11372nd PALENC Conference and 28th AIVC Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st Century, September 2007, Crete island, Greece

Pressure-drop and energy-saving analysis of TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry as aand energy-saving analysis of TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry as aanalysis of TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry as a of TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry as aclathrate hydrate slurry as aas a latent heat transportation mediaR. Xiao, S.H. He, C. Huang, Z.P. FengChinese Academy of Sciences, ChinaChina

medium, which can transport more thermal energy per unit volume under the condition of same temperature difference, to save energy consumption in air-condi-tioning and district cooling systems.The clathrate hydrate slurry (CHS) of tetra-n-butyl-am- clathrate hydrate slurry (CHS) of tetra-n-butyl-am-monium bromide (TBAB) is a kind of promising high-density latent-heat carrying medium (Oyama, 2005).Oyama, 2005)., 2005). It comprises of fine solid particles (TBAB clathratet comprises of fine solid particles (TBAB clathrateparticles (TBAB clathrate (TBAB clathrate hydrate crystal) and TBAB aqueous solution (Aladko, crystal) and TBAB aqueous solution (Aladko,crystal) and TBAB aqueous solution (Aladko, and TBAB aqueous solution (Aladko,Aladko,, 2002). The diameters of hydrate particles distribute in The diameters of hydrate particles distribute inThe diameters of hydrate particles distribute indiameters of hydrate particles distribute in of hydrate particles distribute in the range of 10-100μm (Darbouret, 2005), and the par-μm (Darbouret, 2005), and the par- (Darbouret, 2005), and the par-Darbouret, 2005), and the par-, 2005), and the par-ticles hardly conglomerate with each other. So it hasconglomerate with each other. So it has with each other. So it hasSo it haso it has good fluidity. On the other hand, the phase-change la-On the other hand, the phase-change la-n the other hand, the phase-change la-tent-heat of 192kJ/kg under 5-12 (JFE, 2001) makes it has high thermal energy carrying density and compat-ible utilizing temperature for cooling systems. Many ofMany ofany of such advantages make TBAB CHS more possible to beadvantages make TBAB CHS more possible to be make TBAB CHS more possible to be applied in air-conditioning and district cooling systems and achieve the effect of energy-saving.effect of energy-saving.ffect of energy-saving.For the aim of industrial applications in air-condition-or the aim of industrial applications in air-condition-ing and district cooling system, the fluid mechanics and flow friction mechanism of TBAB CHS are very impor-tant and need to be investigated. Up to now, JFE Engi-Up to now, JFE Engi-p to now, JFE Engi-neering Corporation has done many works on TBABCorporation has done many works on TBAB has done many works on TBAB CHS air-conditioner technologies. Their researchesTheir researchesheir researchesresearches aimed at the industrial applications in air-conditioner.ed at the industrial applications in air-conditioner. The basic theoretical researches are seldom to be found. basic theoretical researches are seldom to be found.theoretical researches are seldom to be found. researches are seldom to be found.researches are seldom to be found. seldom to be found. Myrim Darbouret et la. investigated the pressure drop inDarbouret et la. investigated the pressure drop in et la. investigated the pressure drop in pipeline. They got the relations between pressure dropThey got the relations between pressure drop got the relations between pressure droprelations between pressure drops between pressure drop and Reynolds number at different volume fractions of solid phase (Φ). Except for that mentioned above, thereExcept for that mentioned above, therexcept for that mentioned above, there are few literatures on the fluid flow and heat transfer ofliteratures on the fluid flow and heat transfer ofs on the fluid flow and heat transfer of TBAB CHS found on public publications. This paper in-This paper in-his paper in-vestigated the pipe flow friction of TBAB CHS in lami-nar and turbulent flow states based on the non- New- New-tonian fluid model. And based on a prototype system fluid model. And based on a prototype system utilizing TBAB CHS as secondary refrigerant, the ener- TBAB CHS as secondary refrigerant, the ener-gy-saving of secondary refrigerant loop was analyzed.analyzed..

