishing.

THE CHAIRMAN: That's correct, so you've got

it. Thank you.

SPEAKER: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Before we begin, just in

terms of planning for this evening, what we'll do is

hear Taseko's presentation. We might have time for

some questioning. We may not finish that this

evening.

Before the Panel completely rebels on me,

here, I think we'll indicate we won't go beyond much

about 6:30 or so this evening. We've had some pretty

long nights. This would be a real short break if we

quit at 6:30. So I can see by the smiles around the

room that everybody else is in agreement with me as

well.

So that's the plan then, we'll have the

presentation, have an opportunity for some questioning

and then we'll resume on this issue tomorrow morning.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6002

Mr. Bell-Irving, I would ask you to introduce

the new members to your table and proceed with the

presentation.


PRESENTATION BY TASEKO MINES LIMITED

TASEKO MINES EXPERT PANEL:

MR. BILL RUBLEE, TRITON ENVIRONMENTAL

MR. RYAN LIEBE, TRITON ENVIRONMENTAL

MR. GREG SMYTH, KNIGHT PIESOLD ENGINEERING

MR. BELL-IRVING: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Rod

Bell-Irving at Taseko Mines.

With me representing Triton Environmental

Consulting Limited on my immediate left is Bill

Rublee.

And on his immediate left is Ryan Liebe.

They are both from Triton Environmental Consulting.

And on Ryan's immediate left is Greg Smyth

from Knight Piesold Engineering.

These two firms, Knight Piesold and Triton

Environmental, were the architects and the main

principal investigators and technical expertise

involved in our Compensation Plan.

And I'm going to turn over the presentation

to Ryan Liebe to make.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Please proceed.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6003

PRESENTATION ON FISH AND FISH HABITAT BY TASEKO MINES

LIMITED:

MR. LIEBE: Good evening. I'm going to

start the presentation with an overview of the

baseline fish and fish habitat studies that have been

done in regards to this Project.

So there's been extensive fieldwork completed

between 1993 and the present.

These studies have included fish and fish

habitat surveys in streams within the Fish Creek

watershed.

They have included mark/recapture studies to

estimate the Fish Lake population of fish.

There's been spawner enumeration by

installing fences at both the inlet and outlet of Fish

Lake.

There's been lake habitat surveys.

Creel surveys to document angler use of Fish

Lake.

And there's been various water quality

studies, including standard seasonal, dissolved

oxygen, and temperature profiles.

Basic summary of these studies for middle and

upper Fish Creek. There's a monoculture of rainbow

trout present in middle and upper Fish Creek. And

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6004

migration of species present in the Taseko River, such

as chinook and bull trout are blocked by falls on

Lower Fish Creek, so rainbow trout is the only species

present in the middle and upper watershed.

Fish Lake, which is present in that section

of the watershed has been characterized as a family

fishery for smaller rainbow trout.

So there's a high-yield fishery for rainbow

trout in the lake. And the average size of fish that

are captured is about 26 centimetres.

Lower Fish Creek, so the portion of the creek

below the falls, is characterized as having low fish

habitat values and is only seasonally connected to the

Taseko River. And that's typically during freshet.

So Lower Fish Creek has been characterized by

the Provincial Ministry of Environment as well as

having low fish habitat values.

Comments such, you know, the lower section

can act as a juvenile sink which attracts fry or

yearlings and trap them in pools as the creeks dry

each summer.

And in regards to the baseline work, the

Federal and Provincial agencies have accepted the

baseline report with no additional work requested.

So a summary of key issues related to fish

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6005

habitat in the Fish Creek watershed include the

permanent loss of lake and stream habitat in upper and

middle Fish Creek.

There will be an alteration of stream habitat

in Lower Fish Creek.

And that's the result of substantial

reduction in flows in Lower Fish Creek during the life

of mine.

There'll be reduced flows to the Taseko

River, which would be particularly noticeable in

May and June when Fish Creek is at freshet, but the

hydrograph of the Taseko River is still relatively

stable.

There will be a relocation and elimination of

fish from Fish and Little Fish Lakes and associated

stream habitat.

And there would be a loss of the Fish Lake

recreational fishery.

Next I'll be talking, providing you a bit of

a background on compensation planning.

So the Compensation Plan as presented in the

Environmental Impact Statement was a conceptual plan.

Was not finalized in detail in recognition of

the difference in acceptable compensation strategies

between DFO and the Ministry of Environment.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6006

Early in the review, DFO expressed concern

that aspects of the compensation plan, such as the use

of a hatchery, would be potentially challenging to

reconcile with DFO's Habitat Management Policy and the

hierarchy of preferred compensation options.

So, to date, these challenges remain.

And throughout this review, the Panel has

directed DFO to work with Taseko to try to resolve an

agreed upon Fish Compensation Plan. And that is still

a work in progress.

So in DFO's most recent submission, they

provided advice and flagged areas of risk and many of

these are tied to the need for reconciling Federal and

Provincial policies.

Taseko responded to concerns as documented in

the April 13th feasibility design submission and

provided additional information to refine the design.

And there's an expectation that this dialogue

will be an ongoing process up to the time when an

authorization may be issued.

Additional detailed resolution of residual

gaps and issues will be an ongoing process and

ultimately resolved at the permitting stage.

So a bit more background on compensation

planning.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6007

Key documents that provided guidance for

compensation planning included the Ministry of

Environment Benchmark Statement as well as DFO Habitat

Policy.

So the Ministry of Environment Benchmark

Statement is reflective of provincial freshwater

fisheries management strategies such as the Freshwater

Fisheries Program Plan and the Small Lakes Management

Strategy.

So compensation objectives outlined in the

Ministry of Environment Benchmark Statement included:

The maintenance of the genetic line exhibited

in the Fish Lake rainbow trout system;

The need to maintain a healthy

self-sustaining trout population;

A trout fishery for the public and First

Nations of at least similar characteristic to what is

available in Fish Lake now;

And lake and stream environments of similar

or better productivity for trout as provided by the

Fish Lake system currently.

Key aspects of the DFO Habitat Policy is the

goal to have a net gain of the productive capacity of

fish habitat and the policy also has provisions to

take local fisheries management objectives into

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6008

consideration, such as an MoE Benchmark Statement.

So following is going to be a brief summary

of the various compensation elements that are part of

our Compensation Plan.

The key feature is the construction of

Prosperity Lake. And the main goal of that element is

to re-establish a lake to replace Fish and Little Fish

Lake habitat.

It will need to establish a self-sustaining

population of Fish Lake stock and maintain the genetic

integrity of that stock.

It will also provide a replacement trout

fishery.

And in the DFO hierarchy, it falls into the

like-for-like habitat in the same watershed.

Another key element of the plan is the

maintenance of Little Fish Lake as long as possible

within the Mine Development Plan.

Little Fish Lake will provide a source of

gametes for hatchery-reared fry to out-plant into

various lakes.

There'll be the potential to transplant fish

from Little Fish Lake directly into Prosperity Lake.

And it will provide an additional source of

mixed age classes for out-plants into selected

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6009

recipient lakes.

It also helps contribute to ensuring a

minimum viable population is maintained throughout the

mine development and operations.

The third element in the plan is the

headwater channel. This is a constructed channel that

will capture and re-direct surface flows around the

mine site into the compensation habitats.

It will provide seasonal non-fish-bearing

habitat, and riparian habitat as well.

The fourth element in the Compensation Plan

is a headwater retention pond. The key aspect of this

pond is that it will capture and restore -- sorry,

capture and store and then release flows to

constructed spawning habitat downstream.

The fifth element in the Compensation Plan is

fish culture, with the goal of producing a hundred

thousand fry per year. This is one aspect of the plan

that will help ensure the maintenance of a minimum

viable population.

And this program would be professionally

managed to maintain the genetic integrity of Fish Lake

stock.

The next element of the plan involves

out-plant or recipient lakes. And again, it's an

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6010

aspect of the plan that contributes to ensuring the

minimum viable population of Fish Lake stock is

maintained.

This aspect of the plan will also provide a

replacement trout fishery in selected lakes.

And it also has the option or the opportunity

to provide First Nations food-fish opportunities.

Now, since the submission of the original

EIS, there's a new element that's been added, based on

discussions with the Department of Fisheries and

Oceans. And it's a constructed off-channel habitat in

Lower Fish Creek adjacent to the Taseko River.

This constructed channel would create

perennial off-channel habitat for the fish species

found in the Taseko River such as chinook or bull

trout.

As far as an update regarding the Provincial

status of the Compensation Plan, the Freshwater

Fisheries Society of B.C. is coordinating efforts with

the Introductions and Transfer Committee to get

applications and permits in place.

These permits would be required to transfer

any fish as part of this Compensation Plan.

So the Freshwater Fisheries Society of B.C.

is a non-profit organization that manages rainbow

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6011

trout and other stocked lakes within the province on

behalf of the Provincial Ministry of Environment.

Taseko's continuing to work with the Ministry

of Environment to finalize which lakes could be used

as recipients of Fish Lake fish, as well as the number

of fry that could be placed into each lake.

The Freshwater Fisheries Society will develop

a hatchery plan to ensure the genetic integrity of the

Fish Lake stock is maintained.

The Freshwater Fisheries Society has

indicated that they would use a Clearwater Hatchery,

which is an existing facility, to produce rainbow

trout fry. The reason for that choice was, one, it's

a cost-effective decision for them. It also provides

a much more reliable hatchery facility that's been in

operation for many years and it has full-time

qualified staff to run the hatchery as well.

Again, at the provincial level, there's still

a need for resolution between the Ministry of

Environment and DFO on aspects such as the value of

the Lower Fish Creek compensation measure.

Basically, DFO and the Province disagree, I

think, on the value of providing compensation habitat

in the Lower Fish Creek area.

As far as the Federal status, DFO's ongoing

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6012

concerns were outlined in their submission to the

Panel dated March 12th. And I'll highlight the key

concerns presented there as well as a summary of

Taseko's response that was presented in their most

recent submission.

So in regards to productivity modelling, the

comment was that productivity underestimated for Fish

Lake and overestimated for Prosperity Lake. So in

addition to the three productivity models reviewed in

the EIS, an additional 14 models were reviewed,

including the DFO Photosynthetic Rate Model.

The review concluded that the Primary

Productivity Model as presented by Downing et al in

1990, was the most appropriate based on size, quality,

and reliability of the data sets used in their

development, as well as the availability and

confidence of the data needed to apply them to Fish

Lake and Prosperity Lake.

Another comment was that fish in streams were

not accounted for in the loss.

And the response is that the Hatchery Plan

mitigates loss for stream fish during the life of mine

with 100,000 fry produced each year.

A comment on the area based evaluation, DFO

calculates the net loss of fish habitat under the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6013

Habitat Policy.

And it's recognized that the plan is positive

in lake and stream habitat in Lower Fish Creek, but

there is a negative balance in stream habitat and

therefore riparian habitat in middle and upper Fish

Creek.

And habitat gains increase substantially at

closure.

Regarding artificial propagation or the use

of a hatchery. There's difficulty in applying a

metric to No Net Loss in Hatchery Production Risks and

there are hatchery production risks such as genetic

bottlenecking.

And the response is that the production of

fry contributes to offset losses in middle and upper

Fish Creek and does provide angling opportunities by

out-planting fry to recipient lakes.

In regards to genetic bottlenecking, like I

previously mentioned, the Freshwater Fisheries Society

of B.C. will develop a hatchery plan to ensure that

the genetic integrity of the Fish Lake stock is

maintained.

Another comment from DFO was reduced primary

production from a reduction of stream habitat.

The productivity modelling predicts that

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6014

Prosperity Lake will be sufficient to meet the

management objectives as outlined in the Benchmark

Statement.

There are several comments regarding the

constructed spawning channels, that they'll require

ongoing maintenance and monitoring.

And Taseko's continuing to work with its

consultants to develop a detailed monitoring program

for the maintenance of the spawning channel. An

adaptive management approach will be undertaken and

the maintenance requirements will be established in

the first year of its operation.

At mine closure, a Mine Closure Plan will be

required and will address the longer term management

of this habitat.

Another comment was that there's inadequate

spawning pairs, inadequate spawning habitat available

in the constructed spawning channel and a general

inadequacy in the fish culture program to maintain the

genetic line or the genetic integrity of Fish Lake

stock.

So the concepts presented in the EIS for

maintaining the genetic line of Fish Lake rainbow

trout will be further developed in a hatchery plan.

In the most recent DFO submission, it was

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6015

suggested that a total of 7,000 mature individuals

should be transferred to maintain the population.

So this number is based on the work of Reid

et al in 2003 and would ensure a 99.0 percent chance

of survival for 40 generations.

So that number of 7,000 was based on Reid's

estimate of 102 populations of vertebrates, now only

one of which was a fish, and that was Brook trout. So

the reported NVP for that species was closer to around

3900.

However, it is recognized that the original

plan presented in the EIS is likely insufficient.

The refined plan outlined in the Feasibility

Design Submission by Taseko has addressed this

concern.

Throughout the implementation of the

Compensation Plan, the conservative MVP target of

7,000 mature individuals as outlined in Reid will be

exceeded. And that's through the combination of

maintaining Little Fish Lake, of getting fish started

in Prosperity Lake, and of having populations

out-planted to selected recipient lakes as well.

So, again, accept DFO's comment and we will

take a conservative approach to maintain an MVP of

7,000 individuals.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6016

A similar comment. So insufficient numbers

in out-plants and the hatchery to maintain a viable

population.

So the Compensation Plan or the revisions to

the Compensation Plan ensures the minimal viable

target.

And Taseko is continuing to work with the

Ministry of Environment to identify recipient lakes.

There's a comment regarding the risk of

winterkill to fish in Little Fish Lake. And Taseko's

committed to implementing an aeration and ongoing

monitoring program.

Successful examples of similar aeration

projects were provided in the Feasibility Design

summary, Submission.

A comment that changes will occur before

success of compensation is demonstrated.

In response, the Compensation Plan is robust

in that there's mixed age classes of Fish Lake fish

that will be out-planted. There will be an age class

of fish present in the hatchery. And Little Fish Lake

loss will be maintained as genetic stock. So there's

redundancy in the maintenance of the genetic integrity

of the Fish Lake stock.

Regarding the comment that lost fishing

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6017

activities may not be replaced. So the combination of

selected out-plant lakes that will be stocked, they

will provide immediate fishing opportunities and, in

the long-term, Prosperity Lake will replace the

fishery that will be lost in Fish Lake.

So Taseko continues to work towards closing

the gap of the compensation risks as identified by

DFO. And, you know, the Compensation Plan is applying

the most conservative MVP numbers.

Freshwater Fisheries Society of B.C. will

develop the hatchery plan for the Project.

And Taseko recognizes the need for long-term

ongoing monitoring and adaptive management in order to

build successful compensation habitat.

A brief summary of additional comments that

were received.

From MiningWatch, many of the comments

mirrored the concerns raised by DFO that I've already

covered. But comments such, you know:

Inadequate compensation for littoral

habitats.

Time lags in lake functionality.

Potential for lower trout production in

Prosperity Lake, both in numbers.

And a predicted decrease in Prosperity Lake

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6018

productivity over time based on the boom-and-bust

cycle that's seen in reservoirs that are flooded.

In response to that, the Prosperity Lake

basin will be stripped of vegetation prior to filling,

which is a mitigation activity to avoid the boom and

bust nutrient cycling.

A comment was, a paper was received by, or

submitted by Eric Taylor, basically indicating that

greater genetic and morphological diversity and

distinctiveness is present in the Fish Lake population

than originally proposed in his work.

And, again, the Compensation Plan is robust

and redundant in that there will always be a minimum

viable population that exceeds the conservative 7,000

fish target.

In this robust plan, that will ensure that

genetic stock of Fish Lake will be maintained.

Additional comments were received by

Dr. Hartman outlining the challenges and risks in

creating, the challenges and risks in creating

multiple components in a compensation plan and having

a multiple stage with the idea that with increased

complexity comes increased risk.

It's recognized that there will be increased

risk with an increasing complex plan. However, there

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6019

is a commitment to monitor and adaptive management to

reduce this risk over the life of the mine.

There's comments regarding the thermal regime

of water supply to the spawning channel. You know,

will it be adequate for rainbow trout spawning, would

it alter the emergence time of fry within the

watershed.

Temperature modelling has been conducted as

part of the feasibility design and is outlined in our

submission there. And it gives an indication that

suitable temperatures will be met by the headwater

retention pond design.

And again, there's a recognition or a comment

that the plan is short in regards to No Net Loss.

It's recognized that the plan is negative in

balance regarding stream habitat in middle and upper

Fish Creek during the life of the mine, but habitat

gains increase substantially at closure. And there's

other aspects of the plan that always are positive in

nature, such as fish habitat in Lower Fish Creek,

recreational angling opportunities, and lake habitat

in middle and upper Fish Creek.

So some closing remarks. The feasibility

design of the Fisheries Compensation Program was

submitted on behalf of Taseko on April 13th. It

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6020

provides another level of detail of compensation plan

and is a step towards resolving the outstanding

concerns identified by the various parties.

Another level of detail would be part of the

design phase or the design level detail would be part

of the permitting phase of the Project.

Again, the Compensation Plan has net gains in

stream habitat in Lower Fish Creek and lake habitats

in middle and upper Fish Creek. But there is a short

fall of stream habitat and therefore stream riparian

habitat during the life of the mine.

The stream habitat shortfall during the life

of mine is offset by positive aspects of the plan,

such as fish culture and out-plants to recipient

lakes.

A difference still remains in the acceptable

compensation strategies between the Department of

Fisheries and Oceans and the Ministry of the

Environment. And there is an expectation or a need

for continued discussions through the permitting

phases of this Project.

And that concludes my presentation.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Lieb. We'll

have a short period of time for some initial questions

and the order of questioning would be, as we'd

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6021

indicated on Monday in terms of our Procedures, to

give the opportunity to those who are presenting on

this subject initially to raise questions and in terms

of the order of presentations. And that would mean

Fisheries and Oceans, I would ask first if they have

any questions at this point? I see no questions and I

can certainly appreciate there has been some ongoing

dialogue here so we'll undoubtedly hear more about

that tomorrow when we hear from you on the

presentation, Mr. Silverstein, I believe.

Then next I would ask if the Tsilhqot'in

National Government has any questions? I see two

people I recognize but I'm not sure who is

representing TNG here. Three people.

MS. CROOK: I would like to introduce

Dr. Gordon Hartman, who is here on behalf of TNG, and

you know Tony already. Sorry, and Rick Holmes who is

also here on behalf of TNG.

THE CHAIRMAN: Then I will start with just

in the order, then, Dr. Hartman, did you have any

questions that you wish to ask of Taseko at this

point? If you wish to sit, that's fine as well,

whatever is most comfortable for you, sir.

QUESTIONS OF TASEKO MINES EXPERT PANEL BY THE TSILHQOT'IN

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY DR. GORDON HARTMAN:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6022

DR. HARTMAN: I have many questions. And I'll

try to get to some of them and perhaps I'll actually

deal with them when I make my presentation.

First, I'm curious about a hatchery plan and

genetic integrity. Is it suggested that the stocks of

fish will be retained through several generations in a

hatchery to produce these fish to sustain the genetic

integrity?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Chair, I'll answer that.

Dr. Hartman, the short answer to that is we don't know

at this point. As was indicated in the presentation,

Taseko Mines has engaged the services of the

Provincial Government's aquaculture industry or

aquaculture expertise in the form of Freshwater

Fisheries. They are in the business of raising

rainbow trout throughout the province and we've relied

on their advice and their evidence, their

recommendations. And we're still at the stage of

defining exactly the nature of what will be reared in

the hatcheries, how it will be done, whether it's over

multiple year classes and in what form. So I can't

give you a specific answer today.

DR. HARTMAN: Okay, well, my concern,

there, and I don't know if they want to respond to

that, is that through a few generations of hatchery

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6023

sustained stocks, you lose a lot of the genetic

characteristics of fish. And I don't know whether the

Panel people are familiar with the work that was done

by Gordon Halsey years ago in which they had had a

traditional hatchery stock and they found that in a

few generations these fish lost certain capacities

that were required for survival in wild environments

and when they are put in.

And I'm curious to know if they are familiar

with that work?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I would ask Triton to add to

my response, Dr. Hartman.

MR. LIEBE: Mr. Chairman, not familiar

with the specific work. But conceptually, the

hatchery plan, there's the option or there'll be

stocks of or stocks of the Fish Lake fish

maintained in Little Fish Lake, in several recipient

lakes, as well as the hatchery. So the option for

freshwater fisheries will be to collect brood stock

from any one of those sources of the population in

order to maintain the genetic integrity. So there'll

be at a minimum 7,000 adults at any one time available

from various sources to facilitate their hatchery

plan.

DR. HARTMAN: That actually leads me to a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6024

second question that I'd like to ask. If these fish

are to be put into receptor lakes to maintain the

genetic lines, I'm curious to know what sort of array

of lakes are actually available and do these lakes

already have trout in them?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Dr. Hartman, the answer to

that is that the Provincial Government has given us a

list of approximately 14 lakes which they have

identified as candidate lakes and we are working

through the list one-by-one with input now from the

Freshwater Fisheries to confirm the suitability and

consistency with Provincial Government policy on

stocking fishless lakes versus lakes with fish. So

again, we're not in a position today to give you an

actual description of the lake. The first one that we

have identified notionally is very close to the Fish

Lake site. And it's referred to, it's called

Slim Lake. It's right next to, just in the Tete

Angela watershed to the north of the Fish Creek.

DR. HARTMAN: I don't know the lake,

Mr. Chairman. My concern is that unless these lakes

are already barren of trout, then you are not going to

be sure that you can maintain the genetic integrity of

the fish that you put in there, particularly if the

environments provide for reproduction. And so that's

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6025

the concern. And sooner or later the Panel should be

informed as to what the actual strategy is of what the

lakes are if this is a significant issue.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. You have another

question, I think as well?

DR. HARTMAN: I've got a number of them and

I can go on tomorrow, if you like.

THE CHAIRMAN: Why don't you just proceed

one at a time and we'll see where that takes us.

DR. HARTMAN: Sorry.

THE CHAIRMAN: No problem, please proceed.

DR. HARTMAN: How long can Little Fish Lake

be used as sort of a bank environment from which to

plant fish into Prosperity Lake? This question hinges

on my not knowing what sort of trophic conditions are

going to exist in Prosperity Lake. I'll probably get

to these in my presentation tomorrow, get to this

matter. But, in point of fact, is Prosperity Lake

going to be a particularly good place to move fish

from Little Fish Lake into for the first few years?

And, if that's the case, you know, at the end

of seven years, Prosperity Lake is presumably gone, or

I mean, sorry, Little Fish Lake. I'm an old fellow,

and I hope the Chairman will forgive me for these

lapses of memory and whatever.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6026

THE CHAIRMAN: I have the same problem at

times, so don't worry about that at all.

DR. HARTMAN: But we can see Little Fish

Lake existing for this length of time, then it's gone.

But Prosperity Lake, I don't know how hospitable this

environment is going to be for moving fish into. And

so it's a question of how long will Little Fish Lake

actually be a meaningful reservoir for a supply of

fish in the light of the length of time Little Fish

Lake will exist and a length of time in which there

may be a productive environment in Prosperity Lake?

It will not presumably be seven years.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Dr. Hartman, our Mine Plan

suggests at this point that Little Fish Lake would not

be required to be drained or lost until year-7 of our

Mine Plan.

The second comment is our current schedule

and plan for construction and filling of Prosperity

Lake would see Prosperity Lake built in the first year

of construction, the main dam, and the water retaining

structures, and a required two point -- I think it's

six years or hydrological cycles of freshets to fill

Prosperity Lake. So we're looking in round numbers of

approximately three years from construction through to

filling of Prosperity Lake before it would, at the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6027

very least, be a recipient lake for any fish.

DR. HARTMAN: All right. So, Mr. Chairman,

that suggests to me say three years. And then some

years in which there'll be vegetation planting and

various activities to bring Prosperity Lake up into

some kind of trophic status where it can receive fish.

The thing I'm trying to get at here is just

that the seven years that you have in Little Fish Lake

is not -- is a longer time window as a sort of a fish

bank for Prosperity Lake than might appear. That's my

concern, and I ...

Now, I was writing very fast here and I can't

even find some of the pages that I wrote on. If

you'll just bear with me just a second.

I will come to this in my presentation, too,

but I am curious to know about the temperature

modelling, that was done for the headwater retention

pond which will feed your spawning and rearing

channel.

I did not see this develop particularly well

in the last document that I saw. And so I'm curious

to know just how this modelling was done. Did it

integrate temperature information from the headwater

channel that was draining into the headwater pond

above your fish production system? And, if so, how

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6028

did it deal with those water temperatures?

And, if you want, I can explain why I'm

asking that question. That is that I don't, I'm

unclear how Taseko will actually be able to predict

what the water temperatures will be in the headwater

channel.

The problem being that in the headwater

channel, which is running north to south, the volumes

of water at the upper end are low, relatively low, and

you'll have a degree of warming there. Because the

relationship of volume to surface area in the upper

part of the channel, even in May, there will be a

potential for warming of that water. Now, as it goes

down the channel, that warm water will mix as the

volume goes up in the headwater channel but it will

raise the temperature in total in the headwater

channel.

So I'm curious to know, first, if in the

modelling that was integrated?

And then, secondly, I'm curious to know how

the modelling was done in the light of the actual

changes in levels that will exist in the headwater

pond?

So there are two questions.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Before I ask Triton to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6029

respond, can I just clarify, Dr. Hartman, that your

reference to the last report you saw or read, are you

referring to the April 16th submission that we filed

to the Panel?

DR. HARTMAN: I have two. And maybe I

should -- I could stay away from this, if you like,

but I'm concerned because what I saw was one document

that showed inflows to the headwater pond, all of

which seemed to occur in May, and I have another

document which showed inflow to the headwater pond

that was extending on into June. And depending on

which of those hydrographs one accepts, then I have to

postulate totally different questions.

In the latter case, if the headwater channel

is delivering water on into June, as that one

hydrograph suggests, then some of the questions I've

got are probably not significant.

If, on the other hand, the headwater channel

delivers essentially all the water from snowmelt,

which is what is indicated in some places in the

earlier documents, if that's all delivered as snowmelt

in the month of May, then that water's drawn down

throughout the May/June/July period when fish are

rearing, the water level in the headwater pond feeds

the rearing facility, I think has a potential to be

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6030

dangerously high.

I don't know the modelling.

That's the gist of my question. And I'll be

talking about this again tomorrow. So I don't know

how much you want me to go into these things because I

will be dealing with a lot of them tomorrow myself.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I think the best thing

would be to ask questions now and then deal with your

conclusions in your presentation tomorrow.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Perhaps, Dr. Hartman, then we

could respond. Again, I ask the question just to

confirm that you were referring to the April 16th

document, which had the details about modelling, and

I'm not clear, but I'll pass to Triton to answer your

question about the modelling. Or Knight Piesold.

MR. SMYTH: It's Greg Smyth with Knight

Piesold. I'll just respond to that.

I just thought I'd make a slight correction

to the presentation. There was an indication that we

had done detailed monitoring of the temperature in

the headwater pond and that's not actually the case.

What was done in the recent report that was submitted

about 10 days ago, 12 days ago, I guess, is that we

looked at the baseline conditions in the Fish Creek

Fish Lake valley to look at the temperature of the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6031

streams feeding into Fish Lake and comparing that to

the tempered ambient air temperatures and that sort of

thing to actually get a handle on what the baseline

conditions are there and then see if we can

essentially design a way in the headwater retention

pond that would mimic that. That system's working

well obviously and is designed to work well. It's an

existing ecosystem. And so the idea would be to try

and design a system in the headwater retention pond

intake to build the same way.

What we were not able to do is actually get

into a detailed model estimate of what that water

would look like in the headwater retention pond at

this time. There just simply isn't the data available

to do that.

What we did do is put in an intake structure

in such a way that you could take water from different

elevations throughout the retention pond as it's drawn

down through the June, July, August, September period

to meet the flow requirements in the spawning channel,

so there's some flexibility there to either take it

from the top or bottom or somewhere else.

DR. HARTMAN: But would you agree that if

the water's drawn down through June, July, and then

into August, that you're going to have a preponderance

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6032

of surface water which will either be warmer than the

water that's deep or will just be very warm because

you're dealing with a low volume of water, you're

dealing with water that's had a chance to heat all

through the summer? And that's my concern. That's

where the question resolves that I guess I just

register that I'm not satisfied that this is going to

work, so.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, perhaps, again, you can

incorporate that in your comments tomorrow,

Dr. Hartman.

DR. HARTMAN: I want to see if I had one

other here that I could use. No, I'll stop for now.

I've got other things, but I was writing so fast I

didn't get them down in an order that I can deal with

them here. But I will stop now and thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Hartman. We

look forward to your presentation tomorrow.

Now, Mr. Pearse, did you have any questions

as well or -- you do, okay. And Mr. Holmes has

already come up, so I guess he's now got priority.


NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY MR. RICK HOLMES:

MR. HOLMES: Thanks, Mr. Chairman,

actually, I was advised to come up.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6033

Thanks for the opportunity to speak on this

very important issue as well.

I've got a series of questions here and I

guess we'll look for an answer from each one or do you

want to answer after all six?

THE CHAIRMAN: Why don't we deal with one at

a time. It's probably easier.

MR. HOLMES: I noted in your Compensation

Plan, for the spawning channel you were suggesting

gravel cleaning by just turning up flows. I managed a

spawning channel and have done so since 1989 and I can

assure you that won't clean your gravel. I'm just

wondering what your backup plan is for that into

perpetuity or whether or not the spawning channel will

indeed be required into perpetuity?

MR. RUBLEE: Yeah, we recognize that was

one option. And the other options include things like

scarification of gravel and cleaning. And part of the

development of the monitoring plan will be development

of looking at the substrate composition in the gravels

and percentages of fines and accumulation of fines and

developing the cleaning strategies associated with

that.

There have been other mechanical methods of

cleaning gravel that have been put in place and I'm

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6034

sure that you've applied them as well. And we're

aware of these things and it's quite likely something

that we'll have to incorporate into the plan. What

we're hoping for is the requirement for monitoring and

cleansing of the gravel will diminish over time with

water clarity but won't go away. And there'll be an

ongoing monitoring program to ensure that the quality

of the gravel is suitable for the incubation of the

fry, of the eggs in the gravel.

MR. HOLMES: So you're quite prepared to

do this into perpetuity with a mechanical scarifier

then?

MR. RUBLEE: Yeah, we are prepared to do

what's required to meet the objectives and the

responsibility upon us.

MR. BELL-IRVING: I'd just clarify on that, if

I may, that the question of in perpetuity and the

issue of how long and when we achieve our objectives

are all components of the Provincial Government's what

we call performance measures, which is a document that

clearly outlines our obligations both in the

short-term and in the long-term.

MR. HOLMES: Thank you. My next question

relates to like-for-like fishing experience. I

understand the population levels in Fish Lake are

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6035

about 85,000 now. And I believe you're suggesting the

replacement lake may have a population much less but

of bigger fish; is that correct?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Our Application speaks to

that and I think you've generally characterized it,

yes.

MR. HOLMES: Did you address a catch per

unit effort then? Obviously when you have less fish

you're not going to catch as many.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Holmes, no, I don't think

in the Provincial Government Performance Measures and

their Benchmark Statement that they specified a catch

per unit effort metric. I think the general principle

that Taseko has followed in this is predicated on the

fact and the realization that Taseko is not in the

fish business. Taseko is in the mining business and

is trying to develop a mine to be fully compliant with

both Federal and Provincial policies and regulations

and so we've turned to both governments and asked them

to tell us what they need and want. And based on that

we developed a Compensation Plan. It does not include

catch per unit effort, because I believe, and I'm

putting words in the Provincial Government's mouth,

that they perhaps felt that was more desirable from a

fisheries management point of view was trophy-sized

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6036

fish and therefore a smaller number.

MR. HOLMES: And unfortunately they are

not here to answer these questions once again. I

believe that's really lacking in this process.

Moving on, and it has to do with -- you're

probably going to give me the same answer as well.

Why was the Clearwater facility chosen? And obviously

it wasn't chosen by you, as I understand, when there's

a facility in Likely which is equally as good as the

Clearwater facility, and not only that, it would give

opportunities for the First Nation people, especially

the Tsilhqot'in people, to become fish culturists,

whereas if it's in Clearwater there's no way in the

world they are going to be going over there to learn a

new skill. Had the University of Northern British

Columbia facility chosen in Likely, there would be an

opportunity for them to, like I say, learn to be fish

culturists. Would you care to comment on that?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I could comment and answer

the question.

First of all, the comment was that in our

Application and the submission in April of 2009,

Taseko outlined a Conceptual Fish Compensation Plan

which raised in the submission the possibility of two

different hatcheries, the Clearwater and the

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6037

Hanceville hatchery, and that was again as a result of

input that we'd received from the consultants and

also, as stated in the Application, a desire on

Taseko's part to look for the opportunities for First

Nations capacity building in the running and operating

of hatcheries.

Unfortunately, as events unfolded, certainly

the Tsilhqot'in National Government took the position

they did on this Project and have not engaged in any

discussions on that matter.

In the meantime, we have, as you've

indicated, turned to the Provincial Government and

asked them to tell us which facility we would -- they

would use. And they have decided at a policy level of

the Deputy Ministerial level, given the alternatives

available to the Province. Whether the Likely

hatchery facility was included, I don't know. But I

can assure you that the outcome of that request was at

the Deputy Ministerial level that the decision on the

Provincial Government's part was to use the Clearwater

Hatchery.

I suspect the decision was made as a

recognition of the fact that that facility is staffed,

recognized in the provincial aquaculture program as

being the appropriate facility.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6038

MR. HOLMES: Thanks for answering on

behalf of the Province once again.

How much money have you got set aside or do

you have any amount of money set aside for your

ongoing assessment of monitoring for your Fish

Compensation Plan?

MR. BELL-IRVING: No figures at this time.

MR. HOLMES: Okay. Getting back to your

assessments to date. I understand from the

documentation that I've been reading recently that you

have taken into account the introduction of

invertebrates into the lake; is that correct?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Could you ask that question

again. I'm sorry?

MR. HOLMES: An introduction of

invertebrates for food into the man-made lake, was

that a part of your proposal, I believe?

MR. BELL-IRVING: If you're referring to our

April 16th submission, we've -- I added additional

information in there about how we are perceiving

trying to develop Prosperity Lake as quickly and

biologically effectively as possible.

And there are suggestions in there, which we

are still discussing with both the Provincial and

Federal agencies, and including I think straw bales as

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6039

a potential way of expediting the colonization of

invertebrates.

We've also talked about transplanting

vegetation, aquatic vegetation from the littoral zone.

A number of methods and measures that have

been used and practised in the past.

MR. HOLMES: Thanks for that. And this

leads up to my next question. During your assessment

of what the food needs might be in that lake, was

there any consideration given to airborne insects that

probably won't be around because the landscape will be

denuded? Airborne insects.

MR. BELL-IRVING: I don't think we've addressed

that question at this point, no.

MR. HOLMES: Okay, thank you. And I guess

to summarize, if this is an ongoing initiative between

the Province and the Federal Government and

yourselves, how do we have an opportunity to continue

to comment on this?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I'm not sure of the question.

How do you have an opportunity to comment?

MR. HOLMES: Was this our only opportunity

to comment on your compensation plan, which is

evolving as we speak?

MR. BELL-IRVING: No, I think the short answer

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6040

to that is no. It's our understanding that this

hearing and this Panel review is not the forum or the

place to finalize in finite detail the Compensation

Plan. That comes from a Federal side at the time when

they exercised their regulatory function of issuing an

authorization. And what the Department of Fisheries

and Oceans does between now and then is up to them to

speak to.

As to whether that provides opportunities, I

can't comment.

Provincially, the Ministry of Environment, of

course, will be working with us throughout this, as

will the Freshwater Fisheries. So I would speculate

that there will be ample opportunity and, in fact, it

would be in everyone's interest to provide

opportunities for further input to this program,

because, quite candidly, it is not our intention to

build a program that fails. It's our intention to

build a compensation plan that is indeed intended to

meet the regulatory and legislative requirements and

is a success. So we will do everything we can to

endeavour to make this compensation program a success.

MR. HOLMES: That's all I have,

Mr. Chairman. Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thanks, Mr. Holmes. Just one

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6041

suggestion, you might want to, when DFO presents

tomorrow, you might want to ask the question to them

as well in terms of the future process.

In terms of this Panel, obviously we're going

to have to reach our conclusions and make

recommendations to the various Ministers and

ultimately Cabinet based on the information we obtain

by the end of the hearings.

MR. HOLMES: Yes, I understand. Thanks.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I assume,

Mr. Pearse, we might have time for some questions for

you and that may be about it for the evening.


NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, BY MR. PEARSE:

MR. PEARSE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

It's Tony Pearse.

I actually would like to pick up where we

just left off and ask Taseko whether they agree or are

aware that for the Panel to make a favourable

recommendation on this Project to the Ministers, that

they would have to have sufficient information to

determine that the Project is sustainable as required

by the Act.

Would you agree?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Pearse, Rod Bell-Irving,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6042

I can't comment on that, I'll let the Panel decide

what they need.

MR. PEARSE: Would you, I take it that

your Fish Habitat Compensation Plan is going to be

designed to achieve some kind of sustainability, it's

got to be a viable plan that's going to last into the

long-term. Would you agree with that?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Our compensation plan is

designed to achieve the performance measures that are

detailed and provided to us as a condition of our

Certificate from the Provincial Government. And those

are detailed. And I think you're aware of them.

MR. PEARSE: I am. And I'll be getting to

those. But perhaps you could elaborate on why you

seem to be playing a game or positioning the

Provincial Government with the Federal Government.

(ROBOTIC TELEPHONE VOICE: We're sorry, your call

did not go through. Please try your call again. Dial

zero and a Telus operator would be happy to help you)

THE CHAIRMAN: Excuse that interruption.

MR. PEARSE: Who is that speaker?

THE CHAIRMAN: I'm puzzled as to who that

speaker is that appears from time to time.

Mr. Pearse, I'm not sure you had a question

there. But you mentioned something about playing

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6043

games and I'm not sure that's an appropriate question,

but perhaps you could rephrase that.

MR. PEARSE: What would be the reason why

Taseko would believe that the Panel would find sort of

the Provincial measures and the Provincial approach to

the Compensation Plan favourable when you are not able

to achieve what the Federal policy would require given

that it's a Federal Panel and there are Federal laws

that would require the Fish Habitat Compensation Plan

to be in place?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I think, Mr. Pearse, Taseko

recognizes that the Federal policy referred to

incorporates, and I'm going to raise this as a

question of DFO when they are presenting, but the

policy speaks to a role that's joint, that's shared

between the Federal and Provincial Governments. It's

not either/or, it's a shared role. And in the context

of this Project, the sharing, in our view, manifests

itself by the fact that, as far as fish and fishery

are concerned, the Provincial Government in this

province have responsibility for managing the fish and

the fishery and, therefore, are speaking in essence

for two-thirds of the components. It's recognized

also that the Federal Government has responsibility

for fish habitat. And the three are connected. So

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6044

because of that connection, it's not a game we're

playing, it's a serious matter to try and resolve,

from a fish practical point of view, a Fish

Compensation Plan that meets both objectives.

MR. PEARSE: Why is it, then, that after

all of this time, the 17 years or so you've been

working on this Project, you haven't been able to

achieve what the Federal policy requires? I mean,

it's clear from the submissions that have been tabled

by DFO that you're quite a long ways away from getting

to where they want to be. I think that's a fair

statement. So what is the difficulty in getting

there?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Pearse, I think, if I may

respectfully suggest, that question had best be

addressed towards DFO.

MR. PEARSE: There was some discussion a

few minutes ago about at what point fish would be

introduced into Prosperity Lake. And I take it you

don't really have a year that you could tell us when

fish would be introduced, but could you give us a

range of what you think would be the time slot?

MR. BELL-IRVING: You're correct, we don't have

a date or a year established yet. We don't know if

this Project's going to be approved yet. But if it is

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6045

approved and if the dam and the Prosperity Lake is

built, I've indicated it will take 2.6 years, I

believe, to fill it. After which there'll be some

time. And I can't comment, maybe my consultants to

the left here could comment on the time it would take

for the water quality to stabilize and for the

vegetation and for the in-planting of some of the

organic matter that's needed. I'm not in a position

to comment on that and I don't think we've actually

assessed that to any degree just yet.

MR. PEARSE: Your updated Mine Plan

indicates that in year-14 the south embankment will

start to be raised in order to accommodate the

increased water inflows and from year-14 on to the end

of mine life there are sequential raises of that

embankment. What would be the effect of those raises

on the biota in Prosperity Lake in the fluctuating

water levels?

MR. SMYTH: Sorry, just to repeat the

question. I just wanted to be sure.

MR. PEARSE: The question had to do with

the expanded Mine Plan. And the Feasibility Study

shows that in year-14, the south embankment starts to

be raised and it is then raised incrementally over the

following period of time. That would seem to me would

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6046

have effects on Prosperity Lake and I'm asking you

what your assessment would be in terms of aquatic

life.

MR. SMYTH: So this is directed to the

33-year Mine Plan?

MR. PEARSE: That's correct.

MR. BELL-IRVING: I was confused. I thought

maybe you could bail me out. We don't have an

expanded Mine Plan. We don't have a 33-year mine

life. We have a 20-year plan. And as I understand

it, the plan for the current Project is to build the

Prosperity Lake dam, or south embankment dam as it

might be called, in year 1, year 1 and 2. And there

it will remain for the life of the Project.

MR. PEARSE: I understood the Panel Chair,

I think it was this morning, to talk about the need to

look at cumulative effects and that from that point of

view that whether it's a separate Project or an add-on

to an existing Project, the Panel's going to have to

consider reasonably foreseeable projects that would

include the raising of the embankment. And when you

go to your Feasibility Study, you've got very detailed

specifications there on the raising of the south

embankment. And I would refer you to Table 18(2) in

the technical report on the 344 million tonne increase

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6047

in mineral reserves at the Prosperity Gold-Copper

Project.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Pearse, are you referring

to the SEDAR report?

MR. PEARSE: Yes, I am.

MR. BELL-IRVING: This language I'm getting

hung up on. When you're saying feasibility report,

I'm thinking of an engineer and that's a feasibility

design and study. The SEDAR report is not a

Feasibility Study. The SEDAR report talks about that,

that's correct. And we have addressed that question

of what would happen to the Prosperity Lake dam and

how we would proceed, the various options that are

available to accommodate a hypothetical expansion to

the mine life so as to maintain the integrity of

Prosperity Lake in an undisturbed manner. And that

question has been asked and answered previously in the

hearing.

MR. PEARSE: Thank you. Are you familiar

with the centre line method of construction that's

talked about in the Feasibility Study, or, sorry, the

SEDAR report?

MR. SMYTH: Yes.

MR. PEARSE: Okay, when, I believe when

you responded and explained how that embankment might

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6048

be raised yesterday, you were talking about a

different kind of construction method, you were not

talking about centre line construction. Centre line

construction I think would end up with rock in

Prosperity Lake, would it not?

MR. SMYTH: Yeah, that's correct.

MR. PEARSE: So now we've got two

different proposals. One in the SEDAR report is

pretty specific. It's not wildly speculative. This

is what's going out to potential investors and this is

likely the Project that's going to be built. So I

would ask you what would be the impacts in terms of

the fish habitat compensation program through raising

the south embankment by a centre line construction

method for the last half of the mine life?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Mr. Pearse, I can't answer

that question, I'm sorry.

MR. PEARSE: Thank you. Mr. Bell-Irving,

I would like to turn to the implementation plan for

the fish habitat, which I believe is, I believe it's

1078, the CEAA number, it's a response to IR10 on the

part of a larger response, I believe.

MR. BELL-IRVING: Could you help me with the

references to the date where that is in the?

MR. PEARSE: It's the July 31st, 2009

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6049

Knight Piesold and Triton Draft Implementation Plan,

it's called. And I would ask you to turn to page 25.

MR. BELL-IRVING: I don't have it, I'm sorry.

I now have it. Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: We can put it on the screen

if you need it, actually, but have you got it there

now?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Page 25, you said?

MR. PEARSE: Page 25, and I'm looking at

item 6.1.2.4 and under that there's a heading. Maybe

let these guys get set up here, maybe that will help.

So just while this is getting set up, just to confirm,

Mr. Bell-Irving, I take it that the general sense of

this document is to describe how the Fish Habitat

Compensation Plan is going to be implemented, that's

what we're talking about?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I would say yes in very

general terms but I also remind you, Mr. Pearse, that

this document dated July 2009 is reflective of the

evolving nature of this compensation plan so it

reflects the thinking in July of 2009. It's not

reflective of what we have submitted in April of 2010.

MR. PEARSE: It's page 25. It's not a

figure, sorry. It's just a bit of text. Go to

page 25. It's -- that was it there. So we see

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6050

under -- that's right, good. Okay. So now you've got

a heading that says "Operation and Post-Closure

Maintenance" under 6.1.2.4.

Now, when I read that, I don't see any

reference at all to post-closure. Would you confirm

that for me, please.

MR. BELL-IRVING: It's in the title, obviously,

but it's not in the text.

MR. PEARSE: And on page 26 for the

headwater retention pond there's the same kind of

clause again. It's right at the bottom of the page, I

believe. And again, there's no -- you will confirm

that there's no description there of what will be done

post-closure in terms of maintaining that particular

component?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Yes, you're correct.

MR. PEARSE: And just jumping over to

page 30, the same thing with reference to the salmon

spawning channels, there is no description of what

would be done post-closure; is that correct?

MR. BELL-IRVING: I'll take your word for it.

MR. PEARSE: So the obvious question is

what's your plan? Who and how are these elements

going to be taken care of in the long-term

post-closure?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6051

MR. BELL-IRVING: Part of the answer to the

question of post-closure is to understand the

definition of the word "post-closure" and I could ask

you what you understand it to mean.

MR. PEARSE: Well, I believe what you have

said is in your documents that you're taking

responsibility for these to the end of mine life,

which I take it is at the time you stopped production

and the open pit is starting to fill; is that correct?

MR. BELL-IRVING: No. The post-closure phrase

that Taseko has used will include the period right up

until the time we discharge into the environment and

we -- which is approximately year 47 in our mine

schedule.

But to go to your question, what's included

in post-closure, certainly nothing, as you've pointed

out in the July 2009 document. And I don't think

you'll find much even in the April 2010 document that

speaks to that at this point. It's understood by

Taseko that what is going to guide the specifics of

what we must do and will do again are detailed in the

Provincial Government's Performance Measures which

gives us clear direction as to how long, for what

purpose, and in what manner we are to fulfil our

obligations.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25


6052

And that will guide the definition of what we

do and when we do it during operations as well as

during post-closure.

MR. PEARSE: Mr. Bell-Irving, this Panel

is going to have to make a recommendation to a

Minister in a couple of months about the viability of

this Project and whether it can meet a sustainability

test. They have to do that. What are you expecting

them to do if you have no kinds of information about

how this thing is going to work once the end of mine

life is over, I'll use that term, where you stop

production, what do you expect them to tell the

Minister?

MR. BELL-IRVING: Well, as I said earlier,

Mr. Pearse, I'll leave that to the Panel to decide

what they are going to tell the Minister. But from

Taseko's perspective, we are, of course, cognizant of

the fact that the Provincial Government has given us

the Certificate which allows us to operate this mine

in accordance with a series of commitments, terms and

conditions, if you were, and one of them is that we

deliver and perform with respect to the Fish

Compensation Plan. So we fully believe that that's,

that information is before the Panel and they will

decide.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

2425


6053

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Pearse, just a procedural

question here. I'm wondering if you have many more

questions or should we come back tomorrow morning to

deal with some of these? Just a question of where you

are in your questioning at this point.

MR. PEARSE: I think I might be 20 minutes

yet or so. I have a few questions yet, so I can't

tell whether it's 15 or 30, so.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, perhaps at this --

MR. PEARSE: I'm happy to break now.

THE CHAIRMAN: I think at this point, I'd

indicated that we would try to break around 6:30, and

we've had a few long days. This is one of the

shortest, I think, so it's perhaps time to break and

have you back as the first person in the morning just

to continue.

MR. PEARSE: Okay.

THE CHAIRMAN: So I think with that, thank

you, Mr. Pearse, and Taseko for responding to those

questions.

We will close the session this evening and

we'll resume once again at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.

Thank you for coming.

(PROCEEDINGS ADJOURNED AT 6:40 P.M.)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

2021

22

23

24

25


6054

REPORTER'S CERTIFICATION

I, Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A), Official

Realtime Reporter in the Provinces of British Columbia

and Alberta, Canada, do hereby certify:

That the proceedings were taken down by me in

shorthand at the time and place herein set forth and

thereafter transcribed, and the same is a true and

correct and complete transcript of said proceedings to

the best of my skill and ability.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my

name this 28th day of April, 2010.

_____________________________________

Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A)

Official Realtime Reporter

#09-05-44811 [1] - 5733:3$10 [2] - 5877:4, 5995:7'Overall [1] - 5973:20.0008 [1] - 5933:30.1 [1] - 5766:200.4 [1] - 5883:220.47 [1] - 5772:110.9 [1] - 5778:101 [3] - 5924:15, 6046:131,000 [3] - 5916:22, 5917:3,

5937:51,200 [1] - 5925:141.0 [2] - 5880:8, 5883:191.2 [1] - 5945:231.5 [6] - 5876:18, 5877:6,

5880:11, 5880:12, 5913:9,5995:9

10 [23] - 5766:19, 5791:9,5792:7, 5810:24, 5893:16,5893:17, 5908:10,5916:18, 5917:2, 5922:15,5923:4, 5932:16, 5938:5,5939:10, 5943:12,5943:14, 5943:16, 5959:5,5980:11, 5993:9, 6000:3,6000:17, 6030:23

10,000 [5] - 5898:13,5916:22, 5937:5, 5944:18

100 [23] - 5770:21, 5799:17,5800:22, 5804:6, 5808:19,5808:22, 5838:10, 5839:2,5869:14, 5869:16,5869:18, 5873:20,5877:14, 5878:1, 5878:8,5898:12, 5916:18, 5917:2,5926:14, 5926:16,5963:10, 5993:9, 5996:7

100,000 [4] - 5916:22,5955:25, 5956:10, 6012:23

102 [1] - 6015:7104 [1] - 5948:21078 [1] - 6048:2111 [2] - 5772:10, 5950:10111 [1] - 5942:20116 [1] - 5743:7117 [1] - 5743:9118 [1] - 5743:11119 [2] - 5733:22, 5743:1312 [4] - 5872:25, 5919:24,

5924:22, 6030:23128 [2] - 5942:19, 5945:1412:10 [2] - 5739:14, 5851:1012th [1] - 6012:213 [6] - 5870:6, 5905:4,

5913:21, 5949:12,5950:10, 5950:11

137 [3] - 5947:23, 5947:24,5947:25

13th [2] - 6006:16, 6019:2514 [3] - 5945:20, 6012:10,

6024:8

1402 [1] - 5910:121440 [2] - 5927:23, 5934:1515 [7] - 5855:24, 5943:12,

5943:14, 5943:17,6000:10, 6000:11, 6053:8

150 [1] - 5872:716 [3] - 5946:4, 5946:5,

5948:916th [7] - 5856:25, 5857:3,

5863:13, 5897:5, 6029:3,6030:12, 6038:19

17 [1] - 6044:618 [3] - 5758:17, 5925:20,

5946:418(2 [1] - 6046:241800 [1] - 5926:9183 [1] - 5947:201970s [1] - 5883:51988 [1] - 5953:121989 [1] - 6033:111990 [1] - 6012:141992 [1] - 5760:71993 [1] - 6003:81997 [2] - 5869:25, 5870:61998 [1] - 5957:41:15 [4] - 5739:14, 5851:5,

5851:8, 5851:112 [7] - 5734:17, 5736:3,

5737:3, 5738:8, 5748:8,5955:21, 6046:13

2-D [1] - 5808:12.0 [8] - 5880:8, 5880:12,

5880:22, 5880:24, 5881:7,5881:9, 5909:14

2.5 [2] - 5881:3, 5998:182.6 [1] - 6045:22.61 [1] - 5772:32.8 [1] - 5908:1820 [19] - 5759:22, 5798:20,

5869:21, 5883:20,5883:23, 5884:8, 5885:12,5886:19, 5893:16,5893:17, 5899:17,5900:21, 5908:10,5934:16, 5936:16, 5954:4,5982:23, 5994:8, 6053:6

20-year [6] - 5793:18,5795:11, 5796:21, 5925:4,5925:19, 6046:10

200 [3] - 5778:21, 5872:10,5925:13

2000/2001 [1] - 5874:222003 [2] - 5953:16, 6015:42003/2004 [2] - 5875:4,

5875:82005/2006 [1] - 5947:142006 [3] - 5810:12, 5875:10,

5883:112007 [3] - 5810:6, 5875:10,

5961:12008 [4] - 5878:15, 5879:5,

5943:13, 5943:142009 [12] - 5857:2, 5943:11,

5945:12, 5945:17, 5946:3,5972:16, 5976:23,6036:22, 6048:25,6049:19, 6049:21, 6051:17

200mg/litre [1] - 5771:102010 [4] - 5733:15, 6049:22,

6051:18, 6054:1420th [1] - 5744:1221st [2] - 5744:14, 5744:22225 [2] - 5919:16, 5919:2323 [3] - 5882:17, 5884:1,

5900:8231 [1] - 5817:21237 [1] - 5919:2224-hour [1] - 5981:1024/7 [1] - 5962:425 [9] - 5902:7, 5931:22,

5948:24, 5949:12, 6049:2,6049:8, 6049:9, 6049:23,6049:25

26 [3] - 5799:10, 6004:10,6050:9

27 [1] - 5733:15282 [3] - 5778:12, 5779:18,

5817:2528th [1] - 6054:1429 [1] - 5742:153 [7] - 5735:13, 5740:13,

5905:22, 5930:9, 5930:12,5955:21, 6002:4

3.0 [2] - 5880:8, 5880:1530 [12] - 5733:16, 5742:19,

5777:7, 5886:21, 5886:22,5886:25, 5908:10,5939:23, 5940:7, 5940:19,6050:18, 6053:8

300 [1] - 5872:1031 [3] - 5742:24, 5777:7,

5905:1731.5 [1] - 5921:831st [1] - 6048:2532 [1] - 5855:2327 [1] - 5919:1633 [5] - 5793:23, 5794:6,

5795:6, 5795:20, 5798:2033-year [9] - 5792:25,

5793:5, 5793:13, 5794:22,5795:13, 5796:3, 5797:6,6046:5, 6046:9

34 [1] - 5733:8344 [1] - 6046:2535 [1] - 5898:6351 [1] - 5733:2336 [1] - 5951:736(3 [1] - 5849:1737 [1] - 5806:2338 [3] - 5908:12, 5925:21,

5926:1939 [1] - 5927:17

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]

Prosperity Gold-Copper Mine Project - Volume 30 - April 27, 2010

1

3900 [1] - 6015:103D [1] - 5866:174 [9] - 5877:3, 5883:20,

5883:24, 5884:2, 5884:8,5885:1, 5885:6, 5924:23,5926:21

4.0 [1] - 5914:1040 [11] - 5883:24, 5914:2,

5923:17, 5926:22,5926:23, 5927:10,5927:17, 5939:23, 5940:7,5940:19, 6015:5

40-plus [2] - 5813:18,5813:19

40-years-plus [1] - 5848:4400 [1] - 5925:13400mg/litre [1] - 5771:1142 [1] - 5806:445 [2] - 5814:17, 5963:1047 [3] - 5813:25, 5814:5,

6051:135 [12] - 5777:7, 5777:23,

5801:13, 5810:24,5913:22, 5922:16,5924:23, 5925:22,5943:11, 5943:14,5943:15, 5963:9

5-2-B [1] - 5777:65.0 [1] - 5914:550 [4] - 5850:4, 5872:7,

5946:6, 5998:1500 [3] - 5772:16, 5872:11,

5913:12500-metre-deep [2] -

5910:17, 5988:20500-year [1] - 5953:25540 [1] - 5955:1855 [5] - 5929:10, 5929:12,

5932:7, 5932:19, 5933:125733 [1] - 5733:175741 [1] - 5738:35742 [1] - 5738:45743 [1] - 5738:55746 [2] - 5738:10, 5738:155752 [1] - 5738:195758 [1] - 5738:215787 [1] - 5738:225789 [1] - 5738:245790 [1] - 5739:15818 [1] - 5739:65829 [1] - 5739:85835 [1] - 5739:95839 [1] - 5739:105840 [1] - 5739:125851 [2] - 5739:13, 5739:155854 [1] - 5739:175855 [1] - 5739:215898 [1] - 5739:235964 [1] - 5740:15970 [1] - 5740:25978 [1] - 5740:4

5987 [1] - 5740:55988 [1] - 5740:75992 [1] - 5740:85993 [1] - 5740:105996 [1] - 5740:116 [1] - 5777:66.1.2.4 [2] - 6049:10, 6050:360 [6] - 5805:22, 5885:18,

5886:20, 5923:22,5924:21, 5950:3

600 [1] - 5872:116002 [1] - 5740:146021 [1] - 5740:186032 [1] - 5740:206041 [1] - 5740:226054 [1] - 5733:1764 [2] - 5949:17, 5952:1968 [1] - 5950:17680 [1] - 5935:469 [1] - 5919:136:30 [3] - 6001:18, 6001:20,

6053:126:40 [1] - 6053:247,000 [6] - 6015:1, 6015:6,

6015:18, 6015:25,6018:14, 6023:22

7.0 [1] - 5908:177.18 [1] - 5922:157.2 [1] - 5923:470 [7] - 5757:22, 5885:20,

5919:12, 5923:23,5924:21, 5962:20, 5970:10

71 [3] - 5948:1, 5948:15,5948:17

73 [1] - 5857:1275 [1] - 5772:2076 [1] - 5951:128 [1] - 5777:680 [3] - 5757:23, 5773:1,

5919:285 [1] - 5950:1085,000 [1] - 6035:19 [5] - 5815:2, 5851:24,

5908:21, 5924:15, 6053:229,000 [1] - 5908:219.0 [1] - 5932:2290 [1] - 5951:992 [1] - 5950:8923 [1] - 5778:1093 [1] - 5950:2099.0 [1] - 6015:4ABA [3] - 5865:21, 5879:1,

5971:17ABAs [3] - 5866:3, 5866:5ability [18] - 5764:7, 5768:9,

5776:9, 5776:14, 5776:17,5776:19, 5776:24,5783:11, 5793:7, 5795:13,5813:14, 5813:24,5814:23, 5821:24,5824:16, 5824:17, 5965:7,

6054:11able [24] - 5745:25, 5754:16,

5810:1, 5811:9, 5819:11,5825:8, 5825:10, 5830:12,5832:15, 5891:3, 5938:21,5939:19, 5962:23,5962:24, 5967:12, 5980:8,5980:9, 5984:13, 5994:14,6001:3, 6028:4, 6031:11,6043:6, 6044:7

ABOUT [2] - 5739:16,5851:18

absence [1] - 5767:24Absolutely [1] - 5870:25absolutely [3] - 5837:1,

5871:1, 5956:10absorb [2] - 5775:4, 5804:19absorption [2] - 5779:12,

5809:3abundance [1] - 5774:12academia [1] - 5783:14accept [7] - 5753:9, 5761:13,

5774:19, 5775:10,5867:23, 5970:4, 6015:23

acceptable [4] - 5860:24,5895:14, 6005:24, 6020:16

accepted [5] - 5788:21,5838:25, 5981:1, 5981:3,6004:23

accepting [1] - 5970:2accepts [1] - 6029:12access [1] - 6001:3accesses [1] - 5785:20accommodate [4] - 5746:1,

