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Group research project about one organization related to renewable energy around the globe that has a significant impact. Group chose Nepal Micro Hydro Development Association (NMHDA).
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1
Nepal Micro Hydropower
Development Association
Chiara Fabrizio, Reza Baharivand, Rhea Riemke, Shuliang(Peter) Sun
Group Project APS 510, Prof. Henry Vehovec
Presentation in Lecture Tuesday, December 4, 2012
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1. Key Technology Features
2. Background of the Organization
3. Innovation, Scale, Decentralization
4. Likely Impact
5. Conclusion
Outline
UNDP Video
http://bcove.me/xxbdxjmx
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Land area: 147,181 km^2 (93rd largest country by land mass)
Population: 27 million (41st most populous country)
Himalaya collision zone in Nepal causes a lot of tall mountains over 6,000m including Mount Everest. Snow line starts at over 5000m. Moving at 67mm per year.
Geography and Context
Nepal
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Nepal has no proven oil or natural gas resource.
40 % of population have access to electrical grid
of 27 million population live in rural areas.
90/10 discrepancy in electrical access between urban and rural areas.
Energy Landscape
Average electricity consumption per capita (kWh)
Nepal 86
United States / Canada 11,496 / 12,836
EU 4,667
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Nepal & Power Energy, Electricity and Policy
Electricity Generation Mix:
91% Hydro Power
9% Fossil Fuels Total Energy Mix
Increasing energy demand
Nepal Electricity Authority
Hydropower Development
Independent Power Producers
Community Rural Electrification Department
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Hydropower Classification by Size
Large/Big-hydro < 100 MW usually feeding into a large electricity grid
Medium-hydro 15 MW 100 MW feeding into a grid.
Small-hydro 1 MW 15 MW - -
Micro/Mini-hydro
5 kW 100 kW
either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid, usually providing power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas
Pico-hydro From a few
hundred watts up to 5 kW
mostly mechanical shaft power
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Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy
Micro-Hydro Power How it works
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Using Micro-Hydro Power Technology
Output from the turbine shaft
Direct use: mechanical power
Conversion: electrical generator Electricity
Calculating the obtainable power
Theoretical / Potential Power:
(P) = Flow rate (Q) x Head (H) x Gravity (g)
= 9.81
Conversion Losses:
Capacity Factor between 50% and 80%
Effective Power: =
Base Load & Load Control
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Project Initiation
Assessment of Needs and Site
Search for Partners and Financing
Construction and Planning
Operation and Maintenance
Stages of Implementation
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Issues, Benefits & Critical Aspects Environmental, Social and Economic
Environmental Socio-Economic
+ CO2 (double value) + Initial Costs
o Fish + Educational Time & Distribution of Womens Activities Capacity Building
- Q347 (Environmental Flow)
+ Access to Electricity as the Foundation of a modern life style
o Ownership, Management & Training (community-based vs. privately-owned)
- High Dependency on Donor Fund & Low (Direct) Economic Return
- Inequity (social stratification along gender, caste, and ethnic lines)
for a 5 kW plant: $ 23,000 (4600 $/kW)
for a 100 kW plant: $ 390,000 (3900 $/kW)
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Alternative: Micro solar
Capacity factor: 17%
Nepal has over 300 sunny days a year
Can be used for solar thermal heater or solar electricity generation
E.g. 5kw system 15% EFF cells
=33.3 m^2 of silicon * Irradiance * EFF
= 10,950 kWh/yr ~ power for 45 households (3 person/household)
Cost:
5 kW: $24,000
50 kW: $240,000
$0.11 kWh over a
20 year lifespan
Components
Price ($/watt)
Panel 2
Inverter 0.8
Battery (Lead-Acid)
1.8
Controllers
0.2
Labor Free!
Total 4.8
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Alternative: Micro Wind
Capacity factor: 25%
Nepal has 7,607 km^2 of wind at 3-7class at 50m, world rank = 36
50 kW system can produce 114,000 250,000 kWh/year. ~power for 740 households (3 person/household)
Cost:
5 kW system: $50k - 65k
50 kW system : $340k
$0.09 - $0.15 kWh over 20 year life span
P (W/m^2) V (m/s)
0 0
200 5.6
300 6.4
400 7.0
500 7.5
600 8.0
800 8.8
2000 11.9
class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Alternative: Geothermal and Micro Nuclear
Geothermal: Capacity factor: 60% Need be located near springs, most springs near the main central thrust zone or main boundary fault zone, lack of drilling expertise for geothermal wells.
