Activity Potential requirement on ground

Desk study and get licens: Find areas with favorable geological conditions

None

Seismic survey: Provide detailed information on geology

Access to onshore sites and marine resource areas Possible onshore extension of marine seismic lines

Exploratory drilling: Verify the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir and quantify the reserves

Access for drilling unit and supply units Storage facilities Waste disposal facilities Testing capabilities

Appraisal: determine if the reservoir is economically feasible to develop

Additional drill sites Additional access for drilling units, supply units, waste disposal and storage facilities

Drilling and production: produce oil and gas from the reservoir through formation pressure, artificial lift, and possibly advanced recovery techniques, until economically feasible reserves are depleted

Improved access, storage and waste disposal facilities Equipment for production: Wellheads, Flowlines Equipment for storage, process and export: Accommodation, infrastructure

Decommissioning and rehabilitation: may occur for each of above phases.

Equipment to plug wells, remove installation 2

The oil and gas cycle

Life cycle of oil and gas

(time)

1) 2) 3) 4)

5) 6)

Production involves 3 operations

Production system:

Considerations on the production system.

• The depth and type of formation

• The gas-to-oil ratio

• The viscocity of the crude oil

• The economics of the entire project

Production system

Subsea field development/production systems

• Can be combined with floating production systems.

• Cost effective

• Provide for large savings in manpower.

• Subsea Satellite Development

• Subsea Production Template

• Underwater Manifold System

Production system: Types

Floating production systems – a means of developing smaller fields

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FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 7

Development: more oil production subsea to shore

Ormen Lange Norway.

Production system: Types

Production involves 3 operations

Production involves:

1) Extracting:

• Produce the oil to the surface

2) Processing

• Reservoir fluid to product for sale

3) Transporting and storaging:

• Pipe, boat, tanks

Extracting: Production support systems

• Water injection

• Gas injection

• Artificial lift

Gas lift Gas injection

1.Gas lift

2.Electric submersible pumping (ESP).

Extracting: Special methods

Gas lift

Processing: Separation and treatment - upstream gas

• Gas may be treated for transport, gas lifting or applications as fuel.

• Separate the gas and liquid phases

• Extract or inhibit any components in the gas

which affects pipeline corrosion or blockage

(H2O vapour, CO2, and H2S).

• Pressure reduction

• Gas dehydration

• Gas compression

Transporting and storaging Stabilized crude oil: • stored in tank farms at a distribution terminal which may involve pipeline. • Transported by tankers Sales gas: • Would be piped directly into the national gas distribution network NGL products (propane, butane): • Can be stored locally in pressurized tanks. • Often distributed by road or rail directly from the gathering station.

Pipelines:

• The most common transport of hydrocarbons,

where large volumes are concerned.

Tankers:

• In areas where seabed relief

makes pipelines vulnerable

• Where pipelines cannot

be justified on economic grounds

Transporting and storaging: Offshore loading

Loading is carried out through a single buoy mooring (SBM).

’Spar’ type storage terminals:

• Two tankers are used either loading and transporting,

or with one tanker acting as floating storage facility

and the other shuttling to and from a shore terminal.

Key features:

LNG & vapor transfer and mooring by Soft Yoke Mooring and Offloading (SYMO™)

Operations in exposed weather conditions

Use of LNG carriers with dedicated bow manifold and connector

Transporting and storaging

Transporting and storaging Challenges:

• Flow ensuranse

• Operation of hydraulic and mechanic valves

Because of

• Permafrost

• Extreme cold

• Weather

• Drifting ice

FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 15