5853:20, 6045:13, 6047:14accompanied [1] - 5746:6accomplished [1] - 5946:18accordance [1] - 6052:20according [9] - 5864:22,

5881:15, 5889:11, 5890:3,5892:1, 5898:12, 5915:24,5996:13

accordingly [1] - 5745:11account [11] - 5788:19,

5805:14, 5817:7, 5929:8,5935:4, 5935:21, 5965:13,5965:15, 5965:17,5966:12, 6038:11

accounted [1] - 6012:20accounting [1] - 5965:14accounts [5] - 5866:3,

5870:1, 5870:7, 5870:9,5998:6

accredited [1] - 5867:23accumulation [1] - 6033:21accurately [1] - 5872:2achieve [10] - 5780:22,

5822:4, 5822:23, 5825:10,5825:15, 6034:18, 6042:5,6042:9, 6043:7, 6044:8

achieved [2] - 5822:20,

5822:21achieving [1] - 5822:2Achilles [1] - 5959:15acid [154] - 5747:3, 5747:9,

5747:22, 5747:25, 5752:7,5752:17, 5752:20,5752:22, 5752:23,5753:10, 5753:13, 5754:6,5754:9, 5754:12, 5754:24,5755:1, 5755:2, 5755:5,5755:8, 5755:11, 5755:14,5756:4, 5756:12, 5756:15,5756:18, 5756:21,5756:23, 5756:25, 5757:3,5757:8, 5757:10, 5757:12,5757:14, 5758:6, 5758:9,5758:10, 5758:12, 5786:2,5810:21, 5812:5, 5830:21,5853:23, 5862:12,5862:15, 5862:25,5863:11, 5863:15,5863:19, 5863:23, 5864:1,5864:5, 5864:8, 5864:12,5865:11, 5865:14,5865:15, 5865:16, 5866:2,5870:1, 5870:7, 5870:9,5872:22, 5873:10,5874:23, 5875:9, 5875:11,5876:2, 5876:11, 5876:18,5877:5, 5880:2, 5880:3,5881:7, 5881:19, 5881:23,5885:14, 5885:17,5885:21, 5886:5, 5886:8,5887:6, 5887:7, 5888:23,5888:25, 5889:4, 5902:12,5902:13, 5903:4, 5903:7,5905:11, 5905:13,5905:16, 5905:17, 5906:2,5906:16, 5906:19, 5909:5,5910:9, 5911:6, 5918:17,5918:22, 5919:13, 5920:5,5920:17, 5921:5, 5921:12,5921:21, 5922:10, 5923:7,5923:21, 5923:23,5924:19, 5925:11,5926:10, 5927:25, 5928:3,5928:5, 5928:6, 5929:23,5930:6, 5930:17, 5933:15,5933:24, 5934:14,5934:17, 5934:25, 5936:6,5937:15, 5946:12, 5949:5,5949:11, 5949:14,5950:16, 5951:1, 5951:5,5951:8, 5951:10, 5953:13,5953:14, 5953:17, 5954:3,5962:21, 5962:24, 5965:7,5965:14, 5966:8, 5970:11,5995:9, 5998:6, 5998:18

Acid [7] - 5810:12, 5855:22,5862:3, 5862:5, 5925:8,5926:7, 5926:15

acid-base [2] - 5870:1,



2

5870:7acid-based [1] - 5998:6acid-generating [19] -

5752:23, 5753:13, 5754:6,5754:9, 5755:1, 5755:2,5755:5, 5755:8, 5755:11,5755:14, 5756:4, 5756:12,5756:18, 5756:21,5756:25, 5757:3, 5757:8,5757:12, 5758:10

acid-generator [1] - 5995:9acid-rock [2] - 5758:9,

5758:12acidic [60] - 5753:7, 5755:16,

5861:24, 5861:25, 5865:4,5865:8, 5878:10, 5878:18,5878:19, 5880:24, 5881:4,5881:5, 5887:12, 5888:9,5888:13, 5891:13,5907:10, 5907:12, 5911:1,5911:4, 5911:11, 5914:2,5914:11, 5914:12, 5921:3,5924:5, 5924:21, 5924:25,5925:3, 5925:16, 5925:22,5926:18, 5926:23, 5927:5,5927:11, 5929:21, 5930:2,5930:12, 5930:13, 5932:2,5932:9, 5933:20, 5933:21,5933:23, 5935:5, 5935:10,5935:21, 5936:1, 5937:25,5941:7, 5941:8, 5944:7,5951:8, 5962:19, 5963:7,5963:9, 5963:10, 5963:19,5970:12

acidity [7] - 5862:8, 5863:2,5863:22, 5865:25, 5875:5,5924:17, 5937:10

acknowledged [1] - 5989:22acronym [1] - 5855:23acronyms [3] - 5861:17,

5864:10, 5879:25ACT [1] - 5733:8Act [9] - 5751:10, 5796:10,

5797:15, 5812:15,5812:19, 5849:18,5948:10, 5954:7, 6041:23

act [1] - 6004:19acting [1] - 5744:1action [1] - 5745:11actions [1] - 5749:11active [3] - 5928:12, 5963:21,

5966:24activities [2] - 6017:1,

6027:5activity [3] - 5950:2,

5982:13, 6018:5actor [1] - 5958:11actual [15] - 5760:21,

5777:18, 5817:3, 5917:9,5917:20, 5948:14,5952:14, 5952:17, 5953:5,

5992:17, 5993:10,6024:15, 6025:2, 6028:21

Actual [1] - 5916:3acutely [1] - 5935:19adapted [4] - 5767:20,

5767:23, 5769:14, 5771:8adaptive [5] - 5958:20,

5962:11, 6014:10,6017:13, 6019:1

add [9] - 5745:13, 5888:17,5892:18, 5897:13,5988:18, 5989:15, 5996:5,6023:11, 6046:18

add-on [1] - 6046:18added [7] - 5892:9, 5915:17,

5915:21, 5924:8, 5924:11,6010:9, 6038:19

adding [1] - 5945:23addition [2] - 5743:19,

6012:9Additional [2] - 6006:21,

6018:18additional [16] - 5784:11,

5809:9, 5856:23, 5864:4,5890:6, 5965:18, 5968:6,5968:17, 5989:17,5991:16, 6004:24,6006:17, 6008:24,6012:10, 6017:15, 6038:19

Additionally [1] - 5890:5additions [1] - 5948:3address [13] - 5748:16,

5749:13, 5750:25, 5759:2,5810:16, 5813:22,5816:17, 5857:20, 5867:6,5972:8, 5977:3, 6014:14,6035:7

addressed [13] - 5827:15,5840:1, 5849:17, 5851:23,5857:10, 5974:5, 5976:10,5988:8, 5991:23, 6015:14,6039:13, 6044:16, 6047:11

addresses [1] - 5853:25addressing [1] - 5821:4adequacy [4] - 5846:14,

5846:22, 5867:1, 5971:23adequate [4] - 5760:11,

6000:11, 6019:5adequately [2] - 5760:8,

5761:2adjacent [2] - 5754:23,

6010:12ADJOURNED [3] - 5739:14,

5851:10, 6053:24adjust [2] - 5832:2, 5882:25adjusted [1] - 5935:20adjustment [1] - 5884:14ADMINISTRATIVE [4] -

5738:4, 5739:15, 5742:6,5851:17

administrative [3] - 5742:7,

5794:21, 5851:19admit [3] - 5805:12, 5865:1,

5929:17admits [3] - 5919:12,

5920:15, 5962:20admitted [2] - 5876:22,

5914:10adults [1] - 6023:22advance [2] - 5813:25,

5853:22advantage [1] - 5814:10adverse [10] - 5759:11,

5759:12, 5774:8, 5774:16,5775:23, 5781:6, 5817:8,5846:11, 5950:18, 5978:24

adversely [1] - 5893:5advice [5] - 5758:19,

5795:17, 5971:1, 6006:12,6022:17

advise [1] - 5768:17advised [3] - 5939:8,

5964:14, 6032:25aeration [2] - 6016:11,

6016:13aerial [1] - 5756:17affect [4] - 5748:21, 5759:14,

5774:13, 5798:4affected [2] - 5755:19,

5893:5affidavit [7] - 5743:21,

5743:25, 5744:8, 5744:15,5745:1, 5745:4, 5745:21

AFFIDAVIT [2] - 5738:6,5743:17

afford [3] - 5893:20, 5896:4,5939:5

afternoon [3] - 5851:15,5852:14, 5853:10

afterwards [2] - 5810:8,5853:2

age [3] - 6008:25, 6016:19,6016:20

agencies [9] - 5762:15,5820:25, 5830:12,5835:13, 5961:23, 5970:2,5973:13, 6004:23, 6038:25

agency [3] - 5745:19,5827:10, 6000:17

Agency [3] - 5796:14,5900:1, 5984:4

AGENCY [1] - 5734:6Agency's [1] - 5796:11ago [14] - 5855:24, 5870:7,

5872:20, 5878:16,5886:19, 5898:6, 5973:20,5976:9, 5977:8, 5992:19,6023:4, 6030:23, 6044:18

agree [10] - 5833:1, 5877:24,5884:25, 5889:23,5897:21, 5903:12,6031:23, 6041:18,

6041:24, 6042:7agreed [4] - 5853:17,

5862:10, 5940:18, 6006:9agreement [2] - 5830:14,

6001:21agrees [2] - 5754:10,

5894:17agriculture [1] - 5765:14ahead [7] - 5768:16,

5818:21, 5829:4, 5943:1,5964:17, 5970:19, 5991:25

air [2] - 5886:2, 6031:2airborne [1] - 6039:10Airborne [1] - 6039:12al [2] - 6012:13, 6015:4alarming [1] - 5887:9Alaska [2] - 5836:25, 5953:8Alberta [1] - 6054:5Albino [1] - 5810:23ALEXANDRE [1] - 5738:12Alexandre [2] - 5735:2,

5746:14algae [1] - 5774:9alignment [1] - 5802:9Alkali [1] - 5743:23alkalinity [2] - 5875:2,

5875:4Alliance [1] - 5957:18allocation [2] - 5867:4,

5972:6allow [6] - 5789:11, 5860:19,

5861:6, 5895:21, 5940:7,6000:9

allowance [1] - 5779:13allows [2] - 5986:13, 6052:19alluvial [1] - 5956:13almost [4] - 5881:6, 5900:21,

5951:9, 5988:21alphabetical [1] - 5839:10alright [1] - 5959:16alter [1] - 6019:6alteration [8] - 5906:10,

5909:24, 5910:15,5910:25, 5931:13,5931:14, 5931:18, 6005:4

altered [8] - 5908:24,5909:15, 5909:16,5909:25, 5910:2, 5910:5,5910:14, 5910:18

alternative [3] - 5836:22,5860:13, 5895:11

Alternatives [6] - 5756:6,5860:4, 5860:17, 5881:16,5887:22, 5892:1

alternatives [21] - 5743:8,5755:18, 5755:22,5755:23, 5755:24, 5756:1,5860:24, 5861:5, 5861:6,5861:8, 5861:11, 5888:5,5888:8, 5890:7, 5890:9,5895:13, 5895:15,



3

5896:24, 5897:13, 5939:2,6037:15

aluminum [21] - 5778:6,5778:8, 5778:19, 5778:20,5778:22, 5778:24,5779:22, 5790:14,5815:24, 5816:22,5816:24, 5817:4, 5817:20,5817:23, 5936:17, 5959:5

ambient [1] - 6031:2amenable [1] - 5781:11ammonia [15] - 5904:1,

5936:11, 5936:14,5959:14, 5959:17,5960:21, 5961:2, 5961:7,5961:12, 5968:15,5968:24, 5982:12,5982:14, 5982:18, 5982:20

amount [16] - 5753:11,5753:12, 5755:4, 5755:12,5756:15, 5756:23,5757:10, 5779:23, 5835:4,5921:1, 5924:5, 5943:6,5943:25, 5961:18, 5976:2,6038:4

amounts [1] - 5755:7ample [2] - 5816:17, 6040:14AMY [4] - 5739:7, 5739:16,

5818:24, 5851:17Amy [5] - 5736:9, 5818:25,

5822:9, 5827:6, 5851:20AN [4] - 5738:5, 5738:6,

5743:16, 5743:17anaemic [1] - 5763:25analogies [1] - 5780:13analogue [6] - 5780:13,

5811:11, 5811:13,5823:13, 5874:9, 5874:13

analogues [2] - 5871:9,5872:18

analyses [2] - 5971:16,5972:13

analysis [13] - 5742:15,5752:19, 5788:12,5793:25, 5800:6, 5809:25,5829:2, 5834:4, 5834:8,5944:16, 5964:25,5986:13, 5988:12

analyst [1] - 5867:23analytical [5] - 5762:3,

5803:23, 5805:4, 5867:22,5868:2

analyze [1] - 5968:23AND [17] - 5734:17, 5735:13,

5736:1, 5736:3, 5737:1,5737:3, 5738:6, 5738:8,5739:1, 5739:6, 5740:13,5740:14, 5743:17,5790:18, 5818:23, 6002:4,6003:1

andesite [6] - 5906:6,

5906:8, 5908:24, 5909:16,5910:23, 5910:24

andesite" [1] - 5909:19Angela [1] - 6024:19angler [1] - 6003:18angling [2] - 6013:16,

6019:21Ann [1] - 5735:11ANN [2] - 5739:20, 5854:14ANNE [2] - 5739:23, 5898:25Anne [2] - 5736:17, 5899:6annual [3] - 5772:2, 5893:15,

5916:7Annual [7] - 5874:18,

5874:22, 5942:17,5943:23, 5945:13,5945:18, 5945:20

anomalies [1] - 5800:8anomaly [1] - 5772:13answer [29] - 5794:1, 5807:7,

5817:17, 5819:11, 5828:3,5832:16, 5845:7, 5868:8,5871:25, 5878:21,5969:20, 5984:23,5987:20, 5988:16, 5995:2,5995:11, 6022:9, 6022:10,6022:22, 6024:6, 6030:14,6033:4, 6033:5, 6036:3,6036:6, 6036:19, 6039:25,6048:16, 6051:1

answered [3] - 5828:5,5867:17, 6047:17

answering [3] - 5838:1,5979:1, 6038:1

answers [2] - 5834:23,5846:25

Antarctica [1] - 5855:5anticipating [1] - 5873:17antimony [18] - 5749:2,

5749:6, 5749:9, 5749:17,5750:23, 5810:10,5810:17, 5810:25, 5811:5,5811:16, 5811:20,5811:22, 5815:5, 5903:10,5903:18, 5935:13,5935:16, 5936:17

Anyway [1] - 5989:13AP [11] - 5879:24, 5880:2,

5881:2, 5905:8, 5905:17,5907:3, 5911:3, 5911:7,5921:7, 5925:25, 5965:17

apologize [1] - 5938:24appear [6] - 5843:19,

5858:24, 5887:21,5891:25, 5894:25, 6027:10

appearance [2] - 5736:1,5737:1

APPEARANCES [1] - 5734:1Appendices [1] - 5830:7appendices [2] - 5905:22,

5925:24

Appendix [4] - 5777:6,5778:15, 5778:16

apples [7] - 5777:25,5811:15, 5818:3, 5924:9,5945:25

applicable [2] - 5788:8,5801:16

APPLICATION [2] - 5738:5,5743:16

Application [11] - 5763:10,5796:20, 5797:22,5799:25, 5800:2, 5867:1,5971:23, 5973:7, 6035:4,6036:22, 6037:3

application [10] - 5743:21,5743:24, 5744:8, 5744:15,5744:17, 5745:10,5745:22, 5797:13, 5808:16

applications [2] - 5900:2,6010:21

Applied [1] - 5810:5applied [4] - 5766:13,

5795:9, 5798:25, 6034:1apply [10] - 5766:19,

5794:18, 5795:4, 5795:8,5849:2, 5849:4, 5849:6,5849:8, 5849:23, 6012:17

applying [2] - 6013:10,6017:8

appointed [1] - 5975:18appreciate [12] - 5742:3,

5745:24, 5798:8, 5799:2,5841:10, 5850:9, 5850:11,5899:10, 5964:7, 5975:3,5991:8, 6021:7

appreciated [1] - 5807:12appreciating [1] - 5971:3approach [14] - 5755:7,

5755:12, 5755:20,5774:20, 5779:4, 5788:10,5795:15, 5800:12,5940:18, 5973:3, 5973:5,6014:10, 6015:24, 6043:5

appropriate [24] - 5749:24,5751:1, 5751:4, 5755:9,5755:15, 5767:1, 5768:3,5769:14, 5771:10, 5791:7,5806:20, 5816:13,5827:10, 5837:24,5848:14, 5850:25, 5971:8,5973:5, 5973:15, 5978:21,6000:8, 6012:14, 6037:25,6043:1

approval [3] - 5820:7,5821:6, 5824:3

approvals [1] - 5997:4approved [4] - 5813:18,

5825:22, 6044:25, 6045:1approximate [1] - 5942:21April [18] - 5733:15, 5742:18,

5744:12, 5744:14,

5744:22, 5856:25, 5857:3,5863:13, 5897:5, 6006:16,6019:25, 6029:3, 6030:12,6036:22, 6038:19,6049:22, 6051:18, 6054:14

apriori [1] - 5838:22aquaculture [3] - 6022:13,

6022:14, 6037:24aquatic [15] - 5758:19,

5766:6, 5767:25, 5771:23,5773:17, 5774:7, 5783:3,5841:24, 5858:20,5903:19, 5916:21, 5933:8,5959:19, 6039:4, 6046:2

Aquatic [1] - 5765:9aqueous [6] - 5750:21,

5858:11, 5859:3, 5859:9,5895:3, 5899:19

aquifer [3] - 5956:13,5989:24, 5990:3

arbitrary [1] - 5929:13architects [1] - 6002:20Arctic [2] - 5883:4, 5900:18ARD [62] - 5791:19, 5830:2,

5830:8, 5832:5, 5832:6,5832:8, 5856:2, 5856:4,5858:24, 5859:2, 5859:13,5860:17, 5860:19,5861:10, 5861:14,5861:17, 5861:21,5864:18, 5865:12,5865:17, 5865:22,5865:23, 5866:6, 5866:19,5869:20, 5873:8, 5875:11,5875:15, 5875:23, 5876:7,5876:9, 5876:11, 5876:19,5878:20, 5879:19, 5883:6,5885:22, 5887:13,5887:20, 5889:8, 5889:10,5889:24, 5891:2, 5891:21,5891:24, 5893:6, 5893:10,5894:14, 5894:25,5895:19, 5895:21,5895:22, 5898:1, 5898:2,5898:4, 5954:10, 5964:25,5992:24, 5997:24, 5998:8,5998:19

ARD" [1] - 5875:17area [38] - 5751:17, 5758:4,

5762:21, 5767:12,5767:13, 5767:15,5767:18, 5767:20, 5777:3,5781:3, 5782:11, 5782:16,5785:5, 5785:9, 5786:25,5787:2, 5802:1, 5802:11,5808:25, 5838:16,5845:19, 5845:23,5845:24, 5859:18, 5909:9,5926:12, 5926:14, 5928:3,5930:24, 5941:15,5966:21, 5981:7, 5987:19,5993:4, 6011:24, 6012:24,



4

6028:11Area [1] - 5742:25areas [11] - 5747:7, 5776:17,

5776:18, 5781:15,5781:16, 5783:8, 5788:4,5788:22, 5843:25,5845:18, 6006:12

argue [2] - 5801:24, 5951:3argued [1] - 5862:6argument [1] - 5811:17arguments [1] - 5958:2arise [1] - 5879:19arises [3] - 5799:7, 5859:2,

5895:1arising [2] - 5792:22,

5861:21around-the-clock [1] -

5962:4arranged [1] - 5975:16array [1] - 6024:3arrhenius [4] - 5882:24,

5886:22, 5926:24, 5930:20arrive [1] - 5853:13arrived [1] - 5969:15arrows [4] - 5807:19,

5807:24, 5859:22arsenic [23] - 5749:2, 5749:6,

5749:17, 5750:23, 5810:4,5810:17, 5841:1, 5843:18,5844:3, 5899:22, 5903:9,5903:18, 5935:13,5936:17, 5949:22,5956:18, 5957:8, 5959:14,5960:22, 5961:1, 5961:2,5961:6, 5990:18

Arsenic [1] - 5843:23artificial [1] - 6013:9aside [3] - 5981:22, 6038:3,

6038:4aspect [9] - 5777:20, 5784:6,

5808:11, 5808:13,5894:18, 6009:12,6009:18, 6010:1, 6010:4

aspects [9] - 5747:3,5785:17, 5792:3, 5860:17,6006:2, 6007:22, 6011:20,6019:19, 6020:13

assertion [1] - 5972:20assertions [1] - 5794:1assess [6] - 5756:3, 5759:6,

5760:4, 5822:7, 5846:14,5911:24

assessed [5] - 5759:1,5762:7, 5828:20, 5895:12,6045:10

assessing [3] - 5755:24,5846:22, 5973:15

assessment [19] - 5742:25,5747:2, 5756:1, 5788:20,5795:4, 5800:7, 5809:25,5830:2, 5830:22, 5832:10,

5833:17, 5834:13,5860:13, 5895:19, 5973:1,6038:5, 6039:8, 6046:2

ASSESSMENT [3] - 5733:3,5733:8, 5734:6

Assessment [16] - 5747:24,5756:6, 5789:14, 5796:7,5796:10, 5796:11,5796:14, 5797:15,5798:12, 5860:4, 5860:17,5881:16, 5887:22, 5892:2,5953:12, 5997:4

assessments [3] - 5748:1,5761:15, 6038:9

ASSISTING [2] - 5739:6,5818:24

assisting [1] - 5819:1Assiting [1] - 5736:10associated [6] - 5798:18,

5817:9, 5851:3, 5906:11,6005:15, 6033:22

Association [1] - 5916:7assume [10] - 5773:2,

5819:10, 5926:25, 5930:8,5930:13, 5940:19,5957:11, 5975:7, 5991:20,6041:10

assumed [4] - 5774:25,5775:2, 5934:16, 5936:2

assuming [9] - 5777:11,5777:16, 5813:18,5927:24, 5928:1, 5928:4,5934:14, 5934:19, 5982:14

assumption [4] - 5763:12,5801:5, 5818:13, 5982:15

assumptions [3] - 5762:5,5775:7, 5799:16

assure [3] - 5824:16,6033:12, 6037:18

AT [6] - 5733:13, 5739:14,5739:14, 5851:10,5851:11, 6053:24

atmospheric [1] - 5936:4attached [1] - 5830:7attain [4] - 5768:14, 5786:18,

5821:17, 5824:16attainable [1] - 5771:21attained [1] - 5821:25attains [1] - 5824:18attendees [1] - 5787:25attention [5] - 5748:9,

5793:10, 5796:17, 5841:1,5954:11

attenuation [9] - 5750:9,5750:11, 5772:23,5773:11, 5775:3, 5779:5,5779:12, 5809:1, 5892:22

attracts [1] - 6004:19audacity [1] - 5894:6August [4] - 5945:12,

5946:3, 6031:19, 6031:25

Australia [1] - 5876:3authorization [2] - 6006:20,

6040:6availability [1] - 6012:16available [26] - 5745:18,

5758:22, 5786:15, 5788:7,5788:9, 5810:2, 5832:10,5835:9, 5835:12, 5835:25,5836:6, 5837:5, 5906:24,5965:20, 5971:6, 5986:8,5989:20, 5990:1, 5997:8,6007:18, 6014:17,6023:22, 6024:4, 6031:14,6037:16, 6047:14

average [4] - 5803:3, 5872:8,5932:4, 6004:9

averaged [6] - 5929:16,5929:19, 5931:16,5931:21, 5931:23, 5932:6

avoid [2] - 5862:18, 6018:5avoided [1] - 5994:17aware [8] - 5763:23,

5802:12, 5837:11,5882:12, 5977:10, 6034:2,6041:19, 6042:12

axis [29] - 5808:2, 5883:18,5884:6, 5907:13, 5907:18,5907:20, 5908:9, 5913:23,5913:24, 5915:5, 5916:16,5921:19, 5921:20, 5922:2,5922:3, 5925:11, 5925:15,5926:8, 5926:16, 5932:13,5932:16, 5932:17, 5933:9,5933:11, 5943:3, 5960:22,5960:23, 5960:24

B.C [21] - 5751:10, 5770:19,5811:2, 5819:20, 5820:10,5822:7, 5822:10, 5823:7,5835:22, 5836:9, 5842:16,5871:10, 5957:19, 5969:2,5975:15, 5975:17, 5981:5,6010:19, 6010:24,6013:20, 6017:10

B8 [1] - 5778:15backfill [1] - 5953:23background [5] - 5760:6,

5767:14, 5767:19,6005:20, 6006:24

backhoe [1] - 5753:23backup [1] - 6033:13bad [12] - 5859:22, 5876:10,

5876:12, 5878:20,5878:24, 5880:2, 5880:4,5880:10, 5880:19, 5931:3,5951:17, 5985:6

Bad [1] - 5876:19bail [1] - 6046:8balance [34] - 5754:11,

5774:20, 5779:4, 5787:14,5788:20, 5788:23,5800:11, 5800:24,

5801:21, 5804:8, 5863:14,5934:7, 5934:8, 5941:1,5941:3, 5941:4, 5941:24,5942:4, 5942:14, 5942:24,5944:10, 5944:15,5945:13, 5945:19,5946:10, 5946:11,5946:14, 5947:10,5963:18, 5985:17,5985:19, 5986:4, 6013:4,6019:16

Balance [2] - 5943:2,5945:10

bales [1] - 6038:25Band [1] - 5790:3bank [2] - 6025:13, 6027:10Baptiste [1] - 5741:19bar [3] - 5943:19, 5943:21,

5943:22barren [1] - 6024:22barrister [1] - 5744:1BARRY [2] - 5738:6, 5743:18Barry [3] - 5743:25, 5744:14,

5744:22bars [5] - 5943:13, 5943:15,

5943:16, 5943:17, 5944:2basalt [5] - 5754:1, 5905:6,

5914:8, 5914:12, 5944:21base [13] - 5769:10, 5781:23,

5781:24, 5782:3, 5838:3,5838:8, 5866:2, 5870:1,5870:7, 5870:9, 5880:3,5965:14, 5978:9

based [52] - 5761:15, 5766:4,5773:17, 5777:22,5777:24, 5832:3, 5832:4,5832:10, 5832:11,5833:17, 5833:18,5835:22, 5866:2, 5866:3,5866:6, 5866:9, 5866:11,5866:12, 5868:3, 5868:17,5868:25, 5870:18,5872:18, 5877:17, 5878:7,5880:6, 5882:21, 5884:20,5887:20, 5887:22,5890:15, 5895:23, 5926:1,5930:10, 5943:22,5946:19, 5949:11,5953:25, 5986:8, 5988:12,5989:13, 5990:3, 5995:2,5998:6, 6010:9, 6012:14,6012:24, 6015:3, 6015:6,6018:1, 6035:20, 6041:7

Based [1] - 5748:22Baseline [1] - 5769:5baseline [38] - 5759:25,

5760:3, 5760:6, 5760:12,5760:15, 5769:12,5769:21, 5770:4, 5773:5,5773:8, 5773:15, 5774:4,5777:22, 5778:9, 5778:14,5801:1, 5815:24, 5816:14,



5

5817:12, 5817:20,5817:23, 5817:25,5824:25, 5840:12, 5843:7,5843:12, 5843:24, 5897:1,5942:5, 5949:19, 5949:20,5985:18, 5985:22, 6003:5,6004:22, 6004:24,6030:24, 6031:3

Basic [1] - 6003:23basic [1] - 5861:25basin [1] - 6018:4basing [3] - 5906:20, 5925:9,

5989:3basis [2] - 5761:14, 5773:14basket [1] - 5805:8bathing [1] - 5885:25battle [1] - 5958:1BC [1] - 5747:24BCG [2] - 5734:20, 5739:3beach [2] - 5920:12, 5936:3beaches [1] - 5978:10bear [1] - 6027:14bearing [1] - 6009:9bears [1] - 5994:6became [2] - 5878:10,

5907:10become [16] - 5751:5,

5763:25, 5766:20,5797:13, 5835:23,5878:18, 5880:24,5903:25, 5911:11,5926:17, 5926:23,5927:11, 5941:7, 5944:7,5965:7, 6036:12

becomes [2] - 5865:4,5941:8

becoming [3] - 5887:12,5891:13, 5963:9

Bedard [7] - 5736:12,5736:18, 5736:21,5839:15, 5840:2, 5987:13,5993:19

BEDARD [10] - 5739:11,5740:6, 5740:10, 5839:18,5839:19, 5987:15,5987:16, 5993:21,5993:22, 5995:22

Beece [1] - 5806:19began [1] - 5875:3begin [8] - 5789:6, 5849:4,

5851:14, 5851:16,5970:21, 6000:24,6000:25, 6001:11

beginning [8] - 5894:22,5896:11, 5912:24,5917:22, 5937:22, 5961:3,5979:9, 5982:3

begins [1] - 5757:6behalf [7] - 5744:2, 5825:18,

6011:2, 6019:25, 6021:16,6021:18, 6038:2

behaving [1] - 5911:7behaviour [3] - 5828:24,

5829:12, 5891:8behind [4] - 5744:10,

5820:20, 5829:25, 5899:13Bell [19] - 5734:19, 5735:15,

5780:14, 5790:16,5790:20, 5791:12, 5792:5,5795:23, 5807:9, 5872:10,5970:19, 5975:2, 5976:19,6002:1, 6002:11, 6041:25,6048:18, 6049:13, 6052:4

BELL [61] - 5790:19,5791:11, 5792:19, 5798:8,5807:10, 5807:19,5808:10, 5809:21, 5811:8,5812:1, 5812:4, 5812:12,5813:6, 5815:1, 5815:16,5815:20, 5818:7, 5940:15,5964:14, 5970:21,5975:10, 5976:20, 6000:1,6000:12, 6000:16,6002:10, 6022:9, 6023:11,6024:6, 6026:13, 6028:25,6030:10, 6034:16, 6035:4,6035:10, 6036:19, 6038:7,6038:13, 6038:18,6039:13, 6039:20,6039:25, 6041:25, 6042:8,6043:11, 6044:14,6044:23, 6046:7, 6047:3,6047:6, 6048:16, 6048:23,6049:3, 6049:8, 6049:17,6050:7, 6050:16, 6050:21,6051:1, 6051:10, 6052:14

Bell-Irving [17] - 5734:19,5735:15, 5790:16,5790:20, 5791:12, 5792:5,5795:23, 5807:9, 5970:19,5975:2, 5976:19, 6002:1,6002:11, 6041:25,6048:18, 6049:13, 6052:4

BELL-IRVING [61] - 5790:19,5791:11, 5792:19, 5798:8,5807:10, 5807:19,5808:10, 5809:21, 5811:8,5812:1, 5812:4, 5812:12,5813:6, 5815:1, 5815:16,5815:20, 5818:7, 5940:15,5964:14, 5970:21,5975:10, 5976:20, 6000:1,6000:12, 6000:16,6002:10, 6022:9, 6023:11,6024:6, 6026:13, 6028:25,6030:10, 6034:16, 6035:4,6035:10, 6036:19, 6038:7,6038:13, 6038:18,6039:13, 6039:20,6039:25, 6041:25, 6042:8,6043:11, 6044:14,6044:23, 6046:7, 6047:3,6047:6, 6048:16, 6048:23,

6049:3, 6049:8, 6049:17,6050:7, 6050:16, 6050:21,6051:1, 6051:10, 6052:14

Below [1] - 5885:5below [13] - 5754:6, 5765:3,

5772:16, 5801:23,5806:17, 5811:1, 5845:18,5884:13, 5895:9, 5927:23,5933:2, 5993:10, 6004:12

Benchmark [6] - 6007:3,6007:5, 6007:11, 6008:1,6014:2, 6035:12

beneath [1] - 5946:23benefit [2] - 5834:8, 5855:10benthic [1] - 5845:15Berkeley [9] - 5875:24,

5955:13, 5955:15, 5957:4,5957:8, 5968:1, 5968:7,5989:6, 5989:8

best [13] - 5793:7, 5853:19,5902:9, 5917:21, 5939:18,5952:21, 5979:18,5981:16, 5981:25,5984:22, 6030:7, 6044:15,6054:11

Best [2] - 5837:22, 5978:19bet [1] - 5805:24BETH [6] - 5739:11, 5740:6,

5740:10, 5839:18,5987:15, 5993:21

Beth [3] - 5736:12, 5736:18,5736:21

better [18] - 5755:9, 5775:11,5775:13, 5775:15,5775:17, 5777:13,5805:24, 5890:9, 5902:1,5915:10, 5927:13, 5945:2,5946:8, 5953:5, 5955:8,5980:25, 5984:12, 6007:20

between [25] - 5800:8,5813:25, 5819:7, 5830:16,5842:8, 5845:22, 5860:5,5864:2, 5864:3, 5869:4,5869:13, 5869:19,5871:16, 5877:15,5939:17, 5955:21,5969:10, 5985:9, 6003:8,6005:25, 6011:19,6020:17, 6039:16, 6040:7,6043:16

beyond [4] - 5791:2,5799:19, 5867:15, 6001:17

BGC [2] - 5791:24, 5808:12big [4] - 5882:1, 5889:3,

5957:5, 5957:8Big [20] - 5782:10, 5782:16,

5786:25, 5787:2, 5800:16,5802:2, 5802:7, 5802:22,5802:25, 5803:2, 5806:1,5808:17, 5809:13,5826:17, 5838:4, 5848:22,5849:10, 5941:21,

5978:24, 5979:14bigger [5] - 5911:22,

5981:12, 5981:13,5993:11, 6035:3

biggest [1] - 5982:7bill [1] - 5890:19Bill [8] - 5734:4, 5735:16,

5737:4, 5789:15, 5835:1,5916:5, 5980:21, 6002:13

BILL [2] - 5740:16, 6002:7billion [9] - 5869:16,

5869:18, 5877:14, 5878:1,5878:8, 5890:15, 5890:18,5894:19, 5996:7

bioaccumulated [1] - 5783:3bioassays [1] - 5766:6bioavailable [1] - 5842:23bioconcentrated [1] - 5783:3biological [8] - 5758:19,

5759:14, 5763:16,5763:20, 5767:23,5771:14, 5840:16, 5845:12

biologically [3] - 5774:15,5846:1, 6038:22

biomass [1] - 5774:10biosystem [1] - 5767:25biota [3] - 5783:3, 5916:21,

6045:17bit [70] - 5748:16, 5759:4,

5760:16, 5761:11,5761:22, 5762:9, 5763:5,5765:6, 5767:1, 5767:3,5768:22, 5771:8, 5772:12,5775:16, 5777:21,5777:25, 5778:2, 5778:6,5779:23, 5780:3, 5782:13,5782:20, 5782:21,5783:20, 5784:5, 5785:5,5787:3, 5813:15, 5817:12,5821:2, 5828:9, 5840:24,5844:20, 5844:24,5882:18, 5889:17,5893:14, 5894:5, 5901:22,5902:18, 5903:21, 5905:7,5906:13, 5909:22, 5910:1,5910:8, 5910:14, 5911:13,5911:21, 5918:15,5918:18, 5925:3, 5928:11,5930:11, 5935:11, 5948:8,5955:5, 5956:2, 5961:8,5965:3, 5965:21, 5969:4,5969:24, 5988:5, 5988:14,5990:18, 5996:24,6005:19, 6006:24, 6049:24

black [2] - 5859:18, 5917:9blast [1] - 5983:2blasted [1] - 5968:21blasting [7] - 5904:2,

5936:10, 5959:14, 5969:7,5982:13, 5982:21, 5983:3

blend [1] - 5953:22



6

blocked [1] - 6004:2blocks [1] - 5758:3blood [1] - 5763:24blow [1] - 5926:13blows [1] - 5804:3blue [5] - 5773:5, 5807:19,

5907:19, 5909:25, 5945:14Bob [2] - 5734:3, 5789:13body [3] - 5764:8, 5764:10,

5965:3bomb [1] - 5988:5bond [6] - 5893:21, 5996:1,

5996:9, 5996:11, 5996:15boom [2] - 6018:1, 6018:5boom-and-bust [1] - 6018:1border [2] - 5957:19,

5957:20bottlenecking [2] - 6013:13,

6013:18bottom [9] - 5889:15,

5910:16, 5912:15,5956:17, 5956:19, 5957:3,5985:6, 6031:22, 6050:11

box [1] - 5859:18brackets [2] - 5840:23,

5841:1break [14] - 5791:8, 5792:6,

5850:25, 5924:9, 5938:15,5939:9, 5999:6, 6000:7,6000:9, 6000:11, 6001:19,6053:10, 6053:12, 6053:14

BREAK [5] - 5739:13,5792:9, 5851:9, 5939:11,6000:22

breaking [1] - 5930:22breakthrough [1] - 5849:11Brenda [1] - 5872:7brief [4] - 5841:23, 5854:24,

6008:2, 6017:15BRIEF [3] - 5792:9, 5939:11,

6000:22briefer [1] - 5768:22briefly [5] - 5747:1, 5763:13,

5878:4, 5891:10, 5901:17bring [5] - 5806:21, 5897:1,

5923:10, 5995:19, 6027:5bringing [4] - 5784:2,

5840:25, 5956:22, 5964:3brings [1] - 5804:25British [19] - 5733:23,

5783:6, 5797:14, 5810:19,5845:6, 5855:24, 5869:9,5869:24, 5870:6, 5870:15,5876:1, 5885:17, 5897:25,5992:22, 5995:25, 5997:1,5997:10, 6036:15, 6054:4

brood [1] - 6023:19Brook [1] - 6015:8brought [10] - 5805:1,

5828:11, 5882:17, 5904:3,5911:12, 5918:17,

5928:21, 5944:24, 5957:7,5957:10

Brule [1] - 5992:20Buckhorn [2] - 5957:15,

5962:6build [6] - 5824:21, 6017:14,

6031:10, 6040:18,6040:19, 6046:11

building [2] - 5888:16,6037:5

Building [1] - 5893:15buildings [1] - 5858:7built [7] - 5750:8, 5750:19,

5813:19, 5898:4, 6026:19,6045:2, 6048:11

bulk [1] - 5986:15bull [2] - 6004:2, 6010:15bullet [2] - 5866:21, 5879:22BURGESS [1] - 5738:14Burgess [2] - 5735:4,

5746:17burns [1] - 5894:5business [3] - 6022:15,

6035:16bust [2] - 6018:1, 6018:6busy [1] - 5904:23butt [1] - 5894:5BY [97] - 5738:3, 5738:5,

5738:10, 5738:15,5738:15, 5738:16,5738:19, 5738:21,5738:22, 5738:24, 5739:1,5739:6, 5739:6, 5739:8,5739:8, 5739:9, 5739:10,5739:11, 5739:12,5739:12, 5739:16,5739:17, 5739:21,5739:21, 5739:23,5739:23, 5740:1, 5740:2,5740:4, 5740:5, 5740:6,5740:7, 5740:7, 5740:8,5740:10, 5740:10,5740:11, 5740:12,5740:15, 5740:19,5740:19, 5740:21,5740:21, 5740:23,5740:23, 5741:1, 5743:16,5746:12, 5746:18,5751:23, 5752:1, 5758:14,5787:9, 5789:1, 5790:18,5818:23, 5818:24,5829:21, 5835:2, 5839:17,5840:7, 5851:17, 5854:11,5854:15, 5898:24,5964:19, 5970:20, 5978:3,5987:14, 5988:1, 5992:1,5993:20, 5996:20, 6002:5,6003:1, 6021:24, 6021:25,6032:22, 6032:23,6041:13, 6041:14

by-product [1] - 5982:12

Cabinet [1] - 6041:7cadmium [20] - 5742:21,

5750:23, 5840:16, 5841:1,5841:12, 5841:23, 5843:6,5858:15, 5903:10,5903:18, 5907:13, 5909:4,5933:6, 5933:7, 5933:9,5933:13, 5933:18, 5957:9,5983:6

calcite [2] - 5966:5, 5966:17calcium [5] - 5763:18,

5771:3, 5807:2, 5922:8,5966:5

calcopyrite [1] - 5903:3calculates [1] - 6012:25calculating [1] - 5806:15calculation [15] - 5804:8,

5805:5, 5805:21, 5805:23,5919:9, 5926:1, 5942:16,5942:24, 5943:18,5943:19, 5943:20,5945:16, 5963:4, 5963:5,5989:14

calculator [1] - 5995:5calibrate [4] - 5924:3,

5924:23, 5927:19, 5963:8calibrated [2] - 5924:1,

5926:2calibration [3] - 5919:9,

5925:1, 5963:7Calibration [1] - 5924:13California [1] - 5899:21CALL [1] - 5998:10Cam [8] - 5899:2, 5900:14,

5901:12, 5938:9, 5986:2,5988:17, 5989:15

Cameron [2] - 5734:14,5999:2

campaign [1] - 5806:11CANADA [22] - 5735:1,

5735:5, 5738:10, 5738:15,5738:16, 5738:19,5738:21, 5738:22,5739:12, 5739:16, 5740:7,5740:12, 5746:12,5746:18, 5751:23, 5752:1,5758:14, 5787:9, 5840:7,5851:18, 5988:1, 5996:20

Canada [106] - 5734:12,5735:2, 5735:6, 5736:5,5736:6, 5736:7, 5736:8,5736:14, 5736:20,5736:23, 5741:9, 5742:10,5743:10, 5743:15, 5746:6,5746:24, 5747:6, 5748:7,5749:1, 5749:10, 5751:8,5752:6, 5752:9, 5753:4,5754:10, 5755:3, 5755:17,5760:14, 5762:12, 5763:7,5765:21, 5766:3, 5768:7,5768:17, 5788:4, 5788:10,

5789:4, 5790:6, 5790:24,5792:17, 5793:11, 5794:4,5797:24, 5812:22, 5814:2,5817:6, 5818:12, 5818:16,5819:5, 5819:11, 5820:14,5820:21, 5821:8, 5821:13,5821:20, 5824:22,5825:12, 5826:14,5826:22, 5827:7, 5827:8,5827:12, 5827:18, 5828:6,5828:11, 5829:1, 5829:10,5835:7, 5835:16, 5835:21,5840:6, 5840:10, 5848:18,5850:23, 5850:24,5851:21, 5852:11,5863:17, 5863:21, 5874:5,5874:6, 5874:9, 5883:5,5883:10, 5889:16,5897:18, 5930:15,5974:18, 5977:16,5977:18, 5977:23, 5981:5,5987:24, 5988:4, 5989:7,5991:18, 5996:23, 5997:8,5997:16, 5997:21,5998:15, 6054:5

Canada's [12] - 5747:2,5750:13, 5751:16,5752:19, 5753:3, 5758:8,5758:16, 5758:25,5819:18, 5851:25,5863:12, 5874:4

Canada/Natural [1] -5792:17

CANADIAN [3] - 5733:3,5733:8, 5734:6

Canadian [8] - 5765:8,5796:9, 5796:10, 5796:13,5797:15, 5883:4, 5957:19,5957:21

candidate [2] - 5770:14,6024:9

candidly [1] - 6040:17CANMET [3] - 5746:23,

5748:23, 5810:16cannot [12] - 5788:17,

5794:22, 5804:14,5832:21, 5860:19, 5861:4,5867:17, 5871:4, 5872:2,5875:23, 5877:7, 5895:20

Canoe [3] - 5790:3, 5839:13,5987:10

capacities [1] - 6023:6capacity [5] - 5839:23,

5845:5, 5960:1, 6007:23,6037:5

capital [1] - 5798:17capture [19] - 5776:13,

5781:16, 5782:3, 5782:15,5944:20, 5953:21,5959:24, 5961:19,5963:22, 5967:19, 5980:8,5980:9, 5980:19, 5983:18,



7

5986:10, 6009:7, 6009:13,6009:14

captured [5] - 5781:13,5856:2, 5941:13, 5964:6,6004:10

carbon [1] - 5750:15carbonate [2] - 5966:2,

5966:7care [3] - 5973:8, 6036:18,

6050:24careful [4] - 5864:10, 5947:5,

5963:24, 5966:9carefully [1] - 5893:25cares [1] - 5997:17Cariboo [4] - 5741:18,

5790:7, 5850:17, 5991:2Cariboo-Chilcotin [4] -

5741:18, 5790:7, 5850:17,5991:2

Carlo [4] - 5942:10, 5946:19,5986:7, 5986:18

Carolyn [1] - 5734:9cartoon [1] - 5920:10case [32] - 5759:12, 5760:5,

5768:2, 5773:7, 5779:17,5791:8, 5798:15, 5804:23,5805:16, 5824:16, 5841:7,5855:9, 5858:4, 5865:7,5901:16, 5936:22,5937:20, 5939:9, 5939:22,5940:1, 5945:25, 5947:12,5948:24, 5949:17,5950:14, 5950:17,5957:14, 5959:4, 5959:6,6025:21, 6029:14, 6030:21

cases [5] - 5766:25, 5773:7,5870:15, 5952:9, 5966:10

catch [4] - 6035:7, 6035:9,6035:12, 6035:22

catchment [2] - 5802:22,5802:23

categorical [1] - 5834:7categories [2] - 5905:18,

5951:15category [3] - 5920:20,

5949:13, 5950:25Cathcart [3] - 5734:20,

5791:20, 5791:23CATHCART [1] - 5739:2cations [1] - 5771:4caucus [1] - 5791:1caused [3] - 5797:5, 5968:2,

5970:13causes [2] - 5846:7, 5984:17caution [1] - 5748:8caveats [2] - 5902:3, 5982:1CCM [2] - 5770:5, 5770:17CCME [11] - 5769:4, 5769:8,

5769:11, 5773:5, 5773:8,5773:15, 5774:5, 5777:12,5777:21, 5840:12, 5843:7

CCR [1] - 5737:17CEAA [4] - 5734:6, 5831:2,

5831:19, 6048:21ceased [2] - 5849:6, 5849:16cell [38] - 5879:2, 5902:6,

5904:17, 5904:25, 5905:5,5905:19, 5907:8, 5907:21,5908:4, 5909:2, 5909:6,5910:24, 5911:14, 5913:5,5913:20, 5913:25,5914:15, 5915:25,5917:12, 5920:23, 5922:2,5922:6, 5924:11, 5924:14,5926:21, 5927:18,5929:14, 5929:20,5931:18, 5932:18,5933:10, 5937:1, 5937:11,5937:17, 5954:1, 5970:15,5981:12, 5992:4

cells [13] - 5763:24, 5868:18,5870:8, 5870:10, 5870:16,5878:5, 5878:10, 5878:14,5912:13, 5992:16,5992:24, 5993:9, 5997:25

Celsius [8] - 5885:2, 5885:8,5885:18, 5885:20, 5886:6,5886:20, 5886:22, 5886:25

centimetres [1] - 6004:10centre [3] - 6047:20, 6048:3,

6048:14CENTRE [2] - 5739:6,

5818:23Centre [3] - 5736:9, 5818:25,

6048:3centuries [3] - 5888:10,

5888:25, 5889:5century [6] - 5872:5, 5872:8,

5872:15, 5890:14,5995:11, 5998:1

ceremony [1] - 5742:2certain [10] - 5768:1, 5866:9,

5910:25, 5916:21, 5924:5,5928:24, 5931:14,5948:25, 6023:6

certainly [34] - 5771:20,5774:16, 5779:14, 5794:2,5796:25, 5797:21, 5807:2,5814:9, 5814:18, 5815:13,5816:20, 5820:17,5822:13, 5823:4, 5829:8,5831:17, 5834:12,5848:12, 5854:4, 5875:25,5877:13, 5903:24, 5909:5,5939:7, 5940:16, 5950:24,5975:3, 5979:4, 5985:21,5990:22, 6000:4, 6021:7,6037:7, 6051:16

certainty [1] - 5820:18Certificate [2] - 6042:11,

6052:19Certificates [1] - 5867:22certificates [1] - 5868:2

CERTIFICATION [1] - 6054:1certify [1] - 6054:5cetera [2] - 5952:7, 5979:13chain [1] - 5859:6Chair [18] - 5734:3, 5789:13,

5820:23, 5825:17,5826:15, 5827:17,5837:13, 5837:25, 5840:9,5848:1, 5853:11, 5939:4,5975:10, 5990:23,5996:22, 6022:9, 6046:15

Chair's [1] - 5819:6Chairman [36] - 5746:20,

5790:19, 5790:21,5791:11, 5792:19, 5798:9,5807:10, 5808:11,5809:21, 5811:24,5815:16, 5818:7, 5829:23,5832:19, 5832:24,5833:13, 5833:25, 5835:3,5854:17, 5940:22,5964:14, 5970:21, 5976:6,5977:2, 5984:16, 5991:13,6000:1, 6000:13, 6002:10,6023:13, 6024:21,6025:24, 6027:2, 6032:24,6040:24, 6041:15

CHAIRMAN [110] - 5738:3,5738:5, 5738:24, 5741:1,5741:2, 5741:10, 5742:7,5743:16, 5743:19,5751:14, 5787:17, 5789:1,5789:2, 5791:5, 5792:5,5792:10, 5795:23, 5807:8,5808:9, 5811:25, 5812:2,5815:15, 5815:19,5816:19, 5817:17, 5818:4,5818:9, 5818:21, 5819:10,5819:15, 5820:14, 5821:8,5823:1, 5823:20, 5825:16,5827:11, 5827:22,5827:25, 5829:18,5832:20, 5833:10,5833:22, 5834:11,5837:15, 5839:6, 5840:2,5842:1, 5844:12, 5847:8,5847:22, 5848:12,5850:13, 5851:12,5851:19, 5852:24,5853:19, 5898:21,5938:12, 5939:6, 5939:12,5939:24, 5940:9, 5940:17,5964:2, 5964:20, 5970:17,5975:2, 5975:11, 5976:7,5976:18, 5977:11,5980:21, 5985:15, 5987:5,5987:22, 5990:8, 5990:25,5991:14, 5993:15,5995:16, 5996:18,5998:11, 5998:22,5999:19, 5999:23, 6000:6,6000:19, 6000:23, 6001:8,

6001:11, 6002:25,6020:23, 6021:19, 6025:4,6025:8, 6025:11, 6026:1,6030:7, 6032:9, 6032:17,6033:6, 6040:25, 6041:10,6042:20, 6042:22, 6049:5,6053:1, 6053:9, 6053:11,6053:18

chalcopyrite [1] - 5903:2challenge [2] - 5967:22,

5975:3challenges [3] - 6006:6,

6018:19, 6018:20challenging [3] - 5817:12,

5843:11, 6006:3Chamber [3] - 5790:9,

5850:19, 5991:4chambers [1] - 5868:19chance [8] - 5851:6,

5851:21, 5890:8, 5905:15,5955:8, 5984:12, 6015:4,6032:4

Chances [1] - 5903:14change [19] - 5759:16,

5760:4, 5773:10, 5773:17,5774:6, 5774:7, 5774:10,5774:12, 5774:14,5817:22, 5833:6, 5847:5,5848:5, 5870:19, 5886:24,5976:24, 5999:18

changed [6] - 5785:19,5786:1, 5806:10, 5888:22,5896:21, 5906:12

changes [11] - 5759:7,5759:8, 5759:10, 5759:14,5759:21, 5774:3, 5785:25,5847:7, 5948:3, 6016:16,6028:22

channel [22] - 6009:6,6010:11, 6010:13,6010:14, 6014:9, 6014:18,6019:4, 6027:19, 6027:24,6028:6, 6028:8, 6028:12,6028:14, 6028:15,6028:17, 6029:14,6029:18, 6031:20, 6033:9,6033:11, 6033:14

channels [2] - 6014:5,6050:19

characteristic [2] - 5773:2,6007:17

characteristics [5] - 5760:3,5904:25, 5906:12, 5950:7,6023:2

characterization [2] -5954:17, 5965:6

characterize [2] - 5788:11,5986:6

characterized [5] - 5820:16,6004:6, 6004:12, 6004:15,6035:5

characterizing [1] - 5965:19



8

Charles [8] - 5735:6, 5736:6,5751:24, 5752:5, 5824:20,5824:22, 5845:2, 5848:17

CHARLES [3] - 5738:18,5738:20, 5752:1

chart [3] - 5840:11, 5842:4,5843:4

chase [1] - 5762:10cheap [2] - 5837:6, 5837:8check [13] - 5741:5, 5815:11,

5815:14, 5828:2, 5828:4,5834:21, 5850:16,5851:22, 5888:21, 5940:9,5965:24, 5991:15, 5999:5

checked [2] - 5882:22,6001:4

checking [2] - 5741:14,5762:25

chemical [4] - 5751:2,5805:2, 5856:7, 5906:12

chemistry [12] - 5800:1,5800:3, 5800:8, 5801:20,5801:24, 5802:16,5803:12, 5803:13,5806:19, 5855:2, 5856:1,5856:5

Chetwynd [1] - 5992:21Chief [2] - 5741:18, 5741:19Chilcotin [4] - 5741:18,

5790:7, 5850:17, 5991:2Chilko [1] - 5772:20chinook [2] - 6004:2,

6010:15chloride [3] - 5804:22,

5804:23, 5959:13chlorine [3] - 5959:15,

5959:17, 5959:18choice [4] - 5775:18,

5802:24, 5939:6, 6011:13choose [1] - 5749:19chosen [3] - 6036:7, 6036:8,

6036:16chromium [1] - 5852:8chunk [2] - 5957:5, 5996:9circle [1] - 5941:16cited [1] - 5971:24citizens [1] - 5741:17clarification [13] - 5789:22,

5793:8, 5795:17, 5798:9,5812:3, 5815:4, 5818:5,5820:24, 5830:11,5835:11, 5841:11,5850:14, 5999:10

clarifications [2] - 5748:3,5842:7

clarified [1] - 5790:15clarify [8] - 5753:14,

5779:16, 5807:16,5815:13, 5835:19,5841:18, 6029:1, 6034:16

clarifying [1] - 5841:8

clarity [1] - 6034:6class [5] - 5876:2, 5876:18,

5877:5, 5995:8, 6016:20classes [3] - 6008:25,

6016:19, 6022:21classic [1] - 5875:25clause [1] - 6050:11Clean [1] - 5954:7clean [1] - 6033:12cleaner [1] - 5809:10cleaning [4] - 6033:10,

6033:18, 6033:22, 6033:25cleansing [1] - 6034:5clear [16] - 5808:14, 5833:22,

5864:17, 5864:24,5867:10, 5893:4, 5893:9,5923:22, 5933:20,5963:14, 5974:11, 5986:9,5986:16, 6030:14, 6044:9,6051:23

cleared [1] - 5902:14clearly [7] - 5796:12, 5809:8,

5932:8, 5944:24, 5974:2,5986:23, 6034:21

Clearwater [6] - 6011:11,6036:7, 6036:10, 6036:13,6036:25, 6037:20

climate [1] - 5788:11climatic [3] - 5868:24,

5951:22, 5986:23clock [1] - 5962:4close [12] - 5749:20, 5773:7,

5843:24, 5843:25, 5873:1,5950:15, 5950:21,5950:25, 5954:10,5957:14, 6024:16, 6053:21

closed [3] - 5810:20, 5855:4,5874:25

closely [2] - 5759:24, 5765:6closer [5] - 5772:4, 5785:14,

5949:13, 5984:1, 6015:9closing [2] - 6017:6, 6019:23closure [20] - 5757:1,

5757:14, 5808:4, 5875:9,5934:4, 5934:10, 5938:1,5942:2, 6013:8, 6014:13,6019:18, 6050:5, 6050:14,6050:20, 6050:25, 6051:2,6051:3, 6051:10, 6051:16,6052:3

Closure [3] - 5874:20,6014:13, 6050:2

co [5] - 5747:23, 5784:22,5836:21, 5836:25, 5972:21

co-operative [1] - 5972:21co-ordinated [1] - 5747:23co-precipitation [2] -

5836:21, 5836:25co-relation [1] - 5784:22Coal [2] - 5783:6, 5784:19coal [4] - 5784:20, 5836:12,

5992:21, 5992:25coal-deposits [1] - 5836:12cobalt [2] - 5763:21, 5915:20COCs [1] - 5902:20codes [1] - 5762:15coefficient [1] - 5921:11coffee [1] - 5791:8cognizant [1] - 6052:17cold [5] - 5898:3, 5922:19,

5927:1, 5927:10, 5998:7Colette [1] - 5734:7collaboration [1] - 5854:7colleague [2] - 5798:19,

5810:5colleagues [2] - 5787:6,

5834:21collect [3] - 5898:9, 5978:11,

6023:19collected [3] - 5904:14,

5913:18, 5963:2collecting [1] - 5913:15collection [5] - 5954:24,

5978:11, 5979:20,5983:18, 5984:9

College [1] - 5900:23collude [1] - 5854:2colonization [1] - 6039:1colour [1] - 5884:4coloured [1] - 5840:11Columbia [19] - 5733:23,

5783:7, 5797:14, 5810:19,5845:6, 5855:25, 5869:9,5869:25, 5870:6, 5870:15,5876:1, 5885:18, 5897:25,5992:22, 5996:1, 5997:1,5997:10, 6036:16, 6054:4

Column [1] - 5911:16column [7] - 5769:4,

5769:17, 5913:13,5937:17, 5955:22, 5981:11

columns [2] - 5912:15,5959:14

combination [2] - 6015:19,6017:1

combined [1] - 5758:5comfortable [2] - 5946:15,

6021:23coming [23] - 5753:6,

5772:21, 5774:21,5774:24, 5779:8, 5779:9,5848:21, 5849:9, 5875:6,5879:16, 5885:11, 5886:2,5908:3, 5909:6, 5915:8,5934:8, 5934:18, 5941:11,5959:13, 5961:9, 5963:23,5983:23, 6053:23

command [1] - 5859:6commencement [1] -

5749:15comment [59] - 5771:24,

5776:1, 5794:25, 5798:1,

5799:8, 5799:10, 5807:20,5808:13, 5808:16, 5811:9,5827:8, 5840:3, 5841:23,5857:7, 5862:6, 5862:10,5864:24, 5868:13,5870:20, 5879:21, 5891:6,5891:10, 5891:16, 5971:9,5972:22, 5973:19, 5974:8,5974:14, 5975:12, 5976:6,5976:17, 5976:20,5976:21, 5986:4, 5989:17,6012:7, 6012:19, 6012:24,6013:23, 6014:16,6015:23, 6016:1, 6016:9,6016:16, 6016:25, 6018:7,6019:13, 6026:17,6036:18, 6036:19,6036:21, 6039:19,6039:21, 6039:23,6040:10, 6042:1, 6045:4,6045:5, 6045:9

commented [1] - 5922:20commenting [1] - 5846:15COMMENTS [4] - 5738:3,

5738:24, 5741:1, 5789:1comments [23] - 5752:18,

5761:11, 5773:23, 5799:5,5831:6, 5831:13, 5856:17,5857:8, 5974:2, 5974:16,5974:17, 5976:12, 5977:6,5977:9, 5981:23, 5989:18,6014:4, 6017:15, 6017:17,6017:19, 6018:18, 6019:3,6032:10

Comments [1] - 6004:18Commerce [3] - 5790:10,

5850:20, 5991:5commingle [1] - 5757:11commit [2] - 5749:19, 5780:8commitment [7] - 5786:14,