2. PRESSURE-DROP EXPERIMENTS

2.1 Theory of Power LawThe rheodynamics of time independent solid-liquidhe rheodynamics of time independent solid-liquidrheodynamics of time independent solid-liquidof time independent solid-liquidime independent solid-liquid-liquid two-phase flow can be normally expressed by the fol-fol-lowing equations (Jiang, 2004): equations (Jiang, 2004):equations (Jiang, 2004):s (Jiang, 2004):

ABSTRACT

The Clathrate Hydrate Slurry (CHS) of Tetra-n-Butyl-Ammonium Bromide (TBAB) comes into being under normal atmosphere when aqueous TBAB solution is cooled to 5-12 . It is a kind of high-density latent-heat5-12 . It is a kind of high-density latent-heat12 . It is a kind of high-density latent-heatlatent-heatheat transportation medium. CHS of TBAB has far higher cold-loading density than that water does, and can be, and can be transported easily through pipeline. So it can save thecan save the circulating pump power, and is very promising to ap- very promising to ap-ply TBAB CHS into central air-conditioning or districtTBAB CHS into central air-conditioning or districtCHS into central air-conditioning or districtcentral air-conditioning or districtair-conditioning or district-conditioning or districtconditioning or districtdistrict cooling systems as a new secondary refrigerant. In this systems as a new secondary refrigerant. In thisas a new secondary refrigerant. In this. In this paper, the pipe flow experiments of TBAB CHS are car-pipe flow experiments of TBAB CHS are car-flow experiments of TBAB CHS are car-ried out. And the rheology and pressure-drop properties-drop propertiesdrop properties are investigated. It is found TBAB CHS complies witht is found TBAB CHS complies withCHS complies withcomplies with power law and behaves as non-Newtonian fluid. Basedand behaves as non-Newtonian fluid. BasedBasedased on a prototype of central air-conditioning system utiliz-ing CHS as secondary refrigerant, a detailed circulating power consumption of secondary refrigerant was con-con-trasted between CHS and traditional water. The results between CHS and traditional water. The resultsThe resultshe results show that the CHS one could reduce the secondary re-frigerant circulating power consumption to 27.4% of traditional water dose.

1. INTRODUCTIONUCTION

The energy consumption of central air-conditioning andhe energy consumption of central air-conditioning and district cooling occupies a considerable proportion of the total energy consumptions in the modern society. AndAndnd it is increasing year by year. Thus, technical develop-ments for energy-saving in the industry of air-condition-ing will redound to solving the crisis of energy source.redound to solving the crisis of energy source. solving the crisis of energy source.solving the crisis of energy source. the crisis of energy source..In a typical central air-conditioner system or districtn a typical central air-conditioner system or district cooling system, the secondary refrigerant circulating system is responsible for distributing the cold from mail chiller to user-side to satisfy the cold-load. The energyThe energyhe energy consumption needed to drive secondary refrigerant to circulate, namely pump power consumption, occupies a considerable proportion of 20-50% of the whole air-conditioning system power consumptions. Because theBecause theecause the traditional secondary refrigerant, namely water, is single phase thermal medium, its poor capacity of cold energy carrying leads to a larger flow rate and consequentially causes the increase of pump power. Therefore, it callsTherefore, it callsherefore, it calls for the application of high-density thermal-energy carry

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(1)where: τ: Shear stressτ0: Yield shear stressμ0: Apparent viscosityγ.: Shear raten: Index of flowThe test aim of Rheological characteristics is to get thehe test aim of Rheological characteristics is to get the of Rheological characteristics is to get theof Rheological characteristics is to get theRheological characteristics is to get thecharacteristics is to get theget the the special form of Equation (1) by experiments. From thequation (1) by experiments. From the (1) by experiments. From theexperiments. From thes. From the formula of Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch (Rabinowitsch, 1929), it can be deduced:

(2)where::D: Inside diameterv : Average flow velocityL: Length of pipeength of pipe�: Pressure difference Pressure differencePressure differenceressure difference differenceR: location of wallDefine the following parameter:efine the following parameter:

(3)Iff n’ is a constant, from Equation (3) the following equa-constant, from Equation (3) the following equa-, from Equation (3) the following equa-quation (3) the following equa- (3) the following equa-tion can be obtained:

(4)From equation (2)-(4):rom equation (2)-(4):

(5)Compare Equation (1) with Equation (5), the followingompare Equation (1) with Equation (5), the following set of equations can be obtained:

(6)

Iff n’ is variable (i.e.i.e. 0 0τ ≠ ), the correlative curve of τR~γRcan be deduced from the curve ofof

, then the algebraic formula ofalgebraic formula of formula of τR~γRcan be fitted out. The accuracy of the fitted for-The accuracy of the fitted for-he accuracy of the fitted for-accuracy of the fitted for- of the fitted for-mula can be examined by the test results of flow frictionflow frictionfriction characteristic of TBAB CHS. of TBAB CHS.The definition of Newtonian fluid friction coefficient is:he definition of Newtonian fluid friction coefficient is:definition of Newtonian fluid friction coefficient is: of Newtonian fluid friction coefficient is:Newtonian fluid friction coefficient is: coefficient is:coefficient is: is:

(7)When τ0=0, according to Equation (4), it becomes:

(8)Introduce the Metzner-Reed Reynolds numberntroduce the Metzner-Reed Reynolds number ReMR (Metzner, 1955):Metzner, 1955):, 1955):

(9)Then Equation (8) becomes:quation (8) becomes: (8) becomes::

(10)Associate with Equation (6) and Equation (9), thenssociate with Equation (6) and Equation (9), then Metzner-Reed Reynolds number can be rewritten as:

(11)Equation (10) is derived from the theory of non-New-quation (10) is derived from the theory of non-New-derived from the theory of non-New-d from the theory of non-New-from the theory of non-New-of non-New-tonian fluid model. All of the power law fluids (includ- All of the power law fluids (includ-All of the power law fluids (includ-ll of the power law fluids (includ-of the power law fluids (includ-the power law fluids (includ-s (includ- (includ-ing Newtonian fluids) under the condition of non-slips) under the condition of non-slip) under the condition of non-slip of non-slipslip boundary condition in the laminar state are supposedcondition in the laminar state are supposedin the laminar state are supposedstate are supposed supposed to obey this formula, therefore it may be used to exam-be used to exam-used to exam-d to exam- to exam-ine the feasibility of test plans and to judge whether the of test plans and to judge whether theplans and to judge whether thes and to judge whether the and to judge whether theand to judge whether thejudge whether thee whether the whether the fluid which is measured does conform to the power lawwhich is measured does conform to the power law measured does conform to the power law fluid characteristics.s.

2.2 Experimental Stand and MethodsThe pressure-drop experiment system is shown in Fig-he pressure-drop experiment system is shown in Fig-xperiment system is shown in Fig-system is shown in Fig-ure 1 the test pipe is made from PVC, with inside diam-test pipe is made from PVC, with inside diam-pipe is made from PVC, with inside diam- is made from PVC, with inside diam-is made from PVC, with inside diam-PVC, with inside diam-with inside diam-side diam-eter of 21mm. The pressure drop was measured by twoof 21mm. The pressure drop was measured by two21mm. The pressure drop was measured by two The pressure drop was measured by twoThe pressure drop was measured by twohe pressure drop was measured by twomeasured by two by two piezoresistive pressure transmitters, with accuracy levelaccuracy level level of 0.2, scale of 0-2kPa and 0-60kPa, respectively, mini-mal measure value of 0.13kPa and 2.0kPa, respectively.measure value of 0.13kPa and 2.0kPa, respectively. value of 0.13kPa and 2.0kPa, respectively.. The flow rate was measured by measuring cup with ahe flow rate was measured by measuring cup with ameasuring cup with a with a sequential series of sampling. Thermocouples of T type series of sampling. Thermocouples of T typeThermocouples of T type of T type were used to measure the temperature.measure the temperature. the temperature.temperature..

Figure 1: Diagram of the experimental standigure 1: Diagram of the experimental stand

.

