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Principles of Environmental Science. Prof. Ge Ying Nanjing Agri. Univ. Major contents of the course. Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Population and environment Chapter 3 Energy and environment Chapter 4 Air pollution and its control Chapter 5 Sustainable development - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Principles of Environmental
ScienceProf. Ge Ying
Nanjing Agri. Univ.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Population and environment
Chapter 3 Energy and environment
Chapter 4 Air pollution and its control
Chapter 5 Sustainable development
Chapter 6 Water pollution and its control
Chapter 7 Soil pollution and its control
Chapter 8 Noise and solid waste
Major contents of the course
EnergyEnergy Sources
Energy Crisis
Solutions to
the energy
crisis
Energy (Energy ( 能量能量 ): The capacity to do work.): The capacity to do work.
Work (Work ( 功功 ): The application of force through ): The application of force through
a distance.a distance.
Power (Power ( 功率功率 ): the rate of flow of energy, or ): the rate of flow of energy, or
the rate at which the work is done.the rate at which the work is done.
Important conceptsImportant concepts
We need energy to:
Energy Demand IncreasesAs World Population Grows
Source: U.S. Department of Labor 2001 Occupational Employment Statistics; EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 200 400 600 800
Energy Consumed, Quadrillion BTU
Po
pu
lati
on
, B
illi
on
Per
son
s
1970 to 2025
1970
2005
2025
1 BTU =1055joules( 焦耳 )
Per capita energy use and GNP
Energy Consumption in China
20.9%
41.1%
24.5%
8.1% 2.6%
煤炭 石油 天然气 核电 水力
67.1%
6.7% 2.8%23.4%
煤炭 石油 天然气 核水电
China in 1999 World average in 1998
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Other
Transport
Agric.
Comm.
Residential
Industry
Declining Coal Use in China:Coal consumption by sector (in Mton)
Source: International Energy Agency
能源的类型
能源
一次能源
二次能源
常规能源
新能源
可再生能源
不可再生能源
可再生能源
不可再生能源
Types of Energy
• Primary Energy (一次能源 )
自然界中能提供现成形式能量的能源
• Secondary Energy (二次能源 )
需要依靠其他能源来制取的能源
Primary Energy
Conventional EnergyRenewable — Hydropower
Non-Renewable — Coal ( 煤 ), Petroleum (石油 ), Natural gas (天然气 )
New EnergyRenewable — Solar, Biomass, Wind, Geothermal, Ocean
Non-Renewable — Nuclear
Worldwide Commercial Energy Production
oil (石油 ), coal ( 煤 ), gas (天然气 ), solar (太阳能 ), hydro (水能 )
wind (风能 ), wood (木材 ), peat (泥煤 ), charcoal (木炭 ), manure (堆肥 )
Where are the coal reserves?
Where are the oil reserves?
Where are the natural gas reserves?
Principles of Environmental
ScienceProf. Ge Ying
Nanjing Agri. Univ.
Review of Last ClassReview of Last Class
• Type of energy: Type of energy:
primary and primary and secondary energy
conventional and new energyconventional and new energy
renewable and nonrenewable energyrenewable and nonrenewable energy
• Energy consumption growthEnergy consumption growth
Secondary Energy
Non-Renewable — Electricity (电能 ), gasoline
(汽油 ), Coal gas (煤气 ), etc.
Primary to Secondary Energy: conversion
efficiency is very low.
Review of Last ClassReview of Last Class
• Type of energy: Type of energy:
primary and primary and secondary energy
conventional and new energyconventional and new energy
renewable and nonrenewable energyrenewable and nonrenewable energy
• Energy consumption growthEnergy consumption growth
Energy and environment
WHAT
Types of energy; energy crisis
WHY
Current status of energy consumption
(能源消费的现状 )
HOW
Solutions to energy shortage and pollution
(能源短缺和污染问题的对策 )
Fossil fuels (化石燃料 )
• Solid: coal, world deposits 10 times greater than oil and gas resources combined
• 可燃成分 : carbon and hydrogen
Increasing moisture content
Increasing heat and carbon content
Peat 泥炭(not a coal)
Lignite 褐煤(brown coal)
Bituminous Coal 烟煤(soft coal)
Anthracite 无烟煤(hard coal)
Heat
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Heat Heat
Partially decayedplant matter in swampsand bogs; low heatcontent
Low heat content;low sulfur content;limited supplies inmost areas
Extensively usedas a fuel becauseof its high heat contentand large supplies;normally has ahigh sulfur content
Highly desirable fuelbecause of its highheat content andlow sulfur content;supplies are limitedin most areas
Surface Mine: 露天采煤
Underground Mine: 地下采煤
Advantages
Low cost with huge subsidies( 补助 )
High net energyyield
Ample supplies(225–900 years)
Mining andcombustiontechnologywell-developed
Air pollution canbe reduced withimprovedtechnology (butadds to cost)
煤的优缺点
Disadvantages
Releases radioactive particles and mercury into air
High CO2 emissionswhen burned
Severe threat tohuman health
Severe land disturbance, air pollution, andwater pollution
Very high environmentalimpact
High land use
Fossil fuels (化石燃料 )
• Liquid: petroleum, most used fossil fuel in developed countries
Diesel oil
Asphalt
Greaseand wax
Naphtha
Heating oil
Aviation fuel
Gasoline
Gases
Furnace
Heatedcrude oil
石脑油
沥青
油脂、蜡
石油的分馏
天然气
汽油
航空油
燃料油
柴油
light
heavy
Water pollution
Releases CO2 when burned
Air pollutionwhen burned
Artificially low price encourageswaste and discourages search for alternatives
Need to findsubstitute within50 years
Disadvantages
Low land use
Easily transportedwithin and between countries
High netenergy yield
Low cost (withhuge subsidies)
Ample supply for42–93 years
Advantages
Efficient distribu-tion system
石油的优缺点
Fossil fuels (化石燃料 )
• Gas: natural gas, world’s 3rd largest commercial fuel; produce less CO2 compared to coal and oil
• Main component: methane ( 甲烷 )
Advantages
Low land use
Easily transportedby pipeline
Moderate environ-mental impact
Lower CO2 emissions thanother fossil fuels
Less air pollutionthan other fossil fuels
Low cost (withhuge subsidies)
High net energyyield
Ample supplies(125 years)
Disadvantages
Sometimes burned off andwasted at wellsbecause of lowprice
Methane(a greenhouse gas) can leakfrom pipelines
Releases CO2
when burned
Nonrenewableresource
Difficult to transferfrom one countryto another
Needs pipelines
天然气的优缺
点
可燃冰 可燃冰 (flammable ice)(flammable ice)• CHCH44··HH22O(O( 水合天然气水合天然气 ), new energy in 21), new energy in 21stst century century
• Formation: similar to oil and natural gas, but low Formation: similar to oil and natural gas, but low temperature and high pressure are necessary.temperature and high pressure are necessary.
• 1 m1 m33 = 164 m = 164 m33 natural gas natural gas
total energy = 2-3 times of the sum of coal, oil and total energy = 2-3 times of the sum of coal, oil and natural gas.natural gas.
PrecautionsPrecautions• Difficulty with extraction of flammable Difficulty with extraction of flammable
ice.ice.
• May speed up global warming if CHMay speed up global warming if CH44 is is
released into the atmosphere.released into the atmosphere.
Environmental Effects
Mining (开采 )
Processing (加工 )
Using (使用 )Air, water, soil pollution; solid waste; noise, etc.
Air, water, soil pollution; solid waste; noise, etc.
Disturbed land; mining accidents; mine waste; oil spills, etc.