5786:18, 5813:10, 5867:6,5892:20, 5972:8, 6019:1

commitments [3] - 5762:18,5763:1, 6052:20

committed [7] - 5762:18,5780:20, 5783:21,5809:11, 5809:12,5972:10, 6016:11

Committee [1] - 6010:20commodity [1] - 5798:16common [3] - 5788:2,

5836:12, 5838:12commonly [1] - 5836:14community [7] - 5743:22,

5763:3, 5767:23, 5771:15,5774:9, 5774:11

companies [4] - 5871:23,5872:1, 5900:10, 5916:4

company [58] - 5825:8,5825:9, 5825:11, 5847:5,5856:17, 5856:21,5856:24, 5860:15,



9

5860:19, 5862:9, 5863:7,5864:25, 5865:2, 5867:8,5867:18, 5868:13,5875:12, 5875:15,5876:23, 5878:9, 5878:25,5879:9, 5881:10, 5881:23,5885:24, 5887:5, 5887:22,5888:11, 5888:14,5888:20, 5890:16,5890:19, 5890:23,5890:24, 5891:16,5892:10, 5893:17,5893:20, 5894:2, 5894:17,5896:4, 5896:10, 5896:23,5897:7, 5897:25, 5898:3,5920:15, 5957:21, 5958:6,5958:10, 5958:12,5969:11, 5976:13, 5977:9,5992:5, 5992:9, 5994:18,5996:13

company's [12] - 5860:13,5860:20, 5866:20,5870:20, 5880:21,5883:13, 5887:24,5892:20, 5896:10, 5897:3,5897:5, 5898:15

comparable [2] - 5769:12,5773:15

compare [8] - 5816:13,5845:18, 5876:5, 5876:11,5876:14, 5877:7, 5948:12,5997:9

compared [5] - 5778:23,5788:8, 5875:23, 5879:6,5995:7

compares [1] - 5986:14comparing [4] - 5811:14,

5905:13, 5952:13, 6031:1comparison [4] - 5747:16,

5778:1, 5904:24, 5996:24Comparison [2] - 5916:2,

5947:15compelled [1] - 5867:18Compensation [27] -

6002:22, 6005:21, 6006:9,6008:4, 6009:11, 6009:16,6010:18, 6010:23,6015:17, 6016:4, 6016:5,6016:18, 6017:8, 6018:12,6019:24, 6020:7, 6033:8,6035:21, 6036:23, 6038:6,6040:3, 6042:4, 6043:6,6043:9, 6044:4, 6049:15,6052:23

compensation [25] -5794:19, 6005:20,6005:24, 6006:2, 6006:5,6006:24, 6007:2, 6007:10,6008:3, 6009:8, 6011:21,6011:23, 6016:17, 6017:7,6017:14, 6017:20,6018:21, 6020:1, 6020:17,

6039:23, 6040:19,6040:22, 6042:8, 6048:13,6049:20

complement [2] - 5759:3,5773:24

complete [7] - 5746:25,5751:19, 5751:21, 5942:7,5942:8, 5975:22, 6054:10

completed [3] - 5751:19,5853:4, 6003:7

completely [6] - 5918:12,5923:11, 5924:9, 5958:7,5961:25, 6001:16

completes [1] - 5987:6completing [1] - 5850:22Completion [1] - 5796:15complex [2] - 5861:14,

6018:25Complex [1] - 5733:22complexity [1] - 6018:23compliant [2] - 5846:16,

6035:17complication [1] - 5938:24component [4] - 5763:24,

5782:14, 5845:13, 6050:15components [6] - 5858:11,

5868:21, 5914:25,6018:21, 6034:19, 6043:23

composition [2] - 5914:3,6033:20

compound [2] - 5766:18,5766:21

compounds [9] - 5763:13,5763:15, 5764:6, 5764:22,5766:8, 5775:5, 5902:22,5904:1, 5936:11

comprehensive [1] -5790:24

computer [1] - 5867:11concentration [20] -

5764:24, 5783:2, 5784:10,5803:1, 5803:3, 5803:5,5803:13, 5803:14,5803:15, 5803:16,5803:20, 5806:18, 5896:7,5916:16, 5916:20, 5919:3,5932:14, 5933:1, 5955:24,5961:1

concentrations [100] -5803:9, 5804:13, 5804:21,5804:23, 5805:3, 5805:17,5806:8, 5806:16, 5809:16,5826:20, 5828:12,5840:15, 5852:4, 5858:11,5858:13, 5858:16, 5859:4,5859:7, 5859:9, 5870:18,5873:19, 5874:7, 5882:14,5883:1, 5884:2, 5886:11,5886:13, 5886:15,5886:16, 5887:1, 5892:11,5894:3, 5895:3, 5896:6,

5901:8, 5902:10, 5907:2,5907:14, 5908:12,5908:18, 5908:20,5908:25, 5909:2, 5910:6,5910:19, 5912:16,5912:23, 5912:25, 5913:6,5913:11, 5915:4, 5916:25,5917:7, 5917:14, 5917:19,5917:24, 5919:5, 5928:22,5929:2, 5929:10, 5929:14,5931:7, 5932:21, 5932:23,5933:12, 5933:13,5933:23, 5935:7, 5935:9,5936:8, 5936:10, 5936:12,5936:14, 5936:19,5936:23, 5937:10,5937:19, 5938:4, 5950:1,5956:7, 5956:18, 5958:17,5959:2, 5959:9, 5959:20,5960:8, 5961:3, 5961:4,5961:9, 5961:13, 5961:15,5963:15, 5968:24, 5969:1,5982:9, 5982:20, 5982:24,5992:17, 5993:3

conception [1] - 5748:20concepts [1] - 6014:22Conceptual [1] - 6036:23conceptual [2] - 5933:25,

6005:22conceptually [1] - 6023:14concern [38] - 5747:21,

5751:5, 5759:23, 5763:3,5764:23, 5769:15,5777:21, 5784:12, 5826:7,5826:11, 5827:6, 5835:24,5844:1, 5887:11, 5895:7,5902:17, 5902:20,5903:24, 5912:7, 5913:17,5915:18, 5915:22,5916:20, 5956:12,5956:13, 5958:5, 5962:10,5979:8, 5982:12, 5988:7,5989:9, 6006:1, 6015:15,6022:23, 6024:21, 6025:1,6027:11, 6032:5

concern" [1] - 5903:17concerned [22] - 5765:5,

5781:20, 5782:2, 5782:5,5785:11, 5801:19,5814:18, 5830:22,5839:22, 5842:11, 5843:5,5879:3, 5889:20, 5889:21,5917:22, 5917:23,5944:19, 5946:20, 5980:7,5993:1, 6029:7, 6043:20

concerning [2] - 5800:20,5837:16

concerns [13] - 5758:25,5792:24, 5800:14, 5827:3,5839:25, 5842:6, 5867:20,5889:18, 6006:15, 6012:1,6012:3, 6017:18, 6020:3

conclude [6] - 5775:23,5786:16, 5794:9, 5834:18,5894:21, 5974:23

concluded [6] - 5754:25,5788:19, 5796:22, 5826:5,5827:18, 6012:12

concludes [8] - 5751:12,5787:4, 5789:2, 5807:7,5834:18, 5839:6, 5991:7,6020:22

conclusion [16] - 5762:11,5763:8, 5763:9, 5763:12,5781:5, 5796:5, 5797:7,5800:3, 5817:7, 5830:1,5830:4, 5830:20, 5832:3,5833:6, 5834:7, 5975:9

conclusions [4] - 5827:13,5974:17, 6030:9, 6041:5

condition [4] - 5808:23,5822:24, 5845:10, 6042:10

conditions [59] - 5747:14,5748:11, 5748:19,5748:21, 5749:4, 5749:12,5749:18, 5754:20, 5760:3,5765:21, 5765:23, 5767:6,5767:11, 5767:12,5767:21, 5771:18,5771:19, 5775:11,5788:16, 5799:11,5802:23, 5808:20, 5843:8,5868:20, 5868:24, 5869:1,5881:5, 5902:13, 5907:24,5908:8, 5913:3, 5915:8,5915:24, 5917:20, 5930:2,5932:9, 5933:20, 5934:4,5934:10, 5934:17,5934:20, 5935:5, 5935:10,5936:5, 5937:25, 5941:18,5944:2, 5948:19, 5949:1,5949:4, 5962:19, 5963:20,5967:24, 5970:13,6025:15, 6030:24, 6031:4,6052:21

Conditions [1] - 5935:25conduct [4] - 5751:1,

5845:12, 5908:4, 5937:5conducted [10] - 5748:23,

5760:1, 5877:25, 5904:14,5918:7, 5919:1, 5937:12,5945:1, 5969:23, 6019:8

conducting [2] - 5766:6,5981:1

conductivity [6] - 5914:20,5944:12, 5944:17,5944:19, 5944:20, 5945:3

conducts [1] - 5762:13cone [3] - 5960:12, 5960:13,

5960:15CONFERENCING [1] -

5734:11confidence [2] - 5825:21,

6012:17



10

confident [2] - 5780:5,5974:19

confirm [7] - 5846:3, 5899:1,6024:11, 6030:12,6049:12, 6050:5, 6050:12

confirmation [1] - 5742:20confirmed [7] - 5846:4,

5862:10, 5894:7, 5894:8,5894:16, 5994:19, 5996:12

confirming [1] - 5870:13confused [2] - 5864:1,

6046:7confuses [1] - 5976:21confusing [2] - 5816:21,

5902:14confusion [2] - 5842:8,

5956:23conjunction [3] - 5796:21,

5797:3, 5797:4connect [1] - 5741:15connected [2] - 6004:13,

6043:25connection [2] - 5800:10,

6044:1Connelly [3] - 5734:3,

5789:13, 5871:15Connie [4] - 5734:14,

5899:2, 5900:7, 5925:23cons [1] - 5834:9conscious [2] - 5938:16,

5938:17consequence [2] - 5775:21,

5796:4consequently [2] - 5786:23,

5798:3Consequently [1] - 5775:17conservatism [2] - 5750:8,

5750:19conservative [20] - 5755:6,

5755:20, 5761:10,5774:18, 5774:19, 5775:8,5780:7, 5799:16, 5800:17,5804:18, 5805:15, 5807:4,5808:24, 5973:5, 5973:9,6015:17, 6015:24, 6017:9,6018:14

consider [16] - 5794:10,5795:1, 5795:21, 5797:25,5800:18, 5801:12, 5802:3,5803:10, 5806:24,5827:20, 5830:23, 5841:7,5893:12, 5958:11,5973:14, 6046:20

considerable [3] - 5771:2,5867:4, 5972:6

consideration [6] - 5794:24,5814:21, 5817:16, 5947:8,6008:1, 6039:10

considerations [2] -5747:13, 5812:16

considered [12] - 5765:4,

5768:25, 5798:25, 5800:1,5807:4, 5812:15, 5823:16,5848:22, 5860:21, 5861:3,5897:19, 5983:19

considering [1] - 5801:3consistency [2] - 5757:24,

6024:12consistent [3] - 5802:6,

5817:5, 5977:6consistently [1] - 5891:2constant [3] - 5808:25,

5809:7, 5868:20constituents [5] - 5804:16,

5805:14, 5856:8, 5917:15,5959:12

constitute [1] - 5798:23constitutes [1] - 5798:13constraints [1] - 5746:1construct [1] - 5809:19constructed [6] - 6009:6,

6009:15, 6010:11,6010:13, 6014:5, 6014:18

construction [13] - 5753:19,5754:4, 5849:2, 5849:5,6008:5, 6026:18, 6026:20,6026:24, 6047:20, 6048:2,6048:3, 6048:4, 6048:14

consult [1] - 5825:12consultant [4] - 5898:12,

5900:1, 5900:9, 5916:4Consultants [1] - 5741:11consultants [7] - 5741:24,

5862:9, 5880:21, 5896:11,6014:8, 6037:2, 6045:4

Consulting [12] - 5734:14,5734:21, 5734:22,5791:14, 5874:8, 5874:22,5876:24, 5883:11, 5899:7,5994:22, 6002:13, 6002:16

CONSULTING [2] - 5739:3,5739:4

consumption [5] - 5826:12,5826:16, 5840:22, 5841:3,5852:9

CONT'D [2] - 5740:4, 5978:3contact [3] - 5917:14,

5932:8, 5934:16contain [5] - 5754:15,

5857:19, 5869:6, 5967:12containment [1] - 5967:8contains [3] - 5754:14,

5864:4, 5889:10contaminant [12] - 5855:13,

5900:21, 5902:10,5902:19, 5918:11, 5928:7,5934:8, 5949:10, 5949:15,5950:16, 5950:22, 5951:2

Contaminant [2] - 5914:18,5936:25

contaminants [28] - 5769:3,5899:24, 5900:12,

5902:17, 5903:17,5903:24, 5904:20,5907:23, 5908:8, 5912:4,5912:7, 5913:17, 5914:14,5915:1, 5915:16, 5915:18,5915:22, 5936:10,5937:16, 5937:22, 5957:7,5957:10, 5958:18,5959:10, 5960:8, 5962:10,5967:20, 5985:5

contaminated [2] - 5781:25,5941:12

contamination [4] - 5781:9,5781:12, 5836:14, 5858:3

content [6] - 5750:15,5909:13, 5911:2, 5912:21,5932:3, 5932:4

contents [4] - 5857:2,5857:3, 5857:4, 5857:17

context [5] - 5743:23,5797:7, 5797:19, 5798:11,6043:17

continent [1] - 5855:5contingencies [3] - 5860:22,

5860:25, 5861:12Contingency [1] - 5875:21contingency [14] - 5763:1,

5788:17, 5820:17,5820:25, 5888:1, 5889:25,5890:25, 5893:12, 5894:8,5896:2, 5897:11, 5938:6,5979:6, 5994:18

continuation [2] - 5742:9,5745:23

continue [14] - 5743:13,5746:2, 5751:16, 5762:22,5764:15, 5764:18,5795:22, 5799:19,5809:22, 5826:8, 5978:2,5993:6, 6039:18, 6053:16

CONTINUED [3] - 5738:8,5738:10, 5746:12

continued [3] - 5814:6,5847:6, 6020:20

Continued [2] - 5734:17,5736:3

Continued)" [1] - 5945:11continues [1] - 6017:6continuing [5] - 5928:15,

5979:13, 6011:3, 6014:7,6016:7

continuous [3] - 5819:21,5871:16, 5987:3

continuously [1] - 5820:12contour [1] - 5794:13contradiction [1] - 5836:5contribute [3] - 5768:18,

5773:12, 6009:2contributes [2] - 6010:1,

6013:15contributing [1] - 5930:1

control [17] - 5760:13,5776:9, 5776:13, 5776:14,5776:16, 5776:18,5776:19, 5776:22,5780:10, 5783:11,5783:16, 5783:18, 5787:7,5839:5, 5960:11, 5984:11,5984:13

controlled [1] - 5997:16controls [1] - 5952:6conventional [1] - 5757:16conversation [1] - 5860:5coordinating [1] - 6010:19Coordinator [1] - 5845:5copied [2] - 5857:7, 5857:9copies [3] - 5853:12, 5870:3,

5997:14Copper [1] - 6047:1COPPER [1] - 5733:2copper [19] - 5748:25,

5754:15, 5763:21,5811:14, 5823:6, 5852:8,5871:10, 5903:3, 5903:9,5903:18, 5907:14, 5909:4,5935:2, 5935:5, 5953:11,5955:24, 5956:5, 5956:7,5957:9

copy [2] - 5810:14, 5853:7core [1] - 5888:16cores [3] - 5924:6, 5924:7,

5924:10correct [28] - 5741:13,

5751:17, 5799:13,5816:24, 5831:11,5831:19, 5831:20,5852:21, 5852:23,5853:11, 5938:10,5939:20, 5942:25,5972:19, 5975:10,5982:14, 5995:25, 6001:8,6035:3, 6038:12, 6044:23,6046:6, 6047:11, 6048:6,6050:16, 6050:20, 6051:9,6054:10

corrected [1] - 5818:17correction [1] - 6030:18corrections [1] - 5889:14correctly [2] - 5853:9,

5939:18correlation [2] - 5783:2,

5842:12correspondence [1] -

5969:10corroborate [1] - 5806:25cost [17] - 5798:17, 5876:25,

5877:3, 5877:4, 5890:13,5890:15, 5893:15,5893:16, 5894:19, 5897:2,5994:15, 5994:25, 5995:4,5996:2, 5996:5, 5996:7,6011:14



11

cost-effective [1] - 6011:14cost-effective" [1] - 5897:2costs [6] - 5876:20, 5893:14,

5993:23, 5993:25, 5994:6,5994:13

Council [1] - 5765:8Count [1] - 5995:11count [3] - 5872:5, 5872:15,

5949:23counted [2] - 5866:13,

5966:16countries [1] - 5876:3couple [15] - 5768:20,

5770:8, 5785:16, 5785:17,5829:24, 5900:3, 5902:14,5904:3, 5905:1, 5910:11,5911:16, 5958:23,5958:25, 5970:14, 6052:6

course [18] - 5745:17,5751:20, 5759:6, 5762:1,5762:4, 5763:18, 5764:11,5784:20, 5789:11,5806:11, 5816:24,5817:25, 5823:6, 5839:3,5919:2, 5993:11, 6040:12,6052:17

COURT [1] - 5737:15cover [13] - 5756:18,

5756:19, 5757:13, 5758:5,5772:8, 5787:6, 5848:15,5875:2, 5901:10, 5943:7,5944:4, 5984:6, 5984:8

covered [5] - 5786:3, 5848:2,5872:11, 5872:12, 6017:19

covering [1] - 5936:5covey [1] - 5913:21Crear [1] - 5900:6create [2] - 5962:19, 6010:13created [2] - 5860:12,

5952:21creating [6] - 5781:18,

5960:13, 5978:10, 6018:20Creek [63] - 5742:17, 5749:6,

5750:15, 5767:16,5768:24, 5768:25, 5769:1,5770:2, 5772:16, 5772:24,5773:11, 5773:12,5775:22, 5775:24,5777:15, 5779:20,5779:21, 5781:10,5781:21, 5781:22,5781:24, 5782:4, 5790:3,5802:23, 5806:19, 5808:3,5810:19, 5811:13,5811:19, 5811:21,5839:13, 5850:2, 5850:6,5852:5, 5896:8, 5934:6,5953:8, 5967:4, 5987:10,6003:10, 6003:24,6003:25, 6004:3, 6004:11,6004:15, 6005:1, 6005:3,

6005:5, 6005:7, 6005:11,6010:12, 6011:21,6011:24, 6013:3, 6013:6,6013:16, 6019:17,6019:20, 6019:22, 6020:8,6020:9, 6024:19, 6030:24

creek [3] - 5873:18, 5873:21,6004:11

creeks [5] - 5772:21,5859:10, 5859:24, 5895:5,6004:20

Creel [1] - 6003:18criteria [7] - 5770:20, 5811:2,

5860:20, 5879:16,5887:24, 5889:11, 5890:4

criterion [2] - 5881:9,5881:15

critical [4] - 5865:21, 5891:4,5894:18, 5988:14

critically [1] - 5880:18criticism [1] - 5980:24critique [1] - 5833:2CROOK [21] - 5739:7,

5739:16, 5818:20,5818:24, 5818:25,5819:13, 5819:17,5820:23, 5823:21,5825:17, 5827:9, 5827:16,5827:24, 5828:8, 5829:13,5851:18, 5853:11,5938:24, 5999:13,5999:22, 6021:15

Crook [9] - 5736:9, 5818:19,5818:22, 5818:25, 5822:9,5827:6, 5829:18, 5851:20,5871:14

cross [6] - 5807:15, 5807:17,5808:1, 5819:7, 5909:8,5910:21

cross-section [4] - 5807:15,5807:17, 5808:1, 5910:21

cross-sections [1] - 5909:8crosses [2] - 5819:8, 5914:9crowded [1] - 5909:19CROZIER [2] - 5739:3,

5808:15Crozier [3] - 5734:20,

5791:23, 5808:12crush [1] - 5983:2crushing [1] - 5983:3CSR(A [4] - 5737:16,

5737:17, 6054:3, 6054:19cubic [5] - 5850:4, 5943:8,

5945:24, 5946:4, 5946:6culture [3] - 6009:17,

6014:19, 6020:14culturists [2] - 6036:12,

6036:18cumulative [6] - 5742:25,

5796:9, 5796:11, 5797:4,5797:20, 6046:17

Cumulative [1] - 5798:11curious [8] - 5844:8, 6022:4,

6023:9, 6024:3, 6027:16,6027:21, 6028:18, 6028:20

current [15] - 5783:15,5795:10, 5796:20, 5797:2,5797:3, 5797:22, 5798:4,5848:6, 5860:21, 5864:22,5887:23, 5890:1, 5897:1,6026:17, 6046:11

curtail [1] - 5800:22curtailed [1] - 5799:17curve [1] - 5986:13cut [10] - 5762:10, 5805:11,

5901:4, 5919:2, 5929:9,5929:12, 5930:25, 5931:2,5932:7, 5947:11

cutoff [2] - 5932:19, 5933:12cutting [4] - 5927:9, 5982:8,

5982:9cycle [1] - 6018:2cycles [1] - 6026:22cycling [1] - 6018:6daily [1] - 5852:7dam [6] - 5955:9, 6026:20,

6045:1, 6046:12, 6047:12damage [2] - 5858:20,

5895:9dams [3] - 5858:7, 5874:16,

5875:14danger [1] - 5994:2dangerously [1] - 6030:1dark [1] - 5786:11Dartmouth [1] - 5900:23dashed [1] - 5943:6data [56] - 5760:1, 5760:5,

5769:5, 5778:14, 5778:16,5788:5, 5788:7, 5788:9,5797:9, 5799:25, 5800:2,5800:9, 5800:16, 5802:17,5817:14, 5817:15,5856:12, 5856:13, 5868:5,5879:2, 5879:5, 5883:17,5883:22, 5884:12,5888:21, 5888:22,5913:15, 5920:23,5923:14, 5924:13,5933:20, 5937:24, 5942:5,5942:7, 5942:9, 5946:20,5948:10, 5949:19, 5963:2,5963:6, 5985:18, 5985:23,5985:25, 5986:5, 5986:8,5986:10, 5986:14,5986:15, 5986:21,5986:24, 5987:2, 5987:3,6012:15, 6012:17, 6031:14

database [3] - 5766:3,5766:4, 5766:12

date [6] - 5793:3, 5849:15,6006:6, 6038:9, 6044:24,6048:24

dated [2] - 6012:2, 6049:19David [1] - 5900:5DAY [1] - 5739:3Day's [1] - 5871:19days [4] - 5857:14, 6030:23,

6053:13deadline [1] - 5856:25deal [13] - 5742:8, 5746:1,

5810:21, 5820:22, 5853:4,5853:23, 5964:10, 6022:3,6028:1, 6030:8, 6032:15,6033:6, 6053:4

dealing [4] - 5758:11,6030:6, 6032:3, 6032:4

death [1] - 5764:21debate [3] - 5826:9, 5970:25,

5971:1decade [1] - 5885:3decades [4] - 5870:12,

5872:3, 5881:21, 5997:5decay [1] - 5809:2December [2] - 5886:20,

5977:10decide [4] - 5861:23, 6042:1,

6052:15, 6052:25decided [2] - 5958:3,

6037:14decision [9] - 5744:9,

5794:14, 5798:20,5800:21, 5825:11, 5826:3,6011:14, 6037:19, 6037:22

decrease [5] - 5771:5,5816:23, 5936:20,5982:22, 6017:25

decreased [4] - 5942:17,5942:18, 5942:19, 5956:8

decreasing [3] - 5750:17,5936:24, 5943:23

dedicated [1] - 5873:4deep [7] - 5955:19, 5957:7,

5984:18, 5984:25,5989:24, 5990:2, 6032:2

deepening [1] - 5785:20deeper [3] - 5785:21,

5910:13, 5910:15default [1] - 5999:13defects [1] - 5763:2defer [1] - 5829:2deferring [1] - 5829:15deficiencies [1] - 5747:6define [3] - 5759:18, 5833:4,

5860:7defined [3] - 5846:12,

5860:3, 5891:21defining [2] - 5860:14,

6022:19definite [1] - 5832:16definitely [4] - 5823:14,

5918:19, 5936:9, 5952:22definition [7] - 5796:8,

5848:23, 5848:24,



12

5860:11, 5965:25, 6051:3,6052:1

definitively [1] - 5827:20degree [9] - 5755:20,

5756:14, 5855:12,5900:13, 5900:23, 5992:7,5997:2, 6028:10, 6045:10

degrees [19] - 5757:20,5883:20, 5883:24, 5884:8,5884:23, 5885:1, 5885:6,5885:8, 5885:12, 5885:18,5885:20, 5886:6, 5886:20,5886:21, 5886:22, 5886:25

delayed [1] - 5953:18deleterious [8] - 5750:22,

5762:19, 5763:2, 5764:15,5770:6, 5846:11, 5846:19,5849:20

deliberate [1] - 5799:14deliver [2] - 5940:19,

6052:22delivered [1] - 6029:21delivering [1] - 6029:15delivers [1] - 6029:19demonstrate [1] - 5814:7demonstrated [5] - 5783:10,

5783:19, 5836:1, 5836:8,6016:17

demonstrates [1] - 5811:15denser [1] - 5985:4denuded [1] - 6039:12departed [1] - 5776:15Department [3] - 6010:10,

6020:17, 6040:6department [1] - 5830:22department's [1] - 5746:25departments [6] - 5819:7,

5969:11, 5969:18,5977:21, 5991:17

depicted [1] - 5920:10deposit [11] - 5753:25,

5754:1, 5754:7, 5811:11,5822:25, 5845:11, 5898:1,5904:10, 5906:11,5941:15, 5955:18

deposits [2] - 5836:12,5836:13

depression [3] - 5960:12,5960:14, 5960:16

depth [3] - 5838:9, 5955:20,5985:9

Deputy [2] - 6037:15,6037:19

derive [2] - 5768:8, 5768:9derived [7] - 5748:15,

5749:21, 5749:23, 5750:4,5768:4, 5801:9, 5855:24

desaturates [1] - 5941:6desaturation [1] - 5941:20DESBARATS [5] - 5738:12,

5800:19, 5807:18, 5808:1,

5837:25Desbarats [2] - 5735:2,

5746:14describe [2] - 5855:25,

6049:14described [1] - 5960:5describes [1] - 5923:1describing [1] - 5992:12DESCRIPTION [1] - 5738:2description [4] - 5993:23,

6024:15, 6050:13, 6050:19deserves [1] - 5938:23Design [2] - 6015:14,

6016:14design [16] - 5788:3,

5788:21, 5795:12,5799:23, 5952:4, 5952:8,6006:16, 6006:17, 6019:9,6019:12, 6019:24, 6020:5,6031:5, 6031:9, 6047:9

designed [9] - 5765:16,5765:18, 5765:22,5767:10, 5846:9, 5952:22,6031:7, 6042:5, 6042:9

designing [1] - 5981:6desirable [1] - 6035:24desire [2] - 5980:13, 6037:3desires [1] - 5822:14Despite [1] - 5881:2despite [2] - 5893:2, 5896:12destruction [1] - 5890:14detail [15] - 5748:17, 5750:6,

5767:3, 5831:7, 5831:21,5840:19, 5843:15, 5947:8,5948:18, 5968:17,6005:23, 6020:1, 6020:4,6020:5, 6040:3

detailed [11] - 5797:20,5810:8, 5890:24, 6006:21,6014:8, 6030:20, 6031:12,6042:10, 6042:12,6046:22, 6051:21

details [6] - 5825:2, 5861:14,5894:2, 5965:18, 5989:24,6030:13

detect [1] - 5844:20detecting [1] - 5847:3detection [12] - 5749:5,

5760:10, 5803:22,5804:25, 5806:10,5806:17, 5816:16,5843:24, 5912:14,5912:16, 5915:9

determination [5] - 5747:8,5826:4, 5844:25, 5973:13,5974:21

determine [5] - 5803:18,5839:12, 5866:25,5971:22, 6041:22

determined [3] - 5743:1,5794:22, 5973:2

determining [2] - 5766:9,5804:15

develop [9] - 5751:3,5839:24, 6011:7, 6013:20,6014:8, 6017:11, 6027:20,6035:17, 6038:21

developed [5] - 5881:5,5954:4, 5973:8, 6014:24,6035:21

developing [1] - 6033:22Development [1] - 6008:18development [9] - 5742:23,

5764:17, 5783:17, 5814:7,5814:24, 6009:4, 6012:16,6033:19

develops [1] - 5821:21deviation [1] - 5986:8deviations [1] - 5759:20devoted [1] - 5793:10dewater [2] - 5988:20,

5994:5dewatered [2] - 5990:12,

5990:16dewatering [6] - 5961:21,

5967:6, 5967:7, 5988:10,5990:7

DFO [23] - 5794:19, 5819:12,5828:15, 5828:25, 5842:2,6005:25, 6006:1, 6006:8,6007:3, 6007:22, 6008:14,6011:20, 6011:22,6012:11, 6012:24,6013:23, 6014:25, 6017:8,6017:18, 6041:1, 6043:14,6044:10, 6044:16

DFO's [4] - 6006:4, 6006:11,6011:25, 6015:23

diagram [2] - 5883:18,5884:11

Dial [1] - 6042:18dialogue [2] - 6006:18,

6021:8diamonds [1] - 5917:12diarite [1] - 5906:7diesel [1] - 5995:20diet [2] - 5763:25, 5782:25dietary [1] - 5764:12differ [1] - 5786:7difference [11] - 5816:18,

5845:22, 5845:25, 5846:2,5864:2, 5864:3, 5871:16,5877:13, 5927:2, 6005:24,6020:16

differences [2] - 5946:1,5946:8

different [38] - 5752:9,5756:3, 5756:19, 5764:8,5766:8, 5786:8, 5798:12,5805:9, 5845:21, 5856:6,5866:8, 5867:17, 5896:13,5897:9, 5906:9, 5910:11,

5910:15, 5916:11,5916:12, 5923:11, 5924:4,5924:24, 5927:6, 5927:14,5935:23, 5951:14,5969:15, 5970:1, 5979:22,5984:8, 5984:14, 6029:13,6031:17, 6036:25, 6048:2,6048:8

difficult [14] - 5773:16,5778:2, 5779:22, 5793:15,5828:10, 5834:10,5869:11, 5968:19, 5971:4,5975:5, 5980:15, 5980:17,5990:3, 5997:18

difficulty [4] - 5816:6,5822:1, 6013:10, 6044:12

dig [1] - 5753:22dilute [1] - 5937:16diluted [1] - 5913:6diluting [2] - 5912:3, 5937:21dilution [7] - 5809:9,

5873:19, 5873:20,5904:19, 5917:6, 5953:20,5954:6

dimension [1] - 5801:15dimensional [1] - 5807:16dimensionally [1] - 5807:24diminish [1] - 6034:5direct [2] - 5962:9, 6009:7directed [6] - 5808:7, 5827:7,

5828:15, 5828:24, 6006:8,6046:4

direction [3] - 5826:15,5914:6, 6051:23

directly [1] - 6008:23disagree [3] - 5847:25,

5848:11, 6011:22disagreement [2] - 5830:16,

5834:14disappointed [1] - 5891:7discarding [1] - 5846:19discharge [30] - 5749:24,

5767:8, 5802:4, 5802:5,5802:6, 5802:18, 5813:20,5822:17, 5822:19,5845:11, 5847:16,5847:19, 5848:3, 5848:8,5849:19, 5850:1, 5850:3,5850:6, 5935:17, 5935:18,5956:14, 5967:1, 5967:4,5967:13, 5967:23, 5989:1,5989:2, 5990:21, 5990:22,6051:12

Discharge [1] - 5751:11discharged [1] - 5990:14discharger [1] - 5768:13discharges [4] - 5814:5,

5814:16, 5847:11, 5958:9discount [1] - 5811:22discrepancy [1] - 5772:12discuss [3] - 5773:21,



13

5780:3, 5904:16discussed [6] - 5755:24,

5756:5, 5812:14, 5848:1,5888:1, 5974:4

discussing [1] - 6038:24discussion [11] - 5769:22,

5773:25, 5795:2, 5795:18,5807:13, 5834:17, 5835:5,5848:19, 5939:16,5972:18, 6044:17

discussions [4] - 5930:14,6010:10, 6020:20, 6037:10

disease [1] - 5865:14disposal [11] - 5749:15,

5752:25, 5756:2, 5756:8,5756:17, 5756:25,5757:16, 5758:4, 5810:24,5811:17, 5895:14

dispose [3] - 5757:16,5810:22, 5811:6

disposed [1] - 5755:15dissolution [1] - 5922:25dissolve [1] - 5864:5dissolved [45] - 5750:15,

5772:6, 5777:24, 5778:4,5778:13, 5778:17,5778:20, 5778:22, 5779:1,5779:6, 5779:11, 5779:15,5790:14, 5804:16,5805:12, 5805:14,5805:18, 5805:21,5815:18, 5816:1, 5816:4,5816:10, 5816:12,5816:14, 5817:13,5817:15, 5817:20,5817:23, 5842:9, 5842:12,5842:15, 5842:19,5842:22, 5842:24, 5843:1,5843:13, 5913:4, 5914:21,5928:22, 5929:1, 5929:5,5929:7, 5959:12, 6003:21

dissolves [1] - 5922:9distance [1] - 5949:8distinct [1] - 5804:10distinction [1] - 5863:8distinctiveness [1] - 6018:10distinguish [1] - 5804:14District [3] - 5790:9,

5850:19, 5991:4disturbances [2] - 5858:8,

5859:20diversion [1] - 5945:24diversity [1] - 6018:9divide [4] - 5804:2, 5883:1,

5884:23, 5885:13divided [7] - 5803:17,

5882:15, 5882:20, 5884:1,5884:15, 5884:17, 5886:10

dividing [2] - 5884:21,5892:16

division [1] - 5803:25

Doctor [1] - 5807:14doctors [1] - 5971:2document [15] - 5796:13,

5796:16, 5796:18,5857:12, 5876:25,6003:18, 6027:21, 6029:7,6029:10, 6030:13,6034:20, 6049:14,6049:19, 6051:17, 6051:18

documentation [1] - 6038:10documented [3] - 5748:5,

5800:12, 6006:15documents [6] - 5874:21,

5876:22, 5948:9, 6007:1,6029:21, 6051:6

Dog [1] - 5836:24dollars [7] - 5875:13,

5890:15, 5890:18,5893:16, 5894:19, 5995:4,5996:7

dolomite [1] - 5966:18done [44] - 5748:23, 5752:7,

5752:20, 5758:17,5760:20, 5761:2, 5761:7,5761:25, 5766:5, 5809:15,5810:3, 5816:12, 5870:1,5871:22, 5883:3, 5884:19,5901:12, 5901:23, 5943:9,5943:10, 5945:16,5947:15, 5947:16,5947:20, 5954:20, 5955:8,5965:22, 5981:24,5989:14, 5992:24,5994:22, 5995:25, 5998:2,6003:6, 6022:20, 6023:3,6027:17, 6027:22,6028:21, 6030:20,6030:22, 6033:11,6050:13, 6050:20

dose [1] - 5764:24doses [1] - 5782:17dots [1] - 5917:9double [4] - 5873:2, 5955:7,

5961:21, 5986:13doubling [1] - 5942:21doubt [1] - 5808:4down [63] - 5753:7, 5757:19,

5780:17, 5784:2, 5803:22,5821:15, 5846:21, 5848:4,5848:22, 5849:9, 5858:18,5859:5, 5865:15, 5865:19,5877:18, 5879:15,5879:16, 5882:17,5883:22, 5883:24, 5884:5,5884:9, 5885:11, 5887:13,5887:14, 5892:3, 5896:6,5897:1, 5901:8, 5905:6,5908:15, 5908:17,5910:11, 5914:4, 5914:24,5922:18, 5927:9, 5928:9,5931:1, 5931:3, 5931:5,5938:3, 5947:11, 5955:22,

5961:9, 5961:11, 5963:13,5978:14, 5982:8, 5982:9,5983:18, 5984:9, 5994:8,5995:12, 5996:9, 5997:7,6028:14, 6029:22,6031:19, 6031:24,6032:15, 6054:7

down-gradient [8] - 5901:8,5928:9, 5931:5, 5938:3,5963:13, 5978:14,5983:18, 5984:9

downgrading [1] - 5954:24downhill [1] - 5980:14Downing [1] - 6012:13downstream [14] - 5762:20,

5772:19, 5772:20,5772:24, 5781:3, 5828:13,5856:9, 5873:18, 5890:22,5901:9, 5938:4, 5973:11,5973:16, 6009:15

dozen [1] - 5857:17dozens [2] - 5855:8, 5855:9Dr [128] - 5734:14, 5734:20,

5735:2, 5735:3, 5735:10,5735:11, 5736:5, 5736:13,5736:14, 5736:15,5736:17, 5736:19,5736:20, 5736:22,5736:23, 5737:7, 5743:25,5744:13, 5744:16,5744:24, 5745:1, 5745:7,5746:14, 5746:15,5751:14, 5791:20,5791:23, 5799:6, 5809:22,5811:8, 5812:4, 5829:24,5829:25, 5831:1, 5831:5,5831:10, 5831:12,5831:14, 5831:17,5831:23, 5832:3, 5832:25,5833:11, 5834:16,5844:16, 5851:2, 5851:3,5852:17, 5852:18,5852:19, 5853:14,5853:17, 5853:21,5853:24, 5854:9, 5860:6,5898:21, 5898:22, 5899:4,5901:2, 5902:4, 5902:12,5903:13, 5905:9, 5907:9,5911:12, 5911:19,5918:17, 5920:14,5920:17, 5922:20, 5924:6,5926:24, 5930:19, 5938:9,5939:3, 5939:17, 5940:24,5964:2, 5964:10, 5964:11,5966:19, 5967:15, 5969:4,5970:24, 5971:12,5971:24, 5972:11,5972:17, 5974:3, 5974:9,5974:16, 5975:13,5976:21, 5976:22,5977:17, 5980:23, 5981:7,5981:23, 5987:7, 5988:5,

5990:24, 5991:8, 5991:15,5991:19, 5991:25, 5992:2,5993:16, 5993:22,5996:25, 5997:7, 5998:22,5999:11, 6018:19,6021:16, 6021:20,6022:10, 6023:12, 6024:6,6026:13, 6029:1, 6030:10,6032:11, 6032:17

DR [107] - 5738:6, 5738:12,5738:13, 5738:15, 5739:2,5739:10, 5739:12,5739:19, 5739:20,5739:21, 5739:23, 5740:1,5740:2, 5740:4, 5740:5,5740:7, 5740:8, 5740:10,5740:11, 5740:19,5743:17, 5746:18,5746:20, 5800:19,5807:18, 5808:1, 5810:3,5811:12, 5812:10,5812:20, 5830:5, 5831:5,5831:12, 5831:20, 5832:4,5833:13, 5836:11, 5837:9,5837:25, 5839:17, 5840:7,5852:23, 5854:13,5854:14, 5854:16,5854:17, 5898:25, 5899:1,5899:5, 5939:21, 5940:6,5940:21, 5964:19, 5965:8,5965:12, 5965:21, 5967:3,5968:3, 5968:7, 5968:10,5968:19, 5969:13,5969:16, 5969:19,5970:20, 5976:5, 5976:8,5977:2, 5978:3, 5978:25,5981:3, 5981:19, 5982:19,5983:9, 5983:15, 5984:22,5986:2, 5986:20, 5987:14,5987:19, 5988:1, 5988:16,5990:6, 5990:15, 5991:12,5992:1, 5992:14, 5993:20,5994:11, 5995:19,5995:23, 5996:20, 5997:5,5998:14, 6021:25, 6022:1,6022:23, 6023:25,6024:20, 6025:6, 6025:10,6025:12, 6026:3, 6027:2,6029:5, 6031:23, 6032:12

Draft [1] - 6049:1drain [2] - 5776:11, 5898:14drainage [34] - 5747:3,

5747:9, 5747:23, 5748:1,5752:8, 5752:17, 5752:20,5753:8, 5755:16, 5758:9,5758:12, 5812:6, 5826:17,5830:21, 5855:1, 5856:1,5856:8, 5863:3, 5949:5,5949:11, 5949:14,5950:16, 5951:1, 5951:5,5951:8, 5951:9, 5951:10,5953:13, 5953:14,



14

5953:17, 5953:21, 5954:3,5961:11, 5998:7

Drainage [3] - 5810:12,5855:22, 5883:10

drainages [1] - 5794:12drained [1] - 6026:15draining [1] - 6027:24drains [1] - 5858:18draw [1] - 5925:18drawing [1] - 5794:5drawn [4] - 5807:20,

6029:22, 6031:18, 6031:24dream [1] - 5891:11drill [1] - 5979:12drinking [1] - 5765:13drop [3] - 5875:3, 5886:22,

5886:25dropped [2] - 5883:23,

5988:5drops [2] - 5908:17, 5929:6drumming [1] - 5742:2dry [5] - 5913:3, 5943:20,

5963:18, 5989:21, 6004:20due [4] - 5772:6, 5834:23,

5895:16, 5973:8DUMARESQ [8] - 5738:18,

5738:20, 5752:2, 5752:3,5787:5, 5787:12, 5824:21,5848:17

Dumaresq [7] - 5735:6,5736:6, 5751:15, 5751:24,5752:5, 5824:22, 5848:17

Dumaresq's [1] - 5799:6dump [1] - 5886:2dumping [1] - 5873:2dumps [2] - 5885:17,

5885:22Dunn [1] - 5734:9duration [1] - 5759:9During [2] - 5885:7, 6039:8during [35] - 5742:17,

5749:21, 5751:6, 5757:2,5762:23, 5768:15, 5772:7,5813:24, 5829:4, 5848:9,5849:13, 5850:1, 5850:8,5858:22, 5885:24,5928:13, 5935:21,5935:22, 5942:1, 5948:18,5963:11, 5967:1, 5967:4,5967:23, 5970:12,5982:21, 5995:8, 6004:14,6005:7, 6012:22, 6019:17,6020:11, 6020:12, 6052:2,6052:3

Dyble [1] - 5734:8DYLAN [1] - 5739:4Dylan [2] - 5734:22, 5791:14EA [1] - 5817:22early [2] - 5853:15, 5893:7Early [2] - 5886:19, 6006:1Earth [1] - 5900:23

earthen [1] - 5979:17earthquakes [2] - 5987:18,

5987:21easier [2] - 5834:6, 6033:7easiest [1] - 5817:21easily [1] - 5963:18east/west [2] - 5807:17,

5807:25Easy [1] - 5869:11eat [1] - 5851:6economic [1] - 5754:20economically [1] - 5754:17ecosystem [1] - 6031:8edit [1] - 5841:7editing [1] - 5841:15EEM [6] - 5846:2, 5846:8,

5846:13, 5846:18,5847:18, 5848:15

EEME [1] - 5845:9effect [26] - 5745:11,

5759:11, 5759:12, 5766:9,5766:21, 5770:6, 5774:16,5777:14, 5781:6, 5781:18,5782:4, 5783:17, 5784:3,5785:12, 5794:17,5844:25, 5845:21,5846:11, 5846:12,5846:19, 5847:3, 5847:6,5883:21, 5891:10,5895:16, 6045:16

Effect [1] - 5845:5effective [10] - 5814:8,

5835:8, 5835:13, 5836:5,5839:2, 5839:3, 5961:22,5966:15, 5994:16, 6011:14

effective" [1] - 5897:2effectively [2] - 5758:9,

6038:22effectiveness [3] - 5836:1,

5836:8, 5838:14Effects [3] - 5798:11,

5844:15, 5844:22effects [44] - 5742:15,

5742:25, 5758:18, 5759:6,5760:21, 5761:18,5762:20, 5764:16,5764:19, 5766:16, 5770:1,5775:24, 5786:24,5786:25, 5788:13, 5796:9,5796:11, 5797:3, 5797:4,5797:20, 5808:18, 5817:8,5828:22, 5829:11,5844:21, 5845:9, 5846:3,5846:4, 5846:6, 5846:7,5846:10, 5846:17,5849:22, 5859:14,5900:22, 5918:2, 5950:18,5958:5, 5973:16, 5978:24,6046:1, 6046:17

efficiency [1] - 5852:25efficient [1] - 5854:5

effluent [11] - 5751:5,5822:17, 5825:6, 5845:11,5845:18, 5845:20,5847:17, 5848:23,5848:24, 5849:14, 5935:17

Effluent [2] - 5751:11,5824:24

effort [8] - 5783:13, 5813:21,5873:4, 5931:7, 5952:10,6035:8, 6035:13, 6035:22

efforts [1] - 6010:19eggs [2] - 5828:19, 6034:9EIA [2] - 5830:6, 5830:7EIF [3] - 5777:6, 5777:23,

5778:16eight [1] - 5873:3EIS [58] - 5747:5, 5855:18,

5855:21, 5856:15, 5862:4,5862:18, 5862:21,5864:11, 5864:17, 5866:8,5866:9, 5866:13, 5866:15,5868:3, 5879:6, 5880:5,5880:11, 5881:1, 5882:9,5882:13, 5882:22,5885:13, 5887:3, 5887:16,5889:9, 5891:21, 5892:7,5892:15, 5893:2, 5895:24,5896:12, 5896:19,5896:24, 5897:10,5903:16, 5905:20,5906:24, 5906:25, 5910:3,5911:5, 5911:24, 5918:3,5922:15, 5924:17, 5927:7,5951:16, 5953:16,5956:23, 5958:16, 5960:3,5967:3, 5977:4, 5989:12,5992:11, 6010:9, 6012:10,6014:22, 6015:12

EISA [1] - 5893:4EISs [3] - 5948:2, 5948:6either [12] - 5749:14, 5751:1,

5800:3, 5853:16, 5875:10,5892:21, 5893:10,5937:19, 5953:1, 5964:16,6031:21, 6032:1

either/or [1] - 6043:17elaborate [2] - 5988:9,

6042:14element [11] - 5801:3,

5809:24, 5841:25,5981:13, 6008:6, 6008:16,6009:5, 6009:11, 6009:16,6009:24, 6010:9

elemental [1] - 5836:20elements [18] - 5749:2,

5749:20, 5750:22, 5764:3,5764:8, 5764:9, 5765:2,5768:1, 5810:17, 5815:3,5837:4, 5841:17, 5843:21,5856:6, 5863:3, 5971:17,6008:3, 6050:23

elephant [1] - 5889:3

elevated [13] - 5748:14,5749:5, 5750:3, 5768:1,5769:20, 5769:21,5784:24, 5828:12,5908:24, 5932:23, 5935:8,5935:9, 5961:15

elevation [4] - 5784:10,5794:8, 5794:12, 5802:3

elevations [1] - 6031:18eliminated [1] - 5918:12elimination [1] - 6005:14elsewhere [1] - 5986:24EM [1] - 5845:6embankment [16] - 5801:23,

5802:10, 5802:19,5802:21, 5838:4, 5838:8,5848:21, 5849:9, 6045:12,6045:16, 6045:23,6046:12, 6046:21,6046:24, 6047:25, 6048:14

emergence [1] - 6019:6emphasis [3] - 5798:10,

5900:16, 5900:18emphasize [4] - 5771:13,

5856:10, 5861:1, 5880:24employed [2] - 5788:11,

5978:7enable [1] - 5794:1enabling [1] - 5986:17encapturing [1] - 5980:15encouraged [1] - 5896:9end [22] - 5751:21, 5757:5,

5758:11, 5794:20, 5799:7,5828:3, 5872:4, 5897:23,5901:15, 5953:2, 5967:13,5967:25, 5970:22,5982:16, 5988:6, 6025:21,6028:9, 6041:8, 6045:14,6048:4, 6051:7, 6052:10

End [1] - 5973:18endeavour [1] - 6040:22ended [7] - 5755:14,

5943:24, 5959:15,5959:20, 5960:7, 5966:10,5975:14

ENDING [1] - 5998:10ending [1] - 5755:13Energy [1] - 5992:23engaged [3] - 5852:16,

6022:12, 6037:9engineer [4] - 5837:10,

5947:17, 5979:2, 6047:8engineered [2] - 5756:18,

5952:22engineering [4] - 5792:3,

5793:24, 5797:9, 5952:3Engineering [6] - 5734:20,

5735:17, 5791:21,5791:24, 5808:12, 6002:18

ENGINEERING [2] - 5739:3,6002:9



15

English [4] - 5744:24,5745:3, 5745:9, 5745:16

enhanced [1] - 5960:7enjoy [1] - 5886:4enormous [2] - 5961:18,

5976:2ensure [13] - 5756:11,

5763:1, 5789:10, 5940:10,5946:14, 5980:18,5989:25, 6009:19, 6011:8,6013:20, 6015:4, 6018:16,6034:7

ensures [1] - 6016:5ensuring [2] - 6009:2,

6010:1entail [1] - 5983:14entering [2] - 5779:5, 5930:2entire [1] - 5957:6entirely [1] - 5961:22enumeration [1] - 6003:14ENVIROMENT [1] - 5738:19environment [30] - 5749:25,

5750:14, 5759:11,5764:18, 5771:23,5773:17, 5774:7, 5781:10,5781:18, 5782:25,5783:10, 5784:12,5784:15, 5813:20,5814:21, 5826:13,5840:16, 5842:17, 5856:9,5899:24, 5967:14,5973:12, 5980:6, 5980:18,5990:14, 5994:2, 6025:13,6026:6, 6026:11, 6051:12

ENVIRONMENT [8] - 5735:5,5738:16, 5738:21,5738:22, 5751:23, 5752:1,5758:14, 5787:9

Environment [82] - 5734:12,5735:6, 5736:6, 5736:7,5736:8, 5741:9, 5742:10,5743:10, 5746:6, 5751:16,5752:5, 5752:8, 5752:19,5753:2, 5753:4, 5754:10,5755:3, 5755:17, 5758:8,5758:16, 5758:25,5760:14, 5762:11, 5763:7,5765:8, 5766:2, 5768:6,5768:17, 5770:19, 5789:4,5790:24, 5792:17,5793:11, 5794:4, 5797:24,5812:22, 5814:1, 5817:6,5818:16, 5819:4, 5819:10,5819:18, 5820:14,5820:21, 5821:8, 5821:13,5821:20, 5824:22,5825:12, 5826:21, 5827:8,5828:11, 5829:1, 5829:10,5835:15, 5835:21,5848:18, 5850:23,5863:12, 5863:17,5863:21, 5874:3, 5874:5,

5874:9, 5883:9, 5897:18,5930:15, 5974:18,5977:15, 5991:17,6004:16, 6005:25, 6007:3,6007:5, 6007:11, 6011:2,6011:4, 6011:20, 6016:8,6020:19, 6040:11

Environmental [33] -5735:16, 5735:16, 5737:4,5737:5, 5743:3, 5746:22,5747:24, 5789:14, 5796:7,5796:9, 5796:10, 5796:14,5796:15, 5797:15, 5810:7,5844:15, 5844:21, 5845:5,5845:9, 5900:1, 5919:15,5927:15, 5947:21,5947:24, 5948:4, 5948:13,5953:12, 5984:4, 5997:4,6002:12, 6002:16,6002:20, 6005:22

environmental [18] -5758:18, 5768:12, 5795:4,5814:23, 5834:13,5844:21, 5846:17,5849:22, 5858:1, 5858:3,5859:14, 5890:14, 5895:9,5901:19, 5918:2, 5925:7,5958:5, 5960:14

ENVIRONMENTAL [7] -5733:3, 5733:8, 5734:6,5740:16, 5740:17, 6002:7,6002:8

Environments [1] - 5751:11environments [4] - 5758:20,

6007:19, 6023:7, 6024:25envisioned [1] - 5891:22equal [1] - 5803:14equally [1] - 6036:9equals [1] - 5921:15equation [12] - 5800:25,

5801:2, 5801:4, 5801:14,5801:15, 5801:16, 5803:7,5803:17, 5882:24,5886:23, 5923:18, 5926:1

equilibrium [1] - 5928:25Equity [15] - 5876:1, 5876:4,

5876:6, 5876:12, 5876:14,5876:15, 5876:18, 5877:5,5877:7, 5878:20, 5886:18,5898:7, 5898:13, 5995:9,5998:5

equivalent [1] - 5777:12Eric [1] - 6018:8eroding [1] - 5750:19error [6] - 5860:2, 5879:6,

5879:19, 5922:12, 5944:1,5997:24

errors [11] - 5762:3, 5803:23,5805:4, 5859:12, 5919:9,5963:4, 5963:5, 5997:21,5998:15, 5998:21

escape [1] - 5782:15

escapes [1] - 5782:3escaping [1] - 5781:17Eskay [4] - 5810:19,

5811:13, 5811:19, 5811:21Esket [1] - 5743:22Esketemc [12] - 5736:12,

5736:18, 5736:21, 5744:2,5790:4, 5839:15, 5839:21,5839:24, 5839:25,5987:11, 5987:13, 5993:19

ESKETEMC [6] - 5739:10,5740:5, 5740:10, 5839:17,5987:14, 5993:20

especially [7] - 5760:11,5788:3, 5900:11, 5946:16,5963:23, 5981:5, 6036:11

essence [1] - 6043:22essential [16] - 5763:16,

5763:20, 5763:21,5763:24, 5764:2, 5782:16,5782:21, 5840:20,5840:21, 5841:2, 5841:4,5841:16, 5841:17, 5841:24

essentially [16] - 5756:9,5759:15, 5766:14, 5767:5,5786:5, 5801:4, 5801:9,5802:10, 5803:11,5803:18, 5804:17,5817:11, 5845:17,5965:23, 6029:19, 6031:5

establish [5] - 5832:25,5833:9, 5834:10, 6008:7,6008:9

established [8] - 5766:3,5770:20, 5781:2, 5781:22,5783:16, 5789:18,6014:11, 6044:24

estimate [15] - 5788:13,5801:13, 5803:24,5940:14, 5942:11,5943:10, 5943:11,5943:12, 5943:22,5968:18, 5973:10,5986:14, 6003:13, 6015:7,6031:12

estimated [2] - 5872:7,5876:20

estimates [5] - 5788:8,5866:1, 5872:6, 5918:19,5943:9

estimating [1] - 5945:2et [4] - 5952:7, 5979:13,

6012:13, 6015:4evaluating [1] - 5900:21evaluation [6] - 5752:6,

5752:16, 5821:5, 5947:5,5984:4, 6012:24

evening [7] - 5853:15,6001:12, 6001:15,6001:18, 6003:3, 6041:12,6053:21

event [5] - 5774:16, 5780:18,5968:2, 5978:12, 5989:21

events [5] - 5782:22,5956:21, 5968:5, 5985:8,6037:7

eventuality [1] - 5781:25eventually [2] - 5809:5,

5875:16evidence [11] - 5749:8,

5749:14, 5823:12,5823:13, 5833:7, 5833:8,5917:18, 5947:18,5948:20, 5955:10, 6022:17

evolve [1] - 5813:23evolves [1] - 5802:13evolving [4] - 5814:22,

5814:25, 6039:24, 6049:20exact [1] - 5971:16exactly [1] - 6022:19exaggerated [1] - 5882:7examination [3] - 5744:7,

5795:19, 5988:15examine [1] - 5827:22examined [1] - 5797:19examining [1] - 5797:17example [32] - 5764:11,

5764:14, 5765:7, 5765:13,5766:1, 5766:17, 5770:12,5774:13, 5783:22,5784:17, 5784:19, 5794:4,5801:8, 5804:4, 5810:19,5836:24, 5838:15,5838:18, 5856:1, 5863:12,5883:4, 5914:12, 5931:8,5949:21, 5953:7, 5974:1,5983:15, 5992:18,5993:13, 5996:3, 5997:9,5998:5

examples [4] - 5968:6,5968:8, 5971:10, 6016:13

Examples [1] - 5914:18excavated [2] - 5785:22,

5862:23exceed [5] - 5742:21,

5761:21, 5852:9, 5935:14,5936:17

exceedances [5] - 5892:4,5950:4, 5950:11, 5950:19,5950:22

exceeded [8] - 5775:11,5850:3, 5892:17, 5952:24,5959:11, 5961:7, 5961:8,6015:19

exceeds [2] - 5804:6,6018:14

Excel [1] - 5867:13Excellent [1] - 5819:13excellent [1] - 5900:5except [3] - 5935:11,

5937:11, 5938:1excess [1] - 5902:1



16

exchange [5] - 5958:21,5959:7, 5959:13, 5961:25,5972:15

excluded [2] - 5905:5,5929:22

Excuse [2] - 5976:5, 6042:20exercise [1] - 5834:5exercised [1] - 6040:5Exhibit [4] - 5743:7, 5743:9,

5743:11, 5743:13exhibited [1] - 6007:12exhibits [3] - 5742:12,

5743:5, 5743:6exist [6] - 5771:19, 5846:3,

5902:22, 6025:16,6026:10, 6028:22

existed [1] - 5960:18existing [6] - 5747:18,

5836:17, 6011:12, 6026:4,6031:8, 6046:19

exothermic [1] - 5885:15expanded [2] - 6045:22,

6046:9expands [2] - 5947:2,

5963:11expansion [4] - 5796:3,

5797:12, 5947:6, 6047:14expansions [1] - 5948:3expect [19] - 5766:16,

5767:18, 5775:14,5775:16, 5778:25,5797:18, 5822:22, 5826:8,5853:5, 5861:10, 5865:10,5874:9, 5886:6, 5887:20,5891:24, 5908:24, 5911:3,5911:8, 6052:12

expectation [2] - 6006:18,6020:19

expected [13] - 5759:7,5775:15, 5775:17, 5859:3,5865:17, 5893:6, 5895:2,5895:23, 5981:18,5986:19, 5990:4

Expected [1] - 5892:4expecting [3] - 5874:6,

5893:21, 6052:8expediting [1] - 6039:1expensive [5] - 5783:24,

5837:8, 5837:12, 5890:13,5893:19

experience [25] - 5783:4,5783:9, 5812:13, 5833:19,5835:21, 5835:24, 5836:3,5836:7, 5839:20, 5899:16,5899:17, 5899:19, 5900:8,5900:21, 5901:24, 5909:1,5936:22, 5979:3, 5989:4,5990:11, 5994:4, 5995:14,5997:1, 5997:2, 6034:24

experimental [1] - 5838:13EXPERT [20] - 5734:18,

5735:1, 5735:5, 5735:9,5735:14, 5738:11,5738:17, 5739:1, 5739:19,5740:16, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5746:13, 5751:24,5854:12, 6002:6, 6021:24,6032:22, 6041:13

expert [4] - 5758:17,5791:25, 5835:19, 5993:24

expertise [7] - 5791:17,5791:19, 5791:21,5839:24, 5987:20,6002:21, 6022:14

experts [4] - 5790:22,5828:25, 5834:15, 5852:16

explain [7] - 5742:24,5763:7, 5844:19, 5893:4,5975:13, 5975:23, 6028:2

explained [7] - 5761:2,5860:7, 5872:17, 5894:15,5946:1, 5946:9, 6047:25

explaining [2] - 5789:9,5845:9

explains [1] - 5865:2explanation [1] - 5970:23exploration [1] - 5767:17exposed [5] - 5845:18,

5845:24, 5847:17,5927:23, 5934:11

exposure [4] - 5756:13,5756:21, 5782:25, 5828:18

expressed [4] - 5793:12,5842:18, 5974:11, 6006:1

expressing [1] - 5835:20extend [2] - 5794:12,

5794:15extended [1] - 5793:23extending [1] - 6029:11extension [4] - 5785:16,

5785:18, 5786:12, 5787:1extensive [2] - 5764:13,

6003:7extensively [1] - 5922:20extent [15] - 5759:9, 5771:2,

5793:2, 5794:11, 5795:18,5807:21, 5811:9, 5811:20,5812:13, 5812:16, 5813:8,5846:6, 5847:4, 5853:20,5853:25

extra [1] - 5864:8extraction [1] - 5749:8extrapolation [1] - 5747:10extreme [2] - 5826:6,