.

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TBAB CHS with certain volume fraction of solid phasevolume fraction of solid phase fraction of solid phase (Φ) is produced in advance and stored in the CHS res- is produced in advance and stored in the CHS res-res-ervoir. Start variable speed pump to drive CHS flow in. Start variable speed pump to drive CHS flow inStart variable speed pump to drive CHS flow in variable speed pump to drive CHS flow inariable speed pump to drive CHS flow inspeed pump to drive CHS flow inpeed pump to drive CHS flow inpump to drive CHS flow inump to drive CHS flow in to drive CHS flow in the test pipe. Drive the air out from the test pipe and therive the air out from the test pipe and thethe air out from the test pipe and theout from the test pipe and the from the test pipe and the pressure-leading tube of piezoresistive pressure trans-mitters. The CHS flow rate can be controlled by adjust-The CHS flow rate can be controlled by adjust-he CHS flow rate can be controlled by adjust-controlled by adjust- by adjust-ing the revolution of pump and altering the opening ofrevolution of pump and altering the opening of of pump and altering the opening ofthe opening of opening of the by-pass valve. The physical states and flow states ofThe physical states and flow states ofhe physical states and flow states of CHS can be observed from the transparent pipe.from the transparent pipe. the transparent pipe.

2.3 Characteristics of Rheology and Pressure-dropFigure 2 shows the relations ofigure 2 shows the relations ofrelations ofs of un-der different volume fraction of solid phase for initial concentrations of 22wt% and 30wt%, respectively. Ac-Ac-cording to the power law, a curve characterized by to the power law, a curve characterized by μ0 and n can be fitted from the relations ofrelations ofs of . And the parameters ofAnd the parameters ofnd the parameters of μ0 and n conform to Equation to Equation (1), which means TBAB CHS has the characteristics of power law fluids.

(a) Initial concentration of 22wt%

(b) Initial concentration of 30wt%Figure 2: Rehological properties of TBAB CHSigure 2: Rehological properties of TBAB CHS

Figures 3-4 show the relations ofigures 3-4 show the relations of μ0, n and volume fric-tion of solid phase Φ. From Figure 3, it was found thatFrom Figure 3, it was found that Figure 3, it was found that under the same Φ, μμ0 increases with the increase of ini- with the increase of ini-tial concentration. While under the same initial concen-While under the same initial concen-hile under the same initial concen-tration μ0 increases with the increase of Φ. From FigureFrom Figurerom Figure 3, the experimental correlations of apparent viscosity μ0 and Φ are obtained.

Figure 3:igure 3: μ0 versus volume fraction of Solids phase Φ

From Figure 4 it was found that the parameter ofFigure 4 it was found that the parameter of n de-creases with the increase of Φ, and the maximum valuemaximum value value of n is 1. That is to say, TBAB CHS shows the proper-That is to say, TBAB CHS shows the proper- is to say, TBAB CHS shows the proper-ties of quasi-plastic suspensions. The initial concentra-quasi-plastic suspensions. The initial concentra- suspensions. The initial concentra-The initial concentra-he initial concentra-tion has little effect on the relation between n and Φ. Accordingly, the correlation of parameterccordingly, the correlation of parameter n and Φ can be obtained in Figure 4.

Figure 4:igure 4: n versus volume fraction of solid phase Φ

Under laminar conditions, the flow friction coefficientnder laminar conditions, the flow friction coefficient can be well described by Equation (10). In turbulentdescribed by Equation (10). In turbulent by Equation (10). In turbulent flow regime, both initial concentration and volume frac-tion of solid phase have little effect on the relations be-relations be-s be-tween friction coefficient and Reynolds number. Equa-Equa-qua-tion (12) is fitted from the turbulent flow regime:the turbulent flow regime: turbulent flow regime:

(12)

3. ENERGY-SAVING ANALYSIS OF TBAB CHS ASENERGY-SAVING ANALYSIS OF TBAB CHS AS THE SECONDARY REFRIGERANT OF CENTRAL AC SYSTEM

A prototype of central air-conditioning system utilizing prototype of central air-conditioning system utilizingutilizing TBAB CHS as the secondary refrigerant was constructed in an office building with 600m2. The rated cooling ca-The rated cooling ca-he rated cooling ca-pacity is 75kW. The operation parameters of main chillerThe operation parameters of main chillerhe operation parameters of main chiller is designed same as ordinary cold water cooling system. The secondary refrigerant loop has main pipes of 100m one-way long which is in order to contrast the pump en-ergy consumption between CHS and water refrigerant.

