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New techniques for Plant Breeding Science and Research - state of play and priorities
Prof. Dr. Richard G.F. Visser,
Wageningen UR Plant Breeding Hearing on "New Techniques for Plant Breeding“ , Tuesday 1 December 2015, Brussels
Breeding techniques
Are ~depending on mode of reproduction
Techniques for overcoming crossability
barriers
Techniques for chromosome and genome
manipulation Haploidization, Genome doubling,
polyploidization, Production of alien addition or
substitution lines, Translocation breeding,
Manipulation of chromosome pairing in meiosis,
Mutagenesis, Cell fusion, Partial genome transfer.
Other relevant plant breeding-related
techniques
New techniques are:
– ‘Normal’ innovations in Plant Breeding
– Established partly in response to GMO problems
– Potentially very strong methods for achieving
‘Precision Breeding’ and shortening of breeding
cycles especially in cross pollinators and
vegetatively propagated crops
– Difficult if not impossible to detect in end
product
Potato is the third largest food crop
21 million ha globally
Late blight is a major problem
Phytophthora infestans: causal agent of late blight
P. Boevink
Late blight costs in the Netherlands in 2005
12 - 15 sprays per season
1424 ton active ingredients per year
50% of all biocides in the Netherlands
Environmental/health toll
Economical costs
● Fungicides: 60 M€/yr
● Spraying: 60 M€/yr
● Losses: 30 M€/yr
● Total: 150 M€/yr
Late blight related losses 10 billion € globally
Sustainable solution for late blight:
Resistance (R) genes from related wild species!
R gene introduction through introgression breeding
X
Donor
species
Resistance
Gene
Commercial
Variety
New Variety
Time path of Rpi-blb2 introgression
S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)
AB (3X + 4X)
AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)
ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM
ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM
ETC.
1959
1965
Selection
cv Bionica ~2005 cv Toluca
1980
x
Rpi-blb2 breaking in 2008
Rpi-blb2 breaking
(few)
Random isolate
(majority)
Bionica Desiree Toluca
Almost 50 years breeding;
within 3 years broken!
R gene introgression using GM breeding
Donor
species
Resistance
Gene
Commercial
variety
New variety
Time path of R gene introduction by GM approach
S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)
AB (3X + 4X)
AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)
ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM
ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM
ETC.
1959
1965
cv Bionica ~2005 cv Toluca
1980
2007
2010
cv Desiree
cv Desiree PLUS
Cisgenesis:
Natural gene from a crossable species
Breeders gene pool
Maintenance of the elite variety
Summary of the cisgenic selection pipeline
2007
Cisgenic variety: Desiree PLUS
Field trial august 2015
Current results
The Netherlands
●Cisgenic transformation of 8 potato varieties
with different R gene stacks
●6 years field trials
Also tested in Belgium
●2 years of field trials
Aveka
Desiree
Premiere
Untreated Cisgenic
protection
Chemical
protection
19
66
126 1065
1056
1108
554
427
598
Aveka
Desiree
Premiere
Conclusions
Cisgenesis (but also site directed mutation
techniques) is ideal for cross pollinators because
the elite variety can be maintained
Faster breeding cycle
More efficient breeding
Acknowledgements
WUR Plant Breeding
Vivianne Vleeshouwers
Marjan Bergervoet
Gerard Bijsterbosch
Gert van Arkel
Jack Vossen
Suxian Zhu
Kwanyong Jo
Ronald Hutten
Evert Jacobsen
WUR Plant Research International
Anton Haverkort
Piet Boonekamp
Bert Lotz
Geert Kessel
VIB Ghent/ILVO
Rene Custers
Lieve Gheysen
Wageningen University Fund (WUF) VIDI grant
nTQS consortium
Centre for BioSystems Genomics
Questions ?