5974:12extremely [3] - 5758:23,

5910:9, 5958:13face [3] - 5769:24, 5775:19,

5974:17faced [1] - 5788:2facilitate [1] - 6023:23

facilities [1] - 5920:9Facilities" [1] - 5920:8Facility [9] - 5864:16,

5934:19, 5941:11, 5942:4,5942:22, 5943:7, 5944:9,5982:17, 5982:18

facility [35] - 5747:17,5756:11, 5821:16,5864:19, 5919:24,5920:11, 5928:2, 5941:7,5941:21, 5943:4, 5944:4,5944:5, 5945:22, 5946:5,5946:7, 5952:5, 5959:24,5963:18, 5963:24,5967:10, 5979:19, 5983:4,5983:16, 5984:6, 6011:12,6011:15, 6029:25, 6036:7,6036:9, 6036:10, 6036:16,6037:13, 6037:17,6037:23, 6037:25

Facility" [1] - 5936:1fact [34] - 5745:25, 5749:5,

5760:17, 5796:7, 5798:1,5802:4, 5802:12, 5805:9,5807:23, 5808:3, 5809:12,5813:24, 5814:13,5831:25, 5840:15,5841:24, 5847:12,5847:15, 5848:14, 5852:1,5908:2, 5940:3, 5956:1,5957:19, 5971:15,5974:24, 5975:4, 5975:24,6025:18, 6035:15,6037:23, 6040:14,6043:19, 6052:18

factoid [1] - 5840:24factor [20] - 5765:24, 5766:1,

5766:19, 5785:7, 5821:14,5869:17, 5877:14,5882:11, 5882:19,5882:25, 5883:2, 5883:12,5884:2, 5888:12, 5889:9,5889:13, 5916:18,5926:25, 5970:14

factored [2] - 5987:18,5987:21

factoring [1] - 5821:2factors [13] - 5773:20,

5820:8, 5890:3, 5891:5,5892:19, 5893:25,5897:13, 5897:14,5897:16, 5965:6, 5982:10,5984:20, 5985:10

fail [2] - 5954:19, 5955:4failed [3] - 5952:20, 5952:25,

5962:11fails [1] - 6040:18failure [4] - 5878:3, 5952:23,

5957:5, 5984:19failures [1] - 5955:10fair [5] - 5783:15, 5785:5,

5835:4, 5975:9, 6044:11

fairly [12] - 5757:18, 5782:18,5838:20, 5843:24,5861:15, 5868:20,5881:25, 5888:14, 5917:7,5933:16, 5940:4

fairness [1] - 5938:22fall [4] - 5786:13, 5875:3,

5883:12, 6020:10fallen [1] - 5886:21falling [1] - 5885:11falls [5] - 5768:25, 5884:10,

6004:2, 6004:12, 6008:14familiar [7] - 5792:2,

5871:20, 5898:5, 6023:3,6023:9, 6023:13, 6047:19

family [1] - 6004:6fancy [1] - 5979:21far [14] - 5772:19, 5783:11,

5791:13, 5791:15, 5792:1,5799:20, 5822:16,5830:21, 5859:23,5994:13, 5995:13,6010:17, 6011:25, 6043:19

fascinated [1] - 5874:3fashion [2] - 5782:14, 5846:5fast [3] - 5887:8, 6027:12,

6032:14faster [4] - 5891:21, 5918:24,

5921:3, 5923:12fastest [2] - 5911:2, 5911:4fatal [27] - 5747:25, 5830:2,

5830:20, 5830:23,5831:24, 5832:12,5832:13, 5832:15,5832:18, 5833:4, 5860:6,5860:8, 5860:10, 5860:12,5860:14, 5860:16,5860:20, 5861:3, 5881:14,5889:10, 5892:1, 5895:15,5895:17, 5895:18,5895:21, 5898:18

Fatal [1] - 5860:3fatally [6] - 5860:23,

5887:24, 5888:4, 5890:3,5893:7, 5895:25

fatally-flawed [1] - 5888:4fault [3] - 5960:3, 5960:5,

5960:18favourable [3] - 5754:20,

6041:19, 6043:6fears [1] - 5996:16feasibility [6] - 5813:15,

6006:16, 6019:9, 6019:23,6047:7, 6047:8

Feasibility [6] - 6015:13,6016:14, 6045:22,6046:22, 6047:10, 6047:21

feasible [3] - 5778:24,5780:21, 5781:4

feature [1] - 6008:5features [1] - 5798:18



17

FEDERAL [10] - 5733:6,5734:2, 5739:9, 5740:1,5740:4, 5740:8, 5835:2,5964:19, 5978:3, 5992:1

Federal [27] - 5812:21,5813:4, 5821:19, 5822:16,5824:23, 5825:19,5856:21, 5883:9, 5894:1,5975:17, 5975:20,5991:17, 6004:23,6006:13, 6011:25,6035:18, 6038:25,6039:17, 6040:4, 6042:16,6043:7, 6043:8, 6043:12,6043:16, 6043:24, 6044:8

Federally [1] - 5821:22feed [1] - 6027:18feeding [2] - 5800:4, 6031:1feeds [1] - 6029:24fell [2] - 5883:24, 5957:5fellow [2] - 5885:23, 6025:23felt [7] - 5796:8, 5796:17,

5816:13, 5896:10,5986:23, 5993:2, 6035:24

fences [1] - 6003:15feric [1] - 5836:25few [24] - 5742:7, 5742:12,

5763:5, 5763:10, 5773:25,5789:25, 5792:20, 5799:5,5834:22, 5855:15,5857:14, 5857:24,5865:19, 5886:4, 5915:16,5953:13, 5964:20,5964:24, 6022:25, 6023:6,6025:20, 6044:18, 6053:7,6053:13

fewer [1] - 5834:23field [7] - 5747:11, 5811:4,

5861:5, 5861:10, 5888:8,5890:10, 5911:19

fieldwork [1] - 6003:7fifth [1] - 6009:16fighting [1] - 5890:8figure [13] - 5799:9, 5808:8,

5821:10, 5834:2, 5837:9,5922:5, 5923:15, 5925:6,5926:4, 5933:5, 5961:24,5999:17, 6049:24

figures [1] - 6038:7filed [3] - 5744:14, 5794:3,

6029:3fill [9] - 5758:3, 5786:1,

5875:1, 5925:20, 5927:6,5927:12, 6026:22, 6045:3,6051:9

filled [1] - 5987:4filling [10] - 5776:20,

5776:21, 5776:22,5814:16, 5848:3, 5874:15,5956:9, 6018:4, 6026:18,6026:25

filtered [1] - 5868:5final [6] - 5757:11, 5794:25,

5844:10, 5886:18,5947:12, 5990:10

finalize [2] - 6011:4, 6040:3finalized [1] - 6005:23finally [1] - 5910:16finances [1] - 5898:15findings [1] - 5753:10fine [4] - 5815:15, 5968:9,

6000:12, 6021:22fines [3] - 5959:21, 6033:21fingerprint [1] - 5804:11finish [3] - 5940:7, 5998:14,

6001:14finished [1] - 5792:23finite [1] - 6040:3firm [1] - 5791:14firming [1] - 5762:25firms [2] - 5791:13, 6002:19FIRST [6] - 5739:11, 5740:6,

5740:10, 5839:17,5987:14, 5993:20

first [52] - 5741:5, 5742:11,5752:16, 5759:5, 5774:2,5787:11, 5787:19,5787:21, 5789:21,5800:19, 5805:11, 5811:6,5840:22, 5845:20,5848:19, 5852:17,5853:17, 5854:9, 5861:17,5861:22, 5861:25,5866:20, 5866:22,5890:17, 5894:19,5896:22, 5900:25, 5903:1,5904:8, 5907:22, 5913:8,5914:20, 5936:16, 5937:4,5942:4, 5957:24, 5964:3,5964:9, 5964:17, 5975:12,5977:3, 5977:16, 5991:23,5994:13, 6014:12, 6021:5,6024:15, 6025:20,6026:19, 6028:18, 6053:15

First [27] - 5736:12, 5736:18,5736:21, 5741:20,5741:21, 5742:1, 5742:11,5742:14, 5744:2, 5745:20,5747:8, 5748:10, 5758:21,5790:4, 5799:8, 5839:15,5845:8, 5867:21, 5927:22,5987:11, 5993:19,6007:16, 6010:7, 6022:4,6036:11, 6036:21, 6037:4

fish [94] - 5742:16, 5774:13,5776:12, 5779:20, 5784:8,5819:8, 5826:11, 5826:16,5826:24, 5826:25, 5827:2,5827:4, 5828:17, 5828:23,5828:24, 5828:25,5829:11, 5829:16,5841:13, 5842:25,

5845:15, 5852:5, 5852:9,5935:19, 5999:8, 5999:24,6000:1, 6000:2, 6001:7,6003:5, 6003:9, 6003:13,6004:9, 6004:12, 6004:17,6004:25, 6005:15,6007:24, 6008:22, 6009:9,6009:17, 6010:7, 6010:14,6010:23, 6011:5, 6012:19,6012:22, 6012:25,6014:19, 6015:8, 6015:20,6016:10, 6016:19,6016:21, 6018:15,6019:20, 6020:14, 6022:6,6022:7, 6023:2, 6023:6,6023:16, 6024:1, 6024:13,6024:24, 6025:14,6025:19, 6026:6, 6026:9,6027:1, 6027:6, 6027:9,6027:25, 6029:23, 6035:3,6035:8, 6035:16, 6036:1,6036:12, 6036:17,6043:19, 6043:21,6043:25, 6044:3, 6044:18,6044:21, 6048:13, 6048:20

FISH [12] - 5735:13, 5737:3,5740:13, 5740:14, 6002:4,6003:1

Fish [119] - 5742:17, 5749:6,5750:15, 5767:15,5767:16, 5768:24,5768:25, 5769:1, 5770:2,5772:16, 5772:24,5773:11, 5773:12,5775:22, 5775:24,5777:15, 5777:18,5779:20, 5781:10,5781:21, 5781:22,5781:24, 5782:4, 5785:5,5802:22, 5808:3, 5826:18,5850:2, 5850:6, 5852:5,5861:9, 5888:6, 5895:16,5896:7, 5896:8, 5897:15,5934:6, 5941:15, 5967:4,6003:10, 6003:13,6003:15, 6003:18,6003:24, 6003:25, 6004:3,6004:5, 6004:11, 6004:15,6005:1, 6005:3, 6005:5,6005:7, 6005:11, 6005:15,6005:17, 6006:9, 6007:13,6007:18, 6007:21, 6008:7,6008:10, 6008:17,6008:19, 6008:23,6009:22, 6010:2, 6010:12,6011:5, 6011:9, 6011:21,6011:24, 6012:7, 6012:17,6013:3, 6013:5, 6013:16,6013:21, 6014:20,6014:23, 6015:20,6016:10, 6016:19,6016:21, 6016:24, 6017:5,

6018:10, 6018:17,6019:17, 6019:20,6019:22, 6020:8, 6020:9,6023:16, 6023:17,6024:16, 6024:19,6025:12, 6025:20,6025:23, 6026:3, 6026:7,6026:9, 6026:14, 6027:8,6030:24, 6030:25, 6031:1,6034:25, 6036:23, 6038:5,6042:4, 6043:9, 6044:3,6049:14, 6052:22

Fisheries [19] - 5818:11,5849:18, 5977:22,5991:20, 6007:8, 6010:10,6010:19, 6010:24, 6011:7,6011:10, 6013:19,6017:10, 6019:24,6020:18, 6021:5, 6022:15,6024:11, 6040:6, 6040:13

fisheries [4] - 6007:7,6007:25, 6023:19, 6035:25

fishery [9] - 6004:7, 6004:8,6005:18, 6007:16,6008:13, 6010:5, 6017:5,6043:19, 6043:22

fishing [4] - 6001:7, 6016:25,6017:3, 6034:24

fishless [1] - 6024:13fit [1] - 5949:12fits [2] - 5933:25, 5950:24five [18] - 5778:19, 5828:13,

5867:12, 5874:20, 5905:3,5905:5, 5907:7, 5913:15,5913:19, 5923:4, 5927:18,5929:16, 5931:17,5931:20, 5931:23, 5932:1,5944:14, 5982:23

fix [1] - 5979:24flagged [1] - 6006:12flask [5] - 5749:8, 5911:24,

5937:18, 5937:20, 5981:10flasks [1] - 5917:5flaw [13] - 5830:20, 5830:23,

5832:15, 5832:18, 5860:6,5860:8, 5860:9, 5861:3,5881:14, 5887:22,5889:10, 5892:1, 5895:21

flaw" [1] - 5832:13flawed [7] - 5762:5, 5860:23,

5887:24, 5888:4, 5890:3,5893:7, 5895:25

flaws [16] - 5747:25, 5830:2,5831:24, 5832:12, 5833:4,5860:3, 5860:10, 5860:12,5860:14, 5860:16,5860:20, 5894:14,5895:15, 5895:17,5895:19, 5898:18

flexibility [1] - 6031:21flexion [1] - 5779:13flight [2] - 5853:15, 5991:10



18

flip [1] - 5819:3flooded [1] - 6018:2flooding [2] - 5757:6, 5757:7floor [1] - 5746:8flow [21] - 5742:18, 5772:8,

5773:12, 5779:20,5781:23, 5781:24, 5782:3,5788:5, 5788:9, 5802:13,5807:22, 5808:2, 5808:6,5809:2, 5809:4, 5859:8,5944:21, 5944:23,5979:13, 5990:5, 6031:20

Flow [2] - 5934:2, 5935:24flow-path [3] - 5802:13,

5809:2, 5809:4flowing [1] - 5885:10flown [1] - 5989:8flows [9] - 5742:17, 5754:1,

5782:10, 5828:13, 6005:7,6005:9, 6009:7, 6009:14,6033:10

fluctuating [1] - 6045:17fluoride [2] - 5856:1,

5858:15flush [8] - 5913:6, 5914:14,

5914:16, 5915:1, 5915:7,5915:11, 5915:14, 5918:16

Flush [1] - 5914:18flushed [3] - 5913:14,

5913:17, 5982:2flushing [2] - 5913:8,

5937:21fly [1] - 5974:17focus [9] - 5752:19, 5753:2,

5776:17, 5782:11,5900:10, 5902:6, 5902:16,5918:16, 5964:9

focused [2] - 5855:20,5899:22

focusing [1] - 5767:5focussed [1] - 5855:13fold [1] - 5811:1folks [2] - 5834:20, 5998:12follow [17] - 5776:6, 5794:17,

5809:17, 5811:9, 5816:19,5823:1, 5823:21, 5832:23,5857:4, 5887:15, 5908:9,5963:14, 5977:17,5981:18, 5983:11,5986:20, 5990:10

follow-up [2] - 5823:21,5832:23

followed [6] - 5752:10,5789:23, 5844:23, 5851:2,5972:4, 6035:14

following [9] - 5744:7,5747:7, 5748:8, 5757:5,5762:17, 5789:20,5844:25, 6008:2, 6045:25

follows [2] - 5762:17,5838:20

food [4] - 5842:25, 6010:7,6038:16, 6039:9

food-fish [1] - 6010:7foot [1] - 5802:18footprint [3] - 5859:19,

5859:21, 5859:22FOR [2] - 5739:6, 5818:23foreseeable [6] - 5796:22,

5796:23, 5797:5, 5798:14,5798:23, 6046:20

foresight [1] - 5793:21forever [2] - 5809:6, 5885:2forgive [1] - 6025:24form [5] - 5757:15, 5812:18,

5977:1, 6022:14, 6022:21Former [1] - 5741:19forms [1] - 5906:10forth [4] - 5819:3, 5830:13,

5976:3, 6054:8fortunately [1] - 5993:4forum [3] - 5971:6, 5974:13,

6040:2forward [5] - 5821:6,

5834:16, 5903:25, 5964:3,6032:18

fouling [2] - 5784:1, 5962:6foundations [1] - 5858:8four [40] - 5743:5, 5748:17,

5756:3, 5756:7, 5791:13,5860:16, 5882:11,5882:15, 5882:19,5882:21, 5882:25, 5883:1,5883:2, 5883:13, 5884:15,5884:17, 5884:21,5884:23, 5885:8, 5885:13,5886:6, 5886:12, 5889:13,5892:12, 5892:16,5892:18, 5895:18,5906:23, 5906:25,5912:12, 5924:18,5929:16, 5929:17,5931:17, 5931:19,5931:20, 5931:22,5931:25, 5995:4

fourth [1] - 6009:11fraction [5] - 5801:9,

5801:14, 5842:15,5842:22, 5842:23

fractions [1] - 5801:6fractured [2] - 5980:10,

5980:15fractures [1] - 5944:22frankly [2] - 5794:8, 5939:4Freedom [1] - 5948:10freezing [2] - 5883:6, 5885:5frequency [1] - 5760:10fresh [5] - 5748:22, 5749:3,

5810:23, 5811:6fresher [2] - 5985:2, 5985:7freshet [2] - 6004:14,

6005:11

freshets [1] - 6026:22freshwater [2] - 6007:6,

6023:19Freshwater [10] - 6007:7,

6010:18, 6010:24, 6011:7,6011:10, 6013:19,6017:10, 6022:14,6024:11, 6040:13

Friday [1] - 5828:4friendly [1] - 5854:21Friends [4] - 5790:5, 5840:4,

5987:12, 5987:23FROM [4] - 5738:5, 5738:6,

5743:17, 5743:18front [7] - 5795:10, 5824:9,

5834:4, 5853:8, 5867:11,5939:2, 5973:21

frost [2] - 5885:4, 5885:5frustration [3] - 5825:18,

5826:6, 5829:14fry [10] - 6004:19, 6008:20,

6009:18, 6011:6, 6011:13,6012:23, 6013:15,6013:17, 6019:6, 6034:9

fulfil [1] - 6051:24full [7] - 5747:22, 5831:18,

5834:8, 5855:2, 5861:16,5989:21, 6011:16

Full [1] - 5868:21full-scale [1] - 5855:2Full-scale [1] - 5868:21full-time [1] - 6011:16fully [4] - 5797:8, 5797:18,

6035:17, 6052:23function [9] - 5799:15,

5803:9, 5911:6, 5920:25,5921:5, 5921:9, 5921:10,5921:12, 6040:5

functionality [1] - 6017:22functioning [2] - 5763:16,

5763:20fund [1] - 5956:2fundamental [5] - 5798:18,

5861:20, 5865:24,5867:16, 5887:21

funding [2] - 5839:11,5839:23

funny [1] - 5922:16furious [1] - 5875:12future [9] - 5754:19,

5794:23, 5795:14, 5798:3,5798:16, 5799:20, 5823:9,5891:9, 6041:3

gain [2] - 5937:6, 6007:23gains [3] - 6013:7, 6019:18,

6020:7gallery [1] - 5988:25game [2] - 6042:15, 6044:1games [1] - 6043:1gametes [1] - 6008:20gap [2] - 6000:4, 6017:7

gaps [1] - 6006:22gauged [1] - 5788:7GCL [1] - 5979:16general [22] - 5755:6,

5763:6, 5763:11, 5769:5,5782:14, 5819:4, 5827:12,5830:14, 5836:15, 5845:8,5846:8, 5847:1, 5849:18,5901:3, 5917:22, 5975:7,5992:14, 5999:15,6014:18, 6035:13,6049:13, 6049:18

generally [14] - 5747:15,5767:24, 5768:15, 5783:5,5793:4, 5805:16, 5806:17,5807:4, 5838:25, 5842:22,5842:24, 5859:20,5905:14, 6035:5

Generally [1] - 5842:14generate [25] - 5862:8,

5862:11, 5862:15,5862:25, 5863:2, 5863:11,5863:22, 5864:1, 5865:25,5872:21, 5873:10, 5880:3,5881:7, 5885:22, 5886:8,5887:6, 5903:4, 5903:6,5927:25, 5928:3, 5928:5,5928:6, 5936:6, 5963:19,5972:13

generated [3] - 5810:21,5887:7, 5903:7

generating [39] - 5752:22,5752:23, 5753:11,5753:13, 5754:6, 5754:9,5754:12, 5754:24, 5755:1,5755:2, 5755:5, 5755:8,5755:11, 5755:14, 5756:4,5756:12, 5756:18,5756:21, 5756:25, 5757:3,5757:8, 5757:12, 5757:14,5758:10, 5853:23,5863:16, 5863:23,5864:13, 5865:11,5885:17, 5885:22,5902:13, 5906:17, 5910:9,5919:14, 5920:18,5930:17, 5962:21, 5970:11

generating" [1] - 5863:20Generating" [2] - 5862:3,

5862:5Generation [1] - 5925:9generation [15] - 5756:15,

5756:23, 5757:10, 5758:6,5885:14, 5886:5, 5902:13,5905:14, 5906:3, 5906:19,5909:5, 5921:6, 5921:21,5925:12, 5946:12

generations [5] - 5767:21,6015:5, 6022:6, 6022:25,6023:6

generator [5] - 5876:3,5876:11, 5876:18, 5877:6,



19

5995:9generators [2] - 5995:19,

5995:20generic [10] - 5765:12,

5765:16, 5765:18,5765:21, 5766:24, 5767:9,5770:22, 5771:14, 5892:21

Generic [1] - 5968:8generous [1] - 5884:22genetic [20] - 6007:12,

6008:10, 6009:22, 6011:8,6013:12, 6013:18,6013:21, 6014:20,6014:23, 6016:22,6016:23, 6018:9, 6018:17,6022:5, 6022:7, 6023:1,6023:21, 6024:3, 6024:23

Gentlemen [8] - 5741:3,5741:18, 5792:10,5851:12, 5851:15,5939:12, 5939:14, 6000:23

gentlemen [1] - 5850:23geochemical [25] - 5774:22,

5871:9, 5901:1, 5901:7,5901:22, 5904:7, 5904:14,5905:2, 5918:4, 5918:15,5918:20, 5918:25,5923:15, 5928:25, 5937:5,5949:11, 5951:22,5954:16, 5962:14, 5963:3,5968:20, 5968:22, 5973:4,5973:10, 5981:14

Geochemical [1] - 5901:20geochemically [2] - 5862:22,

5863:6geochemist [5] - 5899:19,

5899:22, 5899:25, 5900:5,5916:5

Geochemistry [1] - 5810:6geochemistry [5] - 5746:5,

5786:2, 5834:2, 5872:18,5899:23

geologic [2] - 5748:22,5753:5

geological [2] - 5838:17,5965:5

Geological [2] - 5883:4,5899:21

geology [3] - 5746:5,5909:22, 5931:13

Gibraltar [1] - 5747:19Gill [1] - 5737:17gist [1] - 6030:3Given [2] - 5749:5, 5847:9given [20] - 5761:17, 5763:3,

5781:4, 5784:12, 5786:17,5789:22, 5796:8, 5813:17,5820:9, 5823:6, 5843:4,5847:10, 5951:19,5966:25, 6000:17, 6024:7,6037:15, 6039:10, 6043:7,

6052:18glacial [3] - 5754:2, 5944:13,

5978:9glad [1] - 5888:19go-to [1] - 5804:22goal [3] - 6007:23, 6008:6,

6009:17gold [4] - 5754:15, 5957:23,

5957:24, 5958:4Gold [1] - 6047:1GOLD [1] - 5733:2Gold-Copper [1] - 6047:1GOLD-COPPER [1] - 5733:2Gordon [3] - 5737:7,

6021:16, 6023:4GORDON [2] - 5740:19,

6021:25GOVERNMENT [15] -

5735:9, 5739:8, 5739:18,5739:21, 5739:23,5740:19, 5740:21,5740:23, 5829:21,5854:11, 5854:15,5898:24, 6021:25,6032:23, 6041:14

government [6] - 5783:14,5813:22, 5874:19,5969:10, 5969:18, 5994:24

Government [40] - 5736:11,5736:16, 5736:17, 5737:7,5737:9, 5737:10, 5789:24,5811:2, 5813:1, 5813:3,5813:4, 5818:15, 5834:19,5851:4, 5879:11, 5880:13,5890:17, 5894:1, 5894:7,5894:10, 5894:13,5894:16, 5971:19,5975:17, 5975:21,5994:24, 6021:12, 6024:7,6024:12, 6035:11, 6037:8,6037:12, 6039:17,6042:11, 6042:16,6043:20, 6043:24, 6052:18

Government's [5] - 6022:13,6034:19, 6035:23,6037:20, 6051:22

governments [1] - 6035:19Governments [1] - 6043:16grab [1] - 5851:6grade [10] - 5754:13,

5754:25, 5864:20,5865:10, 5882:3, 5887:10,5891:12, 5920:13,5920:16, 5928:5

gradient [9] - 5901:8,5928:9, 5931:5, 5938:3,5963:13, 5978:14,5980:11, 5983:18, 5984:9

grain [1] - 5932:8grain-size [1] - 5932:8grains [1] - 5758:2

gram [2] - 5778:21, 5778:23grant [1] - 5958:3graph [1] - 5908:20grass [1] - 5996:4gravel [8] - 5828:19,

6033:10, 6033:12,6033:18, 6033:25, 6034:5,6034:8, 6034:9

gravels [1] - 6033:20Great [1] - 5899:5great [3] - 5756:14, 5843:17,

5854:7greater [7] - 5769:8, 5774:4,

5786:22, 5786:25,5859:14, 5880:23, 6018:9

greatly [1] - 5882:7green [6] - 5769:5, 5773:6,

5915:19, 5932:25,5933:17, 5961:2

greenish [1] - 5909:18Greens [1] - 5953:8greeting [5] - 5744:3,

5744:18, 5745:8, 5745:12,5745:19

GREG [3] - 5739:5, 5740:17,6002:9

Greg [5] - 5734:22, 5735:17,5792:1, 6002:17, 6030:16

grossly [1] - 5891:22ground [2] - 5885:25, 5954:5groundwater [56] - 5772:7,

5781:23, 5782:10,5786:24, 5800:1, 5800:4,5800:8, 5800:16, 5801:1,5801:5, 5801:20, 5802:13,5802:16, 5803:4, 5803:8,5803:11, 5803:12,5803:14, 5803:21,5803:25, 5804:6, 5805:6,5805:20, 5806:1, 5806:4,5806:23, 5807:22,5858:18, 5859:8, 5887:14,5900:11, 5900:18, 5928:9,5941:21, 5946:22, 5949:9,5949:22, 5950:12,5950:15, 5950:18,5950:21, 5950:23,5950:25, 5951:12,5960:11, 5978:11,5978:13, 5983:5, 5988:21,5988:24, 5988:25,5989:24, 5990:2, 5990:17,5990:21

groundwaters [1] - 5890:22group [4] - 5747:23,

5789:19, 5837:20, 5883:9Group [2] - 5734:14, 5830:9groups [1] - 5993:17growing [1] - 5996:4growth [1] - 5764:17guess [30] - 5741:12, 5817:2,

5817:4, 5819:5, 5821:4,5825:17, 5826:7, 5827:17,5829:13, 5833:25, 5834:6,5840:3, 5848:14, 5894:5,5952:9, 5966:24, 5967:22,5975:17, 5977:21,5983:16, 5985:3, 5985:15,5987:6, 5991:14, 5999:14,6030:23, 6032:6, 6032:21,6033:4, 6039:15

guidance [7] - 5796:11,5796:16, 5798:5, 5799:3,5843:4, 5908:3, 6007:1

guide [2] - 6051:20, 6052:1Guideline [3] - 5765:8,

5769:4, 5773:5guideline [20] - 5766:1,

5766:15, 5766:20, 5768:2,5768:3, 5769:13, 5770:5,5770:14, 5770:15,5770:17, 5770:22,5771:14, 5771:16, 5778:3,5784:8, 5784:13, 5812:23,5836:17, 5842:20, 5843:25

Guidelines [17] - 5742:22,5769:8, 5769:11, 5773:15,5774:5, 5777:12, 5777:22,5796:14, 5816:7, 5816:17,5821:23, 5836:18,5840:12, 5843:7, 5892:5,5892:12, 5892:16

guidelines [33] - 5761:20,5761:21, 5761:22,5761:23, 5762:15, 5765:7,5765:11, 5765:12,5765:15, 5765:16,5765:18, 5765:21,5765:24, 5766:24,5766:25, 5767:2, 5767:9,5768:7, 5768:8, 5769:10,5769:20, 5770:11, 5773:8,5777:13, 5813:2, 5813:3,5842:18, 5842:20,5843:12, 5892:21, 5896:16

gut [1] - 5988:12guys [5] - 5880:1, 5880:2,

5880:4, 6049:11gypsum [4] - 5922:7, 5922:8,

5922:13, 5922:25H-A-G-E-N [1] - 5758:16habitat [45] - 5742:16,

5794:19, 5828:23, 5999:8,5999:25, 6000:2, 6001:7,6003:5, 6003:10, 6003:17,6004:13, 6004:17, 6005:1,6005:2, 6005:4, 6005:16,6007:24, 6008:8, 6008:15,6009:10, 6009:15,6010:11, 6010:14,6011:23, 6012:25, 6013:3,6013:4, 6013:5, 6013:7,6013:24, 6014:15,



20

6014:17, 6017:14,6019:16, 6019:17,6019:20, 6019:21, 6020:8,6020:10, 6020:11,6020:12, 6043:25,6048:13, 6048:20

HABITAT [6] - 5735:13,5737:3, 5740:13, 5740:14,6002:4, 6003:1

Habitat [7] - 6006:4, 6007:3,6007:22, 6013:1, 6042:4,6043:9, 6049:14

habitats [3] - 6009:8,6017:21, 6020:8

Hagen [22] - 5735:7, 5736:7,5751:25, 5752:10,5758:13, 5758:16,5790:13, 5814:1, 5817:10,5821:13, 5823:10,5826:21, 5828:21,5835:15, 5840:13,5840:18, 5842:14, 5843:9,5844:16, 5845:1, 5845:3

HAGEN [20] - 5738:18,5738:21, 5758:14,5758:15, 5814:1, 5815:10,5817:10, 5821:9, 5823:10,5824:11, 5826:21,5828:21, 5835:15,5840:18, 5841:14,5842:14, 5843:9, 5843:20,5845:1, 5847:14

Hagen's [3] - 5813:12,5816:5, 5835:10

Hague [1] - 5844:16half [6] - 5833:7, 5938:19,

5939:20, 5949:24, 5998:1,6048:15

Halsey [1] - 6023:4Hanceville [1] - 6037:1hand [7] - 5787:5, 5812:25,

5815:12, 5822:12,5836:12, 5868:19, 6029:18

handed [1] - 5827:10handle [4] - 5912:5, 5959:10,

5988:22, 6031:3handled [1] - 5988:10handling [3] - 5751:3,

5832:5, 5873:2hang [1] - 5985:5happy [3] - 5857:21,

6042:19, 6053:10HARAWIRA [2] - 5738:6,

5743:17Harawira [5] - 5743:25,

5744:13, 5744:16,5744:24, 5745:1

Harawira's [1] - 5745:7hard [14] - 5876:11, 5899:18,

5900:2, 5900:12, 5900:22,5914:19, 5932:24,

5947:15, 5967:11, 5979:9,5984:10, 5984:11, 5986:6,5995:12

harder [1] - 5767:13hardly [1] - 5990:16hardness [4] - 5771:1,

5771:3, 5771:4, 5771:7Hardness [1] - 5771:1harmful [1] - 5809:13HART [21] - 5739:12, 5740:7,

5740:12, 5840:8, 5840:9,5841:10, 5841:22, 5842:3,5843:3, 5843:17, 5844:7,5844:13, 5847:2, 5847:25,5850:9, 5988:2, 5988:3,5990:10, 5990:23,5996:21, 5996:22

Hart [15] - 5736:14, 5736:20,5736:23, 5840:6, 5840:10,5840:25, 5843:14, 5845:4,5845:13, 5848:15,5987:25, 5988:3, 5990:25,5996:19, 5996:23

Hart's [1] - 5846:25HARTMAN [14] - 5740:19,

6021:25, 6022:1, 6022:23,6023:25, 6024:20, 6025:6,6025:10, 6025:12, 6026:3,6027:2, 6029:5, 6031:23,6032:12

Hartman [12] - 5737:7,6018:19, 6021:16,6021:20, 6022:10,6023:12, 6024:6, 6026:13,6029:1, 6030:10, 6032:11,6032:17

hatcheries [3] - 6022:20,6036:25, 6037:6

Hatchery [4] - 6011:11,6012:21, 6013:11, 6037:21

hatchery [21] - 6006:3,6008:20, 6011:8, 6011:15,6011:17, 6013:10,6013:12, 6013:20,6014:24, 6016:2, 6016:21,6017:11, 6022:4, 6022:7,6022:25, 6023:5, 6023:15,6023:18, 6023:23, 6037:1,6037:17

hatchery-reared [1] -6008:20

HC4 [11] - 5909:12, 5911:1,5914:1, 5915:3, 5919:2,5923:18, 5932:2, 5932:20,5933:13, 5935:1, 5937:11

HC5 [5] - 5914:3, 5923:21,5932:4, 5932:23, 5933:16

HC9 [3] - 5932:5, 5932:24,5933:17

HCT-5 [2] - 5924:20, 5925:1HCTs [1] - 5902:7

head [1] - 5910:3heading [6] - 5807:24,

5897:3, 5914:4, 5914:5,6049:10, 6050:2

headquarters [1] - 5752:13headwater [21] - 6009:6,

6009:12, 6019:11,6027:17, 6027:23,6027:24, 6028:5, 6028:7,6028:15, 6028:16,6028:22, 6029:8, 6029:10,6029:14, 6029:18,6029:24, 6030:21, 6031:5,6031:9, 6031:13, 6050:10

heal [1] - 5959:15Health [8] - 5826:14, 5827:7,

5827:11, 5827:18, 5828:6,5851:21, 5851:25, 5852:11

health [8] - 5819:9, 5826:12,5827:6, 5827:13, 5827:19,5829:16, 5840:15, 5903:20

HEALTH [2] - 5739:16,5851:18

healthy [4] - 5763:16,5767:25, 5840:15, 6007:14

hear [16] - 5741:7, 5741:8,5825:24, 5831:22, 5874:3,5882:6, 5896:9, 5903:21,5919:25, 5973:21, 5979:6,5999:25, 6000:9, 6001:13,6021:8, 6021:9

heard [33] - 5764:11,5770:13, 5780:12,5781:23, 5782:9, 5784:7,5819:22, 5819:25,5820:25, 5824:4, 5827:11,5827:12, 5833:11,5838:10, 5860:4, 5877:19,5888:1, 5895:12, 5896:13,5897:18, 5916:19, 5942:5,5946:24, 5947:3, 5957:1,5958:2, 5970:1, 5979:16,5980:2, 5983:6, 5985:23,5996:24

hearing [14] - 5741:4,5789:9, 5792:12, 5798:7,5824:5, 5851:7, 5851:13,5851:16, 5852:1, 5939:13,5974:23, 5975:5, 6040:2,6047:18

HEARING [2] - 5733:6,5733:13

hearings [6] - 5741:22,5742:1, 5742:4, 5765:10,5864:11, 6041:8

heat [3] - 5886:9, 5906:10,6032:4

heavily [1] - 5958:20Held [1] - 5733:21hello [1] - 5787:24help [8] - 5758:6, 5888:20,

5889:6, 5980:24, 6009:19,

6042:19, 6048:23, 6049:11helped [4] - 5888:11,

5888:24, 5889:1helpful [7] - 5758:23,

5797:23, 5798:2, 5834:3,5912:19, 5937:6, 5999:15

helping [1] - 5992:22helps [1] - 6009:2hereby [1] - 6054:5herein [1] - 6054:8hereunto [1] - 6054:13heterogeneity [1] - 5838:16hide [1] - 5891:3hiding [1] - 5972:1hierarchy [2] - 6006:5,

6008:14High [1] - 5954:4high [44] - 5750:14, 5756:10,

5757:18, 5767:14,5767:19, 5772:4, 5782:17,5787:25, 5788:15, 5805:3,5858:20, 5874:16,5908:19, 5908:23, 5910:7,5910:19, 5911:2, 5912:2,5912:17, 5914:23, 5915:4,5917:7, 5918:19, 5919:5,5932:2, 5932:21, 5933:16,5937:20, 5941:1, 5949:14,5950:15, 5951:1, 5953:15,5954:10, 5956:13, 5958:4,5958:17, 5959:19, 5961:4,5968:24, 5969:1, 5982:25,6004:8, 6030:1

high-yield [1] - 6004:8higher [45] - 5769:11,

5771:7, 5771:8, 5771:11,5787:3, 5842:12, 5859:4,5859:7, 5859:9, 5859:11,5874:7, 5880:9, 5880:15,5886:14, 5886:15,5886:16, 5887:2, 5892:11,5895:3, 5895:4, 5895:5,5905:9, 5905:15, 5907:2,5910:6, 5912:17, 5913:7,5913:11, 5915:5, 5917:16,5923:12, 5928:11,5932:16, 5938:5, 5944:14,5950:20, 5950:22,5956:17, 5959:4, 5959:5,5959:9, 5963:15, 5979:25,5993:12

highest [2] - 5885:18, 5909:1Highlands [1] - 5957:18highlight [5] - 5773:25,

5782:7, 5844:2, 5871:5,6012:2

highlighted [1] - 5843:14highly [2] - 5781:25, 5838:14hill [1] - 5802:10himself [1] - 5833:5hinge [1] - 5962:18



21

hinges [1] - 6025:14history [1] - 5981:6hit [1] - 5838:22Hodgson [1] - 5733:23hold [4] - 5751:18, 5868:18,

5954:6, 5970:17holding [2] - 5741:22, 5742:4holes [1] - 5987:4Holmes [7] - 5737:8,

5899:15, 5900:20,6021:17, 6032:20,6035:10, 6040:25

HOLMES [16] - 5740:21,6032:23, 6032:24, 6033:8,6034:10, 6034:23, 6035:7,6036:2, 6038:1, 6038:8,6038:15, 6039:7, 6039:15,6039:22, 6040:23, 6041:9

honour [2] - 5937:24, 5963:2honouring [1] - 5933:19hope [6] - 5798:5, 5846:25,

5851:5, 5891:8, 5898:17,6025:24

hopefully [2] - 5853:13,5901:13

hoping [2] - 5962:7, 6034:4horizontal [7] - 5907:20,

5913:24, 5921:20,5925:15, 5932:17,5933:11, 5960:24

horizontally [1] - 5909:21hospitable [1] - 6026:5hot [1] - 5886:2hotspots [1] - 5776:18hour [3] - 5939:20, 5939:25,

5940:8hours [2] - 5886:4, 5938:13HTCs [1] - 5913:22Huckleberry [9] - 5780:14,

5784:25, 5785:5, 5871:11,5874:13, 5874:18,5874:23, 5875:20, 5935:2

huge [1] - 5992:25human [7] - 5826:12, 5827:5,

5827:13, 5827:18,5840:22, 5841:2, 5903:20

humans [1] - 5841:4humidity [52] - 5868:18,

5870:7, 5870:9, 5870:16,5878:5, 5878:9, 5879:2,5902:6, 5904:17, 5904:25,5905:5, 5905:19, 5907:8,5907:21, 5908:4, 5909:2,5909:6, 5910:24, 5911:14,5912:13, 5913:5, 5913:20,5913:25, 5914:15,5915:24, 5917:12,5920:23, 5922:2, 5922:6,5924:11, 5924:14,5926:21, 5927:18,5929:14, 5929:20,

5931:17, 5932:18,5933:10, 5937:1, 5937:11,5937:17, 5953:25,5970:15, 5981:11, 5992:3,5992:6, 5992:13, 5992:16,5992:24, 5993:9, 5997:25

hunch [1] - 5988:6hundred [6] - 5855:3,

5869:15, 5872:11,5890:17, 5894:20, 6009:17

hundreds [3] - 5868:23,5869:6, 5996:10

hung [1] - 6047:7hydrate [1] - 5750:10hydrated [1] - 5750:16hydraulic [6] - 5944:12,

5944:17, 5944:18,5944:20, 5945:3

hydrogeologist [1] - 5791:25Hydrogeologists [1] -

5802:12hydrogeology [3] - 5791:19,

5900:11, 5941:23hydrograph [2] - 6005:12,

6029:16hydrographs [1] - 6029:12hydrologic [7] - 5788:3,

5788:21, 5788:23,5901:10, 5941:14,5951:22, 5954:16

hydrological [1] - 6026:22hydrologist [2] - 5900:8,

5900:16hydrology [13] - 5752:15,

5787:6, 5787:14, 5788:6,5788:20, 5791:22, 5792:3,5900:19, 5938:7, 5939:20,5939:22, 5940:24

hydrometerological [1] -5788:12

hydroxide [1] - 5836:21hypothetical [2] - 5793:22,

6047:14ice [2] - 5772:8, 5855:6idea [11] - 5758:1, 5765:1,

5766:23, 5871:20,5879:14, 5890:12,5902:10, 5922:25,5994:25, 6018:22, 6031:8

ideal [4] - 5802:24, 5804:18,5805:13

identical [3] - 5803:12,5803:16, 5804:13

identification [1] - 5755:22identified [10] - 5747:6,

5785:11, 5796:1, 5903:16,5912:8, 5978:6, 6017:7,6020:3, 6024:9, 6024:16

identifies [2] - 5831:23,5862:1

identify [8] - 5743:6, 5751:2,

5799:21, 5830:23,5894:14, 5903:23, 5912:7,6016:8

ignored [1] - 5918:11II [1] - 5794:18illness [1] - 5764:20illustrate [3] - 5778:5,

5859:16, 5971:11illustrates [1] - 5973:22illustrating [1] - 5794:8image [1] - 5908:16imagine [1] - 5853:22Imagine [1] - 5892:18immediate [5] - 5791:16,

6002:13, 6002:15,6002:17, 6017:3

immediately [4] - 5810:22,5881:6, 5938:10, 5998:18

impact [12] - 5755:22,5762:25, 5766:10, 5767:7,5782:16, 5786:17,5826:16, 5858:3, 5901:19,5925:7, 5949:23, 5954:13

Impact [9] - 5743:3, 5796:15,5919:15, 5927:15,5947:21, 5947:24, 5948:4,5948:14, 6005:22

impacts [19] - 5763:4,5814:23, 5827:13,5827:19, 5828:16,5828:18, 5828:19,5829:16, 5844:19, 5949:6,5949:18, 5949:20,5949:25, 5950:9, 5951:13,5995:15, 6048:12

impairment [1] - 5980:6impermeable [2] - 5753:17,

5753:18implacement [1] - 5906:11implement [5] - 5780:19,

5822:4, 5822:7, 5822:23,5825:9

Implementation [1] - 6049:1implementation [2] -

6015:16, 6048:19implemented [4] - 5751:9,

5781:7, 5897:8, 6049:15implementing [2] - 5780:20,

6016:11implications [4] - 5927:20,

5941:2, 5954:9, 5982:17implies [1] - 5812:21importance [2] - 5800:15,

5992:6important [34] - 5760:18,

5760:22, 5760:25, 5829:7,5841:3, 5843:1, 5844:17,5855:16, 5857:23,5858:23, 5859:1, 5859:25,5862:13, 5862:18,5863:10, 5863:25,

5870:12, 5871:5, 5877:24,5879:17, 5880:18,5894:12, 5894:24, 5902:3,5903:19, 5907:7, 5915:23,5925:6, 5933:7, 5937:3,5962:17, 5967:18,5985:12, 6033:2

importantly [1] - 5775:13impoundment [17] -

5785:23, 5786:22, 5808:6,5837:19, 5838:2, 5838:3,5920:11, 5930:14,5934:21, 5936:13, 5941:6,5944:10, 5944:14,5946:12, 5946:23,5980:10, 5980:12

impoundments [1] - 5989:21impression [5] - 5835:9,

5971:25, 5972:2, 5985:21,5996:14

improved [1] - 5926:1improvement [1] - 5954:17IN [1] - 6054:13in-between [1] - 5869:13in-perpetuity [1] - 5956:11in-pit [1] - 5780:10in-planting [1] - 6045:7in-situ [1] - 5844:18inability [1] - 5965:7inaccurate [1] - 5982:15inadequacy [1] - 6014:19inadequate [4] - 5942:5,

5985:19, 6014:16, 6014:17Inadequate [1] - 6017:20inappropriate [4] - 5747:19,

5797:25, 5801:14, 5974:24inappropriateness [1] -

5973:22INC [1] - 5739:3Inc [4] - 5734:20, 5734:21,

5734:22, 5737:16include [13] - 5776:7,

5780:9, 5820:8, 5822:5,5845:15, 5848:25, 5978:8,5996:15, 6005:1, 6033:17,6035:21, 6046:21, 6051:11

included [9] - 5750:12,5845:10, 5877:20, 6003:9,6003:12, 6007:2, 6007:11,6037:17, 6051:15

includes [2] - 5745:1, 5858:6including [8] - 5749:17,

5872:15, 5915:3, 5949:20,5959:12, 6003:21,6012:11, 6038:25

inclusion [1] - 5824:2inconsistent [1] - 5801:8incorporate [5] - 5744:3,

5765:24, 5859:19,6032:10, 6034:3

incorporated [1] - 5768:11



22

incorporates [1] - 6043:13increase [12] - 5783:9,

5817:3, 5843:6, 5852:6,5883:1, 5908:14, 5930:8,5943:24, 5949:5, 6013:7,6019:18, 6046:25

increased [10] - 5786:17,5810:25, 5930:7, 5930:9,5935:4, 5935:5, 6018:22,6018:23, 6018:24, 6045:14

increases [3] - 5887:4,5909:3, 5912:24

increasing [8] - 5784:18,5784:21, 5826:19,5908:13, 5917:18, 5950:1,5961:13, 6018:25

incredibly [1] - 5979:21incrementally [1] - 6045:24incubation [1] - 6034:8incurs [1] - 5893:17indeed [7] - 5786:19, 5795:7,

5808:2, 5835:12, 5847:13,6033:15, 6040:19

independent [1] - 5808:20INDEX [1] - 5738:1indicate [7] - 5770:5,

5777:18, 5788:14,5849:25, 5892:15, 5974:2,6001:17

indicated [14] - 5743:20,5744:6, 5792:6, 5796:25,5799:18, 5839:9, 5943:5,6011:11, 6021:1, 6022:11,6029:20, 6037:12, 6045:2,6053:12

indicates [3] - 5796:18,5811:3, 6045:12

indicating [2] - 5788:22,6018:8

indication [7] - 5775:12,5775:14, 5820:1, 5844:24,5919:3, 6019:10, 6030:19

indicator [1] - 5769:13individually [1] - 5979:22individuals [3] - 6015:1,

6015:18, 6015:25Indonesia [1] - 5885:19induce [1] - 5842:16indulgence [3] - 5792:20,

5819:3, 5819:6industrial [1] - 5765:15industry [9] - 5783:14,

5798:14, 5813:22, 5837:2,5981:1, 5981:17, 5981:25,6022:13

inert [2] - 5862:22, 5863:6infilling [2] - 5925:19,

5926:19infiltrate [1] - 5983:5infiltration [3] - 5756:20,

5988:24, 5988:25

inflow [1] - 6029:10inflows [2] - 6029:8, 6045:14influence [2] - 5805:5,

5965:6influenced [5] - 5833:14,

5833:16, 5833:20, 5922:7,5922:24

inform [1] - 5799:22information [64] - 5760:6,

5760:15, 5762:6, 5792:25,5796:2, 5797:9, 5797:21,5810:2, 5822:12, 5822:14,5829:6, 5829:11, 5830:3,5839:21, 5841:20, 5842:6,5844:6, 5846:23, 5856:15,5856:24, 5859:15, 5868:9,5878:15, 5878:21,5878:25, 5879:10,5880:14, 5890:16,5890:24, 5895:24, 5905:4,5906:23, 5906:24,5913:16, 5916:6, 5918:18,5925:23, 5925:24,5930:18, 5937:6, 5940:2,5942:12, 5947:9, 5951:22,5951:23, 5964:4, 5965:4,5965:14, 5969:12,5974:20, 5975:20,5975:22, 5975:24, 5976:2,5993:7, 5997:8, 5998:17,6006:17, 6027:23,6038:20, 6041:7, 6041:21,6052:9, 6052:24

Information [2] - 5796:2,5948:10

informations [1] - 5830:5informed [2] - 5809:25,

6025:2inherent [3] - 5750:19,

5949:4, 5950:7inhibited [1] - 5750:17inhibits [1] - 5985:7initial [11] - 5912:23, 5913:6,

5913:7, 5914:14, 5914:16,5915:1, 5915:7, 5915:11,5915:14, 5918:16, 6020:24

Initial [1] - 5914:18initiative [1] - 6039:16inlet [1] - 6003:15input [7] - 5761:3, 5786:5,

5821:20, 5831:13,6024:10, 6037:2, 6040:16

Inputs [2] - 5934:3, 5935:25inputs [8] - 5761:1, 5761:6,

5762:4, 5774:21, 5786:7,5918:11, 5933:21, 5935:20

insects [2] - 6039:10,6039:12

inside [3] - 5859:22,5868:19, 5886:20

installing [2] - 5978:15,

6003:15instance [1] - 5784:12instances [2] - 5770:24,

5784:9instead [3] - 5958:8,

5958:19, 5963:8Instead [1] - 5865:2Institute [1] - 5900:15institutional [1] - 5839:5instrument [3] - 5768:11,

5780:25, 5821:18insufficient [2] - 6015:12,

6016:1intake [2] - 6031:10, 6031:16intakes [1] - 5852:7integrate [1] - 6027:23integrated [1] - 6028:19integrity [11] - 6008:11,

6009:22, 6011:8, 6013:21,6014:20, 6016:23, 6022:5,6022:8, 6023:21, 6024:23,6047:15

intend [3] - 5758:24, 5798:1,5850:8

intended [4] - 5770:22,5824:25, 5840:24, 6040:19

intending [1] - 5776:6intensive [1] - 5790:23intent [1] - 5799:21intention [6] - 5771:15,

5771:20, 5789:7, 5797:1,6040:17, 6040:18

intentions [2] - 5853:9,5952:21

interannual [1] - 5986:22intercept [3] - 5838:23,

5921:16interception [1] - 5978:15interest [7] - 5754:15,

5760:9, 5769:3, 5829:15,5840:23, 5926:13, 6040:15

INTERESTED [2] - 5736:1,5737:1

interested [9] - 5820:17,5830:10, 5830:17,5841:20, 5857:22, 5879:7,5982:13, 5993:23, 5997:22

interesting [8] - 5846:20,5860:4, 5877:16, 5885:16,5951:4, 5953:10, 5955:23,5964:4

interim [2] - 5754:22, 5974:7internally [1] - 5864:5International [1] - 5810:11international [1] - 5940:4internationally [1] - 5885:19internet [1] - 5855:9interpret [1] - 5778:3interpretation [3] - 5856:12,

5982:5, 5998:20interpretations [3] -

5867:14, 5882:9, 5998:4interpreted [1] - 5998:3interpreting [2] - 5816:6,

5843:4interrupt [1] - 5938:12interruption [1] - 6042:20intervene [1] - 5847:8intervention [1] - 5819:22introduce [11] - 5746:10,

5789:10, 5789:12,5789:19, 5790:17,5790:22, 5791:2, 5791:5,5791:8, 6002:1, 6021:15

introduced [4] - 5784:15,5848:13, 6044:19, 6044:21

introduction [3] - 5854:24,6038:11, 6038:15

INTRODUCTIONS [2] -5739:1, 5790:18

Introductions [1] - 6010:20invertebrate [2] - 5774:11,

5845:16invertebrates [3] - 6038:12,

6038:16, 6039:2investigate [1] - 5846:20investigated [1] - 5750:5investigation [3] - 5748:12,

5846:7, 5847:4investigations [1] - 5749:10investigators [1] - 6002:21investors [1] - 6048:10invited [1] - 5998:11inviting [1] - 5854:19invoked [1] - 5896:3involve [1] - 5983:3involved [15] - 5801:3,

5830:20, 5830:24,5832:12, 5844:15,5844:24, 5855:3, 5857:17,5860:17, 5893:18,5895:19, 5976:15,5992:18, 5994:6, 6002:22

involvement [1] - 5991:9involves [3] - 5803:25,

5838:6, 6009:24ion [4] - 5958:21, 5959:7,

5959:13, 5961:25ions [1] - 5842:24IR [1] - 5793:9IR10 [1] - 6048:21iron [13] - 5750:10, 5750:16,

5763:23, 5763:25,5771:25, 5772:3, 5772:7,5772:10, 5836:21, 5873:7,5903:2, 5903:3, 5966:7

iron-stained [1] - 5873:7irrelevant [1] - 5847:23irrigation [1] - 5765:14Irving [17] - 5734:19,

5735:15, 5790:16,5790:20, 5791:12, 5792:5,



23

5795:23, 5807:9, 5970:19,5975:2, 5976:19, 6002:1,6002:11, 6041:25,6048:18, 6049:13, 6052:4

IRVING [61] - 5790:19,5791:11, 5792:19, 5798:8,5807:10, 5807:19,5808:10, 5809:21, 5811:8,5812:1, 5812:4, 5812:12,5813:6, 5815:1, 5815:16,5815:20, 5818:7, 5940:15,5964:14, 5970:21,5975:10, 5976:20, 6000:1,6000:12, 6000:16,6002:10, 6022:9, 6023:11,6024:6, 6026:13, 6028:25,6030:10, 6034:16, 6035:4,6035:10, 6036:19, 6038:7,6038:13, 6038:18,6039:13, 6039:20,6039:25, 6041:25, 6042:8,6043:11, 6044:14,6044:23, 6046:7, 6047:3,6047:6, 6048:16, 6048:23,6049:3, 6049:8, 6049:17,6050:7, 6050:16, 6050:21,6051:1, 6051:10, 6052:14

issue [41] - 5748:5, 5748:18,5749:13, 5750:1, 5750:7,5750:24, 5750:25, 5782:7,5788:1, 5805:1, 5812:17,5814:22, 5816:18, 5827:9,5827:15, 5830:14, 5831:6,5831:14, 5832:6, 5832:8,5834:1, 5836:11, 5853:25,5857:10, 5864:15,5867:16, 5882:1, 5884:25,5903:25, 5904:16,5904:19, 5915:9, 5941:10,5960:10, 5972:22, 5982:4,5988:14, 6001:25, 6025:3,6033:2, 6034:18

issued [2] - 5796:4, 6006:20issues [41] - 5747:21,

5748:8, 5748:16, 5752:12,5752:15, 5759:2, 5779:2,5784:1, 5784:7, 5793:14,5813:9, 5816:11, 5816:15,5825:23, 5829:15, 5831:8,5834:3, 5840:1, 5855:20,5857:15, 5857:16,5857:18, 5857:20,5857:22, 5871:12,5900:24, 5901:1, 5901:10,5904:6, 5918:2, 5918:9,5919:8, 5941:4, 5941:20,5957:8, 5962:17, 5970:15,5972:20, 5974:4, 6004:25,6006:22

issuing [1] - 6040:5italics [1] - 5892:9item [4] - 5742:11, 5974:13,

5974:14, 6049:10iteration [1] - 5747:20iterative [2] - 5748:4, 5846:4itself [10] - 5753:25, 5754:2,

5754:8, 5827:2, 5842:4,5895:25, 5941:25,5942:13, 5965:9, 6043:19

Jamault [1] - 5734:9JAMIE [1] - 5739:2Jamie [4] - 5734:20,

5791:20, 5899:15, 5900:20January [3] - 5772:5,

5878:15, 5879:5Jaron [1] - 5734:8Jeff [1] - 5999:11Jim [3] - 5947:17, 5954:21,

5983:8JOHN [3] - 5738:13, 5738:15,

5746:18John [8] - 5735:3, 5736:5,

5746:15, 5746:21, 5782:8,5835:18, 5836:6, 5836:10

JOHNSTONE [1] - 5738:13Johnstone [2] - 5735:3,

5746:16join [1] - 5741:13joining [1] - 5741:6joint [3] - 5789:3, 5792:17,

6043:15Jones [1] - 5798:19Joseph [1] - 5734:7judge [3] - 5772:17, 5773:16,

5787:2judgment [3] - 5759:10,

5769:25, 5833:15July [6] - 6031:19, 6031:24,

6048:25, 6049:19,6049:21, 6051:17

jump [4] - 5865:19, 5892:3,5916:18, 5932:16

jumping [2] - 5864:14,6050:17

June [6] - 5742:18, 6005:11,6029:11, 6029:15,6031:19, 6031:24

jurisdiction [1] - 5819:7justify [1] - 5891:1juvenile [1] - 6004:19K-A-L-L-I-O [1] - 5787:20K-W-O-N-G [1] - 5746:22KALLIO [6] - 5738:23,

5787:9, 5787:10, 5787:13,5787:19, 5787:24

Kallio [4] - 5734:12, 5735:7,5736:8, 5752:14

KAREN [1] - 5739:4Karen [11] - 5734:21,

5742:20, 5768:21,5770:13, 5772:6, 5776:4,5791:17, 5791:20,5815:20, 5815:22, 5817:19

Katherine [2] - 5735:2,5746:13

KATHERINE [1] - 5738:12keep [9] - 5782:6, 5856:3,

5856:4, 5858:22, 5865:8,5872:21, 5894:12,5989:20, 5996:11

Keep [1] - 5887:7keeping [2] - 5745:14,

5946:16Keeping [1] - 5886:7Kemess [10] - 5780:13,

5783:7, 5784:21, 5784:24,5871:10, 5872:19,5872:20, 5873:16, 5873:24

kept [2] - 5864:21, 5911:10KEVIN [4] - 5739:19,

5739:21, 5854:13, 5854:16Kevin [8] - 5735:10, 5736:15,

5831:12, 5831:14,5854:18, 5854:23, 5863:8,5888:15

key [6] - 5907:16, 6004:25,6008:5, 6008:16, 6009:12,6012:2

Key [2] - 6007:1, 6007:22kilogram [11] - 5868:17,

5868:18, 5868:25, 5869:2,5869:14, 5869:17,5870:16, 5877:14, 5878:5,5932:15, 5933:4

kilograms [5] - 5869:6,5869:7, 5869:16, 5870:19,5922:1

kilometre [2] - 5801:25,5802:2

kilometres [3] - 5772:20,5773:1, 5828:13

kind [66] - 5760:19, 5760:20,5764:1, 5797:9, 5805:25,5819:21, 5819:22, 5821:6,5822:3, 5824:9, 5825:3,5825:9, 5829:2, 5829:6,5834:1, 5840:23, 5846:23,5847:19, 5858:2, 5872:15,5873:3, 5891:7, 5899:12,5907:1, 5908:16, 5909:8,5909:16, 5910:15, 5911:7,5913:21, 5914:4, 5914:21,5915:13, 5920:10,5921:10, 5921:11,5922:12, 5922:16,5922:22, 5923:19,5924:19, 5924:24,5928:14, 5929:18,5931:14, 5934:7, 5937:14,5937:21, 5941:1, 5945:7,5954:18, 5961:3, 5965:25,5966:12, 5979:25, 5981:7,5982:2, 5985:2, 5986:15,5988:24, 5997:6, 5997:8,6027:6, 6042:5, 6048:2,

6050:10kinds [4] - 5757:20, 5759:7,

5911:16, 6052:9kinetic [13] - 5868:11,

5868:15, 5869:5, 5869:10,5869:22, 5873:11,5873:15, 5876:8, 5877:10,5877:23, 5888:21,5904:18, 5993:2

