PRESENTATION

ON

SEX DETERMINATION

FOETICIDE INFANTICIDE

SEX RATIOAND MORTALITY

SEX

DETERMINAT

ION

A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most sexual organisms have two sexes. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology.

Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques includes

Ultra-sonography

Taking samples of

amniotic fluid,

embryo, blood

or any tissue

or fluid of pregnant women before

or after conception

Test

ing

sam

ples

in

Gen

etic

Labo

rato

ry

to d

etec

t

gene

tic

diso

rder

s,

abno

rmal

itie

s or

sex

-

linke

d di

seas

es

Fetoscopy

The PNDT Act.

The PNDT Act of 1994, later amended in 2002, was enacted with the objective as stated in the preamble

Prohibition use of all technologies for the purpose of sex selectionProhibition of the

advertisement of any techniques used for sex selection.Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception.

Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques

Prohibition on the sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act

PNDT can be used for detection of

Chromosomal AbnormalitiesGenetic Metabolic Diseases

HaemoglobinopathiesSex-linked genetic diseases

Congenital abnormalitiesAny other abnormalities

PNDT ViolationImprisonment of 3 years

and Rs 10000 (50000) fine, but subsequent conviction punishable with imprisonment for 5 years and Rs 50000 (1,00,000) fine.Offence to be cognizable, non-

bailable and non-compoundable

All offenses are cognizable when police may arrest without a warrant.

MTP ACTMedical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971Grounds for Abortion as per the Indian MTP Act

If the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her physical or mental health if the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped

1. A pregnancy may be terminated by a registered medical practitionerWhere the length of the pregnancy does not exceed 12 weeks if such medical practitioner is Of opinionHowever, when the pregnancy exceeds 12 weeks but is below 20 weeks, the consultation of two registered medical practitioners is required

2. In Case of A pregnancy occurring as a result of rape

3. Failure of contraceptive device used by a couple.

Consent of the following kinds is required before a legal abortion by an approved practitioner can be conducted

on a pregnant female

If married: her own written consent Husband’s consent not needed.

If unmarried and above 18years her own written consent.If below 18 years written

consent of her guardian.If mentally unstable written consent of her guardian.

Who are the Physicians approved for conducting MTP ?A qualified registered medical

practitioner who has helped in 25 MTPs

A house surgeon who has undergone six months post in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

A person who has a diploma /degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Three years of practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology for those doctors registered before the 1971 MTP Act was passed.

A year of practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology for the doctors registered on or after the date of commencement of the Act.

WHAT IS FOETICIDE

• FOE•TI•CIDE [FEE-TI-SAHYD]• THE DESTRUCTION OF A

FETUS IN THE UTERUS; ABORTICIDE

• SYNONYMS: MISBIRTH

FEMICIDE:

THE SYSTEMIC KILLING OF WOMEN MOST OFTEN FOR CULTURAL REASONS

GENDERCIDE

GENDER-SELECTIVE MASS KILLING

WHAT IS INFANTICIDE

The crime of killing a child within a year of birth.The practice in some societies of killing unwanted children soon after birth

SO WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

FOETICIDE

INFANTICIDE

Killing the child before Birth

Killing the child After Birth

FACTORS THAT FAVOREvil of Dowry

Social Security

Small Child NormURBAN Living

EDUCATIONAL STATUS

“Every Two Hours in India,

a Woman Dies From an

Unsafe Abortion”

Each year, 19 million to 20

million women risk their

lives to undergo unsafe

abortions, conducted in

unsanitary conditions by

unqualified practitioners or

practitioners who resort to

traditional but rudimentary

means

• 980

• 970

• 960

• 950

• 940

• 930

• 920

• 910

• 900

972

934

964 955 950

945

946 941

927

943

930

933

YEAR 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

RATIO

INDIA SEX RATIO From 1901 – 2011 (FEMALES per 1000 MALES)

Highest

Lowest

Mortality

Mortality is the term used for the number of people who died within

a population

Mortality refers to the incidence of death or

the number of deaths in a population

Mortality rates are generally expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 individuals

per year.

The mortality rate can be distinguished into:

Perinatal mortality rate

The maternal mortality rate

Infant mortality rateChild mortality rate

Standardized mortality rate

Age Specific mortality rate

Crude death rate

• 9

• -

• 8

• -

• 7

• -

• 6

• .

• 5

8.8

8

6.4

8.7

4

8.6

2

8.4

9

8.3

8

8.2

8

8.1

8

6.2

3

7.4

8

6.5

8 7

.53

YEAR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Death rate INDIA death RATE From 2000 – 2011 (7.48 deaths/1,000 population)

Highest

Lowest

Reference• http://www.loc.gov/law/help/sex-selection/india.php

• http://www.mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/.../sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf

• http://www.diffen.com/difference/Morbidity_vs_Mortality• http://world.time.com/2013/07/19/world-population-focus-on-india-part-2-unsafe-abortions/#ixzz2fGnXaBqe

• http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/abortion-laws-in-india-240.html

• http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/india/ab-indiadis2.html

• http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx

• Online Dictionary

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