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In the prototype system, the initial concentration ofn the prototype system, the initial concentration ofconcentration of of TBAB solution is 22.8wt%, and CHS is supplied at 7 and returned at 12 , just same as the conditions of coldreturned at 12 , just same as the conditions of cold at 12 , just same as the conditions of cold water in traditional cooling systems. However, CHS hasHowever, CHS hasowever, CHS has enthalpy difference of 67.2kJ/kg, better than 21kJ/kg ofdifference of 67.2kJ/kg, better than 21kJ/kg of of 67.2kJ/kg, better than 21kJ/kg of67.2kJ/kg, better than 21kJ/kg of, better than 21kJ/kg ofkJ/kg of of water under the same temperature difference. Based onBased onased on the same cold load, the pump energy consumption of secondary refrigerant loop was tested and contrasted between CHS and water according to the typical climateaccording to the typical climate to the typical climate conditions in south china and the remarkable energy-remarkable energy- energy-saving benefits has been achieved for the CHS cold dis-benefits has been achieved for the CHS cold dis- has been achieved for the CHS cold dis-tribution circulation. The test result is shown in table 1.The test result is shown in table 1.he test result is shown in table 1.Table 1: Pump power consumption contrast between CHS and water

Cooling-load rate (%)

Annu-ally running running time (h)

Pump power consump-ump power consump-tion of secondary refrigerant circulation (kWh)

Energy consump-tion ratio (CHS/Water)

CHS Water

0 - 10 6637 77.4 27.9 2.774

10 - 20 689 112.4 122.4 0.918

20 - 30 314 114.8 190.9 0.601

30 - 40 144 127.4 330.2 0.386

40 - 50 626 794.0 2456.0 0.323

50 - 60 20 45.0 173.8 0.259

60 - 70 130 407.6 1688.1 0.241

70 - 80 0 0.0 0.0 -

80 - 90 50 356.6 1530.8 0.233

90 -100 150 1411.0 6075.4 0.232

Total 8760 3446.8 12595.6 0.274

* Based on the same cooling-load

According to table 1, the pump power consumption inccording to table 1, the pump power consumption in secondary circulation of central air-conditioning system can be reduced to 27.4% if the traditional secondary re-frigerant water is substituted by TBAB CHS. That willThat willhat will lead a very promising future for CHS applications in central air-conditioning and district cooling systems for energy-saving.

4. CONCLUSIONS. CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSS

Through the experiments of TBAB CHS flow in straighthrough the experiments of TBAB CHS flow in straight pipes, the characteristics of rheology and flow friction

are analyzed both in laminar and turbulent flow states. Itanalyzed both in laminar and turbulent flow states. It both in laminar and turbulent flow states. ItItt was confirmed that TBAB CHS flow obeys power law, and the correlation between flow friction coefficient andcoefficient and and ReMR agrees with the general correlation form of New-New-tonian fluids. fluids. A prototype of central air-conditioning system utilizing CHS as secondary refrigerant was put into operation and tested under practical cooling-load conditions. TheThehe detailed circulating power consumption of secondary refrigerant was contrasted between CHS and traditionalcontrasted between CHS and traditional between CHS and traditional water under condition of satisfying the same cooling-load demands. The results show that the CHS one couldThe results show that the CHS one couldhe results show that the CHS one could reduce the secondary refrigerant circulating power con-sumption to 27.4% of traditional water dose.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The present work is supported by the National Natu-supported by the National Natu- by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China (NO.U0634005) and Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No. 2006AA05Z254)

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