Kinross [2] - 5957:21,5958:6

Klassen [2] - 5734:4,5789:15

KLASSEN [9] - 5835:3,5837:7, 5837:13, 5980:23,5981:15, 5982:11, 5983:7,5983:10, 5984:15

Knight [10] - 5734:20,5734:22, 5735:17,5791:21, 5792:2, 6002:18,6002:19, 6030:15,6030:16, 6049:1

KNIGHT [4] - 5739:2, 5739:5,5740:17, 6002:9

Knowing [1] - 5820:4knowing [4] - 5820:4,

5820:10, 5982:13, 6025:15knowledge [1] - 5823:6known [10] - 5766:21,

5769:2, 5772:15, 5838:21,5876:2, 5904:17, 5959:19,5989:23, 5989:25, 5990:2

knows [3] - 5793:17, 5885:4,5890:23

Kuipers [6] - 5947:17,5954:21, 5983:8, 5983:9,5983:25, 5996:25

Kwong [16] - 5735:3, 5736:5,5746:15, 5746:21,5751:14, 5782:8, 5811:8,5812:4, 5829:24, 5829:25,5832:25, 5835:18, 5860:6,5876:21, 5903:13

KWONG [16] - 5738:13,5738:15, 5746:19,5746:20, 5810:3, 5811:12,5812:10, 5812:20, 5830:5,5831:5, 5831:12, 5831:20,5832:4, 5833:13, 5836:11,5837:9

Kwong's [2] - 5809:22,5833:11

L-A-L-O-N-D-E [1] - 5787:23label [1] - 5863:19Laboratories [1] - 5746:23laboratory [6] - 5747:10,

5867:23, 5868:20, 5869:1,5877:21, 5912:17

lack [2] - 5839:23, 5919:9lacking [2] - 5747:15, 6036:4Ladies [8] - 5741:2, 5741:18,



24

5792:10, 5851:12,5851:15, 5939:12,5939:14, 6000:23

Lag [2] - 5891:22, 5924:12lag [37] - 5865:5, 5865:8,

5865:9, 5878:11, 5881:17,5881:18, 5881:21, 5882:6,5883:1, 5887:4, 5889:18,5889:21, 5891:14,5902:18, 5911:12, 5918:9,5918:17, 5919:10, 5920:6,5922:5, 5923:13, 5923:16,5924:4, 5924:8, 5924:14,5925:4, 5926:1, 5927:17,5927:21, 5938:2, 5953:25,5962:18, 5962:22, 5963:1,5963:8, 5970:14, 5979:10

lags [1] - 6017:22lake [50] - 5776:12, 5776:13,

5776:20, 5776:22,5776:25, 5777:11, 5794:7,5800:5, 5809:7, 5809:14,5809:17, 5810:25,5814:16, 5848:9, 5925:18,5926:19, 5927:6, 5927:12,5927:24, 5928:8, 5936:13,5941:8, 5955:18, 5955:24,5957:12, 5968:12,5985:10, 5985:12,5988:20, 5990:6, 6003:17,6004:9, 6005:2, 6007:19,6008:7, 6011:6, 6013:3,6017:22, 6019:21, 6020:8,6024:15, 6024:20, 6027:1,6035:2, 6038:12, 6038:16,6039:9

Lake [117] - 5733:23,5741:17, 5743:23,5767:15, 5777:18,5782:10, 5782:16, 5785:5,5786:25, 5787:2, 5790:9,5794:7, 5794:11, 5800:16,5802:2, 5802:7, 5803:1,5803:2, 5806:2, 5808:18,5809:14, 5810:23,5826:18, 5826:19, 5838:4,5848:22, 5849:10,5850:19, 5861:9, 5885:7,5885:9, 5888:6, 5895:16,5896:8, 5897:15, 5941:15,5941:22, 5978:24,5979:14, 5991:4, 6003:13,6003:16, 6003:19, 6004:5,6005:17, 6007:13,6007:18, 6007:21, 6008:6,6008:8, 6008:10, 6008:17,6008:19, 6008:23,6009:22, 6010:2, 6011:5,6011:9, 6012:8, 6012:18,6013:21, 6014:1, 6014:20,6014:23, 6015:20,6015:21, 6016:10,

6016:19, 6016:21,6016:24, 6017:4, 6017:5,6017:24, 6017:25, 6018:3,6018:10, 6018:17,6023:16, 6023:17,6024:17, 6024:18,6025:12, 6025:14,6025:16, 6025:18,6025:20, 6025:22,6025:23, 6026:4, 6026:5,6026:7, 6026:10, 6026:11,6026:14, 6026:19,6026:23, 6026:25, 6027:5,6027:8, 6027:10, 6030:25,6031:1, 6034:25, 6038:21,6044:19, 6045:1, 6045:17,6046:1, 6046:12, 6047:12,6047:16, 6048:5

Lakes [2] - 6005:15, 6007:8lakes [25] - 5859:10,

5859:24, 5895:5, 5928:8,6008:21, 6009:1, 6009:25,6010:5, 6011:1, 6011:4,6013:17, 6015:22, 6016:8,6017:2, 6020:15, 6023:18,6024:2, 6024:4, 6024:8,6024:9, 6024:13, 6024:21,6025:3

LALOND [1] - 5741:8LALONDE [1] - 5787:21Lalonde [5] - 5734:13,

5735:8, 5752:14, 5787:15,5787:22

land [2] - 5756:17, 5757:4landscape [1] - 6039:11landslide [2] - 5957:7,

5984:19language [4] - 5744:4,

5745:9, 5745:20, 6047:6lapses [1] - 6025:25laptop [1] - 5853:8large [12] - 5760:5, 5869:5,

5920:1, 5947:15, 5947:19,5960:17, 5963:17,5984:11, 5989:4, 5989:8,5992:17, 5993:4

Large [1] - 5985:8large-scale [1] - 5992:17Largely [1] - 5902:21largely [2] - 5903:8, 5959:8larger [26] - 5785:21,

5785:23, 5786:21, 5804:2,5868:11, 5868:15, 5869:9,5869:22, 5870:8, 5870:13,5870:17, 5870:23, 5871:5,5873:11, 5873:14,5877:10, 5877:15,5877:23, 5911:17,5911:21, 5981:8, 5981:23,5992:6, 5992:12, 5993:2,6048:22

larger-scale [1] - 5981:8

last [25] - 5743:22, 5746:21,5777:1, 5787:22, 5812:10,5812:11, 5813:11, 5815:2,5831:3, 5843:18, 5862:6,5879:2, 5879:22, 5886:21,5889:15, 5943:21, 5977:5,5977:10, 5978:4, 5984:15,5994:23, 6027:21, 6029:2,6042:6, 6048:15

Last [2] - 5787:20, 5855:17lastly [1] - 5747:16late [2] - 5960:25, 5994:23latter [2] - 5964:5, 6029:14lawnchairs [1] - 5886:1laws [1] - 6043:8Leach [1] - 5916:2leach [13] - 5903:8, 5908:8,

5911:14, 5911:15,5916:12, 5917:4, 5967:19,5980:24, 5981:2, 5981:9,5981:18, 5981:19

leachable [1] - 5903:17leachate [3] - 5979:20,

5983:17, 5984:9leached [2] - 5749:3,

5907:24leaching [44] - 5747:3,

5747:13, 5747:23, 5748:1,5748:18, 5748:20, 5749:9,5749:11, 5749:16,5749:17, 5750:2, 5752:8,5752:17, 5752:21, 5753:8,5758:12, 5791:19,5810:10, 5811:16,5811:20, 5811:23,5816:11, 5830:22, 5832:8,5853:24, 5874:2, 5891:24,5907:23, 5928:16,5928:19, 5929:4, 5929:21,5930:14, 5930:24, 5931:4,5936:2, 5949:6, 5949:10,5949:15, 5950:16,5950:22, 5951:2, 5958:17,5963:20

Leaching [2] - 5855:22,5936:25

lead [9] - 5747:11, 5774:6,5814:9, 5859:14, 5903:11,5903:18, 5953:11, 5957:9,5959:5

leads [5] - 5800:13, 5842:3,5865:5, 6023:25, 6039:8

leaking [1] - 5979:23learn [2] - 6036:14, 6036:17learned [1] - 5855:11least [23] - 5789:10, 5790:23,

5791:18, 5795:24, 5821:1,5829:14, 5838:20, 5853:6,5872:4, 5878:14, 5898:12,5908:21, 5917:15,5935:15, 5938:4, 5940:11,

5943:8, 5944:14, 5974:5,5985:18, 5986:14,6007:17, 6027:1

leave [11] - 5788:24, 5799:2,5823:17, 5832:22,5837:14, 5868:6, 5884:16,5939:24, 5975:8, 6052:15

leaves [1] - 5777:2leaving [2] - 5777:11,

5808:11led [1] - 5942:20left [20] - 5789:15, 5791:16,

5792:1, 5793:13, 5825:23,5890:20, 5907:13,5914:20, 5916:16,5943:10, 5943:15, 5946:3,5954:18, 5971:25, 5972:1,6002:13, 6002:15,6002:17, 6041:18, 6045:5

legislative [1] - 6040:20length [6] - 5772:19,

5813:13, 5904:16, 6026:4,6026:9, 6026:10

less [12] - 5796:6, 5797:21,5811:20, 5895:16,5905:10, 5906:23, 5917:5,5924:25, 5950:3, 5955:4,6035:2, 6035:8

lethal [1] - 5935:19letter [1] - 5857:4level [45] - 5749:24, 5756:10,

5765:2, 5766:9, 5766:15,5766:20, 5766:21,5769:10, 5771:10,5771:20, 5772:10,5776:19, 5778:20,5779:11, 5782:19,5782:23, 5785:7, 5787:25,5810:25, 5812:24,5815:24, 5815:25, 5816:1,5850:3, 5861:5, 5861:9,5882:18, 5888:7, 5890:9,5927:24, 5930:5, 5934:15,5934:23, 5956:12, 5958:4,5961:7, 5979:25, 6011:18,6020:1, 6020:4, 6020:5,6029:24, 6037:14,6037:15, 6037:19

levelling [1] - 5919:4levels [62] - 5742:21,

5748:14, 5749:6, 5750:3,5751:5, 5763:15, 5763:17,5764:1, 5764:4, 5764:5,5764:6, 5764:15, 5764:18,5764:20, 5764:24, 5766:8,5766:10, 5767:14,5767:19, 5768:1, 5769:9,5769:14, 5769:20,5770:25, 5771:7, 5772:7,5773:9, 5774:3, 5774:24,5775:4, 5775:10, 5775:13,5775:15, 5775:16,



25

5775:19, 5775:20,5775:24, 5779:1, 5779:22,5784:7, 5784:8, 5784:13,5784:21, 5816:4, 5816:13,5816:14, 5816:16, 5822:4,5822:20, 5826:25, 5827:4,5835:23, 5836:18,5841:16, 5843:25,5910:11, 5959:18,6028:22, 6034:25, 6045:18

Lieb [1] - 6020:23Liebe [4] - 5735:16, 5737:5,

6002:15, 6002:24LIEBE [4] - 5740:17, 6002:8,

6003:3, 6023:13life [37] - 5785:15, 5785:18,

5786:12, 5787:1, 5793:1,5793:5, 5793:13, 5793:18,5794:6, 5794:15, 5794:22,5795:11, 5795:13,5796:21, 5797:6, 5811:3,5814:19, 5834:9, 5858:21,5925:19, 5934:16,5963:11, 5967:2, 6005:7,6012:22, 6019:2, 6019:17,6020:11, 6020:12,6045:15, 6046:3, 6046:10,6046:14, 6047:15,6048:15, 6051:7, 6052:11

Life [1] - 5765:9lifecycle [1] - 5849:12light [5] - 5831:25, 5846:22,

5896:11, 6026:9, 6028:21like-for-like [2] - 6008:15,

6034:24likelihood [2] - 5823:8,

5823:14Likely [3] - 6036:9, 6036:16,

6037:16likely [16] - 5774:8, 5774:15,

5775:10, 5775:11,5779:19, 5786:17, 5807:3,5807:5, 5862:22, 5905:10,5911:11, 5944:6, 5955:4,6015:12, 6034:2, 6048:11

limit [6] - 5757:9, 5803:23,5804:25, 5806:10,5806:11, 5961:8

LIMITED [9] - 5734:18,5735:14, 5739:1, 5740:3,5740:15, 5790:18,5970:20, 6002:5, 6003:2

limited [3] - 5788:4, 5939:4,5946:20

Limited [6] - 5734:19,5735:15, 5737:4, 5737:6,5741:23, 6002:13

limiting [3] - 5756:14,5756:22, 5980:5

limits [12] - 5760:10,5822:18, 5822:24, 5825:6,5825:7, 5825:10, 5843:24,

5846:16, 5912:14,5912:16, 5915:10, 5959:11

line [45] - 5771:25, 5778:8,5780:17, 5838:6, 5840:20,5844:10, 5846:21,5847:22, 5884:1, 5884:12,5884:13, 5884:14, 5885:4,5885:5, 5899:2, 5899:3,5899:14, 5907:19, 5914:1,5914:8, 5925:18, 5926:20,5926:21, 5927:3, 5927:8,5932:25, 5933:17, 5943:5,5943:6, 5945:14, 5974:13,5974:24, 5974:25,5979:18, 5994:8, 5995:18,5998:13, 6007:12,6014:20, 6014:23,6047:20, 6048:3, 6048:14

lined [1] - 5978:11liner [7] - 5954:23, 5979:16,

5979:17, 5979:19,5983:17, 5983:22

lines [4] - 5844:24, 5995:13,5995:14, 6024:3

lining [3] - 5776:21, 5952:5,5984:5

link [1] - 5784:17list [11] - 5804:16, 5807:1,

5818:10, 5844:3, 5870:21,5903:5, 5915:21, 5957:10,5998:25, 6024:8, 6024:10

listed [4] - 5769:3, 5769:4,5840:21, 5900:25

listened [2] - 5970:24,5971:7

listening [2] - 5839:20,5985:22

listing [1] - 5844:3literature [2] - 5810:9,

5884:20litre [23] - 5766:18, 5770:21,

5772:3, 5778:10, 5778:11,5778:13, 5778:22,5778:23, 5779:18, 5815:6,5815:7, 5873:20, 5907:15,5908:21, 5908:22,5916:17, 5916:19, 5917:2,5917:3, 5932:22, 5956:10,5960:21, 5969:5

litres [1] - 5955:25littoral [2] - 6017:20, 6039:4Livain [1] - 5734:8livid [1] - 5875:12loading [5] - 5784:6,

5784:11, 5826:10,5835:23, 5973:10

loadings [2] - 5774:24,5774:25

local [2] - 5826:16, 6007:25located [3] - 5760:8, 5802:9,

5838:7

location [2] - 5757:4,5801:22

locations [2] - 5776:9,5967:21

log [3] - 5916:17, 5916:25,5932:15

logic [1] - 5963:14logical [1] - 5928:12long-term [10] - 5783:17,

5784:3, 5836:2, 5963:24,5981:8, 6017:4, 6017:12,6034:22, 6042:7, 6050:24

longer-term [2] - 5981:11,5981:12

Look [2] - 5896:22, 5950:14look [72] - 5759:8, 5759:23,

5759:25, 5760:19,5760:22, 5761:19,5761:20, 5761:25, 5765:6,5767:11, 5769:6, 5769:16,5771:14, 5772:4, 5775:21,5778:15, 5785:14, 5791:6,5796:19, 5809:15,5815:23, 5816:21,5817:15, 5822:3, 5823:12,5826:25, 5834:16,5842:15, 5843:2, 5846:5,5859:22, 5861:11,5863:18, 5881:8, 5890:7,5890:9, 5902:9, 5907:4,5907:16, 5907:17,5912:10, 5912:20,5913:14, 5921:13,5924:24, 5927:4, 5927:8,5928:25, 5929:18, 5933:6,5935:6, 5936:12, 5948:17,5950:12, 5951:11,5951:25, 5955:11, 5956:4,5968:22, 5968:25, 5969:2,5969:3, 5969:22, 5970:14,5986:18, 5997:21,6030:25, 6031:13,6032:18, 6033:4, 6037:4,6046:17

looked [30] - 5756:16,5762:4, 5772:1, 5774:21,5778:8, 5799:25, 5802:1,5807:23, 5826:13,5826:15, 5828:16, 5829:8,5856:7, 5873:6, 5912:16,5923:5, 5947:20, 5947:21,5948:1, 5948:23, 5949:3,5949:8, 5949:10, 5949:16,5949:17, 5949:19, 5950:6,5952:12, 5970:5, 6030:24

Looking [1] - 5807:1looking [21] - 5759:6,

5759:13, 5759:15, 5761:3,5764:1, 5779:2, 5780:18,5782:13, 5793:21, 5827:1,5853:6, 5875:15, 5907:1,5922:12, 5935:1, 5947:4,

5962:14, 5970:9, 6026:23,6033:20, 6049:9

looks [6] - 5854:6, 5875:8,5907:11, 5910:21,5932:10, 5941:17

loose [1] - 5997:17lose [1] - 6023:1loses [1] - 5802:14losing [1] - 5999:11Loss [2] - 6013:11, 6019:14loss [6] - 6005:2, 6005:17,

6012:20, 6012:22,6012:25, 6016:22

losses [1] - 6013:15lost [6] - 5808:25, 5997:12,

6016:25, 6017:5, 6023:6,6026:15

Louis [1] - 5810:12love [1] - 5994:14Low [1] - 5961:3low [42] - 5747:14, 5754:13,

5754:25, 5763:15, 5764:1,5764:5, 5770:14, 5772:8,5779:21, 5804:24,5805:17, 5805:18, 5806:9,5828:13, 5862:21,5864:20, 5865:10, 5882:3,5887:10, 5891:12, 5896:6,5896:7, 5911:3, 5914:24,5917:7, 5920:13, 5920:16,5928:5, 5929:18, 5932:5,5936:15, 5955:21,5959:19, 5966:14,5968:16, 5985:5, 6004:12,6004:17, 6028:9, 6032:3

low-flow [1] - 5772:8low-grade [9] - 5754:13,

5754:25, 5864:20,5865:10, 5882:3, 5887:10,5891:12, 5920:13, 5928:5

Lower [17] - 5742:17, 5769:1,5850:2, 5850:6, 5852:5,5934:6, 6004:3, 6004:11,6004:15, 6005:5, 6005:7,6010:12, 6011:21,6011:24, 6013:3, 6019:20,6020:8

lower [25] - 5769:9, 5769:12,5770:4, 5773:10, 5774:4,5779:22, 5836:17, 5850:6,5884:24, 5889:12, 5907:2,5909:13, 5912:20,5917:17, 5925:13,5926:14, 5926:15,5926:21, 5945:18,5945:20, 5956:18, 5993:9,6004:18, 6017:23

lowest [1] - 5884:4Lucille [1] - 5734:9lunch [3] - 5851:1, 5851:21M-L-A-R-D [1] - 5855:23



26

MACGREGOR [1] - 5739:4MacGregor [2] - 5734:22,

5791:15MAEST [46] - 5739:20,

5739:23, 5740:1, 5740:2,5740:4, 5740:5, 5740:7,5852:23, 5854:14,5898:25, 5899:1, 5899:5,5899:6, 5939:21, 5940:6,5940:21, 5964:19, 5965:8,5965:12, 5965:21, 5967:3,5968:3, 5968:7, 5968:10,5968:19, 5969:13,5969:16, 5969:19,5970:20, 5978:3, 5978:25,5981:3, 5981:19, 5982:19,5983:9, 5983:15, 5984:22,5986:2, 5986:20, 5987:14,5987:19, 5988:1, 5988:16,5990:6, 5990:15, 5991:12

Maest [22] - 5735:11,5736:17, 5736:19,5736:20, 5851:3, 5852:17,5852:18, 5853:14,5898:22, 5899:4, 5899:6,5939:17, 5964:2, 5974:9,5977:17, 5980:23, 5987:7,5988:5, 5990:24, 5991:8,5996:25, 5997:7

Maest's [4] - 5853:24,5964:10, 5970:24, 5974:16

magenta [4] - 5884:4,5927:3, 5927:8, 5961:2

magnesium [4] - 5763:18,5763:22, 5771:3, 5807:3

magnitude [4] - 5759:8,5774:6, 5847:4, 5956:8

main [8] - 5899:25, 5900:24,5941:4, 5964:15, 5986:4,6002:20, 6008:6, 6026:20

Mainland [1] - 5737:16maintain [12] - 5941:25,

6007:14, 6008:10,6009:22, 6014:19, 6015:2,6015:24, 6016:2, 6023:21,6024:2, 6024:23, 6047:15

maintained [7] - 6009:3,6010:3, 6011:9, 6013:22,6016:22, 6018:17, 6023:17

maintaining [4] - 5756:9,6014:23, 6015:20, 6050:14

Maintenance [1] - 6050:3maintenance [8] - 5784:3,

6007:12, 6008:17,6009:19, 6014:6, 6014:9,6014:11, 6016:23

major [7] - 5772:24, 5805:13,5861:20, 5861:22, 5883:7,5941:20, 5947:20

make-up [3] - 5989:10,5989:20, 5990:1

man [1] - 6038:16

man-made [1] - 6038:16manage [2] - 5962:23,

5962:25managed [5] - 5755:1,

5776:10, 5891:19,6009:22, 6033:10

managed" [1] - 5891:17management [32] - 5751:3,

5755:18, 5756:3, 5756:11,5762:14, 5768:12, 5776:8,5785:25, 5812:18, 5813:9,5825:11, 5846:6, 5871:9,5872:18, 5925:10,5941:19, 5942:1, 5958:20,5962:11, 5963:25, 5967:9,5967:19, 5981:16,5988:11, 6007:7, 6007:25,6014:2, 6014:10, 6014:14,6017:13, 6019:1, 6035:25

Management [4] - 5837:22,5978:19, 6006:4, 6007:8

manages [1] - 6010:25managing [3] - 5755:10,

5762:16, 6043:21mandate [1] - 5826:24manganese [1] - 5959:5manifests [1] - 6043:18manner [5] - 5755:2,

5755:15, 5761:8, 6047:16,6051:24

MANON [1] - 5787:22Manon [5] - 5734:13, 5735:8,

5752:14, 5787:14, 5787:21Manual [1] - 5869:25manual [1] - 5870:6Maori [10] - 5744:4, 5744:18,

5744:25, 5745:2, 5745:8,5745:9, 5745:12, 5745:17,5745:19, 5745:20

map [3] - 5802:1, 5859:17,5909:24

maps [1] - 5863:18marcasite [1] - 5903:1March [1] - 6012:2MARGO [1] - 5738:14Margo [2] - 5735:4, 5746:17mark [2] - 5771:25, 5779:24mark/recapture [1] - 6003:12Mason [1] - 5939:3Mass [2] - 5934:2, 5935:25mass [9] - 5774:20, 5779:4,

5800:24, 5801:21, 5804:8,5808:25, 5838:16,5930:24, 5986:13

Massachusetts [1] - 5900:15massive [1] - 5836:13Master's [4] - 5855:12,

5900:13, 5900:22match [1] - 5923:6matched [1] - 5866:14material [76] - 5752:23,

5754:8, 5754:14, 5754:19,5754:21, 5754:22, 5755:5,5756:8, 5756:18, 5756:21,5757:1, 5757:3, 5757:8,5758:10, 5784:20, 5785:2,5785:6, 5785:22, 5793:1,5832:1, 5855:18, 5855:21,5856:16, 5862:7, 5863:11,5864:7, 5864:9, 5864:12,5864:16, 5864:18,5864:25, 5865:7, 5865:8,5874:11, 5880:6, 5881:11,5881:14, 5881:23,5881:24, 5882:2, 5886:7,5886:8, 5887:5, 5887:9,5887:11, 5887:17, 5892:7,5892:15, 5895:25,5896:13, 5896:19,5897:10, 5909:18,5911:18, 5914:11, 5918:8,5937:14, 5941:5, 5944:4,5944:6, 5944:13, 5946:17,5965:19, 5966:3, 5967:18,5970:10, 5975:14, 5977:4,5977:7, 5978:9, 5979:17,5982:2, 5983:2, 5996:3

materials [43] - 5748:22,5751:4, 5753:6, 5753:17,5753:19, 5753:21, 5754:2,5754:4, 5754:7, 5755:8,5755:11, 5755:12,5755:14, 5756:4, 5756:19,5772:1, 5784:18, 5784:23,5830:4, 5861:18, 5861:23,5862:2, 5862:11, 5862:14,5862:22, 5863:1, 5863:4,5863:22, 5865:25,5879:17, 5880:16,5902:24, 5904:9, 5904:15,5916:9, 5918:8, 5921:18,5930:16, 5933:10, 5965:2,5965:7, 5966:6, 5969:7

mathematical [2] - 5766:12,5921:4

matter [20] - 5743:20,5790:13, 5793:4, 5794:23,5797:16, 5848:13,5848:15, 5849:17,5851:20, 5851:23,5852:12, 5852:20, 5877:7,5974:21, 5985:16,6025:18, 6037:10, 6044:2,6045:8

MATTER [2] - 5739:15,5851:17

matters [2] - 5742:8, 5746:4MATTERS [2] - 5738:4,

5742:6mature [2] - 6015:1, 6015:18MAUR [1] - 5942:18maximum [3] - 5772:2,

5818:1, 5885:16

May/June/July [1] - 6029:23McKeage [1] - 5734:10McPherson [2] - 5735:2,

5746:13MCPHERSON [1] - 5738:12mean [24] - 5759:19, 5775:7,

5807:1, 5810:8, 5811:4,5813:5, 5818:1, 5826:13,5832:13, 5837:8, 5891:18,5905:21, 5906:16,5918:21, 5979:21, 5984:7,5986:7, 5986:14, 5986:15,5989:5, 6021:4, 6025:23,6044:8, 6051:4

Mean [5] - 5942:17, 5943:23,5945:13, 5945:18, 5945:20

meaningful [1] - 6026:8means [11] - 5781:11,

5786:5, 5836:22, 5883:19,5883:23, 5912:2, 5931:14,5949:25, 5963:19,5980:12, 5989:7

meant [3] - 5968:12,5976:11, 5990:7

meantime [1] - 6037:11meanwhile [1] - 5979:13measure [2] - 5914:21,

6011:21measured [3] - 5845:23,

5846:18, 5885:17measurement [1] - 5762:3measurements [1] - 5816:10Measures [2] - 6035:11,

6051:22measures [30] - 5776:5,

5780:10, 5780:19,5780:22, 5781:7, 5786:15,5788:17, 5822:3, 5837:21,5946:16, 5951:20, 5952:3,5952:4, 5952:20, 5952:25,5953:4, 5953:19, 5955:2,5955:6, 5955:7, 5978:18,5978:23, 5979:5, 5979:6,5979:15, 5983:11,6034:20, 6039:5, 6042:9,6043:5

measuring [1] - 5816:9mechanical [2] - 6033:24,

6034:11mechanism [1] - 5750:11mechanisms [1] - 5843:1meet [13] - 5781:1, 5822:18,

5825:5, 5836:18, 5858:13,5892:21, 5896:16,5896:19, 6014:1, 6031:20,6034:14, 6040:20, 6052:7

meeting [2] - 5741:16,5916:7

meets [1] - 6044:4melt [1] - 5886:2Member [2] - 5734:4, 5734:4



27

member [1] - 5974:15members [3] - 5787:24,

5981:17, 6002:2Members [5] - 5741:20,

5741:22, 5803:10,5837:25, 5991:23

membrane [3] - 5784:1,5784:2, 5962:6

memory [1] - 6025:25MEMPR [1] - 5972:25MEND [1] - 5883:9Menlo [1] - 5899:21mention [8] - 5776:2,

5791:18, 5806:6, 5822:15,5823:22, 5840:24, 5914:7,5967:3

mentioned [30] - 5772:6,5773:19, 5780:9, 5809:24,5840:13, 5843:11,5844:14, 5872:9, 5872:19,5875:24, 5886:18,5895:11, 5902:4, 5907:9,5912:12, 5930:19,5934:23, 5974:15, 5982:1,5982:11, 5983:13,5984:18, 5985:17,5985:19, 5989:12,5993:17, 5996:16, 5998:5,6013:19, 6042:25

Mentioned [1] - 5776:11mentions [1] - 5816:5Mercury [1] - 5915:9mercury [2] - 5915:11,

5915:20merit [2] - 5866:24, 5971:22met [2] - 5825:7, 6019:11metal [41] - 5747:3, 5747:13,

5747:23, 5748:1, 5748:10,5748:18, 5748:20,5749:11, 5749:16, 5752:8,5752:17, 5752:21, 5753:8,5758:12, 5774:24, 5775:3,5778:3, 5778:4, 5778:18,5779:11, 5779:13, 5783:7,5791:19, 5816:11,5817:15, 5830:21, 5832:8,5836:13, 5842:22,5842:24, 5846:24, 5852:4,5853:24, 5891:24,5902:21, 5908:18,5928:15, 5928:19, 5949:6,5950:21, 5963:20

Metal [2] - 5824:24, 5855:22metallurgist [1] - 5837:10metaloid [1] - 5748:10metaloids [1] - 5904:4metals [40] - 5763:14,

5763:19, 5763:21,5764:10, 5777:22,5777:24, 5777:25,5778:10, 5778:13, 5779:4,

5779:6, 5779:7, 5779:8,5779:10, 5779:14,5779:15, 5804:17, 5816:7,5817:13, 5817:14,5840:14, 5840:22, 5842:9,5842:11, 5842:12,5842:20, 5842:24,5843:12, 5843:13, 5856:2,5863:2, 5896:17, 5903:8,5904:4, 5904:5, 5908:13,5912:25, 5930:1

metaphorically [1] - 5899:13Meteoric [2] - 5916:14,

5916:24meterological [1] - 5788:5method [6] - 5783:25,

5814:8, 5838:11, 6047:20,6048:2, 6048:15

methodologies [1] - 5813:23methodology [1] - 5833:18methods [8] - 5788:21,

5809:19, 5816:8, 5836:15,5836:17, 5890:6, 6033:24,6039:5

metres [11] - 5772:16,5838:10, 5850:4, 5910:13,5927:23, 5934:15, 5943:8,5945:24, 5946:4, 5946:6,5955:18

metric [2] - 6013:11, 6035:13Mexico [1] - 5885:19mg/litre [1] - 5766:20mic [1] - 5987:16Michaud [1] - 5734:8micrograms [10] - 5778:10,

5778:12, 5779:18, 5815:6,5815:9, 5873:20, 5908:22,5917:3, 5955:25, 5956:10

microphone [1] - 5818:18microphones [1] - 5818:17middle [10] - 5943:16,

6003:23, 6003:25, 6004:4,6005:3, 6013:5, 6013:15,6019:16, 6019:22, 6020:9

might [47] - 5750:9, 5759:7,5762:25, 5765:19,5772:13, 5775:14,5775:16, 5776:18,5777:19, 5781:19,5793:22, 5794:6, 5795:5,5795:19, 5798:4, 5809:16,5813:23, 5813:24,5814:17, 5814:20, 5823:8,5828:9, 5832:1, 5833:6,5847:6, 5855:10, 5887:8,5910:8, 5939:19, 5940:14,5944:3, 5950:7, 5963:4,5975:14, 5984:20,5986:19, 5995:10, 5999:6,6001:13, 6027:10, 6039:9,6041:1, 6041:2, 6041:11,6046:13, 6047:25, 6053:6

migration [6] - 5799:22,5855:13, 5960:6, 5960:7,6004:1

MIHI [2] - 5744:19, 5745:7MIKE [3] - 5738:18, 5738:21,

5758:14Mike [25] - 5735:7, 5736:7,

5751:25, 5752:10,5758:13, 5758:16,5813:12, 5813:17, 5814:1,5815:1, 5816:5, 5817:10,5821:13, 5823:10,5823:22, 5824:21,5826:21, 5828:11,5828:21, 5835:15,5840:18, 5842:14, 5843:9,5845:1, 5845:2

milestone [1] - 5869:13mill [1] - 5967:9milligram [4] - 5766:18,

5778:22, 5778:23, 5917:2milligrams [17] - 5770:21,

5772:3, 5778:11, 5778:12,5778:21, 5815:7, 5815:8,5907:14, 5908:21,5916:17, 5916:19,5921:25, 5932:14,5932:22, 5933:3, 5960:21,5969:5

Milligrams [1] - 5917:3millilitres [1] - 5913:12millimetres [3] - 5942:19,

5942:20, 5945:14million [20] - 5869:14,

5869:15, 5876:18, 5877:3,5877:4, 5877:6, 5893:16,5919:16, 5919:22,5919:23, 5919:24, 5943:8,5945:24, 5946:4, 5946:6,5995:4, 5995:7, 5995:9,6046:25

millions [4] - 5868:22,5868:23, 5875:13, 5996:10

mimic [1] - 6031:6mind [14] - 5748:25, 5777:16,

5779:24, 5782:6, 5794:9,5795:16, 5856:4, 5858:22,5865:9, 5886:7, 5887:7,5894:12, 5964:16, 5996:11

minds [1] - 5989:13MINE [1] - 5733:2Mine [23] - 5747:19, 5751:11,

5810:19, 5811:19,5811:21, 5836:24,5858:25, 5859:17,5872:10, 5880:15, 5883:9,5886:7, 5895:1, 5920:8,5993:25, 6008:18,6014:13, 6026:13,6026:16, 6045:11,6045:22, 6046:5, 6046:9

mine [174] - 5742:22, 5747:3,

5748:15, 5749:16,5749:21, 5749:22,5749:23, 5750:4, 5751:6,5757:1, 5757:2, 5757:5,5767:17, 5780:12,5784:22, 5785:15,5785:17, 5786:12, 5787:1,5793:1, 5793:5, 5793:13,5793:18, 5794:15,5794:22, 5795:11,5795:13, 5796:21, 5797:6,5810:20, 5811:6, 5811:10,5811:13, 5812:25,5814:19, 5820:7, 5844:20,5845:11, 5849:4, 5849:6,5849:12, 5849:14,5849:16, 5850:1, 5850:4,5850:7, 5855:1, 5855:2,5855:4, 5855:25, 5856:5,5856:8, 5858:4, 5858:5,5858:10, 5858:12, 5859:1,5859:18, 5859:21,5860:18, 5860:21, 5861:2,5861:10, 5861:21, 5862:1,5862:2, 5863:18, 5864:22,5868:21, 5870:22,5871:10, 5872:9, 5872:25,5873:18, 5875:6, 5875:23,5877:12, 5882:14, 5885:1,5886:11, 5887:2, 5887:23,5888:4, 5890:1, 5891:4,5893:13, 5895:8, 5895:9,5895:11, 5895:20,5895:23, 5897:9, 5897:12,5897:25, 5898:4, 5898:10,5900:12, 5900:13,5900:22, 5901:9, 5902:2,5902:22, 5903:25,5917:25, 5920:9, 5925:5,5925:10, 5925:19, 5931:9,5931:11, 5934:16, 5935:2,5947:2, 5947:7, 5948:7,5949:8, 5953:12, 5953:23,5956:4, 5957:15, 5957:17,5957:20, 5957:22,5957:23, 5957:24, 5958:4,5958:7, 5958:8, 5958:10,5958:19, 5958:24, 5959:2,5960:2, 5960:25, 5962:3,5962:7, 5962:12, 5963:11,5966:25, 5967:2, 5979:3,5981:2, 5982:19, 5984:3,5985:4, 5988:19, 5989:5,5989:11, 5990:12, 5993:5,5993:7, 5993:10, 5994:5,5997:10, 6005:8, 6009:4,6009:8, 6012:22, 6014:13,6019:2, 6019:17, 6020:11,6020:13, 6035:17,6045:15, 6046:9, 6047:15,6048:15, 6051:7, 6051:13,6052:10, 6052:19



28

mine-derived [4] - 5748:15,5749:21, 5749:23, 5750:4

mine-site [1] - 5868:21mined [2] - 5757:1, 5874:15mined-out [1] - 5757:1mineral [6] - 5764:12,

5767:16, 5805:25, 5922:7,5922:8, 6047:1

Mineral [1] - 5746:23mineralized [1] - 5767:13mineralogic [3] - 5965:22,

5965:23, 5966:4minerals [17] - 5754:14,

5763:14, 5763:18, 5764:2,5767:14, 5767:18, 5809:3,5840:21, 5864:4, 5864:8,5880:1, 5902:22, 5902:25,5906:13, 5965:20, 5966:2,5966:14

MINES [16] - 5734:18,5735:14, 5739:1, 5740:2,5740:15, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5790:18, 5970:20, 6002:5,6002:6, 6003:1, 6021:24,6032:22, 6041:13

mines [40] - 5783:7, 5783:8,5819:20, 5820:10, 5822:6,5822:10, 5823:7, 5836:13,5846:16, 5849:2, 5874:18,5899:18, 5947:16,5947:21, 5947:22,5947:25, 5948:1, 5948:15,5948:17, 5948:24,5948:25, 5949:12,5949:13, 5949:17,5949:18, 5949:24, 5950:9,5950:14, 5950:17,5950:25, 5951:5, 5951:7,5951:8, 5951:12, 5954:10,5955:1, 5968:25, 5969:2,5969:3, 5989:4

Mines [19] - 5734:19,5735:15, 5737:4, 5737:6,5741:23, 5743:8, 5751:10,5780:14, 5789:18,5790:20, 5791:12,5798:15, 5812:15,5812:19, 5872:7, 5992:23,5997:11, 6002:11, 6022:12

minimal [1] - 6016:5minimization [1] - 5892:17minimized [2] - 5918:11,

5928:19minimizing [1] - 5755:12minimum [5] - 6009:3,

6009:19, 6010:2, 6018:13,6023:22

Mining [3] - 5746:23,5824:24, 5916:7

mining [24] - 5748:24,5749:15, 5798:14,

5837:10, 5846:24,5855:13, 5867:11,5885:24, 5897:24, 5900:2,5900:9, 5916:4, 5947:17,5949:18, 5949:23,5949:24, 5950:2, 5950:10,5950:17, 5956:3, 5982:23,5984:11, 5996:8, 6035:16

MiningWatch [11] - 5736:14,5736:20, 5736:23, 5790:6,5840:6, 5840:10, 5987:24,5988:3, 5996:19, 5996:23,6017:17

MININGWATCH [6] -5739:12, 5740:7, 5740:11,5840:7, 5988:1, 5996:20

Minister [3] - 6052:6,6052:13, 6052:16

Ministerial [2] - 6037:15,6037:19

Ministers [2] - 6041:6,6041:20

Ministry [18] - 5751:10,5765:8, 5768:6, 5770:19,5992:22, 5993:6, 5997:11,6004:16, 6005:25, 6007:2,6007:5, 6007:11, 6011:2,6011:3, 6011:19, 6016:8,6020:18, 6040:11

minus [4] - 5759:19,5803:23, 5922:16, 5923:4

minute [8] - 5790:25, 5791:3,5922:4, 5929:11, 5929:15,5955:12, 5964:18, 5970:9

minutes [14] - 5763:5,5763:10, 5791:9, 5792:7,5939:10, 5939:23, 5940:7,5940:20, 6000:3, 6000:10,6000:11, 6000:18,6044:18, 6053:6

mirror [2] - 5908:16, 5985:1mirrored [1] - 6017:18misclassification [1] -

5891:11misconceptions [1] -

5862:18misleading [2] - 5816:25,

5862:7miss [2] - 5838:22, 5987:3missed [5] - 5841:8,

5876:21, 5904:12, 5912:9,5998:23

missing [3] - 5800:6, 5981:8,5981:13

Missouri [1] - 5810:13misunderstand [1] - 5863:21mitigate [3] - 5771:1,

5786:14, 5814:24mitigated [4] - 5775:25,

5777:8, 5781:13, 5816:3mitigated" [1] - 5896:22

mitigates [1] - 6012:22mitigating [7] - 5890:3,

5891:5, 5893:25, 5896:23,5897:12, 5897:14, 5897:16

mitigation [61] - 5762:18,5769:17, 5769:25, 5770:3,5770:7, 5773:6, 5773:9,5776:3, 5776:4, 5776:5,5777:4, 5777:9, 5780:2,5780:5, 5780:8, 5780:19,5780:22, 5781:7, 5781:11,5786:15, 5809:11,5809:19, 5817:24,5819:23, 5820:2, 5820:7,5821:3, 5821:14, 5822:3,5822:21, 5823:24, 5824:3,5824:9, 5824:12, 5837:17,5837:21, 5838:5, 5861:3,5897:9, 5946:15, 5951:20,5952:2, 5952:4, 5952:20,5952:24, 5953:4, 5953:19,5955:2, 5955:6, 5955:7,5958:19, 5978:5, 5978:6,5978:18, 5978:23, 5979:4,5979:6, 5979:15, 5983:10,5983:20, 6018:5

mitigation" [1] - 5954:23mitigations [7] - 5951:17,

5952:8, 5952:11, 5954:13,5954:15, 5954:19, 5980:1

Mitigative [1] - 5896:15mitigative [1] - 5890:6mix [3] - 5757:12, 5953:22,

6028:14mixed [5] - 5806:1, 5956:24,

6008:25, 6016:19mixes [2] - 5805:20, 5985:1Mixing [2] - 5769:2, 5772:15mixing [12] - 5800:25,

5802:25, 5804:14,5808:17, 5952:6, 5956:22,5968:2, 5968:5, 5984:17,5984:21, 5985:7

mixture [2] - 5757:17,5803:15

ML [36] - 5856:2, 5856:4,5858:24, 5859:2, 5859:13,5860:17, 5860:19,5861:10, 5861:14,5861:17, 5861:21,5865:12, 5865:17,5865:22, 5865:23, 5866:6,5866:19, 5869:20,5879:19, 5887:13,5887:20, 5889:10,5889:24, 5891:2, 5893:6,5894:14, 5894:25,5895:19, 5895:21,5895:22, 5898:1, 5898:2,5954:10, 5964:25,5992:24, 5997:24

ML-ARD [35] - 5856:2,

5856:4, 5858:24, 5859:2,5859:13, 5860:17,5860:19, 5861:10,5861:14, 5861:17,5861:21, 5865:12,5865:17, 5865:22,5865:23, 5866:6, 5866:19,5869:20, 5879:19,5887:13, 5887:20,5889:10, 5889:24, 5891:2,5893:6, 5894:14, 5894:25,5895:19, 5895:21,5895:22, 5898:1, 5898:2,5964:25, 5992:24, 5997:24

MMER [17] - 5794:18,5812:24, 5822:16,5822:19, 5845:6, 5845:10,5846:17, 5847:21, 5848:2,5848:5, 5848:23, 5849:8,5849:21, 5850:11,5935:16, 5935:18, 5974:18

mobility [1] - 5810:16Mobility [2] - 5916:14,

5916:24mobilization [3] - 5748:10,

5810:4, 5811:4model [36] - 5761:4, 5761:9,

5774:17, 5774:19,5774:23, 5775:8, 5776:1,5777:10, 5777:14, 5786:6,5786:7, 5799:15, 5799:23,5800:5, 5800:21, 5800:22,5800:25, 5801:10,5802:25, 5808:17,5808:22, 5808:23, 5858:1,5924:1, 5929:9, 5933:2,5933:21, 5933:22,5933:25, 5935:22,5944:15, 5969:23, 5986:7,6031:12

Model [2] - 6012:11, 6012:13modelled [1] - 5936:19modelling [45] - 5750:2,

5750:8, 5750:12, 5750:20,5760:19, 5760:24, 5761:1,5761:7, 5769:7, 5769:23,5774:1, 5774:22, 5777:20,5779:14, 5799:16,5799:24, 5801:21,5816:12, 5866:2, 5866:17,5901:8, 5918:2, 5918:10,5918:12, 5928:25, 5929:1,5931:6, 5937:9, 5937:24,5952:10, 5954:1, 5963:16,5970:3, 5973:4, 5973:14,6012:6, 6013:25, 6019:8,6027:17, 6027:22,6028:19, 6028:21, 6030:2,6030:13, 6030:15

models [5] - 5928:16,5928:19, 5928:23, 6012:9,6012:10



29

moderate [4] - 5949:14,5950:15, 5951:1, 5954:10

moderately [1] - 5885:21MoE [1] - 6008:1molybdenum [3] - 5763:22,

5903:11, 5903:18moment [5] - 5821:10,

5845:2, 5870:4, 5926:25,5938:13

momentarily [1] - 5853:13Monday [1] - 6021:1money [5] - 5893:18, 5956:2,

5961:18, 6038:3, 6038:4monitor [6] - 5809:18,

5812:18, 5845:17, 5848:8,5979:11, 6019:1

monitored [2] - 5760:7,5760:9

monitoring [23] - 5749:20,5751:8, 5758:18, 5760:12,5768:25, 5809:12,5844:18, 5845:10,5845:13, 5845:15,5845:16, 5849:22,5978:13, 5997:10, 6014:6,6014:8, 6016:12, 6017:13,6030:20, 6033:19, 6034:4,6034:7, 6038:5

Monitoring [2] - 5844:15,5844:22

monoculture [1] - 6003:24Montana [3] - 5875:24,

5947:17, 5955:13Monte [4] - 5942:10,

5946:19, 5986:7, 5986:18month [1] - 6029:22monthly [3] - 5772:4, 5961:6,

5961:7months [8] - 5772:11,

5873:3, 5881:20, 5885:7,5948:9, 5976:9, 5977:8,6052:6

moot [2] - 5745:11, 5847:18Morin [54] - 5734:4, 5735:10,

5736:13, 5736:14,5736:15, 5736:22,5736:23, 5789:15,5831:10, 5831:13,5831:14, 5831:17,5831:23, 5851:2, 5852:17,5853:17, 5854:9, 5854:18,5854:23, 5898:21, 5901:2,5902:4, 5902:12, 5905:9,5907:9, 5911:12, 5911:19,5918:17, 5920:14,5920:17, 5922:20, 5924:6,5926:24, 5930:19,5966:19, 5967:15, 5969:4,5970:24, 5971:12,5971:24, 5972:11,5972:17, 5974:15,

5975:13, 5976:21, 5981:7,5981:23, 5991:15,5991:19, 5991:25, 5992:2,5993:16, 5993:22, 5998:22

MORIN [41] - 5739:10,5739:12, 5739:19,5739:22, 5740:8, 5740:10,5740:11, 5837:16,5839:17, 5840:7, 5854:13,5854:16, 5854:17,5964:24, 5965:11,5965:16, 5966:22,5967:25, 5968:4, 5968:8,5968:14, 5969:9, 5969:14,5969:17, 5970:16, 5976:5,5976:8, 5977:2, 5978:4,5980:20, 5992:1, 5992:2,5992:14, 5993:14,5993:20, 5994:11,5995:19, 5995:23,5996:20, 5997:5, 5998:14

Morin's [12] - 5831:1, 5831:5,5832:3, 5832:21, 5834:16,5853:7, 5853:21, 5939:3,5964:11, 5974:3, 5976:22,5983:12

morning [25] - 5741:2,5741:4, 5741:11, 5741:16,5742:2, 5746:3, 5752:3,5752:9, 5756:5, 5758:15,5789:7, 5839:21, 5860:5,5871:14, 5874:3, 5876:21,5903:13, 5930:15,5946:25, 5970:2, 6001:25,6046:16, 6053:3, 6053:15,6053:22

morphological [1] - 6018:9Morris [3] - 5852:19,

5999:11, 5999:16mortality [1] - 5764:21most [36] - 5765:17, 5765:19,

5765:20, 5765:22,5765:23, 5766:17,5767:10, 5767:21,5771:17, 5785:12,5785:13, 5802:17,5844:17, 5856:11,5874:18, 5877:3, 5880:15,5883:12, 5891:4, 5905:2,5939:23, 5944:2, 5962:16,5985:11, 5990:19,5991:24, 5997:23, 5998:9,5998:15, 6006:11, 6012:4,6012:14, 6014:25, 6017:9,6021:23

Most [3] - 5767:9, 5856:14,5868:16

mostly [5] - 5844:8, 5899:22,5906:7, 5983:25, 5989:3

motivated [1] - 5805:8Mountain [2] - 5957:15,

5962:7

mouse [2] - 5787:8, 5904:22mouth [1] - 6035:23move [5] - 5757:19, 5846:6,

5887:13, 5918:1, 6025:19moved [1] - 5757:4movement [1] - 5838:19Moving [3] - 5768:19,

5776:19, 6036:5moving [4] - 5772:14,

5779:25, 5826:10, 6026:6MPR [1] - 5998:18MR [205] - 5738:6, 5738:13,

5738:18, 5738:18,5738:20, 5738:21,5738:23, 5739:3, 5739:3,5739:4, 5739:5, 5739:8,5739:12, 5740:7, 5740:12,5740:16, 5740:17,5740:17, 5740:21,5740:23, 5743:18, 5752:1,5752:3, 5758:14, 5758:15,5787:5, 5787:9, 5787:10,5787:12, 5787:13,5787:19, 5787:24,5790:19, 5791:11,5792:19, 5798:8, 5807:10,5807:19, 5808:10,5808:15, 5809:21, 5811:8,5812:1, 5812:4, 5812:12,5813:6, 5814:1, 5815:1,5815:10, 5815:16,5815:20, 5817:10, 5818:7,5821:9, 5823:10, 5824:11,5824:21, 5826:21,5828:21, 5829:22,5829:23, 5830:25, 5831:8,5831:15, 5831:22,5832:24, 5833:24, 5835:3,5835:15, 5837:7, 5837:13,5840:8, 5840:9, 5840:18,5841:10, 5841:14,5841:22, 5842:3, 5842:14,5843:3, 5843:9, 5843:17,5843:20, 5844:7, 5844:13,5845:1, 5847:2, 5847:14,5847:25, 5848:17, 5850:9,5940:15, 5964:14,5970:21, 5975:10,5976:20, 5980:23,5981:15, 5982:11, 5983:7,5983:10, 5984:15, 5986:3,5988:2, 5988:3, 5989:16,5990:10, 5990:23,5995:16, 5996:21,5996:22, 6000:1, 6000:12,6000:16, 6002:7, 6002:8,6002:9, 6002:10, 6003:3,6022:9, 6023:11, 6023:13,6024:6, 6026:13, 6028:25,6030:10, 6030:16,6032:23, 6032:24, 6033:8,6033:16, 6034:10,

6034:13, 6034:16,6034:23, 6035:4, 6035:7,6035:10, 6036:2, 6036:19,6038:1, 6038:7, 6038:8,6038:13, 6038:15,6038:18, 6039:7, 6039:13,6039:15, 6039:20,6039:22, 6039:25,6040:23, 6041:9, 6041:14,6041:15, 6041:25, 6042:3,6042:8, 6042:13, 6042:21,6043:3, 6043:11, 6044:5,6044:14, 6044:17,6044:23, 6045:11,6045:19, 6045:21, 6046:4,6046:6, 6046:7, 6046:15,6047:3, 6047:5, 6047:6,6047:19, 6047:23,6047:24, 6048:6, 6048:7,6048:16, 6048:18,6048:23, 6048:25, 6049:3,6049:8, 6049:9, 6049:17,6049:23, 6050:7, 6050:9,6050:16, 6050:17,6050:21, 6050:22, 6051:1,6051:5, 6051:10, 6052:4,6052:14, 6053:6, 6053:10,6053:17

MS [53] - 5738:12, 5738:14,5739:4, 5739:7, 5739:11,5740:6, 5740:10, 5741:8,5787:21, 5815:22,5817:19, 5818:20,5818:24, 5818:25,5819:13, 5819:17,5820:23, 5823:21,5825:17, 5827:9, 5827:16,5827:24, 5828:8, 5829:13,5837:16, 5839:18,5839:19, 5853:11,5938:24, 5964:24,5965:11, 5965:16,5966:22, 5967:25, 5968:4,5968:8, 5968:14, 5969:9,5969:14, 5969:17,5970:16, 5978:4, 5980:20,5987:15, 5987:16, 5992:2,5993:14, 5993:21,5993:22, 5995:22,5999:13, 5999:22, 6021:15

multi [1] - 5944:22multi-well [1] - 5944:22multilayer [1] - 5756:19multiple [5] - 5948:6,

5984:13, 6018:21,6018:22, 6022:21

multiply [3] - 5892:18,5905:16, 5921:8

MUNRO [3] - 5739:4,5815:22, 5817:19

Munro [9] - 5734:21,5742:20, 5770:13,



30

5791:17, 5791:20,5815:20, 5815:22,5817:18, 5817:19

must [5] - 5799:5, 5821:25,5822:18, 5822:20, 6051:21

MVP [3] - 6015:17, 6015:24,6017:9

MX [1] - 5921:15Nalaine [7] - 5734:4,

5789:15, 5837:15,5964:23, 5978:2, 5983:11,5991:24

name [12] - 5746:21, 5752:4,5758:15, 5787:19,5787:20, 5787:21,5787:22, 5789:13,5854:18, 5899:6, 5976:23,6054:14

name's [2] - 5746:21,5854:23

named [1] - 5916:5names [1] - 5787:16Nancy [3] - 5737:16, 6054:3,

6054:19narrow [1] - 5782:18natant [1] - 5936:24Nation [11] - 5736:12,

5736:18, 5736:21,5741:20, 5741:21, 5744:2,5790:4, 5839:15, 5987:11,5993:19, 6036:11

NATION [6] - 5739:11,5740:6, 5740:10, 5839:17,5987:14, 5993:20

national [1] - 5824:25NATIONAL [15] - 5735:9,

5739:8, 5739:18, 5739:21,5739:23, 5740:19,5740:21, 5740:23,5829:21, 5854:11,5854:15, 5898:24,6021:25, 6032:23, 6041:14

National [12] - 5736:11,5736:15, 5736:17, 5737:7,5737:8, 5737:10, 5789:24,5818:14, 5834:19, 5851:3,6021:12, 6037:8

Nations [5] - 5742:1,5745:20, 6007:17, 6010:7,6037:5

native [1] - 5899:9natural [5] - 5759:16,

5759:18, 5762:2, 5892:22,5946:21

NATURAL [5] - 5735:1,5738:10, 5738:15,5746:12, 5746:18

Natural [23] - 5735:2, 5736:5,5742:9, 5743:15, 5745:25,5746:9, 5746:24, 5747:2,5747:5, 5748:7, 5748:25,

5749:9, 5750:13, 5751:7,5789:3, 5835:7, 5850:24,5874:6, 5883:10, 5889:16,5977:17, 5977:19, 5991:18

naturally [4] - 5763:15,5767:14, 5840:14, 5949:22

nature [6] - 5760:17, 5774:6,5834:12, 6019:20,6022:19, 6049:20

near [7] - 5803:22, 5806:9,5838:7, 5838:8, 5992:21

nearby [2] - 5788:9, 5986:25nearly [2] - 5862:22, 5863:6necessarily [7] - 5748:25,

5754:16, 5833:16,5833:20, 5837:6, 5837:7,5846:10

necessary [9] - 5780:6,5780:15, 5783:22,5786:14, 5813:10, 5824:5,5824:6, 5894:9, 5938:6

need [54] - 5748:6, 5748:8,5753:18, 5759:23, 5760:2,5762:3, 5781:12, 5786:6,5786:8, 5812:17, 5820:1,5820:7, 5820:19, 5821:2,5821:5, 5821:14, 5821:16,5822:2, 5822:4, 5823:15,5824:10, 5824:12, 5826:6,5846:20, 5863:8, 5894:4,5897:20, 5904:13,5923:22, 5938:17,5938:21, 5940:14,5941:12, 5944:22, 5946:7,5947:5, 5954:10, 5954:17,5959:16, 5967:23, 5969:7,5989:10, 5989:24, 5999:9,6006:13, 6007:14, 6008:9,6011:19, 6017:12,6020:19, 6035:20, 6042:2,6046:16, 6049:6

needed [19] - 5809:18,5819:20, 5890:25,5892:22, 5892:25, 5893:1,5893:10, 5893:11,5894:16, 5896:1, 5897:22,5911:9, 5928:13, 5943:6,5994:19, 5996:5, 5996:14,6012:17, 6045:8

needing [3] - 5890:2,5966:23, 5967:13

needs [7] - 5828:15,5903:13, 5947:8, 5963:21,5974:20, 5988:14, 6039:9

negative [2] - 6013:4,6019:15

neighbourhood [1] - 5770:4Nemaiah [3] - 5790:5,

5840:4, 5987:23net [5] - 5865:11, 5953:14,

6007:23, 6012:25, 6020:7Net [3] - 5879:23, 6013:11,

6019:14neutral [12] - 5747:14,

5748:11, 5749:4, 5874:24,5875:1, 5907:24, 5908:8,5908:11, 5915:8, 5915:24,5934:20, 5958:16

Neutral [1] - 5883:10neutralization [2] - 5965:2,

5965:20neutralize [3] - 5864:5,

5864:8, 5880:1neutralized [1] - 5994:1neutralizing [8] - 5864:4,

5965:2, 5965:23, 5966:1,5966:3, 5966:11, 5966:13,5966:17

Nevada [3] - 5916:13,5949:21, 5990:16

never [9] - 5805:9, 5847:19,5861:24, 5880:24, 5881:7,5947:20, 5976:11,5976:12, 5988:19

new [13] - 5776:20, 5789:6,5797:13, 5891:16, 5897:6,5924:25, 5925:4, 5948:4,5953:16, 5958:6, 6002:2,6010:9, 6036:15

Next [4] - 5791:20, 5791:23,5840:4, 6005:19

next [35] - 5748:17, 5760:18,5769:4, 5772:14, 5772:24,5773:21, 5847:3, 5850:15,5867:18, 5868:11, 5869:8,5875:20, 5880:25, 5903:5,5914:17, 5919:11, 5920:8,5925:7, 5926:6, 5926:11,5926:13, 5928:12,5928:14, 5934:2, 5935:24,5939:19, 5940:23,5943:13, 5972:3, 6000:17,6009:24, 6021:11,6024:18, 6034:23, 6039:8

nice [1] - 5765:1nicely [1] - 5758:1nickel [3] - 5907:14, 5909:4,

5915:20Nielsen [3] - 5737:16,

6054:3, 6054:19nights [1] - 6001:19nine [4] - 5778:23, 5905:4,

5924:19, 5931:21nitrate [8] - 5904:1, 5936:11,

5936:14, 5961:12,5968:15, 5968:23, 5969:6,5982:20

nitrite [1] - 5968:23nitrogen [4] - 5763:17,

5903:25, 5936:11, 5960:22NO [1] - 5738:2No" [1] - 5878:22nobody [1] - 5890:23

non [49] - 5752:23, 5753:10,5754:12, 5754:24,5757:14, 5861:18, 5862:4,5862:7, 5862:10, 5862:14,5862:19, 5862:20, 5863:1,5863:4, 5863:11, 5863:15,5863:19, 5863:22,5863:23, 5864:7, 5864:12,5864:23, 5865:7, 5865:13,5865:15, 5865:25, 5866:4,5873:21, 5873:23,5874:11, 5879:17, 5880:6,5880:20, 5881:11,5881:22, 5886:8, 5887:10,5887:19, 5891:11,5891:20, 5920:15,5920:21, 5934:17, 5952:6,5979:17, 6009:9, 6010:25

Non [4] - 5862:3, 5862:5,5863:4, 5882:2

non-acid [5] - 5753:10,5863:15, 5863:19,5863:23, 5934:17

non-acid-generating [3] -5754:12, 5754:24, 5757:14

non-earthen [1] - 5979:17non-fish-bearing [1] -

6009:9non-PAG [34] - 5861:18,

5862:4, 5862:7, 5862:10,5862:14, 5862:19, 5863:1,5863:11, 5863:15,5863:22, 5864:7, 5864:12,5864:23, 5865:7, 5865:13,5865:15, 5865:25, 5866:4,5873:21, 5873:23,5874:11, 5879:17, 5880:6,5880:20, 5881:11,5881:22, 5886:8, 5887:10,5887:19, 5891:11,5891:20, 5920:15,5920:21, 5952:6

