Principles of Learning (Horne and Pine, 1990 in Corpuz and Salandanan, 2007)In the professional education part of LET, most of the questions are situational. And one of the common mistakes about the LET is that it is said to be "easy". The reason behind this is that all the choices seemed correct, and yet there really is one correct answer. But how will one know that the choice is the correct and best answer? This is where the principles come in. In answering the questions that are situational, keep in mind the principles of teaching and learning. These will guide us to choose the "best" answer among the choices. Actually, there are a lot of principles of teaching/learning. I just would like to present these, shall I say, principles discussed from one of the current textbooks used nowadays. Hope you will learn a lot...

1. Learning is an experience which occurs inside the learner and is activated by the learner. This means that learning will not take place unless the learner her/himself allows it to happen in his/her mind. It is not primarily controlled by the teacher, rather on the learners' wants, interests and motivation to learn. In real classroom setting, the teacher must engage learners in activities that are connected to their lives.

2. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas. This is somewhat the same with principle number one. Learners can easily understand concepts if these are relevant to their needs and problems. Hence, as teachers, we must relate the lesson to the learners' needs, interests and problems.

3. Learning is a consequence of experience. In short, use experiential learning as much as possible period. Hehehe...

4. Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process. Learners will learn more if they are given chances to work together and share ideas. Make use of group activities.

5. Learning is an evolutionary process. Learning especially if this means a change in behavior, does not happen in a click. This requires time and diligence. So as teachers, be patient. Be patient. Be patient. Be patient.

6. Learning is sometimes a painful process. This means that learning requires sacrifice, hardwork, study time. Let the learners realize this okay?

7. One of the richest resources for learning is the learner him/herself. Let's not be too "centered" upon ourselves. Let's draw the discussion not only on our own

experiences as teachers but on the learners' experiences as well. Listen and let the learners share their prior knowledge, stories, information, etc that can enrich the learning process. Encourage free sharing inside the classroom. 

8. The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual. Learners can't learn that much if they have something that is bothering their minds. These can be problems and worries they have either in or out of the classroom. Thus, as teachers, let us be sensitive to our students' problems. We can't teach learners with empty stomachs remember?

9. The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique and individual. Make use of different teaching strategies that can cater multiple intelligences and learning styles.

THE LEARNER As an embodied spiritHas the power to see, hear, touch, smell and taste, perceive, imagine, retaian, recognize past mental acts, conceive ideas, make judgment, reason out, feel and chooseHas also a spiritual natureThe Fundamental Equipment of the LearnerCOGNITIVE FACULTIESFive Senses – for effective and efficient learning, it is important that his/her senses function normally.Instinct – the word instinct comes from the Latin word instinctus which means impulse. This means that the learner has a natural or inherent capacity to respond to environmental stimuli such as danger signs of survival.Imagination – it is the ability to form a mental image of something that is not perceived through senses.Memory – this is the cognitive faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.Intellect – by his/her intellect, the learner can engage in cognitive processes such as forming ideas or concepts, reasoning out and making judgment.APPETITIVE FACULTIESFeelings and emotions – positive feelings and emotions make the teaching-learning process an exciting and joyful, fruitful affair while negative feelings and emotions make the same process a burden.Will – it is this will that makes the learner free to choose or not to choose to do the good as presented by his/her intellect.Factors That Contribute To the Differences among LearnersAbility – determines the learners’ capacity to understand and assimilate information for their own use and application.Aptitude – refers to the learners’ innate talent or gift.Interests – the learners’ cognitive faculties of sensorial experiences, memory, imagination,

concept formation, reasoning and judgment are at their height when learners’ interests are also at its peak.Family and Cultural Background – students who come from different socioeconomic background manifest a wide range of behavior due to differences in upbringing practices.Attitudes and Values – A positive attitude will enhance the maximum and optimum use of the learner’s cognitive and affective faculties for learning.

Howard Gardner’s Multiple IntelligencesLinguistic – ability to effectively use different languages to express oneselfLogical – Mathematical – in Gardner’s word, it is the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically.Musical – involves skills in performance, composition and appreciation of musical patterns.Bodily - Kinesthetic – ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements.Visual - Spatial – refers to the skills involving spatial configurations with the u8se of patterns of wide space and confined areas.Interpersonal – concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations of other people.Intrapersonal – capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears and motivations. Naturalist – enables human beings to recognize, categorize and draw upon certain features of the environment. It is the understanding of nature based on Gardner.Existential – concerned with ultimate issues.Types Of LearnersVisual Learners – those who learn by data and info presented to them visually.Auditory Learners – learn by listening and verbalizing data.Read-Write Learners – learn by silent reading and writing their notes repeatedly

Report ng group 2 sa principles of teaching  THE TEACHER*Professional teacher- is the licensed professional who possess dignity and reputation with high moral values as well as technical and professional comptence, he/she adheres to observes and practices a set of ethic and moral principles standards and values.*Professional attributes - a professional teacher perceives himself/herself as someone who can effect change or learning, (sense of efficacy) because he/she (subject matter knowledge) and in how he/she reaches (pedagogical knowledge PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES *personality - is the sum of ones personal characteristics. personalities may be described as authoritarian, weak, dynamic or magnetic Some Outstanding Personal Qualities:*passion- passion for a teaching is a compelling force that emerges from teachers love for the children.*humor- teachers humor connects them with their students like a magnet.*values and attitudes- teachers are models of a values.-open mindedness is basic in promoting respect and trust between teachers and students.-fairness and impartially in treating students eliminate discrimination.-sincerity and honesty are values exhibited im words and actions.