Non-PAG [3] - 5862:3,5863:4, 5882:2

non-potentially [1] - 5752:23Non-Potentially [1] - 5862:5non-profit [1] - 6010:25non-reactive [2] - 5862:20,

5863:4non-till [1] - 5979:17none [10] - 5809:13, 5927:25,

5928:1, 5928:4, 5928:5,5929:2, 5970:12, 5977:24,5981:20, 5991:19

None [1] - 5866:14NOON [2] - 5739:13, 5851:9normal [2] - 5758:1, 5812:19normally [4] - 5763:6,

5766:18, 5768:4, 5812:14north [4] - 5808:7, 5945:24,

6024:19, 6028:8



31

north/south [1] - 5807:25northern [1] - 5788:3Northern [1] - 6036:15Northwest [1] - 5916:7note [14] - 5742:19, 5746:5,

5790:12, 5801:2, 5820:15,5822:13, 5839:23,5841:17, 5853:21,5908:15, 5915:23, 5944:1,5962:3, 5974:16

noted [6] - 5750:2, 5754:12,5796:2, 5827:6, 5972:24,6033:8

notes [3] - 5755:17, 5815:14,5855:16

nothing [2] - 5779:9,6051:16

notice [5] - 5771:25,5853:24, 5883:25,5898:16, 5912:22

noticeable [1] - 6005:10noticed [2] - 5784:22, 5822:6notionally [1] - 6024:16November [3] - 5943:13,

5943:14, 5945:17NP [10] - 5879:22, 5879:24,

5879:25, 5881:2, 5905:8,5907:2, 5911:3, 5911:7,5925:24, 5965:16

NP/AP [1] - 5906:1NPR [1] - 5879:23NR [1] - 5874:5NRC [1] - 5835:18NRCan [12] - 5747:24,

5749:13, 5750:25, 5761:2,5782:9, 5789:3, 5793:11,5819:5, 5930:15, 5946:25,5970:5, 5974:18

NRCan's [1] - 5750:21nuance [1] - 5850:10number [55] - 5750:18,

5773:19, 5783:15,5790:25, 5793:14, 5805:1,5805:22, 5806:3, 5806:22,5819:2, 5820:8, 5822:6,5825:23, 5831:24,5855:20, 5866:9, 5866:11,5866:12, 5866:17,5867:19, 5871:22,5871:24, 5880:5, 5880:9,5880:14, 5884:4, 5884:5,5888:15, 5888:24,5899:12, 5900:9, 5901:2,5905:17, 5907:9, 5915:6,5915:16, 5916:11,5925:13, 5928:20, 5935:8,5954:8, 5958:18, 5959:11,5971:16, 5974:2, 5978:6,5978:22, 6011:5, 6015:3,6015:6, 6025:6, 6036:1,6039:5, 6048:21

numbers [12] - 5773:18,5804:5, 5806:25, 5866:8,5867:17, 5880:8, 5901:24,5919:14, 6016:1, 6017:9,6017:24, 6026:23

numerical [1] - 5872:6numerous [1] - 5959:21nutrient [3] - 5764:5,

5782:17, 6018:6nutrients [5] - 5763:14,

5763:17, 5840:21, 5841:2,5841:5

NVP [1] - 6015:9o'clock [1] - 6053:22objective [12] - 5768:5,

5768:10, 5768:14, 5771:9,5771:16, 5771:22,5780:23, 5780:24,5824:19, 5829:3, 5861:20,5865:24

Objectives [7] - 5771:12,5781:2, 5786:19, 5786:20,5821:17, 5821:22, 5829:8

objectives [9] - 5821:24,5822:2, 5846:13, 6007:10,6007:25, 6014:2, 6034:14,6034:18, 6044:4

obligations [2] - 6034:21,6051:25

observation [4] - 5807:11,5810:18, 5836:2, 5971:13

observations [2] - 5748:24,5973:24

observed [3] - 5766:9,5766:16, 5835:22

obtain [3] - 5786:20, 5948:9,6041:7

obvious [1] - 6050:22obviously [15] - 5760:2,

5760:21, 5790:21, 5813:7,5814:4, 5825:12, 5828:2,5920:1, 5935:23, 5961:14,5982:21, 6031:7, 6036:7,6041:4, 6050:7

Obviously [2] - 5804:12,6035:8

occasional [3] - 5956:21,5968:5, 5968:11

occasionally [1] - 5968:11occur [18] - 5756:15,

5756:23, 5757:10,5764:16, 5764:20,5775:20, 5780:16, 5786:2,5808:23, 5811:16, 5814:5,5829:4, 5849:13, 5849:15,5853:1, 5999:20, 6016:16,6029:9

occurred [1] - 5954:5occurrence [2] - 5748:14,

5750:3occurring [4] - 5758:7,

5814:19, 5832:7, 5949:22occurs [2] - 5742:23, 5770:7Oceans [7] - 5818:11,

5977:22, 5991:20,6010:11, 6020:18, 6021:5,6040:7

October [1] - 5943:10OF [28] - 5733:8, 5738:1,

5739:10, 5739:12, 5740:1,5740:2, 5740:4, 5740:5,5740:7, 5740:8, 5740:10,5740:11, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5839:17, 5840:7, 5964:19,5970:20, 5978:3, 5987:14,5988:1, 5992:1, 5993:20,5996:20, 6021:24,6032:22, 6041:13

off-channel [2] - 6010:11,6010:14

offer [1] - 5869:13offered [1] - 5971:2Office [1] - 5747:24office [1] - 5752:11official [2] - 5744:20, 5745:8Official [2] - 6054:3, 6054:20offline [1] - 5999:19offset [3] - 5875:5, 6013:15,

6020:13often [12] - 5764:13,

5768:17, 5770:15, 5771:9,5775:14, 5775:16,5780:14, 5838:21, 5869:6,5954:19, 5990:13, 5997:12

Okanagan [1] - 5957:18old [2] - 5858:1, 6025:23ON [2] - 5740:14, 6003:1on-land [2] - 5756:17, 5757:4once [21] - 5742:3, 5751:21,

5757:6, 5792:13, 5792:14,5829:5, 5849:6, 5849:16,5851:14, 5851:16, 5853:4,5865:13, 5897:23,5897:24, 5903:7, 5966:14,5984:21, 6036:3, 6038:2,6052:10, 6053:22

Once [1] - 5761:25One [19] - 5771:24, 5822:15,

5836:19, 5844:17, 5845:1,5860:7, 5861:16, 5866:8,5871:12, 5873:16, 5876:6,5880:12, 5882:8, 5912:6,5932:2, 5957:8, 5975:16,5979:15, 6048:8

one [161] - 5746:1, 5746:3,5746:4, 5749:7, 5759:22,5766:17, 5766:21,5770:18, 5779:2, 5781:21,5785:13, 5790:12, 5796:2,5796:18, 5801:25, 5802:2,5805:10, 5812:10,

5812:11, 5813:12, 5815:1,5815:17, 5816:8, 5817:20,5823:3, 5823:4, 5828:8,5838:18, 5843:17, 5844:8,5844:10, 5851:19,5853:16, 5854:9, 5860:11,5864:3, 5866:22, 5866:25,5868:3, 5868:7, 5868:17,5868:18, 5868:25, 5869:2,5869:14, 5869:17,5870:16, 5870:18, 5871:4,5872:6, 5875:25, 5876:12,5877:14, 5878:5, 5880:11,5880:12, 5880:17,5880:18, 5882:10,5882:21, 5882:22,5882:23, 5883:15,5883:25, 5884:6, 5885:23,5886:18, 5886:24, 5888:9,5888:23, 5889:3, 5889:6,5890:8, 5890:15, 5890:18,5893:15, 5894:19,5897:14, 5898:12,5899:15, 5904:8, 5905:21,5907:12, 5909:1, 5911:1,5911:4, 5911:15, 5912:22,5914:1, 5914:2, 5914:7,5914:20, 5916:2, 5917:2,5917:6, 5922:18, 5923:6,5923:7, 5924:20, 5926:2,5931:11, 5931:23, 5933:6,5944:25, 5945:5, 5945:8,5946:6, 5947:25, 5953:7,5954:21, 5958:15, 5960:5,5962:16, 5963:6, 5964:25,5966:5, 5966:6, 5968:14,5970:8, 5971:22, 5973:19,5975:12, 5976:24, 5981:7,5983:11, 5983:21,5984:15, 5984:23,5985:11, 5985:16,5989:16, 5989:18, 5990:4,5992:9, 5992:11, 5992:15,5992:18, 5999:9, 6009:18,6011:13, 6015:8, 6023:20,6023:22, 6024:10,6024:15, 6025:9, 6029:7,6029:12, 6029:15,6032:12, 6033:4, 6033:6,6033:17, 6040:25,6052:21, 6053:13

one's [1] - 5914:5one-by-one [1] - 6024:10one-quarter [1] - 5922:18one-tenth [1] - 5886:24one-third [1] - 5749:7one-to-one [1] - 5917:6onerous [1] - 5869:11ones [29] - 5812:8, 5812:12,

5841:19, 5857:23,5861:23, 5861:24, 5868:7,5878:5, 5878:19, 5880:2,



32

5882:6, 5885:22, 5889:4,5903:4, 5903:23, 5905:25,5915:19, 5922:24,5923:10, 5925:2, 5926:3,5926:5, 5950:7, 5950:21,5954:14, 5979:21, 5980:4,5985:12

ongoing [18] - 5810:15,5813:21, 5814:22,5814:25, 5819:23,5844:18, 5869:21,6006:19, 6006:22,6011:25, 6014:6, 6016:11,6017:13, 6021:7, 6034:7,6038:5, 6039:16

Onion [20] - 5782:10,5782:16, 5786:25, 5787:2,5800:16, 5802:2, 5802:7,5802:22, 5802:25, 5803:2,5806:1, 5808:17, 5809:13,5826:18, 5838:4, 5848:22,5849:10, 5941:22,5978:24, 5979:14

onset [4] - 5747:8, 5786:2,5911:6, 5925:11

Onset [2] - 5926:7, 5926:15onsite [14] - 5762:16,

5868:11, 5868:23, 5869:5,5869:9, 5869:22, 5870:8,5870:10, 5870:11, 5871:6,5873:11, 5873:14,5877:10, 5877:23

Ontario [1] - 5734:13open [18] - 5741:16, 5856:9,

5867:13, 5909:9, 5909:20,5910:22, 5920:21,5924:16, 5934:9, 5935:8,5955:17, 5956:7, 5957:23,5957:24, 5958:4, 5958:8,5965:10, 6051:9

Open [1] - 5934:2OPENING [2] - 5738:3,

5741:1opening [3] - 5743:7, 5744:3,

5789:8operate [1] - 6052:19operated [1] - 5898:10operating [7] - 5839:4,

5845:11, 5847:16,5849:14, 5855:4, 5893:15,6037:5

operation [9] - 5749:21,5751:6, 5945:7, 5958:25,5967:1, 5967:4, 5982:21,6011:16, 6014:12

Operation [1] - 6050:2operational [6] - 5793:25,

5941:18, 5948:18,5965:25, 5967:24, 5970:13

Operational [1] - 5935:25operations [16] - 5748:24,

5757:2, 5757:5, 5777:3,

5848:9, 5849:3, 5849:5,5849:7, 5849:16, 5850:2,5850:8, 5855:14, 5928:13,5935:22, 6009:4, 6052:2

operative [1] - 5972:21operator [9] - 5768:13,

5771:21, 5781:1, 5821:16,5822:1, 5822:18, 5822:23,5824:18, 6042:19

opinion [16] - 5749:1,5750:6, 5750:21, 5801:8,5832:4, 5833:16, 5833:20,5837:21, 5967:14, 5971:7,5978:18, 5986:1, 5988:9,5992:5, 5992:8, 5993:24

opinions [1] - 5974:11opportunities [8] - 6010:7,

6013:16, 6017:3, 6019:21,6036:11, 6037:4, 6040:9,6040:16

opportunity [20] - 5752:4,5762:24, 5789:12,5789:21, 5793:16,5815:14, 5853:1, 5854:2,5869:22, 5974:13,5997:19, 6001:24, 6010:6,6021:2, 6033:1, 6036:17,6039:18, 6039:21,6039:22, 6040:14

opposed [1] - 5757:25opposite [2] - 5815:7,

5883:16option [10] - 5756:16,

5756:24, 5757:11, 5758:2,5822:8, 5822:23, 6010:6,6023:15, 6023:18, 6033:17

options [10] - 5756:3,5756:7, 5758:9, 5823:24,5892:23, 5984:8, 5988:23,6006:5, 6033:17, 6047:13

oral [3] - 5745:13, 5745:18,5896:25

orange [1] - 5914:8oranges [3] - 5778:1,

5811:15, 5924:9order [29] - 5736:1, 5737:1,

5744:18, 5757:22,5757:24, 5789:17,5789:20, 5790:2, 5792:22,5792:24, 5804:9, 5839:8,5839:9, 5839:10, 5858:2,5911:19, 5964:8, 5964:22,5972:11, 5977:14, 5987:9,5989:25, 6017:13,6020:25, 6021:4, 6021:20,6023:21, 6032:15, 6045:13

orders [1] - 5956:8ordinated [1] - 5747:23ore [16] - 5753:25, 5754:7,

5754:13, 5754:25,5785:20, 5858:7, 5864:20,5865:10, 5882:3, 5887:10,

5891:12, 5906:11, 5928:6,5965:2, 5965:9

organic [7] - 5750:15,5784:18, 5784:20,5784:23, 5785:2, 5785:6,6045:8

organics [1] - 5784:25organism [1] - 5771:17organisms [16] - 5764:4,

5764:7, 5764:10, 5765:19,5765:22, 5766:7, 5766:11,5766:17, 5767:20,5769:14, 5770:23, 5771:6,5841:5, 5841:16, 5841:18,5841:24

organization [2] - 5991:1,6010:25

organizations [3] - 5839:10,5850:15, 5993:17

organize [1] - 5791:1original [10] - 5747:5,

5830:6, 5846:13, 5857:1,5857:7, 5862:6, 5867:21,5886:24, 6010:8, 6015:11

originally [2] - 5852:19,6018:11

osmosis [8] - 5783:21,5783:24, 5836:22, 5837:3,5837:12, 5962:1, 5962:5,5995:3

otherwise [5] - 5857:13,5891:17, 5891:19,5895:21, 5962:25

Otherwise [3] - 5860:19,5878:25, 5920:2

Ottawa [4] - 5734:13, 5741:9,5752:13, 5787:6

out-plant [3] - 6008:20,6009:25, 6017:2

out-planted [2] - 6015:22,6016:20

out-planting [1] - 6013:17out-plants [3] - 6008:25,

6016:2, 6020:14outcome [1] - 6037:18outer [1] - 5910:4outlet [3] - 5776:25, 5782:1,

6003:15outline [3] - 5762:9, 5972:12,

5983:13outlined [8] - 5823:2,

6007:10, 6012:1, 6014:2,6015:13, 6015:18, 6019:9,6036:23

outlines [1] - 6034:21outlining [1] - 6018:19Outputs [1] - 5935:25Outputs" [1] - 5934:3outside [18] - 5742:2,

5759:16, 5759:21,5864:16, 5864:18,

5864:19, 5864:21,5864:25, 5865:11,5865:17, 5881:14, 5882:3,5882:4, 5887:10, 5887:11,5891:12, 5891:25, 5967:18

outstanding [2] - 5830:15,6020:2

overall [2] - 5951:11,5962:15

overburden [17] - 5753:12,5753:15, 5753:20,5753:24, 5754:5, 5754:11,5757:13, 5758:4, 5784:23,5784:25, 5785:3, 5785:6,5858:6, 5863:14, 5914:11,5919:25, 5920:19

overestimated [4] - 5891:22,5927:21, 5938:2, 6012:8

overestimating [1] - 5755:7overestimation [1] - 5755:21overlap [1] - 5854:1overly [1] - 5805:5overlying [2] - 5753:25,

5754:1overrate [1] - 5858:7oversimplifying [1] -

5766:22overturn [1] - 5984:20overview [4] - 5788:1,

5899:16, 5999:24, 6003:4overwhelm [1] - 5843:22own [13] - 5794:9, 5804:11,

5820:4, 5833:18, 5833:21,5860:20, 5887:22,5887:24, 5889:11, 5890:4,5924:13, 5958:2, 5963:3

oxidation [6] - 5885:15,5911:6, 5920:24, 5921:5,5921:18, 5921:20

oxide [2] - 5750:10, 5836:21oxides [1] - 5750:16oxidized [2] - 5748:21,

5749:3oxygen [7] - 5747:14,

5748:11, 5748:18,5748:19, 5749:4, 5756:13,6003:22

oxygen-poor [3] - 5748:11,5748:19, 5749:4

P.M [5] - 5739:14, 5739:14,5851:10, 5851:11, 6053:24

PAG [89] - 5756:8, 5861:18,5862:2, 5862:3, 5862:4,5862:7, 5862:10, 5862:14,5862:19, 5863:1, 5863:4,5863:11, 5863:15,5863:22, 5864:7, 5864:9,5864:12, 5864:16,5864:18, 5864:21,5864:23, 5864:25, 5865:7,5865:13, 5865:15,



33

5865:25, 5866:4, 5872:23,5873:5, 5873:6, 5873:21,5873:23, 5874:11,5874:14, 5875:3, 5879:16,5879:17, 5880:6, 5880:10,5880:19, 5880:20,5881:11, 5881:14,5881:22, 5881:24, 5882:2,5882:3, 5886:7, 5886:8,5887:5, 5887:9, 5887:10,5887:19, 5891:11,5891:20, 5919:11,5919:17, 5919:18,5919:19, 5919:21,5919:25, 5920:2, 5920:3,5920:5, 5920:12, 5920:14,5920:15, 5920:21, 5926:4,5926:5, 5926:7, 5926:15,5928:1, 5928:2, 5934:20,5941:5, 5952:6

PAGE [1] - 5738:2Page [2] - 6049:8, 6049:9page [9] - 5851:24, 5852:2,

5892:13, 6049:2, 6049:23,6049:25, 6050:9, 6050:11,6050:18

Pages [1] - 5733:17pages [3] - 5857:12,

5938:19, 6027:13pairs [1] - 6014:17panel [6] - 5790:22, 5791:1,

5791:3, 5958:2, 5958:3,6000:2

PANEL [30] - 5733:6, 5734:2,5734:18, 5735:1, 5735:5,5735:9, 5735:14, 5738:11,5738:17, 5739:1, 5739:9,5739:19, 5740:1, 5740:4,5740:9, 5740:16, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5746:13, 5751:24, 5835:2,5854:12, 5964:19, 5978:3,5992:1, 6002:6, 6021:24,6032:22, 6041:13

Panel [61] - 5734:3, 5734:4,5734:4, 5747:1, 5758:21,5785:15, 5787:24,5789:11, 5789:14, 5790:1,5793:3, 5793:9, 5793:17,5793:18, 5795:1, 5795:17,5795:21, 5803:11, 5813:7,5815:13, 5822:14, 5830:3,5833:25, 5834:1, 5834:22,5838:1, 5839:7, 5841:20,5852:1, 5877:17, 5884:16,5889:19, 5898:17,5942:16, 5945:17,5964:17, 5971:4, 5973:21,5973:25, 5974:15,5974:20, 5977:25,5989:19, 5991:23,6000:19, 6001:16, 6006:7,

6012:2, 6023:3, 6025:1,6029:4, 6040:2, 6041:4,6041:19, 6042:1, 6043:4,6043:8, 6046:15, 6052:4,6052:15, 6052:24

Panel's [5] - 5807:12,5836:4, 5856:25, 5987:6,6046:19

paper [9] - 5810:5, 5810:6,5810:10, 5810:11,5815:11, 5852:18, 5853:7,5971:15, 6018:7

papers [8] - 5855:8, 5855:9,5871:2, 5871:3, 5871:5,5871:7, 5997:20, 5997:22

parallel [1] - 5953:10parallels [1] - 5898:16parameter [3] - 5805:2,

5843:2parameters [17] - 5760:9,

5769:3, 5769:18, 5773:4,5784:17, 5788:12, 5801:6,5802:8, 5820:3, 5843:21,5844:2, 5845:23, 5858:12,5858:20, 5986:11,5986:17, 5992:10

paranoid [1] - 5878:23Park [1] - 5899:21part [50] - 5744:19, 5745:8,

5745:12, 5745:14, 5746:2,5756:1, 5762:8, 5801:18,5812:15, 5812:18, 5826:5,5829:7, 5831:9, 5833:7,5836:2, 5853:23, 5856:18,5856:19, 5856:21, 5859:1,5868:3, 5868:4, 5883:10,5891:4, 5893:12, 5901:11,5916:9, 5926:14, 5947:12,5960:17, 5961:14, 5964:5,5967:17, 5974:3, 5977:1,5979:23, 5980:13,5995:23, 6008:3, 6010:23,6019:9, 6020:4, 6020:5,6028:12, 6033:18, 6037:4,6037:20, 6038:17, 6048:22

Part [2] - 5864:20, 6051:1partially [1] - 5838:11participant [1] - 5839:11participants [1] - 5830:9participating [1] - 5999:2PARTICIPATION [2] -

5739:6, 5818:24Participation [2] - 5736:9,

5819:1participation [3] - 5747:22,

5830:8, 5831:11particle [1] - 5930:21particle-size [1] - 5930:21particles [1] - 5775:4particular [12] - 5743:2,

5753:25, 5765:17,

5767:12, 5770:9, 5812:24,5840:17, 5841:13, 5843:5,5843:23, 5940:10, 6050:14

particularly [11] - 5798:10,5836:13, 5855:21, 5874:2,5907:1, 5912:13, 5946:11,6005:10, 6024:24,6025:19, 6027:20

particulates [1] - 5929:3parties [3] - 5830:10,

5830:17, 6020:3PARTIES [2] - 5736:1,

5737:1parts [5] - 5764:8, 5803:16,

5844:17, 5848:18, 5875:6pass [5] - 5824:20, 5835:18,

5836:10, 5859:8, 6030:14past [1] - 6039:6paste [3] - 5757:13, 5757:21,

5881:3Paste [1] - 5757:15path [4] - 5802:13, 5809:2,

5809:4, 5838:20pathway [4] - 5782:24,

5782:25, 5807:22, 5838:21pathways [11] - 5784:14,

5799:22, 5809:17, 5856:9,5857:25, 5858:17,5859:23, 5886:15,5887:15, 5894:23, 5895:4

Patricia [1] - 5734:10pause [2] - 5870:3, 5938:14pay [5] - 5796:17, 5890:18,

5893:22, 5995:24, 5996:17peak [1] - 5982:20peaks [1] - 5908:20PEARSE [38] - 5739:8,

5740:23, 5829:22,5829:23, 5830:25, 5831:8,5831:15, 5831:22,5832:24, 5833:24,6041:14, 6041:15, 6042:3,6042:13, 6042:21, 6043:3,6044:5, 6044:17, 6045:11,6045:21, 6046:6, 6046:15,6047:5, 6047:19, 6047:24,6048:7, 6048:18, 6048:25,6049:9, 6049:23, 6050:9,6050:17, 6050:22, 6051:5,6052:4, 6053:6, 6053:10,6053:17

Pearse [20] - 5736:11,5737:10, 5829:19,5830:25, 5832:23,5834:11, 5860:5, 6032:19,6041:11, 6041:16,6041:25, 6042:24,6043:11, 6044:14, 6047:3,6048:16, 6049:18,6052:15, 6053:1, 6053:19

people [24] - 5741:6,

5763:23, 5763:24,5764:12, 5789:7, 5789:19,5789:25, 5791:6, 5846:15,5855:10, 5874:4, 5879:24,5884:17, 5890:20,5899:12, 5948:21,5997:20, 5998:2, 5998:16,6021:13, 6021:14, 6023:3,6036:11, 6036:12

people's [2] - 5833:16,5833:20

per [37] - 5766:18, 5766:20,5770:21, 5772:3, 5778:10,5778:11, 5778:12,5778:22, 5778:23,5779:18, 5815:6, 5815:7,5873:20, 5907:14,5908:21, 5908:22,5916:17, 5916:19, 5917:2,5917:3, 5922:1, 5922:16,5930:24, 5932:14,5932:15, 5932:22, 5933:3,5933:4, 5955:25, 5956:10,5960:21, 5969:5, 6009:18,6035:7, 6035:13, 6035:22

perceiving [1] - 6038:20percent [52] - 5757:23,

5801:13, 5804:6, 5805:22,5806:4, 5806:23, 5839:2,5882:17, 5883:24, 5884:1,5905:12, 5905:15,5905:22, 5906:1, 5909:14,5912:20, 5919:12,5919:13, 5921:7, 5921:21,5922:3, 5922:23, 5925:15,5925:22, 5925:25, 5926:9,5926:17, 5927:10, 5930:9,5930:12, 5932:2, 5932:3,5932:4, 5932:5, 5945:20,5949:17, 5950:3, 5950:8,5950:10, 5950:17,5950:20, 5951:7, 5951:9,5951:12, 5952:19,5962:20, 5963:9, 5963:10,5970:10, 5980:11, 6015:4

percentages [1] - 6033:21perception [1] - 5769:8perennial [1] - 6010:14perfect [1] - 5811:13perfectly [1] - 5848:4perform [1] - 6052:22Performance [2] - 6035:11,

6051:22performance [6] - 5747:17,

5777:16, 5825:15,6034:20, 6042:9

performed [4] - 5748:1,5787:14, 5788:21, 5877:21

perhaps [31] - 5764:9,5764:17, 5764:19, 5770:6,5772:8, 5777:1, 5789:24,5790:15, 5795:1, 5798:12,



34

5807:23, 5834:15,5840:19, 5844:23, 5854:3,5878:23, 5940:4, 5964:16,5965:4, 5971:4, 5974:13,5975:13, 5999:6, 5999:25,6022:2, 6032:9, 6035:24,6042:14, 6043:2, 6053:9,6053:14

Perhaps [5] - 5795:23,5842:1, 5970:17, 5972:1,6030:10

period [15] - 5742:18,5786:4, 5808:5, 5813:24,5849:3, 5849:13, 5942:2,5982:22, 5982:24,6020:24, 6029:23,6031:19, 6045:25, 6051:11

periodic [1] - 5845:12periods [1] - 5772:8periphyton [1] - 5774:9permafrost [1] - 5883:5permanent [2] - 5823:8,

6005:2permeabilities [1] - 5756:20permit [9] - 5768:12,

5812:15, 5812:19, 5958:3,5958:15, 5959:11, 5961:6,5961:7

Permit [2] - 5751:10, 5751:11permits [5] - 5879:12,

5951:19, 5958:10,6010:21, 6010:22

permitted [3] - 5798:25,5839:24, 5841:22

permitting [10] - 5762:23,5768:16, 5813:1, 5816:16,5820:6, 5829:4, 5829:16,6006:23, 6020:6, 6020:20

perpetual [2] - 5871:17,5994:5

perpetuity [10] - 5820:12,5821:7, 5942:1, 5946:17,5956:11, 5957:13,6033:14, 6033:15,6034:11, 6034:17

person [6] - 5833:3, 5883:15,5883:16, 5984:23,5998:11, 6053:15

person's [2] - 5860:8personal [1] - 5842:17perspective [19] - 5750:13,

5753:3, 5755:9, 5770:16,5798:13, 5811:24, 5817:2,5821:12, 5824:23,5826:23, 5829:1, 5842:10,5842:18, 5844:18, 5845:7,5847:15, 5864:7, 5940:16,6052:17

pertinent [1] - 5749:20perturbation [1] - 5759:13perturbed [1] - 5941:25

Petroleum [1] - 5992:23pH [25] - 5747:14, 5748:11,

5881:3, 5907:15, 5907:16,5907:17, 5907:24, 5908:8,5908:10, 5908:15,5908:17, 5913:20,5913:22, 5913:23, 5914:4,5914:9, 5915:8, 5915:24,5917:8, 5917:16, 5929:6,5955:21, 5956:18, 5966:8

Ph [1] - 5858:14Ph.D [2] - 5899:20, 5900:15phaeton [2] - 5899:23,

5900:11Phase [2] - 5913:22, 5929:17phase [25] - 5805:25, 5849:5,

5905:2, 5905:3, 5906:23,5906:24, 5906:25, 5907:7,5912:12, 5912:19,5913:19, 5929:16,5931:17, 5931:19,5931:20, 5931:22,5931:23, 5931:25, 5932:1,6020:5, 6020:6

phases [2] - 5905:1, 6020:21PhD [1] - 5855:12phone [10] - 5741:11,

5752:13, 5900:7, 5900:14,5900:20, 5901:13, 5938:9,5986:2, 5988:17, 5999:2

phonetic [1] - 5745:2phosphorous [1] - 5763:17Photosynthetic [1] - 6012:11phrase [1] - 6051:10pHs [1] - 5966:14pick [5] - 5752:16, 5804:12,

5916:12, 5932:24, 6041:17picked [4] - 5804:7, 5884:4,

5933:18, 5933:19picking [3] - 5873:1, 5900:3,

5933:7picks [1] - 5802:14picture [3] - 5803:24, 5878:6,

5920:7pictures [1] - 5869:8pieces [2] - 5924:10,

5930:23Piesold [10] - 5734:20,

5734:22, 5735:17,5791:21, 5792:2, 6002:18,6002:19, 6030:15,6030:17, 6049:1

PIESOLD [4] - 5739:2,5739:5, 5740:17, 6002:9

pile [1] - 5911:20pin [1] - 5995:12pink [1] - 5769:17Pioneer [1] - 5733:22pipe [1] - 5758:1pit [99] - 5753:7, 5753:16,

5757:1, 5757:5, 5757:6,

5776:12, 5776:20,5776:25, 5777:11,5780:10, 5781:22,5781:25, 5782:3, 5785:21,5785:23, 5786:1, 5786:2,5808:8, 5814:16, 5848:3,5848:9, 5858:6, 5873:2,5873:10, 5874:15,5874:25, 5875:1, 5875:6,5875:9, 5875:11, 5875:24,5909:9, 5909:20, 5909:21,5910:1, 5910:4, 5910:7,5910:10, 5910:13,5910:16, 5910:17,5910:21, 5910:22, 5920:1,5920:22, 5924:16,5925:18, 5925:20,5926:19, 5927:23, 5928:8,5929:21, 5930:3, 5930:4,5934:9, 5934:11, 5935:8,5935:14, 5935:21,5936:13, 5937:13, 5938:1,5941:8, 5955:17, 5955:18,5956:7, 5956:9, 5956:16,5956:19, 5956:23,5956:24, 5957:6, 5957:12,5957:23, 5957:24, 5958:4,5958:8, 5963:12, 5965:10,5968:12, 5984:19,5984:21, 5985:12,5985:14, 5990:5, 5990:7,5992:25, 5993:4, 5993:5,5993:11, 6051:9

Pit [10] - 5875:24, 5934:2,5955:13, 5955:15, 5957:4,5957:8, 5968:1, 5968:7,5989:6, 5989:8

pitch [1] - 5901:13pits [2] - 5984:18, 5984:24place [17] - 5937:4, 5942:15,

5952:3, 5952:4, 5952:11,5953:4, 5954:14, 5954:15,5959:18, 5972:15, 5979:9,6010:21, 6025:19,6033:25, 6040:3, 6043:10,6054:8

placed [4] - 5864:23,5865:13, 5868:19, 6011:6

places [4] - 5753:18, 5816:5,5971:4, 6029:20

plan [64] - 5751:3, 5851:5,5859:1, 5860:18, 5860:21,5861:2, 5861:11, 5861:21,5862:1, 5864:22, 5887:23,5888:4, 5890:1, 5891:4,5893:13, 5895:20,5895:23, 5897:9, 5897:12,5925:5, 5947:7, 5958:19,5962:13, 5967:6, 6001:23,6005:22, 6006:2, 6008:16,6009:5, 6009:18, 6009:24,6010:1, 6010:4, 6011:8,

6013:2, 6013:20, 6014:24,6015:12, 6015:13,6017:11, 6018:16,6018:21, 6018:25,6019:14, 6019:15,6019:19, 6020:1, 6020:13,6022:4, 6023:15, 6023:24,6026:18, 6033:13,6033:19, 6034:3, 6039:23,6040:19, 6042:6, 6042:8,6046:10, 6046:11,6048:19, 6049:20, 6050:23

Plan [39] - 5844:22, 5874:20,6002:22, 6005:21, 6006:9,6007:8, 6008:4, 6008:18,6009:11, 6009:16,6010:18, 6010:23,6012:21, 6014:13,6015:17, 6016:4, 6016:5,6016:18, 6017:8, 6018:12,6020:7, 6026:13, 6026:16,6033:9, 6035:21, 6036:23,6038:6, 6040:4, 6042:4,6043:6, 6043:9, 6044:4,6045:11, 6045:22, 6046:5,6046:9, 6049:1, 6049:15,6052:23

planned [2] - 5759:4,5768:23

planning [9] - 5741:13,5755:9, 5793:25, 5796:7,5850:1, 6001:12, 6005:20,6006:25, 6007:2

plans [5] - 5763:1, 5812:18,5863:18, 5888:1, 5895:11

plant [36] - 5776:25, 5780:1,5780:11, 5780:15,5780:21, 5782:1, 5783:21,5822:5, 5822:22, 5823:14,5823:24, 5861:7, 5888:2,5888:5, 5890:2, 5890:6,5891:5, 5891:18, 5893:9,5893:24, 5896:5, 5897:17,5898:11, 5958:21,5958:22, 5959:7, 5962:1,5962:2, 5995:20, 5996:4,5996:7, 6008:20, 6009:25,6017:2, 6025:14

planted [2] - 6015:22,6016:20

planting [4] - 5996:3,6013:17, 6027:4, 6045:7

plants [4] - 5888:7, 6008:25,6016:2, 6020:14

plausible [2] - 5788:23,5970:6

play [1] - 5765:7playing [7] - 5861:5, 5861:9,

5888:8, 5890:10, 6042:15,6042:25, 6044:2

plenty [2] - 5869:21, 5910:18plot [5] - 5916:25, 5921:14,



35

5921:19, 5921:21, 5921:23plotted [1] - 5916:10plug [1] - 5804:5plume [5] - 5799:11,

5808:21, 5838:19,5838:20, 5838:23

plus [4] - 5759:19, 5803:4,5803:23, 5921:15

point [80] - 5757:7, 5759:13,5759:17, 5760:2, 5761:13,5763:8, 5769:24, 5779:15,5783:23, 5785:16, 5786:9,5792:22, 5792:24,5797:11, 5798:21, 5802:4,5802:5, 5802:7, 5802:20,5813:6, 5814:4, 5814:15,5822:15, 5823:18, 5824:1,5827:7, 5828:1, 5829:9,5832:22, 5833:14, 5834:5,5834:20, 5836:9, 5841:5,5841:18, 5843:16,5846:19, 5846:21,5846:25, 5847:23, 5850:5,5850:22, 5873:16, 5877:9,5879:4, 5880:21, 5884:11,5885:14, 5886:18,5887:18, 5889:15,5901:14, 5906:14,5916:10, 5933:3, 5937:3,5939:25, 5966:21,5971:11, 5973:23, 5974:5,5977:8, 5991:24, 5999:20,6000:20, 6021:6, 6021:22,6022:11, 6025:18,6026:14, 6026:21,6035:25, 6039:14, 6044:3,6044:18, 6046:17,6051:19, 6053:5, 6053:11

Point [2] - 5769:2, 5772:16pointed [11] - 5796:20,

5812:22, 5836:22,5840:20, 5843:10,5868:13, 5874:12,5875:22, 5883:8, 5888:14,6051:16

pointer [2] - 5838:7, 5904:21pointing [1] - 5814:11points [12] - 5793:8, 5816:4,

5858:23, 5883:22,5884:12, 5894:24,5902:14, 5911:5, 5928:20,5931:6, 5941:1, 5984:14

poison [1] - 5764:25policies [4] - 5794:19,

5794:21, 6006:14, 6035:18policy [10] - 5820:6, 5820:9,

5820:13, 6007:24,6024:12, 6037:14, 6043:7,6043:12, 6043:15, 6044:8

Policy [4] - 6006:4, 6007:4,6007:22, 6013:1

pond [17] - 5959:24, 5967:8,

6009:12, 6009:13,6019:12, 6027:18,6027:24, 6028:23, 6029:8,6029:10, 6029:24,6030:21, 6031:6, 6031:9,6031:13, 6031:18, 6050:10

ponds [1] - 5978:11pools [1] - 6004:20poor [8] - 5748:11, 5748:19,

5749:4, 5783:1, 5784:9,5952:17, 5956:19, 5957:2

population [14] - 5827:2,6003:13, 6007:15,6008:10, 6009:3, 6009:20,6010:2, 6015:2, 6016:3,6018:10, 6018:14,6023:20, 6034:25, 6035:2

populations [2] - 6015:7,6015:21

pore [8] - 5800:25, 5801:6,5801:9, 5801:14, 5809:10,5809:16, 5936:7, 5936:23

porphyritic [3] - 5909:19,5910:23, 5910:24

porphyry [5] - 5748:25,5811:14, 5823:6, 5871:10,5955:17

portion [4] - 5758:11,5920:1, 5947:4, 6004:11

pose [1] - 5790:17position [5] - 5832:2, 5971:4,

6024:14, 6037:8, 6045:8positioning [1] - 6042:15positive [3] - 6013:2,

6019:19, 6020:13possibility [3] - 5796:3,

5811:22, 6036:24possible [18] - 5750:4,

5750:11, 5774:5, 5796:3,5798:3, 5811:5, 5811:16,5828:4, 5840:11, 5854:5,5889:6, 5939:22, 5971:8,5974:24, 5980:1, 5994:3,6008:17, 6038:22

possibly [12] - 5754:4,5771:11, 5785:24, 5807:5,5814:7, 5820:22, 5829:2,5847:18, 5916:20,5933:24, 5941:13, 5949:5

Post [1] - 6050:2post [15] - 5749:22, 5751:6,

5808:4, 5934:4, 5934:10,5942:2, 6050:5, 6050:14,6050:20, 6050:25, 6051:2,6051:3, 6051:10, 6051:16,6052:3

Post-Closure [1] - 6050:2post-closure [13] - 5808:4,

5934:4, 5934:10, 5942:2,6050:5, 6050:14, 6050:20,6050:25, 6051:2, 6051:3,

6051:10, 6051:16, 6052:3post-mine [2] - 5749:22,

5751:6posted [3] - 5742:12, 5745:4,

6001:2postulate [1] - 6029:13Potassium [1] - 5806:8potassium [6] - 5763:19,

5806:6, 5806:14, 5806:16,5806:19, 5806:23

Potential [2] - 5879:23,6017:23

potential [44] - 5747:21,5748:13, 5750:1, 5750:3,5750:9, 5750:18, 5753:5,5754:9, 5755:14, 5761:18,5781:9, 5781:12, 5786:25,5807:2, 5810:21, 5811:22,5829:11, 5862:11,5862:15, 5906:3, 5906:17,5906:20, 5921:6, 5921:22,5949:5, 5949:11, 5949:15,5950:16, 5951:2, 5951:16,5951:24, 5952:14, 5953:3,5953:14, 5965:24, 5966:1,5966:12, 5966:17,5984:17, 6008:22,6028:13, 6029:25, 6039:1,6048:10

potentially [25] - 5750:22,5752:22, 5752:23,5753:13, 5753:17, 5754:5,5754:25, 5755:4, 5755:8,5755:11, 5756:4, 5756:12,5756:17, 5756:25, 5757:3,5757:8, 5757:12, 5758:10,5785:12, 5902:13,5919:13, 5941:9, 5962:21,5970:11, 6006:3

Potentially [2] - 5862:3,5862:5

power [2] - 5995:17, 5995:20powered [1] - 5994:9PowerPoint [4] - 5743:7,

5743:9, 5743:11, 5743:14practical [2] - 5836:9, 6044:3practice [2] - 5979:18,

5981:25practices [5] - 5762:14,

5762:15, 5776:8, 5847:6,5981:16

Practices [2] - 5837:22,5978:19

practised [2] - 5836:23,6039:6

precautionary [6] - 5749:10,5755:10, 5795:2, 5795:4,5795:8, 5796:6

precede [1] - 5979:1precedent [1] - 5891:8precipitate [4] - 5804:19,

5805:25, 5807:5, 5807:6precipitation [7] - 5750:16,

5775:6, 5805:19, 5836:21,5836:25, 5942:8, 5986:11

preclude [1] - 5795:13predicated [1] - 6035:14predict [12] - 5777:14,

5779:10, 5866:18, 5871:4,5872:2, 5901:8, 5917:7,5918:21, 5935:7, 5944:23,5990:3, 6028:4

predictability [1] - 5820:19Predicted [1] - 5925:8predicted [52] - 5768:20,

5769:6, 5769:10, 5769:16,5770:3, 5772:5, 5772:10,5773:6, 5774:3, 5775:10,5775:12, 5775:17,5775:18, 5775:19, 5777:4,5778:11, 5778:12, 5779:3,5816:3, 5816:14, 5817:24,5840:12, 5852:6, 5858:24,5859:15, 5872:10, 5874:7,5882:14, 5886:17, 5887:2,5887:16, 5892:4, 5894:25,5923:13, 5936:12, 5938:5,5943:3, 5951:18, 5951:20,5951:25, 5952:10,5952:13, 5952:16, 5953:3,5953:13, 5958:16,5958:17, 5959:4, 5959:6,5959:8, 5962:13, 6017:25

predicting [4] - 5868:24,5918:23, 5956:25, 5963:16

prediction [14] - 5752:7,5752:20, 5778:4, 5779:18,5799:20, 5888:18, 5925:4,5951:23, 5953:24, 5954:6,5959:1, 5961:14, 5969:8,5994:3

Prediction [1] - 5869:25predictions [56] - 5747:12,

5752:21, 5753:5, 5755:4,5759:20, 5760:20,5760:23, 5761:14,5761:16, 5761:17,5761:18, 5761:21,5769:19, 5773:14, 5775:8,5775:22, 5776:3, 5777:9,5777:24, 5780:7, 5786:8,5786:9, 5786:10, 5817:13,5843:13, 5859:13, 5860:1,5865:22, 5866:1, 5866:6,5866:10, 5868:3, 5868:17,5870:14, 5870:19,5870:22, 5877:17, 5878:6,5882:16, 5885:13,5889:13, 5892:10,5906:21, 5918:10, 5937:9,5948:13, 5948:15,5951:15, 5954:13,5962:18, 5968:16,



36

5992:15, 5993:1, 5997:3,5997:21, 5997:24

Predictions" [2] - 5932:12,5943:2

predicts [2] - 5924:17,6013:25

preface [1] - 5752:18prefer [1] - 5837:3preferential [1] - 5838:21preferred [1] - 6006:5prepared [4] - 5999:7,

5999:23, 6034:10, 6034:13preponderance [1] - 6031:25prescribe [4] - 5825:4,

5825:5, 5825:13, 5825:14presence [2] - 5764:22,

5764:25present [24] - 5762:11,

5767:22, 5802:23,5804:20, 5805:3, 5805:6,5809:1, 5811:12, 5814:12,5828:7, 5852:18, 5854:9,5931:14, 5933:24, 5953:7,5991:3, 6000:9, 6003:8,6003:25, 6004:1, 6004:4,6004:5, 6016:21, 6018:10

Presentation [4] - 5743:8,5743:9, 5743:11, 5743:14

PRESENTATION [21] -5738:10, 5738:15,5738:16, 5738:19,5738:21, 5738:22,5739:17, 5739:21,5739:23, 5740:14,5746:12, 5746:18,5751:23, 5752:1, 5758:14,5787:9, 5854:11, 5854:15,5898:24, 6002:5, 6003:1

presentation [97] - 5742:9,5744:12, 5745:24, 5746:2,5746:7, 5746:11, 5747:1,5751:12, 5751:16,5751:19, 5751:20, 5752:9,5755:25, 5756:6, 5787:4,5788:24, 5789:3, 5789:21,5790:13, 5790:24,5792:18, 5794:5, 5799:4,5799:6, 5799:9, 5800:23,5808:11, 5809:22,5813:12, 5813:13, 5815:3,5816:5, 5819:19, 5822:11,5823:23, 5834:16,5835:10, 5840:19, 5844:5,5853:22, 5853:25, 5854:3,5857:19, 5858:23,5860:11, 5874:4, 5876:21,5894:22, 5896:10,5898:23, 5899:14, 5901:4,5916:8, 5938:20, 5939:19,5940:19, 5947:13,5962:16, 5964:10,5964:11, 5966:23, 5968:1,

5970:25, 5971:12,5971:15, 5971:24, 5974:9,5985:17, 5988:6, 5991:9,5992:3, 5995:8, 5999:1,5999:3, 5999:8, 5999:10,5999:17, 5999:24,6000:10, 6000:14,6000:20, 6001:1, 6001:6,6001:13, 6001:24, 6002:3,6002:23, 6003:4, 6020:22,6021:10, 6022:3, 6022:11,6025:17, 6027:15, 6030:9,6030:19, 6032:18

presentations [14] - 5792:22,5793:12, 5795:22,5825:25, 5834:24, 5844:9,5851:2, 5852:15, 5853:1,5853:3, 5853:16, 5985:22,5986:12, 6021:4

presented [22] - 5778:17,5778:18, 5810:11, 5816:2,5816:22, 5833:3, 5842:6,5916:6, 5916:8, 5918:3,5940:24, 5969:12,5969:17, 5973:6, 5975:14,5992:11, 6005:21, 6012:3,6012:4, 6012:13, 6014:22,6015:12

presenters [2] - 5977:15,5977:22

PRESENTERS [2] - 5736:1,5737:1

presenting [3] - 5906:22,6021:2, 6043:14

presently [1] - 5848:8presents [5] - 5777:5,

5811:11, 5905:4, 5974:9,6041:1

preserve [1] - 5861:9preserved [1] - 5774:23press [1] - 5796:4presumably [2] - 6025:22,

6026:12presume [1] - 5775:19presumed [1] - 5944:13presuming [4] - 5781:9,

5817:5, 5817:6, 5818:10pretty [10] - 5806:9, 5912:2,

5917:7, 5933:20, 5955:19,5984:24, 5985:23,5988:14, 6001:18, 6048:9

prevent [10] - 5756:20,5757:9, 5758:5, 5758:6,5758:9, 5809:19, 5832:6,5837:18, 5861:21, 5978:7

prevented [1] - 5960:6preventing [5] - 5756:13,

5756:14, 5756:22,5865:23, 5978:23

prevention [2] - 5755:16,5849:19

previous [4] - 5744:25,5778:7, 5895:22, 5985:22

previously [5] - 5748:21,5827:12, 5993:18,6013:19, 6047:17

prices [1] - 5798:16Primarily [1] - 5819:25primarily [3] - 5761:20,

5821:16, 5826:25Primary [1] - 6012:12primary [6] - 5752:19,

5753:2, 5771:22, 5782:24,5882:5, 6013:23

Princeton [1] - 5899:20principal [1] - 6002:21principle [5] - 5795:3,

5795:5, 5795:8, 5796:6,6035:13

printed [1] - 5853:12priority [1] - 6032:21probability [8] - 5788:15,

5788:16, 5820:11, 5821:2,5889:24, 5890:2, 5892:25,5897:20

probable [1] - 5852:7probablistic [1] - 5788:10problem [29] - 5755:13,

5775:9, 5785:1, 5788:2,5806:14, 5811:19,5836:14, 5861:16,5864:20, 5868:16,5873:17, 5874:1, 5874:10,5876:5, 5876:15, 5889:3,5893:11, 5944:9, 5952:2,5962:25, 5967:21,5979:11, 5979:24, 5982:7,5994:17, 6025:11, 6026:1,6028:7

problematic [1] - 5806:8problems [10] - 5804:25,

5819:23, 5867:19,5898:18, 5918:6, 5918:20,5918:25, 5942:3, 5949:2,5962:5

procedural [1] - 6053:1Procedure [1] - 5916:14Procedures [1] - 6021:1procedures [3] - 5789:10,

5794:21, 5820:13proceed [27] - 5742:8,

5745:23, 5746:10,5751:18, 5751:22,5761:14, 5790:16,5794:22, 5794:23, 5818:9,5819:15, 5844:12,5854:10, 5898:22, 5939:7,5939:18, 5940:18, 5964:8,5964:20, 5977:12,5977:14, 6000:4, 6002:2,6002:25, 6025:8, 6025:11,6047:13

proceeded [1] - 5757:7proceeding [4] - 5797:12,

5810:14, 5852:14, 5853:9proceedings [4] - 5744:5,

5745:15, 6054:7, 6054:10PROCEEDINGS [7] -

5733:13, 5738:1, 5739:14,5739:14, 5851:10,5851:11, 6053:24

proceeds [1] - 5762:24process [48] - 5754:17,

5754:19, 5757:7, 5766:3,5766:23, 5767:4, 5768:6,5768:16, 5768:18, 5769:6,5771:13, 5780:25, 5820:6,5820:7, 5821:7, 5821:21,5823:2, 5824:3, 5824:15,5825:20, 5825:21,5825:22, 5826:3, 5826:5,5829:5, 5830:17, 5830:19,5831:10, 5831:16,5834:14, 5844:20,5845:17, 5845:20,5856:18, 5856:20,5856:22, 5960:4, 5975:5,5975:15, 5975:21,5976:14, 5976:16,5994:16, 6006:19,6006:22, 6036:4, 6041:3

Process [1] - 5976:11processed [3] - 5761:6,

5766:12, 5768:4processes [3] - 5748:5,

5844:23, 5975:23processing [1] - 5857:8produce [8] - 5782:22,

5886:8, 5918:22, 5930:6,5934:25, 5966:8, 6011:12,6022:7

produced [7] - 5755:5,5913:1, 5922:12, 5923:3,5934:14, 6012:23

producing [1] - 6009:17product [2] - 5982:3,

5982:12production [10] - 5918:17,

5921:12, 5922:10,6013:12, 6013:14,6013:24, 6017:23,6027:25, 6051:8, 6052:12

Production [1] - 6013:11productive [2] - 6007:23,

6026:11Productivity [1] - 6012:13productivity [6] - 6007:20,

6012:6, 6012:7, 6012:9,6013:25, 6018:1

products [2] - 5911:25,5913:14

professionally [2] - 5761:7,6009:21



37

profiles [1] - 6003:22profit [3] - 5898:10, 5898:13,

6010:25Program [4] - 5844:16,

5845:6, 6007:8, 6019:24program [21] - 5845:13,

5846:3, 5846:5, 5846:9,5846:14, 5846:18,5847:13, 5847:18,5848:15, 5857:8, 5981:14,6009:21, 6014:8, 6014:19,6016:12, 6034:7, 6037:24,6040:16, 6040:18,6040:22, 6048:13

progress [1] - 6006:10prohibit [1] - 5935:18prohibiting [1] - 5849:19project [10] - 5796:22,

5796:23, 5797:5, 5798:3,5798:14, 5798:23, 5898:7,5992:20, 5992:21

PROJECT [1] - 5733:2Project [52] - 5747:4,

5747:18, 5759:1, 5759:8,5760:15, 5760:17,5762:12, 5762:20,5762:23, 5763:9, 5768:16,5781:3, 5785:19, 5792:4,5793:19, 5793:23, 5795:6,5795:10, 5795:12,5795:20, 5796:19, 5797:2,5797:3, 5798:4, 5816:23,5817:9, 5829:4, 5847:12,5950:24, 5951:21, 5953:9,5954:2, 5962:17, 5963:21,5966:23, 5973:17, 6003:6,6017:11, 6020:6, 6020:21,6037:9, 6041:20, 6041:22,6043:18, 6044:7, 6046:11,6046:14, 6046:18,6046:19, 6047:2, 6048:11,6052:7

Project's [2] - 5813:18,6044:25

projects [5] - 5867:11,5956:3, 6016:14, 6046:20

promise [1] - 5832:7promoting [1] - 5954:22prone [1] - 5878:2pronunciation [1] - 5983:8propagation [1] - 6013:9proper [1] - 5923:14properly [7] - 5761:6,

5827:7, 5828:24, 5867:6,5904:11, 5912:8, 5972:8

properties [1] - 5945:3Proponent [51] - 5748:2,

5748:4, 5749:14, 5749:19,5750:2, 5750:6, 5751:1,5752:7, 5752:24, 5753:15,5753:20, 5754:3, 5754:13,

5754:18, 5754:24,5755:19, 5755:23, 5756:2,5761:5, 5762:13, 5762:16,5762:17, 5762:23, 5772:2,5776:2, 5776:5, 5777:5,5777:11, 5779:3, 5780:5,5780:19, 5781:1, 5781:15,5783:21, 5785:20,5786:16, 5786:20, 5788:7,5802:8, 5824:18, 5830:11,5830:13, 5830:16, 5833:2,5833:18, 5836:23, 5838:5,5847:15, 5847:19, 5972:9

Proponent's [12] - 5752:21,5753:4, 5753:9, 5755:4,5756:5, 5786:13, 5786:18,5788:14, 5800:21,5801:12, 5832:5, 5974:5

Proponents [3] - 5748:19,5774:18, 5788:2

proportion [9] - 5757:18,5803:4, 5803:6, 5803:8,5803:18, 5803:24, 5804:5,5804:14, 5806:22

proposal [3] - 5820:5,5957:23, 6038:17

proposals [1] - 6048:8propose [4] - 5797:12,

5832:9, 5852:24, 5980:1proposed [28] - 5747:4,

5752:25, 5755:18,5793:17, 5795:20,5796:19, 5797:6, 5837:17,5838:5, 5855:3, 5858:5,5860:18, 5861:2, 5861:10,5861:21, 5863:18,5887:23, 5895:20,5895:23, 5941:19,5946:16, 5947:2, 5955:20,5958:7, 5978:22, 5980:5,5988:11, 6018:11

proposes [1] - 5872:22proposing [6] - 5754:13,

5754:18, 5837:22,5847:10, 5967:1, 5978:19

propylitic [2] - 5931:12,5931:18

propylitically [7] - 5908:23,5909:15, 5909:25, 5910:2,5910:5, 5910:14, 5910:18

pros [1] - 5834:9prospective [1] - 5747:16Prosperity [100] - 5780:13,

5785:4, 5794:7, 5794:11,5811:11, 5826:19,5855:18, 5856:13,5858:25, 5859:2, 5859:17,5860:1, 5860:3, 5861:19,5862:15, 5863:1, 5863:5,5865:18, 5865:22,5866:19, 5868:17,5868:21, 5868:22,

5869:20, 5870:1, 5870:9,5870:23, 5870:24,5872:15, 5872:22,5873:14, 5874:2, 5874:8,5874:10, 5875:22, 5876:5,5876:7, 5876:14, 5876:20,5876:25, 5877:7, 5877:17,5877:25, 5878:6, 5880:15,5881:8, 5883:25, 5884:12,5884:19, 5886:6, 5891:25,5893:12, 5895:1, 5895:23,5898:16, 5950:24, 5953:9,5954:2, 5955:16, 5955:19,5957:12, 5959:25,5962:17, 5985:13,5993:25, 5994:14, 5995:1,5998:17, 6008:6, 6008:23,6012:8, 6012:18, 6014:1,6015:21, 6017:4, 6017:24,6017:25, 6018:3, 6025:14,6025:16, 6025:18,6025:22, 6026:5, 6026:11,6026:18, 6026:19,6026:23, 6026:25, 6027:5,6027:10, 6038:21,6044:19, 6045:1, 6045:17,6046:1, 6046:12, 6047:1,6047:12, 6047:16, 6048:5

PROSPERITY [1] - 5733:2protect [13] - 5765:16,

5765:19, 5765:22,5767:10, 5770:22,5771:17, 5771:22, 5861:8,5888:6, 5890:22, 5896:7,5897:15, 5980:18

protecting [1] - 5983:24protection [3] - 5826:24,

5827:1, 5960:15Protection [3] - 5765:9,

5900:1, 5984:4protocols [3] - 5981:1,

5981:4proven [3] - 5813:15,

5838:11, 5982:10provide [26] - 5742:15,

5742:20, 5749:14,5758:19, 5841:19, 5843:3,5844:6, 5869:6, 5871:20,5894:2, 5965:18, 5966:3,5968:6, 5968:16, 5973:9,5994:20, 6008:12,6008:19, 6008:24, 6009:9,6010:4, 6010:7, 6013:16,6017:3, 6024:25, 6040:15

provided [17] - 5748:4,5754:19, 5772:1, 5816:1,5834:24, 5856:21,5856:24, 5947:9, 5973:20,5975:20, 5975:24,6006:12, 6006:17, 6007:1,6007:20, 6016:14, 6042:10

provides [4] - 5798:5,

6011:14, 6020:1, 6040:9providing [2] - 6005:19,

6011:23province [4] - 5997:11,

6011:1, 6022:16, 6043:21Province [22] - 5763:8,

5768:9, 5768:15, 5797:13,5821:18, 5821:21,5821:24, 5823:7, 5824:15,5824:17, 5828:16, 5856:3,5975:21, 5994:19, 5996:2,5996:12, 5996:14,6011:22, 6037:16, 6038:2,6039:17

Provinces [1] - 6054:4Provincial [57] - 5751:9,

5768:5, 5780:25, 5812:15,5813:1, 5813:3, 5821:18,5824:15, 5825:20,5825:21, 5826:2, 5826:3,5829:5, 5830:8, 5831:10,5844:4, 5856:18, 5856:20,5876:23, 5879:11,5880:13, 5890:17, 5894:6,5894:10, 5894:13,5894:16, 5971:19, 5974:4,5976:10, 5976:14,5976:16, 5994:23, 5996:1,5996:11, 6004:16,6004:23, 6006:14,6010:17, 6011:2, 6022:13,6024:7, 6024:12, 6034:19,6035:11, 6035:18,6035:23, 6037:12,6037:20, 6038:24,6042:11, 6042:16, 6043:5,6043:16, 6043:20,6051:22, 6052:18

provincial [3] - 6007:6,6011:18, 6037:24

Provincially [1] - 6040:11provisions [4] - 5847:21,

5849:18, 5849:23, 6007:24prudent [1] - 5869:3PUBLIC [3] - 5733:6, 5739:6,

5818:23Public [2] - 5736:9, 5819:1public [4] - 5793:4, 5879:11,

5976:3, 6007:16publications [1] - 5870:21published [4] - 5810:5,

5810:9, 5810:10, 5855:8publishing [1] - 5997:20pull [4] - 5800:22, 5824:7,

5824:13, 5842:4pulling [1] - 5798:19pump [8] - 5838:6, 5944:22,

5944:25, 5945:5, 5945:8,5956:1, 5979:20, 5990:4

pumped [2] - 5967:5,5979:22



38

pumping [2] - 5960:12,5978:15

pumps [1] - 5839:4punted [1] - 5834:1pure [1] - 5798:20purge [1] - 5764:10purpose [5] - 5789:9,