-professiinalism is highly treasured in the teaching profession.*patience- in teaching, refers to a teachers uncomplaining nature, self control and persistence.-- patient teachers can forego momentous frustrations and disappointments.-remembering how their teachers felt when they as young students committed similar mistake, they are able to alleviate such misbehavior with coolness and equanimity.*enthusiasm - synonymous to eagerness and excitement. -enthusiastic teachers are full of energy and dynamism.-enthusiasm is a gift.it is a contagious and can instantly affect children's mood and attitudes. *commitment- is a solemn promise to perfo the duties and responsibilities mandated by the laws and code of ethics of the profession.-committed teachers are caring and dedicated.-dedication to the teaching job is the true essence of professionalism.Here are some research findings on effective teachers compiled by Strong (2012)* caring teachers who know their students create a relationships that enhance the learning process.*effective teachers practice gender, racial and ethnic fairness. *effective teachers consistently behave in a friendly and personal manner while maintaning appropriate teacher student role structure. *high levels of motivation in teachers relate to high levels of achievement in students. *effective teachers exude positivs attitudes about life and teaching. *teachers whose students have high achievement rates continually mention reflection on their work as an important part of improving their teaching.

Ito na po yung sa Report ng GROUP 3 sa nanghihingi.

THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT “To heredity, the child owes his possibilities. However, to environment, he owes the realization of these possibilities."

INTRODUCTION: The learning environment consists of the physical environment as well as the psychological atmosphere or the socio-emotional climate which is mainly a product of the interaction and relationship between teacher and students and among the students.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT • The physical environment includes the physical condition of the classroom, the arrangement of furniture, seating arrangement, the classroom temperature and lightning. • We enjoy learning in a neat, tidy, orderly, spacious, well lighted, well ventilated and quiet classroom. We can’t learn in dirty, topsy-turvy, warm, poorly ventilated and noisy classrooms. • How should the environment be structured for effective teaching and learning?• Classroom• School Library• School Laboratory• Comfort Room

• School Clinic• School Canteen

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE • Let us not forget that equally important, if not more important, is the psychological atmosphere or climate that reigns in the classroom. Researchers agree that in addition to conducive physical environment, the favorable school climate includes:1. safety (e.g. rules and norms; physical safety; social –emotional safety) 2. relationship (e.g. respect for diversity; school connectedness/engagement; social support-adults; social support – students; leadership) 3. teaching and learning (e.g. social, emotional, ethical and civic learning; support for learning; professional relationship)

PINE AND HORNE (1990) DESCRIBED A FACILITATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR LEARNING1) Which encourage people to be active- A psychological classroom environment which is supportive of learning engages the learners in the learning process. 2) Which promotes and facilitates the individual’s discovery of the personal meaning of idea –Meaning is not imposed by teacher .This is personally arrived at by the learners considering the uniqueness of their experiences. 3) Which emphasizes the uniquely personal and subjective nature of learning – Every learner is unique.4) In which difference is good and desirable – There is respect for diversity. To be different does not mean to be deficient.5) Which consistently recognizes people’s right to make mistakes – Learners feel at ease and learn best when mistakes are welcome because they are recognized as part and parcel of the learning process. 6) Which tolerates ambiguity – This leads to openness to ideas and prevents teacher an learners alike to be judgmental. 7) In which evaluation is a cooperative process with emphasis on self-evaluation – This makes evaluation less threatening. The learner is not alone when he evaluates learning, he is with a group. His/her progress is seen against his/her targets not against the performance of his/her classmate.8) Which encourages openness of self rather than concealment of self – People feel at ease and so aren’t afraid to be transparent. 9) In which people are encouraged to trust in themselves as well as in external sources – There is a strong social support and it is not difficult to trust others. 10) In which people feel they are respected – Everyone is convinced of the inner worth/dignity of each individual and so it is easy to respect everyone11) In which people feel they are respected – There is a sense of belongingness. 12) Which permits confrontation – Since learners feel at ease and feel they are accepted, they are not afraid to confront themselves.13) A conducive learning environment is necessary in the full development of the cognitive and appetitive faculties of the learner – His senses, instincts imagination, memory, feelings, emotions and will.

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNINGLEARNING • acquisition of knowledge -base used with fluency to make sense of the world, solve problems and to make decisions.INERT IDEAS • These are the ideas that are merely received by the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combination. • Is memorizing without understanding considered learning?

LEARNING PRINCIPLES Horne and Pine (1990) • Learning is an experience which occurs inside the learner and is activated by the learner. • Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas. • Learning (behavioral change) is a consequence of experience. • Learning is a cooperative and collaborative process.• Learning is an evolutionary process. • Learning is sometimes a painful process. •One of the richest resources for learning is the learner himself. • The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual. • The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique and individual, No one teaches anyone anything of significance… People learn what they want to learn, they see what they want to see, and hear what they want to hear