5846:12, 5895:13,5948:12, 6051:24

purposes [3] - 5753:19,5788:6, 5974:22

PURSUANT [1] - 5733:7pursue [2] - 5828:3, 5828:5put [32] - 5776:24, 5799:5,

5812:6, 5812:7, 5817:1,5817:24, 5819:12,5819:19, 5831:13,5843:20, 5868:7, 5872:23,5874:13, 5881:24, 5887:5,5888:6, 5889:16, 5890:5,5893:21, 5952:2, 5952:4,5955:2, 5959:17, 5962:24,5967:6, 5983:21, 6023:8,6024:2, 6024:24, 6031:16,6033:25, 6049:5

putting [8] - 5873:10,5874:16, 5875:13, 5984:6,5984:8, 5990:17, 5996:3,6035:23

puzzled [1] - 6042:22pyrite [2] - 5903:1, 5903:7qualification [1] - 5850:10qualified [1] - 6011:17qualify [1] - 5849:1Qualifying [1] - 5850:7qualitative [1] - 5761:10qualities [1] - 5803:19Quality [17] - 5742:21,

5771:12, 5781:2, 5786:18,5786:20, 5816:7, 5816:16,5821:17, 5821:22,5821:23, 5829:7, 5830:9,5836:18, 5892:5, 5892:11,5892:16, 5932:11

quality [115] - 5743:1,5743:12, 5743:15,5747:12, 5747:22,5752:12, 5758:17, 5759:6,5759:14, 5759:21,5760:13, 5760:19,5760:24, 5761:1, 5761:7,5762:20, 5763:4, 5768:5,5768:10, 5768:14, 5769:7,5769:23, 5770:1, 5770:20,5771:9, 5771:16, 5771:18,5772:17, 5772:23, 5773:3,5774:1, 5774:17, 5775:8,5775:22, 5775:24, 5776:1,5776:14, 5776:23,5777:10, 5777:18,5777:20, 5778:9, 5779:3,

5780:22, 5780:24, 5781:7,5786:7, 5786:9, 5791:18,5801:6, 5802:5, 5802:6,5802:7, 5802:13, 5803:11,5817:8, 5819:8, 5819:23,5820:2, 5824:19, 5829:3,5852:21, 5858:12,5858:19, 5859:21, 5893:3,5893:5, 5896:16, 5896:23,5912:18, 5935:14,5936:18, 5939:1, 5941:3,5941:5, 5946:11, 5948:13,5948:14, 5948:18, 5949:2,5949:7, 5950:4, 5950:8,5950:19, 5951:16,5951:19, 5951:20,5951:24, 5952:1, 5952:11,5952:14, 5952:15,5952:17, 5952:18,5952:23, 5953:3, 5953:6,5954:12, 5956:17,5956:20, 5957:2, 5962:18,5963:13, 5973:16,5978:13, 5978:15,5982:17, 5990:12, 5997:3,5997:9, 6003:20, 6012:14,6034:7, 6045:6

QUALITY [3] - 5734:17,5736:3, 5738:8

Quality" [1] - 5916:3quantified [1] - 5986:17quantities [1] - 5754:16quantity [7] - 5743:12,

5743:15, 5801:9, 5803:25,5804:2, 5804:3, 5852:21

QUANTITY [3] - 5734:17,5736:3, 5738:8

quarter [1] - 5922:18QUESTION [2] - 5739:16,

5851:17questioner [1] - 5972:11questioners [2] - 5818:11,

5839:8questioning [15] - 5789:17,

5789:21, 5791:10,5792:16, 5847:23, 5964:9,5964:13, 5977:12, 5987:6,5991:8, 5998:24, 6001:14,6001:24, 6020:25, 6053:5

questions [99] - 5748:3,5751:18, 5751:20,5773:23, 5784:2, 5789:25,5790:17, 5791:2, 5792:20,5792:21, 5793:4, 5793:6,5793:14, 5809:23,5813:11, 5817:3, 5818:6,5818:8, 5818:10, 5818:12,5818:13, 5818:15,5818:19, 5819:2, 5819:6,5819:24, 5829:24,5830:10, 5832:14,5834:19, 5834:22,

5834:25, 5839:7, 5840:5,5842:4, 5844:11, 5844:14,5850:12, 5850:21,5850:23, 5853:2, 5853:4,5853:15, 5938:18,5938:23, 5939:25, 5940:8,5940:11, 5941:22, 5964:6,5964:21, 5964:22,5964:24, 5970:18,5970:22, 5971:9, 5974:25,5975:1, 5975:8, 5977:13,5977:16, 5977:19,5977:23, 5978:1, 5978:17,5980:22, 5983:12, 5987:8,5987:23, 5987:24, 5990:9,5991:6, 5991:16, 5991:18,5991:24, 5991:25,5993:16, 5994:12,5995:21, 5996:18, 5999:3,6020:24, 6021:3, 6021:6,6021:12, 6021:21, 6022:1,6028:24, 6029:13,6029:16, 6030:8, 6032:19,6033:3, 6036:3, 6041:11,6053:3, 6053:7, 6053:20

Questions [9] - 5736:9,5736:11, 5736:13,5736:14, 5736:20,5736:23, 5737:7, 5737:9,5737:10

QUESTIONS [34] - 5739:1,5739:6, 5739:8, 5739:9,5739:10, 5739:12, 5740:1,5740:2, 5740:4, 5740:5,5740:7, 5740:8, 5740:10,5740:11, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5790:18, 5818:23,5829:21, 5835:2, 5839:17,5840:7, 5964:19, 5970:20,5978:3, 5987:14, 5988:1,5992:1, 5993:20, 5996:20,6021:24, 6032:22, 6041:13

quick [3] - 5809:23, 5815:2,5899:16

quickly [15] - 5865:12,5876:9, 5882:1, 5882:9,5887:21, 5888:13,5888:25, 5891:25,5893:11, 5913:4, 5920:24,5921:23, 5923:2, 5940:5,6038:21

quickly" [1] - 5888:14quit [1] - 6001:20quite [41] - 5760:16, 5770:14,

5770:25, 5774:5, 5780:7,5794:8, 5796:20, 5803:21,5804:23, 5821:1, 5888:15,5889:1, 5901:22, 5903:8,5909:22, 5910:1, 5910:8,5910:13, 5911:2, 5915:4,5915:16, 5918:18, 5925:3,

5928:11, 5930:11, 5948:8,5955:21, 5956:2, 5956:19,5958:20, 5961:8, 5963:14,5965:21, 5969:4, 5969:24,5989:8, 5990:18, 6034:2,6034:10, 6040:17, 6044:10

quotation [1] - 5880:25Quotations [1] - 5892:13quotations [10] - 5856:14,

5866:21, 5889:16, 5892:7,5892:8, 5892:12, 5893:2,5893:4, 5896:12, 5896:18

quote [6] - 5852:2, 5862:11,5877:18, 5971:25, 5972:4,5973:18

quoted [1] - 5971:17quotes [2] - 5862:4, 5972:23R-A-I-M-O [1] - 5787:20Raimo [4] - 5734:12, 5735:7,

5736:8, 5787:7RAIMO [2] - 5738:23, 5787:9rain [1] - 5885:11rainbow [10] - 6003:24,

6004:3, 6004:7, 6004:8,6007:13, 6010:25,6011:12, 6014:23, 6019:5,6022:16

rains [1] - 5913:4raise [12] - 5792:21, 5794:7,

5818:18, 5839:13, 5842:5,5858:11, 5858:13,5858:16, 5975:8, 6021:3,6028:16, 6043:13

raised [17] - 5748:3, 5790:12,5793:4, 5813:14, 5830:10,5848:16, 5851:20,5851:24, 5871:14,5970:18, 5972:16,6017:18, 6036:24,6045:13, 6045:24, 6048:1

raises [2] - 6045:15, 6045:16raising [7] - 5794:11,

5874:16, 5875:14,6022:15, 6046:21,6046:23, 6048:13

RAMSEY [6] - 5739:12,5740:7, 5740:12, 5840:8,5988:2, 5996:21

Ramsey [6] - 5736:14,5736:20, 5736:23, 5840:9,5988:3, 5996:22

ran [2] - 5808:19range [13] - 5759:16,

5759:21, 5782:18, 5818:2,5884:3, 5917:13, 5918:8,5942:11, 5944:18,5944:20, 5986:18,5990:15, 6044:22

Range [1] - 5943:2rapid [1] - 5933:14rapidly [1] - 5903:8



39

rare [1] - 5952:9rarely [1] - 5804:18RAs [1] - 5793:3Rate [1] - 6012:11rate [28] - 5883:24, 5884:24,

5902:9, 5911:5, 5915:5,5920:24, 5921:4, 5921:13,5921:19, 5921:25,5922:14, 5922:19,5922:23, 5923:1, 5923:9,5923:11, 5926:24, 5927:4,5932:14, 5933:4, 5933:9,5933:14, 5933:16,5933:18, 5933:19

rates [19] - 5786:23, 5882:11,5882:13, 5884:7, 5884:8,5884:9, 5888:21, 5912:11,5915:4, 5923:12, 5927:9,5930:7, 5930:8, 5930:9,5933:21, 5933:23, 5935:2,5935:4, 5944:23

rather [6] - 5796:6, 5807:25,5834:7, 5929:13, 5935:1,5938:6

Ratio [1] - 5879:23ratio [13] - 5880:3, 5880:7,

5881:3, 5884:7, 5905:8,5906:1, 5911:3, 5911:7,5912:2, 5917:6, 5937:19,5965:17, 5985:9

rationale [2] - 5744:10,5884:18

ratios [2] - 5907:3, 5925:25raw [4] - 5766:3, 5778:16,

5817:14, 5817:15RCR [3] - 5737:16, 6054:3,

6054:19re [3] - 5925:25, 6008:7,

6009:7re-did [1] - 5925:25re-direct [1] - 6009:7re-establish [1] - 6008:7reach [8] - 5747:20, 5749:16,

5767:7, 5809:14, 5809:16,5830:4, 5974:20, 6041:5

reached [7] - 5797:7,5799:11, 5801:7, 5808:20,5974:17, 5975:9, 5994:1

reaches [1] - 5930:4reaching [2] - 5817:7,

5848:22reacted [1] - 5888:17reaction [2] - 5882:11,

5882:13reactive [5] - 5809:2,

5862:20, 5863:4, 5864:9,5873:7

read [16] - 5744:9, 5744:22,5777:7, 5810:14, 5831:5,5831:7, 5831:21, 5831:25,5832:17, 5833:1, 5833:7,

5833:8, 5876:22, 5972:3,6029:2, 6050:4

readily [1] - 5835:9reading [3] - 5832:5,

5971:18, 6038:10ready [4] - 5792:11, 5792:12,

5939:14, 6000:24real [6] - 5811:3, 5811:4,

5864:20, 5884:25,5937:24, 6001:19

reality [2] - 5891:20, 5934:1realization [2] - 5800:7,

6035:15realize [3] - 5789:6, 5882:20,

5965:16really [66] - 5745:11,

5775:18, 5777:17, 5797:1,5820:20, 5823:11,5823:19, 5832:17, 5833:6,5833:19, 5837:12,5839:21, 5841:15, 5844:1,5855:25, 5856:10,5862:13, 5862:17,5864:10, 5864:17,5870:12, 5873:9, 5878:20,5879:17, 5879:18,5879:25, 5885:16,5901:12, 5903:15, 5908:3,5908:18, 5915:17,5920:20, 5923:5, 5923:8,5923:22, 5926:12, 5929:1,5930:1, 5930:10, 5932:21,5935:10, 5936:20, 5937:3,5937:6, 5942:24, 5955:23,5962:11, 5965:1, 5966:16,5968:20, 5969:19,5969:22, 5970:8, 5980:7,5982:4, 5984:10, 5986:6,5987:3, 5987:20, 5988:7,5988:8, 5990:2, 5994:19,6036:4, 6044:20

realm [1] - 5799:1Realtime [2] - 6054:4,

6054:20realtime [1] - 5758:22reared [2] - 6008:20, 6022:19rearing [3] - 6027:18,

6029:24, 6029:25rearrange [2] - 5923:18,

5923:19rearranged [1] - 5803:7reason [17] - 5793:20,

5841:14, 5842:5, 5862:17,5863:25, 5866:7, 5876:6,5876:17, 5880:24,5889:12, 5912:10,5928:24, 5938:25,5943:25, 5970:23,6011:13, 6043:3

reasonable [14] - 5799:19,5818:13, 5832:9, 5832:14,5832:19, 5884:14,

5889:24, 5890:1, 5892:25,5897:20, 5940:13,5940:16, 5973:9, 5985:24

reasonably [6] - 5796:22,5796:23, 5797:5, 5798:13,5798:23, 6046:20

reasons [6] - 5852:25,5882:5, 5882:8, 5912:6,5936:19, 5952:23

reassemble [1] - 6000:8reassessed [1] - 5786:6rebels [1] - 6001:16rebuild [1] - 5893:17receive [1] - 6027:6RECEIVED [4] - 5738:5,

5738:6, 5743:17, 5743:18received [8] - 5743:22,

5743:24, 5839:11,6000:19, 6017:16, 6018:7,6018:18, 6037:2

receiving [8] - 5749:25,5750:14, 5781:10,5781:17, 5814:20,5842:17, 5847:11, 5973:11

recent [9] - 5873:17, 5883:8,5891:15, 5905:2, 5957:14,6006:11, 6012:5, 6014:25,6030:22

recently [3] - 5897:8,5942:15, 6038:10

receptor [1] - 6024:2receptors [9] - 5857:25,

5858:19, 5859:10,5859:24, 5886:16,5887:15, 5894:23, 5895:5,5931:5

recharge [4] - 5781:23,5781:24, 5802:11, 5809:10

recipient [8] - 6009:1,6009:25, 6013:17,6015:22, 6016:8, 6020:14,6023:17, 6027:1

recipients [1] - 6011:5reclamation [1] - 5996:1recognition [3] - 6005:23,

6019:13, 6037:23recognize [8] - 5741:19,

5780:20, 5796:24, 5797:8,5797:11, 5797:20,6021:13, 6033:16

recognized [6] - 6013:2,6015:11, 6018:24,6019:15, 6037:24, 6043:23

recognizes [2] - 6017:12,6043:12

recognizing [1] - 5786:14recommend [1] - 5750:25recommendation [2] -

6041:20, 6052:5recommendations [6] -

5812:6, 5812:9, 5812:14,

5898:19, 6022:18, 6041:6recommended [1] - 5821:23recommends [4] - 5870:1,

5870:7, 5870:8reconcile [1] - 6006:4reconciling [1] - 6006:13reconvene [2] - 5851:5,

5851:7RECONVENED [2] -

5739:14, 5851:11record [20] - 5736:1, 5737:1,

5744:5, 5744:20, 5744:23,5745:6, 5745:9, 5745:15,5745:16, 5787:18, 5799:6,5799:12, 5808:14, 5813:8,5817:2, 5839:23, 5971:19,5972:4, 5974:22, 5977:1

recorded [2] - 5745:13,5815:25

records [1] - 5851:22recreational [3] - 5765:15,

6005:18, 6019:21Red [1] - 5836:24red [8] - 5763:24, 5914:1,

5916:15, 5926:20,5941:15, 5943:5, 5943:6

redesigned [1] - 5958:7redesigning [1] - 5961:19redox [3] - 5749:2, 5809:24,

5810:17redox-sensitive [3] - 5749:2,

5809:24, 5810:17reduce [3] - 5836:19, 5931:7,

6019:2reduced [5] - 5749:11,

5842:25, 5932:7, 6005:9,6013:23

reducing [3] - 5748:20,5882:11, 5922:17

reduction [7] - 5742:17,5926:25, 5930:20,5930:21, 5931:2, 6005:7,6013:24

redundancy [2] - 5983:14,6016:23

redundant [4] - 5954:22,5955:2, 5983:20, 6018:13

Redundant [1] - 5983:10refer [7] - 5753:21, 5753:24,

5817:21, 5824:14,5851:24, 5947:14, 6046:24

Reference [2] - 5796:12,5975:19

reference [13] - 5743:2,5759:19, 5760:7, 5810:8,5810:9, 5845:19, 5845:23,5852:3, 5852:10, 5852:11,6029:2, 6050:5, 6050:18

referenced [3] - 5796:12,5796:16, 5799:9

references [1] - 6048:24



40

referred [13] - 5753:15,5754:3, 5765:25, 5784:18,5796:13, 5817:22, 5822:9,5831:3, 5951:16, 5971:15,5983:7, 6024:17, 6043:12

Referring [1] - 5815:2referring [11] - 5765:10,

5776:8, 5778:6, 5809:22,5845:4, 5845:14, 5968:10,6029:3, 6030:12, 6038:18,6047:3

refers [2] - 5744:19, 5767:5refine [1] - 6006:17refined [1] - 6015:13reflected [2] - 5744:23,

5976:24reflective [3] - 6007:6,

6049:19, 6049:22reflects [1] - 6049:21refused [1] - 5865:1regard [4] - 5745:12,

5753:14, 5793:13, 5799:13regarding [13] - 5749:11,

5763:4, 5786:23, 5790:13,5815:17, 5827:13,5985:16, 5990:11,6010:17, 6014:4, 6016:9,6019:3, 6019:16

Regarding [3] - 5969:16,6013:9, 6016:25

regards [8] - 5966:25,5969:11, 5978:5, 6003:6,6004:22, 6012:6, 6013:18,6019:14

regime [5] - 5785:25,5794:16, 5848:7, 6019:3

region [1] - 5741:18Regional [1] - 5742:24register [3] - 5826:7,

5829:14, 6032:7registry [1] - 6001:3REGISTRY [1] - 5733:3Registry [4] - 5745:5,

5831:2, 5831:19, 5976:4regulate [2] - 5764:4,

5822:17regulated [1] - 5997:16Regulations [1] - 5824:24regulations [19] - 5812:22,

5822:16, 5824:24, 5825:1,5825:3, 5825:7, 5846:14,5846:22, 5848:24, 5849:2,5849:4, 5849:6, 5849:15,5849:23, 5850:5, 5935:16,5935:18, 6035:18

regulators [1] - 5954:11regulatory [15] - 5768:11,

5770:16, 5780:24,5794:16, 5794:18, 5799:1,5821:12, 5824:16,5825:19, 5825:20, 5848:6,

5848:7, 5961:23, 6040:5,6040:20

Reid [2] - 6015:3, 6015:18Reid's [1] - 6015:6reinterpret [1] - 5856:13reject [1] - 5861:4rejected [2] - 5860:24,

5895:16relate [1] - 5752:24related [14] - 5748:13,

5804:25, 5847:10,5852:20, 5936:10, 5941:4,5949:18, 5949:23,5949:24, 5950:2, 5950:10,5950:18, 5995:17, 6004:25

relates [2] - 5989:17,6034:24

relation [3] - 5784:9,5784:22, 5795:2

relationship [5] - 5952:17,5953:5, 5955:16, 5958:12,6028:11

relative [2] - 5849:11, 5906:3relatively [9] - 5748:22,

5804:2, 5805:17, 5805:18,5835:5, 5837:11, 5843:25,6005:12, 6028:9

release [10] - 5796:4,5861:24, 5863:2, 5865:12,5891:21, 5921:25, 5923:9,5962:8, 6009:14

released [2] - 5915:23,5933:10

releases [3] - 5865:13,5928:8, 5928:11

relevance [1] - 5792:25relevant [3] - 5842:16,

5848:10, 5862:2reliability [1] - 6012:15reliable [9] - 5761:14,

5806:24, 5814:8, 5816:8,5816:10, 5953:1, 5954:14,5957:11, 6011:15

reliably [1] - 5881:12relied [2] - 5958:19, 6022:16relief [1] - 5745:10relies [2] - 5760:24, 5946:11relocation [1] - 6005:14rely [2] - 5805:9, 5953:20remain [6] - 5774:25, 5875:1,

5957:12, 5974:19, 6006:6,6046:14

remaining [1] - 5889:4remains [2] - 5750:23,

6020:16remarks [2] - 5789:8,

6019:23remember [7] - 5862:17,

5885:23, 5894:23,5898:17, 5922:17,5934:20, 5994:12

remind [2] - 5865:24,6049:18

reminds [1] - 5742:3remote [2] - 5788:3, 5986:15remove [1] - 5757:19removed [5] - 5757:22,

5757:23, 5865:3, 5922:6,5995:18

rendered [1] - 5834:8repeat [3] - 5748:6, 5887:18,

6045:19rephrase [1] - 6043:2replace [3] - 5962:1, 6008:7,

6017:4replaced [1] - 6017:1replacement [3] - 6008:12,

6010:5, 6035:2report [36] - 5831:1, 5831:4,

5831:7, 5831:18, 5831:21,5832:21, 5875:8, 5875:11,5883:8, 5883:11, 5883:14,5883:17, 5884:3, 5884:21,5940:25, 5973:7, 5974:3,5976:9, 5976:22, 5976:23,5977:3, 5983:12, 5994:22,5996:25, 5997:17,6004:24, 6029:2, 6030:22,6046:25, 6047:4, 6047:7,6047:9, 6047:10, 6047:22,6048:8

Report [1] - 5763:10reported [3] - 5799:25,

5800:2, 6015:9Reporter [2] - 6054:4,

6054:20reporter [1] - 5787:15REPORTER'S [1] - 6054:1reporting [1] - 5934:21REPORTING [1] - 5737:15Reporting [1] - 5737:16Reports [2] - 5874:19,

5874:22reports [2] - 5976:25,

5997:12representation [3] - 5904:8,

5904:9, 5919:6representative [14] - 5769:1,

5772:18, 5791:16,5791:24, 5792:2, 5800:4,5802:18, 5807:21,5904:15, 5918:7, 5932:1,5937:2, 5937:4, 5948:17

representativeness [2] -5801:20, 5918:6

represented [3] - 5904:11,5937:25, 5943:24

representing [7] - 5752:5,5791:14, 5899:7, 5932:9,5935:10, 6002:12, 6021:14

represents [5] - 5791:13,5842:22, 5859:18,

5859:20, 5914:24reprocessed [2] - 5891:13,

5891:17reprocessing [1] - 5754:20reproduce [1] - 5827:2reproduction [2] - 5764:17,

6024:25request [3] - 5744:3,

5744:20, 6037:18requested [1] - 6004:24Requests [1] - 5796:2require [9] - 5748:11,

5787:15, 5824:8, 5824:18,5941:9, 5996:8, 6014:5,6043:7, 6043:9

required [28] - 5749:23,5751:9, 5768:14, 5780:8,5781:1, 5822:24, 5840:15,5845:12, 5847:5, 5866:25,5870:5, 5871:13, 5872:14,5947:23, 5947:24,5971:22, 5981:4, 5981:16,5981:21, 5990:21,6010:22, 6014:14, 6023:7,6026:15, 6026:21,6033:15, 6034:14, 6041:22

requirement [10] - 5786:19,5821:19, 5824:2, 5825:3,5825:4, 5825:5, 5825:14,5847:18, 6034:4

requirements [5] - 5868:14,5869:24, 6014:11,6031:20, 6040:20

requires [6] - 5782:1,5861:3, 5888:4, 5956:11,5990:13, 6044:8

research [12] - 5748:23,5783:13, 5809:25, 5810:1,5810:3, 5810:15, 5813:21,5814:6, 5814:24, 5841:19,5899:22, 5956:3

reserve [1] - 5819:12reserves [2] - 5785:20,

6047:1reservoir [1] - 6026:8reservoirs [1] - 6018:2residual [1] - 6006:21residue [1] - 5982:14residues [1] - 5983:4resistance [1] - 5838:20resolution [3] - 5747:20,

6006:21, 6011:19resolve [3] - 5867:20,

6006:8, 6044:2resolved [2] - 5857:16,

6006:23resolves [1] - 6032:6resolving [1] - 6020:2resonate [1] - 5997:2resort [1] - 5777:1resource [2] - 5867:5, 5972:7



41

RESOURCES [5] - 5735:1,5738:10, 5738:15,5746:12, 5746:18

resources [3] - 5839:22,5949:9, 5949:10

Resources [28] - 5735:2,5736:5, 5742:10, 5743:15,5745:25, 5746:9, 5746:24,5747:2, 5747:6, 5748:7,5749:1, 5749:9, 5750:13,5751:7, 5789:4, 5790:7,5792:17, 5835:7, 5850:17,5850:24, 5874:6, 5883:10,5889:16, 5977:18,5977:19, 5991:2, 5991:18,5992:23

RESPECT [4] - 5738:5,5739:15, 5743:16, 5851:17

respect [22] - 5743:5,5752:6, 5752:17, 5752:22,5752:25, 5762:12, 5774:1,5774:17, 5781:21,5786:12, 5794:19, 5799:4,5799:24, 5801:18,5802:24, 5812:5, 5816:22,5838:2, 5840:1, 5848:4,5852:12, 6052:22

respectful [1] - 5798:22respectfully [2] - 5847:25,

6044:15respects [1] - 5814:22respond [20] - 5743:20,

5744:6, 5773:22, 5793:15,5793:16, 5795:24,5800:20, 5807:8, 5808:13,5815:21, 5820:15,5832:21, 5833:12,5843:15, 5938:17,5976:18, 6022:24, 6029:1,6030:11, 6030:17

responded [9] - 5793:5,5852:12, 5856:17,5972:17, 5976:12,5976:14, 5977:7, 6006:15,6047:25

responding [1] - 6053:19responds [1] - 5830:11response [32] - 5745:21,

5799:6, 5816:20, 5833:11,5833:22, 5842:2, 5843:5,5851:20, 5862:9, 5863:7,5866:16, 5866:17,5866:20, 5870:20,5871:19, 5880:13,5883:13, 5891:16,5971:18, 5971:19,5973:19, 5976:24,5989:22, 5999:3, 6012:4,6012:21, 6013:14,6016:18, 6018:3, 6023:12,6048:21, 6048:22

RESPONSE [2] - 5738:5,

5743:16responses [4] - 5834:25,

5856:20, 5856:23, 5977:9responsibility [6] - 5813:2,

5813:4, 6034:15, 6043:21,6043:24, 6051:7

rest [1] - 5913:10restore [1] - 6009:13result [10] - 5794:20, 5878:1,

5901:4, 5927:7, 5927:14,5956:9, 5960:14, 5962:9,6005:6, 6037:1

resulted [1] - 5959:21resulting [1] - 5742:16results [45] - 5747:11,

5750:20, 5768:20,5778:18, 5788:13,5788:14, 5788:23,5845:19, 5901:7, 5909:12,5912:18, 5913:19,5916:11, 5916:15,5916:23, 5918:5, 5918:15,5923:6, 5924:2, 5924:3,5924:25, 5928:16,5928:19, 5929:19,5931:17, 5935:22,5936:21, 5937:8, 5942:23,5945:19, 5948:22,5948:23, 5950:13, 5951:5,5954:1, 5962:14, 5963:3,5968:22, 5969:15, 5970:1,5970:3, 5970:6, 5982:6,5992:10, 5992:11

resume [10] - 5741:4,5791:9, 5792:6, 5792:12,5851:13, 5939:13,5939:15, 6001:25, 6053:22

retain [1] - 5754:18retained [3] - 5779:5, 5779:8,

6022:6retaining [1] - 6026:20retention [8] - 6009:12,

6019:12, 6027:17, 6031:5,6031:9, 6031:13, 6031:18,6050:10

return [2] - 5851:1, 5977:25reveal [1] - 5879:10reverse [7] - 5783:21,

5836:22, 5837:3, 5837:11,5962:1, 5962:5, 5995:2

Reverse [1] - 5783:24REVIEW [1] - 5733:6review [16] - 5753:2,

5787:13, 5788:1, 5793:25,5799:1, 5820:5, 5831:1,5855:17, 5879:13, 5891:5,5992:23, 5993:6, 6006:1,6006:7, 6012:12, 6040:2

Review [3] - 5876:23,5974:4, 5976:10

reviewed [10] - 5744:11,

5753:4, 5830:4, 5830:5,5893:25, 5948:1, 5948:15,5969:10, 6012:9, 6012:10

reviewing [2] - 5747:5,5948:8

reviews [1] - 5891:9revised [3] - 5786:9,

5888:15, 5889:17revision [1] - 5945:12revisions [3] - 5942:14,

5985:20, 6016:4reworked [1] - 5786:6richness [1] - 5774:12RICK [2] - 5740:21, 6032:23Rick [2] - 5737:8, 6021:17rid [2] - 5959:16, 5959:18rightly [1] - 5796:20riparian [3] - 6009:10,

6013:5, 6020:10rise [5] - 5764:6, 5764:9,

5764:15, 5764:18, 5764:20rises [1] - 5771:4rising [1] - 5935:21risk [11] - 5762:1, 5773:20,

5781:17, 5785:7, 5785:11,5864:19, 6006:12, 6016:9,6018:23, 6018:25, 6019:2

Risks [1] - 6013:11risks [5] - 5762:7, 6013:12,

6017:7, 6018:19, 6018:20river [3] - 5859:24, 5895:6,

5900:17River [30] - 5742:16,

5767:16, 5772:15,5772:17, 5772:18,5772:19, 5772:20,5772:22, 5773:3, 5773:11,5773:13, 5777:15, 5778:6,5778:9, 5778:14, 5779:19,5779:21, 5779:23,5781:11, 5786:17,5815:24, 5826:17,5840:13, 5980:12, 6004:1,6004:14, 6005:10,6005:12, 6010:12, 6010:15

rivers [1] - 5859:10road [1] - 5848:5Road [1] - 5733:23roads [2] - 5858:7, 5859:19Rob [2] - 5735:3, 5746:16ROB [1] - 5738:13Robert [1] - 5734:3ROBOTIC [2] - 5998:10,

6042:17robust [4] - 5834:4, 6016:18,

6018:12, 6018:16Rock [3] - 5810:12, 5855:22,

5926:15rock [125] - 5747:9, 5747:22,

5748:1, 5749:3, 5752:8,5752:17, 5752:20, 5753:1,

5753:12, 5753:22,5753:24, 5754:6, 5754:11,5754:24, 5755:2, 5755:18,5756:2, 5756:12, 5757:12,5757:14, 5758:4, 5758:9,5758:12, 5784:24,5784:25, 5785:2, 5785:4,5785:24, 5810:23, 5812:6,5830:21, 5838:16,5853:23, 5858:6, 5862:19,5863:14, 5863:19,5864:23, 5865:13,5865:15, 5872:11,5872:12, 5872:23, 5873:5,5873:6, 5873:22, 5873:23,5874:14, 5874:24, 5875:3,5880:10, 5880:19, 5882:2,5886:1, 5887:19, 5891:20,5895:14, 5899:18, 5900:2,5900:12, 5900:22, 5902:7,5902:8, 5904:2, 5904:25,5906:5, 5906:6, 5906:10,5906:13, 5906:17,5906:18, 5909:10,5909:17, 5910:2, 5910:5,5910:8, 5910:14, 5910:18,5910:22, 5912:2, 5917:6,5919:13, 5919:18,5919:19, 5919:21, 5920:2,5920:5, 5920:21, 5921:1,5921:3, 5924:5, 5924:16,5924:19, 5924:24,5925:16, 5925:22,5926:17, 5927:5, 5927:11,5927:23, 5928:2, 5929:4,5930:5, 5930:9, 5931:9,5931:11, 5934:21,5937:13, 5937:14,5937:19, 5947:16, 5952:6,5953:22, 5957:5, 5962:20,5963:9, 5963:10, 5965:10,5968:21, 5980:10, 5984:6,6048:4

Rock" [2] - 5919:11, 5926:7rock" [1] - 5862:20rocket [1] - 5804:1rocks [20] - 5905:20,

5905:24, 5906:3, 5907:5,5910:19, 5912:21, 5926:9,5929:17, 5929:18,5930:22, 5931:12,5931:15, 5933:5, 5933:24,5934:24, 5935:11, 5937:2,5965:9, 5966:3, 5966:17

Rod [6] - 5734:19, 5735:15,5790:20, 5791:12,6002:10, 6041:25

Roger [1] - 5741:19role [3] - 5765:6, 6043:15,

6043:17Ronzio [1] - 5734:7Room [1] - 5733:22



42

room [6] - 5742:3, 5790:3,5798:7, 5860:2, 6000:2,6001:21

round [4] - 5742:22, 5805:4,5986:25, 6026:23

round-off [1] - 5805:4rounding [1] - 5882:19route [1] - 5822:10RPR [3] - 5737:16, 6054:3,

6054:19Rublee [3] - 5735:16, 5737:4,

6002:14RUBLEE [4] - 5740:16,

6002:7, 6033:16, 6034:13rule [1] - 5804:17ruled [1] - 5788:17run [23] - 5757:25, 5777:10,

5788:8, 5808:21, 5809:6,5859:5, 5869:7, 5877:12,5883:20, 5884:7, 5884:8,5887:14, 5934:11, 5936:3,5942:7, 5942:17, 5952:6,5986:6, 5986:11, 5986:18,6011:17

Run [5] - 5942:18, 5943:23,5945:13, 5945:18, 5945:20

run-off [7] - 5788:8, 5934:11,5936:3, 5942:7, 5942:17,5952:6, 5986:11

Run-off [5] - 5942:18,5943:23, 5945:13,5945:18, 5945:20

run-on [1] - 5952:6run-through [1] - 5777:10running [7] - 5804:15,

5807:17, 5878:13,5878:16, 5884:6, 6028:8,6037:5

rupture [1] - 5784:2RYAN [2] - 5740:17, 6002:8Ryan [4] - 5735:16, 5737:5,

6002:15, 6002:24Ryan's [1] - 6002:17sad [1] - 5875:18safe [4] - 5765:3, 5765:4,

5782:19, 5860:22safely [1] - 5764:8safety [4] - 5765:24,

5765:25, 5766:19, 5888:12Safety [1] - 5889:9salmon [1] - 6050:18salts [1] - 5913:1sample [17] - 5801:25,

5802:8, 5802:17, 5881:4,5888:9, 5888:13, 5888:23,5905:10, 5905:19, 5906:1,5909:11, 5909:12,5912:15, 5913:8, 5913:18,5923:7, 5963:6

samples [32] - 5749:7,5806:12, 5865:21,

5866:10, 5866:11,5866:12, 5866:18,5867:14, 5867:16, 5868:6,5868:9, 5868:25, 5869:3,5878:10, 5879:1, 5904:13,5905:23, 5906:15, 5907:5,5907:10, 5907:12,5907:25, 5908:5, 5929:17,5931:19, 5931:20,5931:21, 5931:22, 5937:1,5937:4, 5968:23, 5972:12

sampling [1] - 5806:11satisfactorily [1] - 5830:15satisfied [5] - 5747:25,

5760:14, 5761:5, 5930:16,6032:7

saw [12] - 5772:2, 5772:5,5776:2, 5776:4, 5820:16,5896:15, 5923:18,5959:22, 5986:12,6027:21, 6029:2, 6029:7

scale [30] - 5799:19, 5855:2,5868:11, 5868:15,5868:21, 5869:5, 5869:9,5869:22, 5870:8, 5870:13,5870:17, 5870:23, 5871:6,5873:11, 5873:14,5877:10, 5877:23,5900:17, 5916:17, 5917:1,5932:15, 5981:8, 5981:24,5984:11, 5992:6, 5992:12,5992:16, 5992:17, 5993:2,5993:8

Scaled [1] - 5878:8scaled [1] - 5992:25scaling [5] - 5869:17,

5878:1, 5992:8, 5992:13,5992:16

scarification [1] - 6033:18scarifier [1] - 6034:11scattered [1] - 5917:13scavenged [1] - 5775:4scenario [3] - 5757:2,

5959:4, 5959:6Schafer [1] - 5916:6Schedule [1] - 5794:18schedule [2] - 6026:17,

6051:14scheduled [1] - 5852:19scheme [2] - 5794:18,

5838:5SCIENCE [2] - 5739:6,

5818:23Science [3] - 5736:9,

5818:25, 5900:23Sciences [2] - 5746:23,

5810:7scientific [1] - 5971:1scientist [1] - 5804:1Scientist [1] - 5746:22scientists [1] - 5761:3

Scott [1] - 5798:19scrap [1] - 5961:25screen [1] - 6049:5scrutinized [1] - 5894:1seasonal [4] - 5788:16,

5868:24, 6003:21, 6009:9seasonally [1] - 6004:13seats [5] - 5741:3, 5792:11,

5792:13, 5851:14, 6000:25second [19] - 5741:25,

5746:3, 5748:13, 5756:16,5769:17, 5801:18,5812:10, 5854:24, 5868:1,5904:16, 5938:14,5943:22, 5976:22,5976:23, 5980:3, 5999:9,6024:1, 6026:17, 6027:14

Second [1] - 5747:10secondly [2] - 5796:8,

6028:20seconds [1] - 5867:12Secretariat [3] - 5741:23,

5939:17, 5999:20SECTION [1] - 5733:8section [15] - 5743:2,

5807:15, 5807:17, 5808:1,5866:9, 5866:10, 5866:11,5868:7, 5868:8, 5880:12,5910:21, 5938:7, 5939:2,6004:5, 6004:18

Section [1] - 5849:17sections [3] - 5866:8,

5909:8, 5979:22Secwepemc [1] - 5741:21SEDAR [5] - 6047:4, 6047:9,

6047:10, 6047:22, 6048:8sediment [2] - 5779:12,

5900:16sediments [1] - 5749:7see [111] - 5741:14, 5759:15,

5759:20, 5760:16,5761:18, 5761:20,5764:10, 5764:16,5769:18, 5770:1, 5770:24,5778:9, 5778:18, 5783:5,5783:9, 5784:17, 5801:21,5801:22, 5803:1, 5804:2,5807:24, 5811:21,5819:15, 5827:4, 5828:4,5831:13, 5834:14,5836:24, 5839:14, 5840:5,5842:18, 5845:20, 5851:8,5854:6, 5867:21, 5869:4,5869:10, 5869:19, 5870:3,5883:18, 5883:22,5884:19, 5888:21,5894:10, 5895:7, 5896:11,5897:3, 5897:4, 5897:14,5901:3, 5903:11, 5905:25,5907:18, 5908:6, 5908:10,5909:22, 5909:25, 5910:6,

5910:12, 5910:17, 5912:7,5913:16, 5914:3, 5914:9,5914:19, 5914:23,5914:25, 5915:11,5915:13, 5916:12,5917:11, 5917:24,5923:22, 5926:12,5932:20, 5935:13,5936:16, 5936:23,5937:23, 5945:8, 5945:18,5946:1, 5950:12, 5950:17,5955:3, 5957:19, 5961:8,5965:23, 5968:24,5968:25, 5970:5, 5977:23,5982:4, 5982:19, 5984:7,5987:7, 5991:15, 5991:19,5993:8, 5994:12, 6001:20,6021:6, 6021:12, 6025:9,6026:3, 6026:19, 6027:20,6031:4, 6032:12, 6049:25,6050:4

seeing [2] - 5798:6, 5910:4seek [1] - 5795:17seem [9] - 5785:1, 5844:1,

5873:7, 5889:17, 5930:15,5960:11, 5974:16,6042:15, 6045:25

seeming [1] - 5836:4seep [7] - 5772:7, 5800:3,

5801:21, 5801:22,5801:24, 5802:4, 5814:20

seepage [25] - 5782:2,5782:9, 5782:15, 5786:23,5837:18, 5838:2, 5848:2,5848:9, 5848:13, 5848:16,5848:20, 5848:25, 5849:9,5849:11, 5936:7, 5941:10,5941:21, 5944:10,5946:22, 5963:13, 5978:7,5978:11, 5979:13, 5980:9

seepages [1] - 5814:17seeped [1] - 5961:11seeps [5] - 5781:16,

5781:17, 5800:1, 5960:8,5961:16

segregate [1] - 5764:7selected [9] - 5860:18,

5880:9, 5895:20, 5906:15,5929:18, 6008:25, 6010:5,6015:22, 6017:2

selenium [71] - 5748:14,5750:1, 5750:3, 5750:5,5750:10, 5750:23, 5751:2,5751:5, 5751:8, 5782:8,5782:13, 5782:20,5782:24, 5783:5, 5783:10,5783:22, 5784:6, 5784:7,5784:11, 5784:13,5784:14, 5784:15,5784:19, 5785:1, 5785:8,5785:11, 5786:24,5812:18, 5812:23,



43

5812:25, 5813:13,5813:23, 5826:19,5826:25, 5827:3, 5827:20,5828:23, 5835:4, 5835:6,5835:20, 5835:23,5836:14, 5836:16,5836:18, 5836:19,5836:20, 5837:8, 5851:23,5852:8, 5852:13, 5858:14,5873:19, 5874:2, 5874:6,5874:10, 5893:10, 5896:7,5897:1, 5899:23, 5903:12,5903:14, 5904:4, 5915:2,5915:3, 5915:6, 5915:7,5915:20, 5935:14,5935:15, 5936:17

Selenium [6] - 5782:14,5782:16, 5782:17, 5783:2,5826:10, 5836:11

self [5] - 5864:4, 5885:20,5886:5, 6007:15, 6008:9

self-neutralizing [1] - 5864:4self-sustaining [2] -

6007:15, 6008:9self-warming [2] - 5885:20,

5886:5send [1] - 5988:25Senior [1] - 5746:22sense [9] - 5820:18, 5836:9,

5846:8, 5847:1, 5862:3,5921:2, 5979:5, 5986:15,6049:13

sensitive [10] - 5749:2,5765:17, 5765:19,5767:22, 5770:22,5770:25, 5771:17,5782:23, 5809:24, 5810:17

sensitivity [2] - 5788:12,5944:16

sentence [6] - 5813:5,5882:22, 5882:23, 5921:4,5972:3

separate [4] - 5866:4,5880:5, 5881:11, 6046:18

separated [1] - 5879:18separates [1] - 5880:19separating [2] - 5861:22,

5879:16September [4] - 5831:3,

5857:2, 5976:23, 6031:19sequential [1] - 6045:15sequestered [1] - 6000:2series [3] - 5819:24, 6033:3,

6052:20serious [3] - 5874:10,

5889:7, 6044:2seriously [2] - 5878:2,

5879:6serve [1] - 5757:9Services [1] - 5737:16services [1] - 6022:12

SESSION [1] - 5733:14session [1] - 6053:21sessions [2] - 5807:14,

5827:12set [21] - 5760:6, 5771:12,

5771:20, 5808:23, 5811:2,5813:1, 5813:3, 5821:17,5821:24, 5824:19, 5891:8,5943:13, 5943:15,5943:16, 5943:20,5943:21, 6038:3, 6038:4,6049:11, 6049:12, 6054:8

sets [4] - 5776:3, 5868:5,5943:9, 6012:15

setting [3] - 5829:3, 5829:7,5975:18

settle [1] - 5775:5seven [4] - 5811:1, 6025:22,

6026:12, 6027:8seven-fold [1] - 5811:1several [11] - 5819:20,

5820:2, 5855:3, 5855:8,5874:4, 5904:6, 5911:5,5994:11, 6014:4, 6022:6,6023:17

severely [1] - 5757:9shake [6] - 5749:8, 5911:23,

5917:5, 5937:18, 5937:20,5981:10

shake-flask [1] - 5749:8shaped [1] - 5807:22Share [3] - 5790:7, 5850:17,

5991:1share [2] - 5810:1, 5825:18shared [4] - 5835:13, 5976:2,

6043:15, 6043:17sharing [3] - 5975:19,

5975:22, 6043:18shift [2] - 5774:8, 5774:11short [17] - 5791:7, 5792:6,

5876:24, 5887:12,5889:22, 5891:14,5891:23, 5912:1, 5981:9,5999:6, 6001:19, 6019:14,6020:9, 6020:24, 6022:10,6034:22, 6039:25

Short [1] - 5913:22short-term [3] - 5912:1,

5981:9, 6034:22shortage [1] - 5788:18shortages [1] - 5788:16shorten [1] - 5854:3shortest [1] - 6053:14shortfall [1] - 6020:12shorthand [1] - 6054:8shortly [3] - 5743:14,

5874:14, 5878:11shovel [1] - 5753:23show [33] - 5763:11, 5843:6,

5856:14, 5857:24,5863:19, 5876:8, 5879:11,

5880:25, 5883:17, 5892:6,5892:9, 5894:21, 5895:13,5907:11, 5908:7, 5909:8,5909:9, 5910:20, 5914:17,5919:8, 5920:7, 5920:23,5921:23, 5922:22, 5925:2,5927:16, 5929:10,5932:10, 5934:5, 5936:21,5944:2, 5952:10, 5960:19

showed [23] - 5768:21,5794:5, 5863:17, 5872:7,5875:19, 5875:20,5878:10, 5881:22,5883:12, 5891:14,5894:14, 5894:22,5895:22, 5896:12,5896:18, 5909:11,5912:23, 5914:16, 5919:3,5961:12, 5975:24, 6029:8,6029:10

showing [2] - 5822:9,5880:14

shown [9] - 5892:24, 5893:6,5905:18, 5916:2, 5916:15,5920:14, 5943:19,5943:20, 5945:15

shows [11] - 5800:24,5817:22, 5868:2, 5869:8,5897:7, 5923:12, 5934:5,5934:7, 5941:18, 5978:13,6045:23

sic [1] - 5988:21side [5] - 5899:11, 5910:4,

5943:16, 5956:6, 6040:4siderite [1] - 5966:7sign [2] - 5861:17, 5981:17signature [1] - 5804:11signed [1] - 5867:22significant [24] - 5749:16,

5750:7, 5753:11, 5759:11,5759:12, 5762:19, 5763:2,5764:19, 5764:23, 5770:1,5773:17, 5774:15, 5781:6,5785:12, 5817:8, 5845:22,5846:1, 5846:2, 5859:12,5865:12, 5867:5, 5972:7,6025:3, 6029:17

significantly [4] - 5750:17,5756:22, 5774:15, 5846:11

silicate [1] - 5966:13Silver [14] - 5876:1, 5876:4,

5876:6, 5876:12, 5876:15,5876:18, 5877:5, 5877:8,5878:20, 5886:18, 5898:7,5898:14, 5995:9, 5998:5

silver [1] - 5953:11Silverstein [1] - 6021:10similar [16] - 5771:13,

5785:4, 5823:13, 5873:25,5874:1, 5901:25, 5909:13,5914:3, 5917:5, 5950:12,5955:19, 5959:24,

6007:17, 6007:19, 6016:1,6016:13

similarities [2] - 5871:3,5877:11

Similarly [1] - 5849:25simple [7] - 5800:5, 5835:6,

5861:15, 5866:5, 5879:25,5921:15

simplify [1] - 5905:6simplifying [1] - 5766:13simply [10] - 5787:25,

5798:24, 5800:14,5801:15, 5802:16, 5803:2,5803:7, 5804:17, 5812:20,6031:14

simulation [5] - 5808:19,5809:6, 5809:15, 5942:10,5986:18

simulations [3] - 5799:17,5799:21, 5946:19

single [1] - 5805:10sink [1] - 6004:19sit [2] - 5886:3, 6021:22site [108] - 5747:18, 5760:7,

5766:25, 5767:2, 5767:11,5768:2, 5768:3, 5768:7,5768:8, 5768:13, 5768:25,5769:13, 5770:10,5770:15, 5771:15,5771:16, 5771:18,5771:19, 5772:17,5776:11, 5776:15, 5777:2,5788:4, 5788:6, 5801:25,5802:17, 5811:2, 5821:22,5822:20, 5825:2, 5836:16,5855:1, 5855:25, 5856:5,5856:8, 5858:5, 5858:10,5858:12, 5858:25,5859:17, 5859:19,5859:21, 5868:15,5868:21, 5873:18,5877:12, 5877:18,5877:22, 5879:20,5882:15, 5885:1, 5886:7,5886:11, 5887:2, 5887:21,5889:8, 5889:25, 5892:21,5895:1, 5895:8, 5895:9,5898:2, 5901:23, 5902:11,5902:20, 5902:22,5903:24, 5904:8, 5904:15,5905:14, 5906:7, 5911:20,5913:3, 5917:25, 5918:8,5918:9, 5918:23, 5919:19,5919:20, 5920:10,5922:19, 5924:7, 5927:1,5930:25, 5934:1, 5937:2,5937:7, 5942:7, 5942:9,5942:13, 5945:1, 5945:6,5946:21, 5947:7, 5951:6,5951:8, 5956:11, 5986:5,5986:9, 5986:11, 5986:14,5986:15, 5986:17, 5987:2,



44

6009:8, 6024:17site's [1] - 5898:3site-specific [19] - 5766:25,

5767:2, 5767:11, 5768:2,5768:3, 5768:7, 5768:8,5769:13, 5770:10,5770:15, 5771:16, 5788:4,5811:2, 5821:22, 5877:18,5892:21, 5986:5, 5986:9,5986:11

sites [31] - 5750:18, 5768:21,5783:4, 5783:6, 5783:9,5802:8, 5823:13, 5855:2,5855:4, 5870:22, 5871:10,5871:13, 5871:18,5871:20, 5871:22,5871:24, 5872:13,5872:15, 5875:23,5877:11, 5900:12,5900:13, 5900:22, 5902:2,5917:10, 5952:20, 5979:3,5982:19, 5986:25,5990:19, 5997:10

sitting [3] - 5872:24, 5971:3,5980:11

situ [1] - 5844:18situation [5] - 5803:10,

5832:2, 5833:5, 5974:10,5991:21

situations [2] - 5811:4,5835:22

six [7] - 5828:13, 5885:18,5931:19, 5931:20, 5987:1,6026:22, 6033:5

size [8] - 5853:6, 5911:21,5930:21, 5932:8, 5981:2,5989:6, 6004:9, 6012:14

sized [1] - 6035:25skill [2] - 6036:15, 6054:11skip [3] - 5857:20, 5879:15,

5955:9skipped [3] - 5866:16,

5879:21, 5942:3sky [1] - 5908:18slice [1] - 5909:20slide [50] - 5762:8, 5770:8,

5771:24, 5772:14, 5778:7,5787:11, 5799:10,5800:24, 5807:15, 5812:5,5812:20, 5815:2, 5819:19,5820:9, 5822:9, 5823:23,5854:24, 5869:8, 5875:20,5880:25, 5894:22,5895:22, 5896:15,5900:25, 5901:20,5914:17, 5915:15, 5916:1,5919:11, 5920:8, 5924:12,5925:7, 5926:6, 5926:11,5926:13, 5932:11, 5934:2,5935:24, 5943:1, 5945:10,5962:15, 5968:4, 5971:8,5971:13, 5971:18,

5973:23, 5975:4slides [7] - 5748:17,

5813:12, 5857:25,5968:15, 5971:7, 5971:9,5999:18

slight [2] - 5773:10, 6030:18slightly [6] - 5755:7,

5773:10, 5798:12,5804:24, 5881:4, 5911:17

Slim [1] - 6024:18slope [1] - 5801:23sloppiness [2] - 5867:8,

5867:15slot [1] - 6044:22slough [1] - 5968:12sloughing [2] - 5984:25,

5985:13slow [1] - 5772:7slower [1] - 5884:9slug [1] - 5945:4slurry [2] - 5756:9, 5757:17Small [1] - 6007:8small [17] - 5753:12,

5755:21, 5755:22,5776:17, 5803:21,5803:25, 5804:3, 5804:20,5805:1, 5878:4, 5930:23,5954:5, 5992:16, 5993:5,5993:7, 5993:10

smaller [3] - 5950:6, 6004:7,6036:1

smell [1] - 5886:3smiles [1] - 6001:20smoothly [1] - 5758:1Smyth [5] - 5734:22,

5735:17, 5792:1, 6002:17,6030:16

SMYTH [8] - 5739:5,5740:17, 6002:9, 6030:16,6045:19, 6046:4, 6047:23,6048:6

snow [2] - 5885:24, 5886:3snowmelt [2] - 6029:19,

6029:21so-called [3] - 5920:21,

5923:9, 5949:3sobering [1] - 5839:20Society [9] - 5790:8,

5850:18, 5991:2, 6010:19,6010:24, 6011:7, 6011:10,6013:19, 6017:10

sodium [2] - 5805:23, 5806:3Sodium [1] - 5805:24soft [1] - 5770:23soil [2] - 5757:14, 5996:3solicitor [1] - 5744:1solid [2] - 5926:20, 5945:14solids [7] - 5757:18,

5805:12, 5805:15,5805:18, 5805:22,5914:22, 5959:12

soluble [5] - 5911:25,5912:3, 5913:1, 5914:25,5917:15

solute [5] - 5799:8, 5800:20,5803:1, 5803:21, 5805:17

solutes [1] - 5802:14solve [2] - 5803:8, 5923:20solved [1] - 5830:15Sometimes [1] - 5881:20somewhat [5] - 5755:10,

5761:10, 5768:1, 5816:25,5917:4

somewhere [4] - 5874:21,5889:25, 5923:24, 6031:22

soon [1] - 5873:13sooner [1] - 6025:1sorption [2] - 5750:10,

5750:18Sorry [6] - 5815:7, 5995:23,

5999:9, 6021:17, 6025:10,6045:19

sorry [16] - 5828:23, 5889:5,5893:3, 5896:8, 5914:19,5926:23, 5933:13, 5980:9,6009:13, 6025:23,6038:14, 6042:17,6047:21, 6048:17, 6049:3,6049:24

sort [22] - 5757:11, 5767:8,5772:13, 5778:1, 5780:14,5801:7, 5807:12, 5830:7,5833:17, 5834:3, 5837:10,5839:4, 5844:10, 5926:8,5956:5, 5979:17, 6024:3,6025:13, 6025:15, 6027:9,6031:2, 6043:4

sorts [1] - 5804:19sought [2] - 5744:18,

5745:10Sound [1] - 5898:5sound [2] - 5761:8, 5879:14sounded [1] - 5821:1sounds [1] - 5867:7source [28] - 5776:16,

5780:10, 5808:25, 5809:7,5857:25, 5858:4, 5858:5,5858:8, 5858:10, 5858:15,5859:4, 5859:6, 5859:25,5882:14, 5886:11,5886:14, 5895:3, 5895:10,5905:13, 5931:9, 5931:10,5969:22, 5983:24, 5984:1,5984:2, 6008:19, 6008:24

Source [2] - 5894:23, 5973:6sources [9] - 5750:5, 5751:2,

5753:7, 5774:22, 5781:9,5781:12, 5902:19,6023:20, 6023:23

south [7] - 5871:10, 6028:8,6045:12, 6045:23,6046:12, 6046:23, 6048:14

South [6] - 5783:8, 5784:21,5872:19, 5872:20,5873:16, 5873:24

Southeast [2] - 5783:6,5784:19

spaces [1] - 5758:3Spagnuolo [1] - 5734:7spawner [1] - 6003:14spawning [15] - 5828:17,

6009:15, 6014:5, 6014:9,6014:17, 6014:18, 6019:4,6019:5, 6027:18, 6031:20,6033:9, 6033:11, 6033:14,6050:19

speaker [2] - 6042:21,6042:23

SPEAKER [5] - 5899:4,6000:14, 6000:21, 6001:6,6001:10

speakers [2] - 5752:10,5818:15

Speaking [1] - 5783:20speaking [8] - 5752:12,

5752:15, 5767:25, 5783:5,5821:12, 5837:11,5842:15, 6043:22

speaks [3] - 6035:4,6043:15, 6051:19

special [1] - 5954:11specialist [1] - 5766:15specialists [1] - 5766:2species [8] - 5767:10,

5767:22, 5767:24,5828:17, 6004:1, 6004:3,6010:14, 6015:9

specific [41] - 5742:22,5754:17, 5766:25, 5767:2,5767:6, 5767:7, 5767:11,5768:2, 5768:3, 5768:7,5768:8, 5769:13, 5770:10,5770:15, 5771:16, 5788:4,5789:5, 5811:1, 5811:2,5812:23, 5821:22,5822:18, 5825:2, 5829:10,5832:13, 5836:16,5866:23, 5877:18,5892:21, 5971:21,5972:12, 5974:2, 5986:5,5986:9, 5986:11, 6022:22,6023:14, 6048:9

SPECIFIC [1] - 5733:14specifically [7] - 5747:21,

5752:12, 5793:9, 5811:10,5832:18, 5871:24, 5899:18

specifications [1] - 6046:23specifics [1] - 6051:20specified [2] - 5825:6,

6035:12speculate [5] - 5795:5,

5814:3, 5823:11, 5823:18,6040:13



45

speculated [1] - 5794:5speculation [6] - 5793:12,

5793:17, 5795:19,5797:24, 5798:21, 5848:5

speculative [4] - 5793:21,5794:1, 5823:5, 6048:9

spell [1] - 5787:16spelled [2] - 5787:22spelt [1] - 5746:21spending [1] - 5961:18spends [2] - 5876:18, 5877:6spent [1] - 5875:13spill [1] - 5874:25spite [1] - 5767:25SPOKEN [2] - 5738:4,

5742:6spoken [1] - 5780:4spreads [1] - 5865:14spreadsheet [1] - 5867:13spring [2] - 5828:13, 5828:17springs [1] - 5960:8SRK [12] - 5734:21, 5734:22,

5739:3, 5739:4, 5791:14,5874:8, 5874:22, 5875:8,5875:11, 5876:24,5883:11, 5994:22

SRK's [1] - 5791:18St [1] - 5810:12stab [2] - 5838:1, 5978:25stabilize [1] - 6045:6stable [5] - 5801:7, 5921:24,

5923:9, 5934:23, 6005:13staff [3] - 5789:12, 5790:17,

6011:17staffed [1] - 6037:23stage [13] - 5760:11,

5762:23, 5797:10,5801:11, 5829:3, 5834:15,5938:18, 5987:7, 5999:7,5999:25, 6006:23,6018:22, 6022:18

stagnant [1] - 5772:9stained [1] - 5873:7stand [1] - 5818:18stand-up [1] - 5818:18standard [5] - 5759:19,

5868:14, 5961:6, 5986:7,6003:21

standards [8] - 5870:5,5912:18, 5935:14,5936:18, 5950:4, 5950:20,5950:23, 5952:24

standing [1] - 5899:13stands [2] - 5862:2, 5862:5Stanford [1] - 5900:13Stantec [4] - 5734:21,

5791:17, 5791:18, 5815:22STANTEC [1] - 5739:4start [29] - 5759:25, 5761:19,

5764:6, 5764:9, 5764:16,5765:5, 5782:22, 5792:14,

5792:15, 5814:19,5819:18, 5835:17,5854:18, 5855:15,5857:24, 5858:4, 5899:8,5908:11, 5908:13,5914:12, 5914:23, 5915:6,5915:7, 5964:12, 5996:8,6003:4, 6021:19, 6045:13

started [11] - 5806:15,5852:2, 5913:15, 5923:21,5923:23, 5924:20,5957:22, 5960:25,5962:12, 5970:9, 6015:20

starting [9] - 5759:13,5759:17, 5760:1, 5763:13,5906:18, 5937:3, 5955:2,5955:3, 6051:9

starts [3] - 5907:23, 5914:9,6045:23

state [5] - 5799:12, 5801:7,5930:5, 5957:25, 5994:1

State [1] - 5957:16Statement [12] - 5743:3,

5796:15, 5919:16,5927:15, 5948:4, 6005:22,6007:3, 6007:6, 6007:11,6008:1, 6014:3, 6035:12

statement [11] - 5812:20,5832:17, 5850:7, 5882:24,5896:25, 5901:20, 5918:3,5925:7, 5964:15, 5967:23,6044:12

Statements [3] - 5947:22,5947:24, 5948:14

statements [2] - 5856:15,5897:4

States [8] - 5900:10, 5916:5,5947:16, 5948:5, 5962:4,5969:3, 5984:5, 5997:15

stations [1] - 5760:8statistically [2] - 5845:22,

5846:1status [3] - 6010:18,

6011:25, 6027:6stay [3] - 5853:17, 5938:22,

6029:6stayed [2] - 5955:24, 5956:9staying [1] - 5908:11steady [4] - 5801:16,

5868:25, 5930:5, 5956:10steep [1] - 5801:23step [11] - 5760:18, 5768:15,

5845:20, 5846:5, 5847:3,5848:19, 5861:22,5861:25, 5928:12, 6020:2

step-like [1] - 5846:5STEPHEN [1] - 5739:3Stephen [4] - 5734:21,

5737:17, 5791:15, 5810:13steps [3] - 5832:6, 5832:7,

5979:12

Stewart [6] - 5743:25,5744:13, 5744:16,5744:24, 5745:1, 5745:7

STEWART [2] - 5738:6,5743:17

Stewart-Harawira [5] -5743:25, 5744:13,5744:16, 5744:24, 5745:1

STEWART-HARAWIRA [2] -5738:6, 5743:17

Stewart-Harawira's [1] -5745:7

stick [1] - 5857:23sticking [1] - 5880:22still [35] - 5762:24, 5764:20,

5769:11, 5774:4, 5783:18,5784:4, 5786:16, 5794:16,5801:10, 5810:15,5830:15, 5846:17, 5862:8,5863:22, 5865:1, 5867:19,5868:2, 5886:24, 5897:11,5898:11, 5910:13,5910:17, 5961:9, 5961:22,5964:6, 5972:19, 5977:12,5978:1, 5991:14, 6005:12,6006:9, 6011:18, 6020:16,6022:18, 6038:24

stock [13] - 5765:14,6008:10, 6008:11,6009:23, 6010:2, 6011:9,6013:21, 6014:21,6016:22, 6016:24,6018:17, 6023:5, 6023:19

stocked [2] - 6011:1, 6017:2stocking [1] - 6024:13stockpile [6] - 5754:13,

5872:24, 5891:12,5920:13, 5920:17, 5928:6

stockpiled [2] - 5754:23,5757:4

stockpiles [1] - 5920:19stocks [4] - 6022:5, 6023:1,

6023:16stop [10] - 5791:7, 5791:9,

5806:5, 5865:20, 5883:6,5897:23, 5930:20,6032:13, 6032:16, 6052:11

stopped [1] - 6051:8stops [1] - 5982:23Storage [10] - 5864:16,

5934:19, 5936:1, 5941:11,5942:4, 5942:22, 5943:7,5944:9, 5982:16, 5982:18

storage [5] - 5747:17,5920:13, 5920:16, 5928:2,5943:4

store [4] - 5924:7, 5959:25,5962:7, 6009:14

stored [8] - 5776:10,5785:24, 5888:16,5888:17, 5913:14, 5960:1,

5961:10stories [1] - 5885:21storing [1] - 5908:1storms [1] - 5885:11story [4] - 5889:17, 5897:24,

5922:11, 5924:4straight [2] - 5919:15,

5926:23straightforward [1] - 5921:8strategies [9] - 5809:12,

5837:17, 5978:5, 5978:7,5978:8, 6005:24, 6007:7,6020:17, 6033:22

Strategy [1] - 6007:9strategy [2] - 5810:21,

6025:2stratified [5] - 5956:16,

5956:25, 5957:1, 5957:12,5984:21

Stratus [6] - 5734:14,5741:10, 5741:14, 5899:2,5899:6, 5969:21

straw [1] - 6038:25stream [18] - 5788:5, 5788:9,

5822:17, 5847:11,5956:15, 6005:2, 6005:4,6005:16, 6007:19,6012:22, 6013:3, 6013:4,6013:24, 6019:16, 6020:8,6020:10, 6020:12

streams [9] - 5753:1,5772:21, 5954:5, 5958:9,5960:9, 6003:10, 6012:19,6031:1

strength [1] - 5886:24stretch [2] - 5772:22, 5773:1strike [2] - 5802:1, 5802:2stripped [2] - 5753:16,

6018:4strong [2] - 5873:25,

5875:23strongly [2] - 5874:1,

5997:16struck [2] - 5772:3, 5772:11structure [3] - 5774:9,

5774:12, 6031:16structures [1] - 6026:21studies [13] - 5794:2, 5855:9,

5869:20, 5901:16,5939:22, 5940:1, 5947:12,5997:7, 6003:5, 6003:9,6003:12, 6003:21, 6003:23

study [17] - 5751:2, 5812:17,5947:14, 5947:19,5948:11, 5948:12,5948:21, 5948:24,5949:17, 5950:14,5950:17, 5951:5, 5952:13,5954:9, 5957:15, 6047:9

Study [6] - 5742:25, 5947:15,6045:22, 6046:22,



46

6047:10, 6047:21studying [1] - 5855:1stuff [5] - 5753:22, 5863:15,

5956:5, 5984:12, 5985:6sub [1] - 5756:17sub-aerial [1] - 5756:17subaqueous [4] - 5756:7,

5756:24, 5811:17, 5920:12subject [7] - 5751:17,

5793:2, 5793:10, 5839:7,5847:13, 5850:5, 6021:3

subjected [1] - 5847:20submerged [1] - 5757:8submission [21] - 5794:3,

5795:7, 5798:22, 5800:12,5835:7, 5851:25, 5863:13,5889:19, 5897:5, 5974:22,6006:11, 6006:16, 6010:8,6012:1, 6012:5, 6014:25,6019:10, 6029:3, 6036:22,6036:24, 6038:19

Submission [2] - 6015:14,6016:15

submissions [2] - 5835:8,6044:9

submit [3] - 5831:17,5856:19, 5874:18

submitted [14] - 5852:1,5876:24, 5890:16, 5916:9,5940:25, 5947:18,5976:10, 5976:22,5976:25, 6018:8, 6019:25,6030:22, 6049:22

subscribed [1] - 6054:13subsequent [2] - 5846:2,

5846:5subsequently [1] - 5782:15subset [5] - 5868:4, 5868:5,

5948:16, 5950:6subsidiary [1] - 5957:22substance [1] - 5849:20substantial [2] - 5843:6,

6005:6substantially [2] - 6013:7,

6019:18substantive [1] - 5833:2substrate [1] - 6033:20subtracted [1] - 5966:11success [3] - 6016:17,

6040:21, 6040:22successful [4] - 5838:11,

5978:23, 5980:5, 6017:14Successful [1] - 6016:13sufficient [5] - 5754:16,

5985:25, 6000:4, 6014:1,6041:21

sufficiently [2] - 5805:3,5988:10

suggest [8] - 5785:7, 5800:9,5816:23, 5854:4, 5985:24,5999:5, 6000:6, 6044:15

suggested [3] - 5794:13,6015:1, 6022:5

suggesting [2] - 6033:9,6035:1

suggestion [3] - 5795:3,5940:1, 6041:1

suggestions [1] - 6038:23suggests [6] - 5749:13,

5777:8, 5990:1, 6026:14,6027:3, 6029:16

suitability [1] - 6024:11suitable [4] - 5751:3, 5897:2,

6019:11, 6034:8suite [1] - 5786:15suits [1] - 5885:25sulfate [1] - 5837:1sulfide [1] - 5903:3sulfides [5] - 5902:21,

5903:5, 5903:9, 5903:14,5920:25

Sulphate [1] - 5770:9sulphate [28] - 5770:12,

5770:13, 5770:17,5770:20, 5770:23,5770:25, 5771:1, 5771:4,5771:7, 5771:9, 5828:12,5828:23, 5856:2, 5858:15,5904:2, 5915:19, 5916:16,5917:16, 5922:8, 5922:9,5922:12, 5922:23, 5923:3,5923:9, 5936:16, 5954:4,5959:3, 5983:6

sulphate" [1] - 5896:17sulphide [28] - 5836:13,

5885:15, 5902:21,5902:25, 5905:12,5905:13, 5905:15,5905:23, 5906:2, 5907:2,5909:13, 5909:14, 5910:6,5910:19, 5911:2, 5912:20,5921:1, 5921:2, 5921:5,5921:17, 5921:18,5921:20, 5921:25, 5923:2,5932:3, 5932:4, 5932:5

sulphides [3] - 5828:18,5829:11, 5903:2

sulphur [11] - 5862:21,5862:24, 5886:3, 5909:14,5921:21, 5922:3, 5922:23,5923:3, 5925:25, 5929:18,5932:3

summarize [7] - 5747:2,5822:12, 5857:15,5939:19, 5946:10,5948:22, 6039:16

summarized [5] - 5776:4,5777:23, 5817:13,5832:20, 5940:4

summarizing [1] - 5964:4Summary [1] - 5936:25summary [12] - 5762:11,

5788:14, 5857:9, 5857:15,5962:15, 5996:24,6003:23, 6004:25, 6008:2,6012:3, 6016:15, 6017:15

summer [5] - 5885:7, 5885:9,5977:5, 6004:21, 6032:5

super [1] - 5936:24supplementary [12] -

5855:18, 5855:21,5856:16, 5887:17, 5892:7,5892:15, 5895:24,5896:13, 5896:19,5897:10, 5977:4, 5977:7

supplements [2] - 5764:13,5830:6

supplied [1] - 5857:3supply [2] - 6019:4, 6026:8support [4] - 5881:9,

5883:14, 5884:21, 5890:19supporting [4] - 5743:21,

5744:15, 5745:22, 5873:25supports [1] - 5781:5suppose [1] - 5834:14Suppose [1] - 5803:20supposed [6] - 5873:3,

5878:18, 5888:10,5888:24, 5889:5, 5970:10

supposing [1] - 5821:5Surely [1] - 5779:7surely [1] - 5971:1surface [41] - 5753:7,

5785:24, 5803:5, 5803:6,5803:12, 5803:14,5803:22, 5805:7, 5805:20,5806:1, 5806:16, 5806:18,5814:16, 5858:18, 5859:8,5867:7, 5887:14, 5890:22,5900:19, 5908:1, 5928:10,5930:24, 5948:23, 5949:9,5949:13, 5949:18,5949:25, 5950:4, 5950:9,5950:11, 5950:25,5951:12, 5957:10,5978:12, 5988:21, 5989:1,5989:2, 5990:22, 6009:7,6028:11, 6032:1

surplus [1] - 5788:15surprised [2] - 5856:18,

5976:11surprisingly [1] - 5915:13surrogate [1] - 5806:18surrounding [1] - 5859:17Survey [3] - 5788:10, 5883:4,

5899:21surveys [3] - 6003:10,

6003:17, 6003:18survival [2] - 6015:5, 6023:7suspect [3] - 5751:4,

5878:24, 6037:22suspecting [1] - 5897:17suspicious [1] - 5867:24

sustain [1] - 6022:7sustainability [2] - 6042:5,

6052:7sustainable [1] - 6041:22sustained [1] - 6023:1sustaining [2] - 6007:15,

6008:9SW14 [1] - 5961:13swim [1] - 5828:18swim-up [1] - 5828:18Symposium [1] - 5810:11system [34] - 5762:2,

5774:24, 5775:1, 5775:3,5779:5, 5779:8, 5779:9,5801:5, 5801:7, 5801:17,5807:23, 5809:11, 5838:6,5887:14, 5890:12,5941:14, 5941:19,5941:25, 5954:24,5959:17, 5979:20,5980:16, 5983:18, 5984:9,5988:11, 5990:18, 5994:5,5994:7, 5995:3, 5996:15,6007:13, 6007:21,6027:25, 6031:9

system's [1] - 6031:6systems [1] - 5759:15Table [6] - 5777:6, 5777:7,

5778:15, 5815:23,5817:21, 6046:24

table [13] - 5768:21, 5815:3,5816:21, 5831:23,5843:19, 5857:2, 5857:3,5857:4, 5857:17, 5901:19,5904:23, 5972:14, 6002:2

tabled [3] - 5743:6, 5851:25,6044:9

tables [10] - 5748:6, 5772:4,5777:5, 5831:6, 5831:9,5831:14, 5866:13,5882:23, 5975:15, 5975:25

Tables [1] - 5777:23tackle [2] - 5832:8, 5837:3Tailings [12] - 5864:16,

5920:11, 5934:18,5935:24, 5936:1, 5941:11,5942:4, 5942:21, 5943:7,5944:9, 5982:16, 5982:18

tailings [74] - 5747:17,5753:1, 5753:10, 5755:17,5756:2, 5756:8, 5756:10,5757:13, 5757:15,5757:16, 5757:17,5757:20, 5757:21, 5758:2,5785:23, 5800:25,5801:13, 5810:22,5810:23, 5837:18, 5838:2,5858:7, 5864:19, 5872:21,5874:14, 5874:24, 5875:3,5895:14, 5902:8, 5919:24,5928:2, 5928:5, 5928:8,



47

5930:14, 5930:16,5931:11, 5934:21, 5936:3,5936:7, 5936:13, 5936:18,5936:23, 5941:5, 5941:6,5941:21, 5943:4, 5944:4,5944:5, 5944:6, 5944:14,5945:21, 5946:5, 5946:7,5946:12, 5946:17,5946:23, 5952:5, 5953:21,5955:9, 5963:12, 5963:18,5963:23, 5967:9, 5978:8,5978:10, 5978:14,5980:10, 5982:16, 5983:1,5983:4, 5983:16, 5989:21

talks [4] - 5880:12, 5906:5,5928:18, 6047:10

target [3] - 6015:17, 6016:6,6018:15

TASEKO [16] - 5734:18,5735:14, 5739:1, 5740:2,5740:15, 5740:18,5740:20, 5740:22,5790:18, 5970:20, 6002:5,6002:6, 6003:1, 6021:24,6032:22, 6041:13

Taseko [118] - 5734:19,5735:15, 5737:4, 5737:6,5741:23, 5742:15,5742:16, 5742:19, 5743:8,5743:12, 5767:16,5772:15, 5772:16,5772:18, 5772:19,5772:22, 5773:3, 5773:11,5773:12, 5777:15, 5778:6,5778:9, 5778:14, 5779:19,5779:21, 5779:22,5781:10, 5786:17,5789:11, 5789:16,5789:18, 5789:22,5790:11, 5790:20,5791:12, 5792:16, 5793:2,5793:5, 5794:14, 5796:5,5798:15, 5810:2, 5812:3,5813:7, 5815:24, 5818:6,5820:16, 5822:11, 5824:4,5826:17, 5837:18,5837:21, 5840:13, 5844:4,5857:8, 5914:10, 5919:12,5920:4, 5925:8, 5928:1,5938:17, 5938:22,5940:10, 5940:14,5941:23, 5942:11,5942:16, 5942:18,5944:16, 5947:3, 5951:21,5956:25, 5962:20,5963:15, 5964:9, 5964:12,5966:4, 5970:18, 5971:16,5974:19, 5978:6, 5978:18,5979:7, 5979:16, 5980:2,5980:12, 5986:23,5989:22, 5994:7, 5999:6,5999:23, 6002:11, 6004:1,

6004:14, 6005:9, 6005:12,6006:8, 6006:15, 6010:12,6010:15, 6015:14, 6016:7,6017:6, 6017:12, 6019:25,6021:21, 6022:12, 6028:4,6035:14, 6035:15,6035:16, 6036:23,6041:18, 6043:4, 6043:11,6051:11, 6051:20, 6053:19

Taseko's [10] - 5847:10,5940:15, 6001:2, 6001:13,6011:3, 6012:4, 6014:7,6016:10, 6037:4, 6052:17

taxpayers [2] - 5893:22,5996:17

Taylor [1] - 6018:8team [4] - 5790:22, 5791:6,

5791:8, 6000:8technical [8] - 5746:25,

5771:3, 5807:14, 5856:23,5866:24, 5971:22,6002:21, 6046:25

technically [4] - 5780:21,5781:4, 5890:21, 5896:5

technique [1] - 5804:10techniques [2] - 5837:23,

5978:20technologies [6] - 5783:16,

5783:18, 5835:8, 5837:23,5897:2, 5978:20

Technology [2] - 5810:7,5900:15

technology [4] - 5832:10,5837:5, 5838:12, 5839:1

teleconference [1] - 5999:16TELEPHONE [3] - 5734:11,

5998:10, 6042:17telephone [2] - 5741:7,

6001:1Telus [1] - 6042:19Temperature [1] - 6019:8temperature [15] - 5883:6,

5883:21, 5883:23,5884:10, 5885:17,5886:19, 5886:22,5889:13, 5932:8, 6003:22,6027:16, 6027:23,6028:16, 6030:20, 6030:25

temperatures [5] - 5922:19,6019:11, 6028:1, 6028:5,6031:2

tempered [1] - 6031:2temporary [1] - 5872:24ten [2] - 5966:10, 5966:11tend [3] - 5771:6, 5806:25,

5992:16tends [3] - 5772:9, 5783:24,

5985:5tens [2] - 5868:22, 5969:5tenth [2] - 5766:21, 5886:24tenths [2] - 5778:21, 5778:23

teratogen [1] - 5782:17term [40] - 5753:20, 5753:24,

5783:17, 5784:3, 5809:1,5809:7, 5836:2, 5857:25,5858:4, 5858:5, 5858:9,5858:10, 5858:16, 5859:4,5859:6, 5859:25, 5882:14,5886:11, 5886:14,5894:23, 5895:4, 5911:15,5912:1, 5931:9, 5931:13,5963:24, 5969:22, 5981:8,5981:9, 5981:11, 5981:12,5986:22, 6014:14, 6017:4,6017:12, 6034:22, 6042:7,6050:24, 6052:11

terminology [2] - 5862:7,5902:15

terms [32] - 5789:20, 5798:6,5799:19, 5800:14, 5803:8,5814:22, 5814:23,5842:23, 5847:2, 5851:22,5852:14, 5895:10, 5924:4,5924:17, 5931:10,5935:16, 5939:17, 5940:1,5940:13, 5973:6, 5980:3,5998:24, 6001:12, 6021:1,6021:3, 6041:3, 6041:4,6046:2, 6048:12, 6049:18,6050:14, 6052:20

Terms [2] - 5796:12, 5975:18terribly [2] - 5806:24, 5953:1territories [1] - 5899:9territory [3] - 5741:22,

5742:5, 5854:20test [45] - 5877:18, 5877:20,

5881:8, 5882:8, 5883:19,5884:19, 5888:21, 5898:1,5898:2, 5905:19, 5907:21,5909:2, 5911:14, 5911:20,5913:25, 5914:22,5916:13, 5916:24, 5922:2,5927:18, 5929:15,5932:18, 5933:10,5937:11, 5937:20,5944:22, 5944:25, 5945:8,5954:1, 5981:8, 5981:9,5981:10, 5981:12,5981:24, 5990:4, 5992:3,5992:8, 5992:13, 5997:24,5997:25, 5998:1, 5998:3,5998:8, 5998:16, 6052:8

tested [1] - 5882:18testimony [1] - 5832:3testing [16] - 5747:10,

5901:1, 5901:7, 5901:23,5904:7, 5904:12, 5904:14,5905:2, 5907:8, 5909:7,5918:5, 5918:15, 5951:23,5962:14, 5963:3, 5981:14

testing" [1] - 5901:21Tests [1] - 5916:3tests [88] - 5766:5, 5868:12,

5868:15, 5869:5, 5869:10,5869:13, 5869:23, 5870:8,5870:10, 5870:11,5870:17, 5870:23, 5871:6,5873:12, 5873:15, 5876:8,5877:10, 5877:12,5877:24, 5887:7, 5901:25,5902:7, 5904:17, 5904:18,5904:25, 5905:5, 5907:8,5908:4, 5909:6, 5910:24,5911:9, 5911:14, 5911:15,5911:16, 5911:17,5911:24, 5912:6, 5912:25,5913:5, 5913:13, 5913:20,5913:21, 5914:16,5915:25, 5916:12, 5917:4,5917:12, 5917:19,5917:21, 5918:7, 5918:20,5919:1, 5922:6, 5923:5,5923:15, 5924:11,5924:14, 5929:20,5930:24, 5931:18, 5937:5,5937:16, 5937:17,5937:18, 5945:4, 5945:5,5949:12, 5968:20,5968:22, 5969:23,5970:15, 5980:24, 5981:2,5981:6, 5981:11, 5981:12,5981:18, 5981:19,5981:24, 5982:5, 5992:4,5992:6, 5993:2

Tete [1] - 6024:18text [4] - 5777:8, 5882:23,

6049:24, 6050:8thallium [1] - 5915:20thanking [1] - 5899:8THE [135] - 5733:8, 5735:9,

5738:3, 5738:5, 5738:24,5739:6, 5739:8, 5739:9,5739:17, 5739:21,5739:23, 5740:1, 5740:4,5740:8, 5740:19, 5740:21,5740:23, 5741:1, 5741:2,5741:10, 5742:7, 5743:16,5743:19, 5751:14,5787:17, 5789:1, 5789:2,5791:5, 5792:5, 5792:10,5795:23, 5807:8, 5808:9,5811:25, 5812:2, 5815:15,5815:19, 5816:19,5817:17, 5818:4, 5818:9,5818:21, 5818:23,5819:10, 5819:15,5820:14, 5821:8, 5823:1,5823:20, 5825:16,5827:11, 5827:22,5827:25, 5829:18,5829:21, 5832:20,5833:10, 5833:22,5834:11, 5835:2, 5837:15,5839:6, 5840:2, 5842:1,5844:12, 5847:8, 5847:22,



48

5848:12, 5850:13,5851:12, 5851:19,5852:24, 5853:19,5854:11, 5854:15,5898:21, 5898:24,5938:12, 5939:6, 5939:12,5939:24, 5940:9, 5940:17,5964:2, 5964:19, 5964:20,5970:17, 5975:2, 5975:11,5976:7, 5976:18, 5977:11,5978:3, 5980:21, 5985:15,5987:5, 5987:22, 5990:8,5990:25, 5991:14, 5992:1,5993:15, 5996:18,5998:11, 5998:22,5999:19, 5999:23, 6000:6,6000:19, 6000:23, 6001:8,6001:11, 6002:25,6020:23, 6021:19,6021:24, 6025:4, 6025:8,6025:11, 6026:1, 6030:7,6032:9, 6032:17, 6032:22,6033:6, 6040:25, 6041:10,6041:13, 6042:20,6042:22, 6049:5, 6053:1,6053:9, 6053:11, 6053:18

theirs [1] - 5970:18themselves [3] - 5873:4,

5897:8, 5903:6theoretical [1] - 5884:3theoretically [1] - 5793:22theory [1] - 5884:5there'd [1] - 5816:23There'll [2] - 6005:9, 6008:22there'll [7] - 5814:6, 5983:3,

6023:15, 6023:21, 6027:4,6034:6, 6045:3

thereafter [1] - 6054:9thereby [1] - 5756:21therefore [12] - 5750:17,

5750:18, 5750:21,5756:13, 5788:22, 5801:3,5802:5, 5832:11, 6013:5,6020:10, 6036:1, 6043:22

Therefore [8] - 5745:7,5801:7, 5801:12, 5859:12,5863:1, 5865:17, 5891:24,5895:25

thermal [1] - 6019:3thesis [2] - 5855:12, 5855:13they've [2] - 5825:23, 5998:3They've [1] - 5874:16thicker [1] - 5757:20thinking [2] - 6047:8,

6049:21Third [1] - 5747:13third [8] - 5749:7, 5756:24,

5812:11, 5904:19,5943:19, 5944:8, 5951:7,6009:5

thirds [1] - 6043:23

thoughts [1] - 5795:16thousand [1] - 6009:18thousands [1] - 5869:7Three [2] - 5860:16, 6021:14three [21] - 5743:4, 5752:9,

5807:24, 5840:22, 5841:1,5852:15, 5863:18,5895:18, 5902:8, 5903:1,5931:20, 5932:1, 5932:6,5943:8, 5943:9, 5956:8,5992:19, 6012:9, 6026:24,6027:3, 6043:25

three-dimensionally [1] -5807:24

threshold [2] - 5765:2,5765:5

thresholds [1] - 5765:3Throughout [1] - 6015:16throughout [8] - 5860:10,

5975:23, 6006:7, 6009:3,6022:16, 6029:23,6031:18, 6040:12

tied [2] - 5741:12, 6006:13ties [1] - 5879:22tills [1] - 5754:2time-in-variant [1] - 5799:11time-independent [1] -

5808:20time-varying [1] - 5801:10timeframe [4] - 5909:7,

5923:24, 5924:21, 5971:6timing [2] - 5849:10, 5849:24tired [1] - 5879:25tissue [5] - 5783:1, 5784:8,

5784:10, 5827:1, 5827:4title [2] - 5901:20, 6050:7TNG [23] - 5736:10, 5739:6,

5818:24, 5819:1, 5825:19,5829:19, 5852:16,5854:19, 5854:22,5855:17, 5893:23, 5894:1,5899:7, 5899:8, 5974:3,5976:9, 5976:15, 5976:22,5977:5, 5996:17, 6021:14,6021:16, 6021:18

TNG's [3] - 5829:15,5831:21, 5899:11

TO [7] - 5733:7, 5738:4,5738:5, 5739:15, 5742:6,5743:16, 5851:17

today [21] - 5741:22, 5745:5,5758:24, 5791:13,5795:11, 5795:12,5795:22, 5889:17,5894:14, 5897:18,5900:25, 5928:21, 5942:6,5969:12, 5974:23,5977:22, 5991:9, 5999:4,5999:12, 6022:22, 6024:14

toe [2] - 5801:22, 5838:8together [5] - 5757:12,

5839:2, 5874:8, 5931:21,5983:19

tolerant [1] - 5771:6tomorrow [15] - 5852:20,

5999:12, 5999:14,6001:25, 6021:9, 6025:7,6025:17, 6030:4, 6030:6,6030:9, 6032:10, 6032:18,6041:2, 6053:3, 6053:22

tonne [1] - 6046:25tonnes [9] - 5868:22,

5868:23, 5869:15,5919:16, 5919:17,5919:22, 5919:23, 5919:24

TONY [3] - 5739:8, 5740:23,5829:22

Tony [6] - 5736:11, 5737:10,5830:25, 5860:5, 6021:17,6041:16

took [18] - 5772:4, 5800:6,5802:16, 5857:6, 5857:8,5882:13, 5909:20,5912:15, 5913:8, 5922:24,5925:23, 5926:3, 5926:22,5948:8, 5948:16, 5972:15,5995:5, 6037:8

tool [1] - 5796:8tools [1] - 5766:13toothpaste [1] - 5757:25top [17] - 5758:5, 5802:10,

5864:23, 5865:13,5883:19, 5886:1, 5909:20,5909:21, 5910:1, 5934:25,5935:12, 5980:11, 5984:6,5984:8, 5985:2, 5985:7,6031:22

TOPIC [8] - 5733:14,5734:17, 5735:13, 5736:3,5737:3, 5738:8, 5740:13,6002:4

topic [6] - 5789:5, 5828:10,5835:4, 5868:11, 5879:15,5928:14

TOPIC-SPECIFIC [1] -5733:14

topics [6] - 5790:25, 5857:5,5857:6, 5864:14, 5865:19,5901:3

total [33] - 5777:22, 5777:23,5778:3, 5778:10, 5778:17,5778:19, 5778:24, 5779:7,5779:10, 5779:13,5779:14, 5790:14,5805:12, 5805:14,5805:17, 5805:21,5815:19, 5815:25, 5816:7,5817:4, 5817:13, 5817:15,5842:9, 5842:11, 5842:19,5842:20, 5843:12,5868:10, 5938:19,5959:12, 5971:17, 6015:1,6028:16

totally [1] - 6029:13totals [1] - 5866:14toward [3] - 5899:10, 5910:3,

5979:14Towards [1] - 5967:25towards [6] - 5808:8, 5838:4,

5842:13, 6017:6, 6020:2,6044:16

toxic [4] - 5782:22, 5841:24,5873:19, 5874:10

toxicity [6] - 5766:5, 5771:1,5771:4, 5842:13, 5842:16,5842:25

toxicological [1] - 5852:10toxicologists [1] - 5766:6toxicology [1] - 5842:10toxin [2] - 5933:8, 5959:19toxins [1] - 5903:20trace [6] - 5763:19, 5763:21,

5764:2, 5837:4, 5840:21traced [1] - 5873:21tracer [9] - 5803:2, 5803:3,

5803:5, 5804:4, 5804:7,5804:12, 5804:22, 5805:6,5805:13

tracers [5] - 5800:17,5802:25, 5804:18, 5805:9

traces [1] - 5807:2track [4] - 5869:4, 5869:19,

5997:6, 5999:11tracking [6] - 5748:5, 5831:6,

5831:8, 5831:14, 5975:15,5975:25

traditional [5] - 5741:21,5742:5, 5784:17, 5854:20,6023:5

trained [1] - 5900:5transcribed [1] - 6054:9transcript [3] - 5744:5,

5744:23, 6054:10transcripts [8] - 5744:11,

5744:14, 5745:5, 5745:13,5745:18, 5758:22,5827:14, 5827:25

Transfer [1] - 6010:20transfer [1] - 6010:22transferred [1] - 6015:2transformation [1] - 5810:4transient [1] - 5801:10translation [2] - 5744:24,

5745:3transmission [4] - 5994:8,

5995:13, 5995:14, 5995:18transparency [1] - 5947:9transparent [4] - 5942:15,

5958:13, 5976:3, 5985:20Transparent [1] - 5945:11transplant [1] - 6008:22transplanting [1] - 6039:3transport [7] - 5750:22,

5799:8, 5800:21, 5809:2,



49

5899:23, 5900:12, 5900:17Transport [3] - 5818:11,

5977:23, 5991:20trap [1] - 6004:20travel [1] - 5856:8Travers [2] - 5734:14, 5900:7treat [19] - 5777:2, 5783:22,

5813:10, 5813:24,5814:24, 5825:14, 5838:6,5871:25, 5877:5, 5898:9,5956:1, 5959:22, 5959:23,5962:8, 5989:1, 5994:5,5994:25, 5995:3, 5995:6

treated [6] - 5749:24,5781:13, 5877:2, 5877:4,5941:13, 5960:16

treating [1] - 5876:19Treatment [1] - 5896:25treatment [103] - 5751:5,

5751:8, 5776:25, 5777:19,5779:25, 5780:1, 5780:10,5780:15, 5780:21, 5782:1,5783:24, 5784:4, 5812:17,5813:14, 5813:15, 5814:9,5819:19, 5819:21, 5820:2,5820:19, 5821:3, 5821:15,5822:5, 5822:22, 5823:8,5823:14, 5823:23,5823:24, 5824:2, 5824:8,5825:4, 5825:5, 5825:8,5825:10, 5835:6, 5835:8,5835:12, 5835:20, 5837:8,5838:23, 5860:23, 5861:4,5861:7, 5871:13, 5871:17,5871:21, 5872:4, 5872:8,5872:10, 5872:14,5876:20, 5876:25, 5888:2,5888:4, 5888:6, 5890:2,5890:6, 5890:11, 5891:4,5891:18, 5892:22, 5893:9,5893:18, 5893:24, 5894:8,5894:15, 5896:1, 5896:5,5897:2, 5897:17, 5897:19,5898:11, 5928:13, 5938:5,5941:9, 5952:7, 5956:11,5958:21, 5959:7, 5961:19,5962:1, 5962:2, 5962:13,5963:22, 5963:24,5966:24, 5980:8, 5980:19,5990:16, 5990:20,5993:24, 5993:25,5994:13, 5994:16,5995:20, 5996:4, 5996:6,5996:13, 5996:15

treatment" [1] - 5875:21treatment's [1] - 5897:22treatments [5] - 5835:25,

5836:1, 5836:5, 5836:8,5990:13

treats [1] - 5962:4trees [1] - 5996:4tremendous [1] - 5825:23

trend [1] - 5783:11Trevor [3] - 5734:20,

5791:23, 5808:12TREVOR [1] - 5739:3tributary [1] - 5772:25tried [3] - 5806:6, 5838:10,

5997:9trigger [8] - 5797:14,

5798:19, 5823:25, 5824:7,5824:12, 5824:13,5844:22, 5850:3

TRITON [4] - 5740:16,5740:17, 6002:7, 6002:8

Triton [11] - 5735:16,5735:16, 5737:4, 5737:5,6002:12, 6002:16,6002:19, 6023:11,6028:25, 6030:14, 6049:1

trophic [2] - 6025:15, 6027:6trophy [1] - 6035:25trophy-sized [1] - 6035:25trout [21] - 6003:25, 6004:2,

6004:3, 6004:7, 6004:9,6007:13, 6007:15,6007:16, 6007:20,6008:12, 6010:5, 6010:16,6011:1, 6011:13, 6014:24,6015:8, 6017:23, 6019:5,6022:16, 6024:5, 6024:22

true [2] - 5836:6, 6054:9truly [1] - 5807:21trust [1] - 5898:17try [21] - 5759:1, 5759:3,

5759:9, 5763:6, 5768:22,5776:22, 5797:1, 5805:8,5806:7, 5834:2, 5853:20,5940:7, 5947:11, 5983:17,6006:8, 6022:2, 6031:8,6042:18, 6044:2, 6053:12

Try [2] - 5770:15, 5818:21trying [14] - 5773:22,

5773:24, 5777:17, 5824:4,5832:25, 5833:9, 5834:10,5853:12, 5869:16, 5912:4,5997:6, 6027:7, 6035:17,6038:21

TSF [17] - 5747:18, 5747:19,5864:18, 5864:21,5864:25, 5865:11,5865:18, 5881:14,5881:25, 5882:2, 5882:3,5882:4, 5887:10, 5887:11,5891:13, 5891:25, 5943:2

TSILHQOT'IN [15] - 5735:9,5739:8, 5739:17, 5739:21,5739:23, 5740:19,5740:21, 5740:23,5829:21, 5854:11,5854:15, 5898:24,6021:24, 6032:22, 6041:13

Tsilhqot'in [14] - 5736:11,

5736:15, 5736:17, 5737:7,5737:8, 5737:10, 5741:20,5789:23, 5818:14,5834:19, 5851:3, 6021:11,6036:12, 6037:8

turn [24] - 5746:8, 5750:19,5758:13, 5789:16,5789:18, 5790:11, 5799:5,5813:11, 5839:8, 5854:8,5859:9, 5865:8, 5865:15,5878:19, 5881:19,5888:13, 5888:25,5964:12, 5973:25,6002:23, 6048:19, 6049:2

turned [10] - 5878:18,5881:23, 5888:9, 5888:23,5888:25, 5889:4, 5957:6,5998:18, 6035:19, 6037:12

turning [1] - 6033:10turnover [1] - 5985:8turns [2] - 5960:2, 5993:8twice [1] - 5945:21Two [3] - 5899:14, 5977:21,

5986:21two [57] - 5748:16, 5759:19,

5776:3, 5778:21, 5791:1,5791:4, 5803:19, 5804:10,5804:13, 5806:7, 5807:16,5809:23, 5812:6, 5813:11,5817:2, 5836:15, 5848:18,5850:15, 5853:6, 5862:1,5864:2, 5864:3, 5870:21,5878:16, 5878:17, 5879:2,5882:5, 5882:8, 5887:6,5905:18, 5910:23,5938:13, 5942:6, 5942:8,5951:14, 5959:3, 5971:2,5971:10, 5976:8, 5976:25,5977:8, 5978:17, 5978:22,5985:25, 5986:9, 5987:2,5988:23, 5991:1, 5992:19,6002:19, 6021:12,6026:21, 6028:24, 6029:5,6036:24, 6043:23, 6048:7

two-dimensional [1] -5807:16

two-thirds [1] - 6043:23type [10] - 5774:22, 5777:19,

5781:13, 5801:4, 5906:17,5909:10, 5910:25,5931:13, 5947:25, 5981:2

types [14] - 5775:7, 5776:5,5829:15, 5862:2, 5901:25,5903:5, 5904:25, 5906:5,5906:9, 5906:18, 5909:24,5965:19, 5981:24, 5992:4

typically [2] - 5766:19,6004:14

U.S [5] - 5899:21, 5900:1,5950:19, 5954:7, 5955:3

ultimately [8] - 5753:9,5757:20, 5776:24, 5777:1,

5825:13, 5848:21,6006:23, 6041:7

unable [1] - 5781:16unacceptable [1] - 5978:14unaffected [1] - 5845:19unanswered [2] - 5793:14,

5954:19uncaptured [1] - 5781:18uncertain [5] - 5784:5,

5813:16, 5878:2, 5907:5,5907:6

uncertainties [13] - 5747:11,5762:1, 5762:7, 5773:20,5774:1, 5780:1, 5783:23,5785:10, 5785:17, 5787:2,5796:24, 5859:13, 5963:17

uncertainty [22] - 5760:25,5781:8, 5781:19, 5782:6,5785:8, 5785:13, 5786:22,5788:13, 5798:16,5813:22, 5814:11,5814:12, 5814:13,5843:10, 5843:14, 5941:2,5941:3, 5946:14, 5958:5,5986:5, 5989:17, 5992:8

unclear [3] - 5747:9, 5863:9,6028:4

uncomfortable [1] - 5894:11unconsolidated [2] -

5753:21, 5754:7uncovered [1] - 5825:24under [58] - 5747:14,

5748:10, 5748:19,5748:20, 5749:4, 5749:11,5749:17, 5751:9, 5756:12,5765:20, 5765:23,5767:10, 5771:18, 5772:8,5780:25, 5787:1, 5796:9,5802:23, 5811:5, 5812:24,5822:18, 5823:23, 5839:4,5848:23, 5848:24,5849:14, 5849:17,5868:20, 5868:23,5868:25, 5907:24, 5908:8,5913:3, 5915:24, 5924:25,5930:1, 5933:20, 5934:4,5934:10, 5934:19, 5935:5,5936:4, 5940:18, 5941:18,5944:2, 5944:13, 5947:8,5962:24, 5976:10,5976:14, 5976:22,5985:21, 6012:25,6049:10, 6050:1, 6050:3

Under [2] - 5840:20, 5935:25underestimate [8] - 5906:2,

5906:19, 5917:19,5917:23, 5937:9, 5937:18,5946:21, 5992:17

underestimated [12] -5800:15, 5870:18, 5893:8,5894:3, 5928:10, 5936:8,5936:9, 5944:11, 5946:24,



50

5963:1, 5993:3, 6012:7underestimating [1] - 5891:2undergoing [1] - 5810:16underground [7] - 5953:11,

5953:23, 5956:4, 5956:6,5958:8, 5960:2, 5961:10

underneath [2] - 5920:16,5979:19

underpredicted [2] -5889:10, 5951:13

underprediction [2] -5895:10, 5962:9

underrepresent [1] -5906:16

understood [5] - 5784:16,5794:15, 5799:14,6046:15, 6051:19

undertake [1] - 5841:19undertaken [6] - 5793:21,

5793:24, 5794:2, 5992:4,5992:9, 6014:10

Undertaking [3] - 5742:14,5742:19, 5742:24

undertaking [3] - 5742:20,5813:8, 5813:9

undertakings [3] - 5742:13,5742:14, 5743:4

underwater [11] - 5749:15,5756:8, 5756:25, 5811:5,5872:21, 5873:5, 5874:14,5874:17, 5875:14,5881:25, 5887:6

underwent [1] - 5749:8undisturbed [2] - 5941:14,

6047:16undoctored [1] - 5927:4undoubtedly [1] - 6021:8unexpanded [1] - 5947:4unfolded [1] - 6037:7unfortunate [1] - 5976:17unfortunately [1] - 6036:2Unfortunately [2] - 5972:17,

6037:7ungauged [1] - 5788:22unhelpful [1] - 5912:14unique [1] - 5804:12unit [6] - 5815:5, 5922:16,

5930:24, 6035:8, 6035:13,6035:22

Unit [5] - 5942:17, 5943:23,5945:13, 5945:18, 5945:20

United [8] - 5900:10, 5916:5,5947:16, 5948:5, 5962:4,5969:3, 5984:5, 5997:15

units [2] - 5815:4, 5838:17University [1] - 6036:15unknown [1] - 5936:19unless [3] - 5777:12,

5983:12, 6024:21unlike [1] - 5997:15unlikely [2] - 5805:18,

5805:24unmitigated [1] - 5775:21unreasonably [1] - 5936:14unspecified [1] - 5897:8untoward [1] - 5938:10unusual [1] - 5834:13unweathered [1] - 5908:4up [124] - 5752:16, 5755:13,

5755:14, 5759:2, 5759:9,5762:25, 5763:7, 5766:15,5770:10, 5773:23,5776:19, 5778:7, 5780:1,5784:2, 5800:22, 5802:14,5804:3, 5805:1, 5806:21,5808:23, 5811:2, 5811:9,5816:19, 5818:18,5819:19, 5823:1, 5823:21,5824:9, 5828:11, 5828:18,5831:23, 5832:23,5833:21, 5840:12, 5842:5,5843:21, 5844:5, 5844:8,5867:13, 5867:19, 5868:1,5869:14, 5869:17, 5873:1,5873:20, 5875:1, 5877:14,5878:2, 5878:8, 5878:15,5883:3, 5884:6, 5886:1,5893:21, 5901:15,5902:14, 5904:3, 5907:19,5908:14, 5910:6, 5911:12,5918:18, 5919:22,5921:14, 5922:14,5922:15, 5923:1, 5923:19,5924:9, 5924:13, 5925:14,5926:8, 5926:13, 5928:21,5930:22, 5932:21,5934:15, 5934:22,5934:23, 5934:24, 5939:2,5940:7, 5943:24, 5947:23,5955:7, 5956:12, 5956:22,5957:10, 5959:15,5959:20, 5960:7, 5961:12,5966:10, 5967:13,5971:13, 5975:14,5975:25, 5982:16,5983:11, 5986:20,5989:10, 5989:20, 5990:1,5990:10, 5992:13,5992:15, 5992:16,5992:21, 5992:25, 5993:8,6006:19, 6027:5, 6028:15,6032:21, 6032:25,6033:10, 6039:8, 6040:7,6041:17, 6047:7, 6048:4,6049:11, 6049:12, 6051:11

update [2] - 5874:19,6010:17

updated [1] - 6045:11upper [15] - 5914:20, 5915:2,

5938:1, 5944:20, 6003:24,6003:25, 6004:4, 6005:2,6013:5, 6013:15, 6019:16,6019:22, 6020:9, 6028:9,

6028:11upscale [2] - 5869:2,

5869:17upset [1] - 5985:1uranium [4] - 5837:2,

5915:13, 5915:14, 5915:21urine [1] - 5764:13useful [1] - 5777:17usual [1] - 5804:22utility [1] - 5841:12utilize [1] - 5751:4valley [4] - 5776:12, 5807:22,

5808:3, 6030:25Valley [3] - 5790:5, 5840:4,

5987:23valley-shaped [1] - 5807:22valuable [2] - 5870:13,

5870:22value [16] - 5769:24, 5772:2,

5772:5, 5775:19, 5818:1,5881:3, 5905:19, 5905:20,5905:21, 5906:2, 5907:18,5933:2, 5944:15, 6011:20,6011:23

Value [1] - 5932:11values [19] - 5769:6, 5769:7,

5769:11, 5769:24, 5770:3,5770:5, 5773:5, 5773:6,5773:8, 5777:4, 5778:12,5778:19, 5817:20,5852:10, 5913:20, 5917:8,5917:16, 6004:13, 6004:17

vanadium [1] - 5841:2Vancouver [1] - 5752:11variability [14] - 5759:17,

5759:18, 5762:2, 5788:11,5942:11, 5942:13,5942:23, 5944:17,5946:21, 5961:4, 5986:10,5986:16, 5986:19, 5986:23

variable [2] - 5838:15,5868:23

variablility [1] - 5986:22variant [1] - 5799:11variety [5] - 5766:7, 5766:8,

5798:17, 5842:25various [23] - 5752:25,

5753:5, 5753:18, 5757:19,5766:10, 5767:14,5774:22, 5776:9, 5777:19,5783:18, 5803:9, 5830:17,5838:17, 5969:18,6003:20, 6008:3, 6008:21,6020:3, 6023:23, 6027:5,6041:6, 6047:13

varying [1] - 5801:10vegetation [5] - 6018:4,

6027:4, 6039:4, 6045:7verbatim [1] - 5758:22verified [1] - 5766:4verify [1] - 6001:5

versa [1] - 5975:22version [5] - 5745:2,

5745:17, 5942:25, 5946:3Versus [1] - 5815:19versus [8] - 5790:14,

5815:18, 5842:9, 5845:23,5861:18, 5922:23,5950:14, 6024:13

vertebrates [1] - 6015:7vertical [13] - 5907:13,

5913:23, 5915:5, 5916:16,5921:19, 5926:8, 5926:16,5932:13, 5933:8, 5943:3,5960:22, 5960:23, 5978:15

vertically [1] - 5884:6via [2] - 5781:24, 5782:25VIA [1] - 5734:11viability [2] - 5827:2, 6052:6viable [7] - 6009:3, 6009:20,

6010:2, 6016:2, 6016:5,6018:14, 6042:6

vice [1] - 5975:21view [19] - 5744:21, 5755:3,

5755:20, 5758:8, 5783:17,5784:5, 5784:10, 5784:14,5793:12, 5794:24,5835:13, 5973:22, 5974:6,5974:11, 5985:18,6035:25, 6043:18, 6044:3,6046:18

viewed [1] - 5798:11violated [2] - 5954:7,

5958:14violations [1] - 5959:21virgin [1] - 5801:1virus [1] - 5865:14vitamin [1] - 5764:12VOICE [2] - 5998:10,

6042:17volcanic [2] - 5906:6,

5909:16volume [6] - 5743:2, 5943:4,

5988:9, 6028:11, 6028:15,6032:3

Volume [4] - 5733:16,5777:7, 5777:23, 5905:22

volumes [4] - 5752:22,5752:24, 5913:7, 6028:8

vulnerable [1] - 5767:24W21 [1] - 5801:25W3 [1] - 5768:24W6 [1] - 5772:15wait [1] - 5970:9wall [10] - 5910:22, 5927:23,

5929:25, 5930:5, 5934:12,5935:22, 5937:13, 5957:5,5984:18

walls [9] - 5786:2, 5875:7,5910:7, 5920:2, 5929:21,5965:9, 5968:11, 5984:25,5985:14



51

warm [3] - 5885:7, 6028:14,6032:2

warmer [1] - 6032:1warming [4] - 5885:20,

5886:5, 6028:10, 6028:13warranted [1] - 5749:12Washington [2] - 5957:15,

5957:25waste [51] - 5749:16, 5753:1,

5753:11, 5754:11,5754:24, 5755:2, 5755:18,5756:2, 5756:12, 5757:12,5757:14, 5758:4, 5762:13,5762:16, 5768:12, 5776:7,5776:9, 5784:24, 5784:25,5785:2, 5785:24, 5810:22,5811:6, 5858:6, 5862:20,5863:14, 5863:19,5864:23, 5865:13, 5871:9,5872:11, 5872:12,5872:18, 5872:23,5874:24, 5886:1, 5902:8,5905:5, 5919:13, 5920:2,5920:12, 5920:16,5920:21, 5924:16, 5927:5,5927:11, 5937:12,5937:14, 5953:22,5965:10, 5984:6

watch [1] - 5791:6WATER [3] - 5734:17,

5736:3, 5738:8water [349] - 5743:1,

5743:12, 5743:14,5747:12, 5747:22, 5749:4,5752:12, 5756:9, 5756:10,5756:13, 5756:20,5757:17, 5757:18,5757:19, 5757:22,5757:23, 5758:17, 5759:6,5759:14, 5759:21,5760:19, 5760:24,5760:25, 5761:6, 5762:14,5762:16, 5762:20, 5763:4,5763:15, 5763:20,5764:23, 5765:13,5767:13, 5768:4, 5768:10,5768:14, 5769:1, 5769:7,5769:23, 5770:1, 5770:20,5771:4, 5771:7, 5771:9,5771:16, 5771:18, 5772:8,5772:17, 5772:23, 5773:3,5773:11, 5774:1, 5774:17,5775:8, 5775:22, 5775:24,5776:1, 5776:7, 5776:11,5776:14, 5776:22,5776:24, 5777:2, 5777:10,5777:11, 5777:13,5777:18, 5777:20, 5778:9,5779:3, 5780:10, 5780:21,5780:22, 5780:24, 5781:6,5782:1, 5783:1, 5784:9,5785:25, 5786:3, 5786:7,

5786:9, 5787:14, 5788:15,5788:16, 5788:18,5788:20, 5788:23,5791:17, 5800:11, 5801:1,5801:5, 5801:6, 5801:14,5802:5, 5802:6, 5802:7,5803:5, 5803:6, 5803:13,5803:15, 5803:19,5803:22, 5805:7, 5805:14,5805:20, 5806:1, 5806:12,5806:16, 5806:18,5806:19, 5809:7, 5809:10,5809:13, 5809:16,5810:25, 5811:7, 5814:16,5816:9, 5817:8, 5819:8,5819:23, 5820:2, 5821:15,5822:5, 5822:22, 5823:8,5824:19, 5829:3, 5839:22,5840:1, 5852:21, 5858:12,5858:18, 5858:19, 5859:8,5859:21, 5860:22,5861:24, 5861:25,5871:13, 5871:25,5872:14, 5874:23,5874:24, 5874:25, 5875:2,5875:5, 5875:21, 5876:19,5876:25, 5877:1, 5877:2,5877:3, 5877:5, 5887:14,5887:15, 5890:2, 5893:3,5893:4, 5893:18, 5894:15,5896:1, 5896:15, 5896:16,5896:23, 5897:19,5897:22, 5900:19, 5912:2,5912:18, 5913:7, 5913:9,5917:6, 5917:9, 5917:14,5925:20, 5928:9, 5928:10,5928:13, 5929:3, 5930:2,5934:6, 5934:7, 5934:15,5934:18, 5934:23,5935:14, 5936:4, 5936:5,5936:7, 5936:17, 5936:18,5936:23, 5936:24,5937:19, 5938:5, 5939:1,5941:1, 5941:2, 5941:3,5941:4, 5941:5, 5941:6,5941:9, 5941:19, 5941:24,5942:4, 5942:14, 5942:21,5942:24, 5943:6, 5943:25,5944:3, 5944:5, 5944:9,5944:15, 5945:13,5945:19, 5945:21, 5946:4,5946:10, 5946:11,5946:14, 5947:10,5948:13, 5948:14,5948:18, 5948:23, 5949:2,5949:6, 5949:9, 5949:14,5949:19, 5949:25, 5950:4,5950:5, 5950:8, 5950:9,5950:11, 5950:19, 5951:1,5951:12, 5951:15,5951:16, 5951:18,5951:20, 5951:24,

5951:25, 5952:7, 5952:10,5952:14, 5952:15,5952:16, 5952:17,5952:23, 5953:3, 5953:5,5954:5, 5954:10, 5954:12,5955:22, 5956:4, 5956:12,5956:16, 5956:19,5956:24, 5957:2, 5958:15,5958:21, 5959:2, 5959:22,5959:23, 5959:24,5959:25, 5961:10,5961:19, 5962:4, 5962:7,5962:12, 5962:18,5962:25, 5963:12,5963:13, 5963:17,5963:23, 5966:24, 5967:5,5967:6, 5967:7, 5967:12,5973:16, 5980:13,5982:17, 5984:18, 5985:2,5985:4, 5985:7, 5985:16,5985:19, 5986:4, 5988:9,5988:22, 5989:1, 5989:2,5989:10, 5989:20, 5990:1,5990:4, 5990:12, 5990:17,5990:22, 5995:1, 5995:3,5995:6, 5996:4, 5996:6,5996:13, 5996:15, 5997:3,5997:9, 6003:20, 6019:4,6026:20, 6028:1, 6028:5,6028:9, 6028:13, 6028:14,6029:15, 6029:19,6029:24, 6031:12,6031:17, 6032:1, 6032:2,6032:3, 6032:4, 6034:6,6045:6, 6045:14, 6045:18

Water [24] - 5742:21,5771:12, 5781:2, 5786:18,5786:20, 5788:9, 5816:6,5816:16, 5821:17,5821:21, 5821:23, 5829:7,5830:8, 5836:18, 5892:4,5892:11, 5892:16, 5916:3,5916:14, 5916:24,5932:11, 5943:2, 5945:10,5954:7

water's [3] - 5885:10,6029:22, 6031:24

waterbody [4] - 5765:17,5765:20, 5767:6

watering [1] - 5765:14waters [11] - 5748:15,

5749:21, 5749:23, 5750:4,5766:7, 5770:23, 5776:13,5804:10, 5804:13, 5863:3,5890:22

watershed [9] - 5900:17,5941:17, 6003:11, 6004:4,6004:6, 6005:1, 6008:15,6019:7, 6024:19

ways [4] - 5817:21, 5929:7,5984:13, 6044:10

WCP [1] - 5967:7

weather [1] - 5920:25weathered [1] - 5908:1weathering [12] - 5902:9,

5908:6, 5911:25, 5912:4,5913:2, 5913:14, 5924:7,5933:5, 5933:14, 5935:5,5935:21, 5982:3

weathers [1] - 5922:8website [3] - 5745:19,

5997:22, 6000:15weeds [1] - 5969:21week [15] - 5743:22,

5867:18, 5872:20,5907:20, 5908:10,5908:12, 5913:24, 5922:1,5922:16, 5924:21,5929:10, 5932:15,5932:19, 5933:4, 5933:12

weeks [12] - 5913:10,5913:24, 5914:2, 5919:3,5923:17, 5923:23,5926:23, 5927:18,5929:12, 5932:7, 5932:17,5933:11

weighted [1] - 5803:2welcome [4] - 5741:25,

5854:21, 5970:25, 5974:12welcoming [1] - 5741:17wells [9] - 5802:9, 5802:20,

5838:6, 5838:23, 5960:12,5961:22, 5978:16,5983:19, 5983:23

west [2] - 5848:21, 5849:9western [4] - 5801:23,

5802:9, 5802:21, 5838:4wet [3] - 5943:18, 5946:17wet-year [1] - 5943:18whatever's [1] - 5865:3whereas [1] - 6036:13Whereas [1] - 5802:7whereby [2] - 5777:10,

5784:18WHEREOF [1] - 6054:13white [2] - 5884:1, 5884:11whole [12] - 5772:18,

5798:17, 5805:19, 5833:8,5843:21, 5885:1, 5906:4,5906:17, 5912:19, 5916:8,5952:13, 5956:19

whole" [1] - 5905:1wide [1] - 5917:13width [1] - 5985:9wild [2] - 5765:14, 6023:7wildly [1] - 6048:9William [1] - 5741:20Williams [7] - 5733:23,

5741:17, 5790:9, 5850:19,5885:7, 5885:9, 5991:4

wind [1] - 5985:8window [1] - 6027:9winter [1] - 5885:24



52

winterkill [1] - 6016:10wish [8] - 5790:17, 5791:3,

5818:18, 5833:12, 5838:7,5991:10, 6021:21, 6021:22

wishes [1] - 5839:13WITH [4] - 5738:5, 5739:15,

5743:16, 5851:17withdraw [1] - 5848:11WITNESS [1] - 6054:13Wobus [6] - 5734:14,

5900:14, 5901:12, 5938:9,5940:24, 5999:2

WOBUS [2] - 5986:3,5989:16

wonder [2] - 5817:1, 5847:12wondered [2] - 5772:12,

5985:24wondering [15] - 5779:6,

5824:7, 5826:12, 5828:14,5830:2, 5831:25, 5843:18,5844:19, 5964:25, 5965:3,5965:18, 5969:9, 5987:17,6033:13, 6053:2

word [10] - 5819:22, 5857:6,5857:7, 5857:8, 5857:9,5894:7, 5896:22, 6050:21,6051:3

words [12] - 5745:19,5747:18, 5775:3, 5861:15,5862:20, 5864:10,5873:25, 5888:7, 5891:17,5920:24, 5983:21, 6035:23

workable [1] - 5829:17workings [2] - 5956:6,

5961:10works [2] - 5846:4, 5900:17world [10] - 5855:4, 5855:11,

5876:2, 5876:17, 5877:5,5880:9, 5893:19, 5995:8,6036:14

world-class [2] - 5876:2,5995:8

worry [1] - 6026:2worse [6] - 5876:15,

5876:16, 5877:8, 5887:16,5955:22, 5956:16

worsen [1] - 5950:8worst [3] - 5868:7, 5959:4,

5959:6worst-case [2] - 5959:4,

5959:6Wow [2] - 5978:25, 5994:11writing [3] - 5879:12,

6027:12, 6032:14written [7] - 5744:17, 5828:6,

5835:7, 5851:25, 5857:12,5883:11, 5964:16

wrote [4] - 5857:9, 5877:18,5939:1, 6027:13

Yank [1] - 5900:5year [50] - 5742:22, 5772:11,

5831:3, 5855:17, 5862:6,5863:13, 5873:1, 5876:19,5877:3, 5877:4, 5885:2,5886:21, 5887:7, 5924:25,5925:2, 5943:11, 5943:12,5943:14, 5943:15,5943:16, 5943:17,5943:18, 5946:4, 5946:5,5955:25, 5956:1, 5958:15,5973:20, 5977:5, 5977:10,5989:21, 5994:23, 5995:4,5995:7, 5995:9, 6009:18,6012:23, 6014:12,6022:21, 6026:19,6044:20, 6044:24,6046:13, 6051:13

year-14 [3] - 6045:12,6045:14, 6045:23

year-7 [1] - 6026:15year-round [1] - 5742:22yearlings [1] - 6004:20years [89] - 5758:17, 5766:5,

5793:23, 5794:6, 5795:6,5795:20, 5798:20,5799:17, 5800:22,5806:12, 5808:20,5808:22, 5810:24,5813:18, 5813:19,5813:25, 5814:5, 5814:17,5847:12, 5855:2, 5855:24,5869:21, 5870:6, 5872:8,5872:10, 5872:11,5872:25, 5874:20,5878:16, 5878:17, 5879:2,5881:20, 5886:19, 5887:6,5890:17, 5893:17,5894:20, 5898:6, 5898:12,5898:13, 5899:17, 5900:8,5900:9, 5900:21, 5918:22,5924:17, 5924:19,5924:22, 5925:12,5925:13, 5925:14,5925:20, 5925:21, 5926:8,5926:9, 5926:14, 5926:16,5926:19, 5926:22,5934:16, 5936:16, 5942:6,5942:8, 5953:13, 5954:4,5955:25, 5958:25,5982:23, 5985:25, 5986:9,5986:21, 5987:2, 5992:19,5994:8, 5996:8, 5998:1,6011:16, 6023:4, 6025:20,6025:22, 6026:12,6026:22, 6026:24, 6027:3,6027:4, 6027:8, 6044:6,6045:2

yellow [3] - 5905:25,5917:11, 5925:2

yesterday [45] - 5742:12,5743:6, 5743:20, 5745:24,5751:21, 5753:15, 5754:3,5755:25, 5756:5, 5759:3,



53

5765:10, 5765:25, 5767:2,5768:22, 5770:10,5773:24, 5780:12, 5782:9,5789:8, 5789:18, 5800:23,5806:6, 5806:21, 5812:23,5838:10, 5839:9, 5846:15,5848:1, 5848:20, 5863:17,5871:8, 5872:7, 5872:9,5872:17, 5875:19,5877:16, 5895:12,5896:14, 5942:6, 5944:25,5955:14, 5957:2, 5960:6,5986:12, 6048:1

Yesterday [2] - 5874:12,5896:9

yield [1] - 6004:8yourself [1] - 5832:1yourselves [2] - 5746:10,

6039:18zero [5] - 5803:17, 5885:18,

5921:16, 6042:19Zinc [1] - 5932:11zinc [27] - 5903:10, 5903:19,

5907:15, 5907:17,5907:19, 5908:20,5908:23, 5908:25, 5909:1,5909:3, 5916:24, 5916:25,5917:16, 5929:15,5929:19, 5932:13,5932:14, 5932:20,5932:23, 5933:1, 5933:5,5953:11, 5953:15, 5954:4,5957:9, 5959:3, 5959:14

zone [5] - 5802:18, 5847:17,5967:19, 6039:4

Documents

PROSPERITY GOLD-COPPER MINE PROJECT CANADIAN … · 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 5733