Micro-Nuclear: Capacity factor: 80% magnitudes of 200 kW. 6m(20ft) by 2m(6ft). Problems with technical expertise and waste management.
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Comparison between Micro-hydro and others
Micro-Hydro
Micro-Solar Micro-Wind Micro-Nuclear
Capacity factor
50 - 80 % 17 % 25 % 80%
Type Base load Intermittent Intermittent Base load
$/watt to install
4.6 - 3.9 4.8 10 - 6.8 n/a
Size (kw) 5 100 5 50 5 50 200
Cost ($) 23 k - 390 k 24k 240k 50k 340k n/a
Annual electricity production (kwh)
35,040 350,040
10,950 109,500
18,000 180,000
1,401,600
*Note: Hydro cost is for 100 kW plant
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Nepal and the Nepalese Micro-Hydro
Development Association
Context: Population Economy
Who: 9 privately-run firms
When: 1992
Why: "Collective efforts to lobby government agencies and international non-governmental organizations for extending access to electricity to village people" (Purna N.Ranjitkar, CEO - NMHDA)
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NMHDA Objectives
Technology hub
Policy
Professional welfare
Development
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NMHDA Today
Organizational structure
Membership - 54 companies
Types of companies 1. surveyors & designers 2. manufacturers 3. installers - up to 5 kW - up to 100 kW
Size of companies
Current electricity production 20 Mega Watt in 2500 plants
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NMHDA - Funding structure
Initial stage Self-funding
Current situation
Membership fee
Training programmes
Future
- Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (government) - Foreign agencies
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NMHDA - Back to the future
Activities abroad
Trainings Services/products
Members
Electricity production >100 kW => training capacity upgrading
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Definitions
Social Frugal Innovation
"Innovations that are designed for poor markets
that scale in sustainable ways" and try to solve the
problems of invisibility of end-users"
Generative diffusion
"generative" because the adoption of an innovation
will take different forms rather than replicate a given
model, "diffusion" because it spreads along multiple
paths
Decentralization
A technological, political, and legal framework to
achieve participation, local planning and service
delivery
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Nepals framework to decentralize energy planning
Before decentralization act:
Coordination problems on the ground , impeded delivery process
All institutionally supported rural energy initiatives, centralized!
1999 local self-governance act states:
District-level committees take responsibility
Formulate, implement, operate, distribute hydro-power
Maintain and repair projects
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Achievements
Strong sense of ownership among communities
Nurtured local authorities leadership
Accelerated delivery of energy to rural areas
Expansion of micro-hydro in remote, hilly locations
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Financial Mechanisms
Self-governing funds at district/village level
Deposit from central-level into village-level funds
Community energy fund owned by rural households
Fund used to invest first, then revenue from end user back to the fund
As a result:
Increased sense of of village-level institutional ownership
Generated funds locally
Mobilization of local resources
made rural energy systems financially sustainable
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Capacity development to scale-up decentralized EAPs
Collaboration of UNDP with Nepals Ministry of Environment
Main findings from field experiences for capacity building:
1. Capacity development is central to successful scaling-up of rural EAPs
2. Upfront public investments are needed to develop national & local capacities for scaling-up rural energy services delivery, and can catalyze private financing
3. scaling-up of decentralized energy access programmes to meet their full potential is financially within reach, particularly with greater participation from private sector.
Two successful scaled up programmes:
1. Small hydro-power (150MW by 2030, USD 435m)
2. National solar power -cooking stoves (2m by 2030, USD 18m)
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Sustainable energy offers: 1)Rise in living standards 2)Economic growth 3)Environmental balance Nepal before: Highly dependent on traditional bio fuel for heating and cooking Threat to environment & peoples health Nepal after: - 59000 household & 317 plants of hydro-power (5.7 MW capacity) - 15000 cooking stoves, 7000 toilet-attached biogas, 3200 solar home heat - Modern energy available to 1m people in rural & remote areas - Significant progress in rural development - Increase in household income and spending - Promoting environmental quality by means of renewables
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Impact on Nepal & Nepalese
National ownership & commitment
Local engagement
Catalytic finance
Community mobilization & local partnership
Capacity development at all levels
15% of Nepals electricity from MH
40 new business for every MH station
reduced household spending on energy
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Innovation
as a synthesis:
Conclusions
Homepage of the Nepal
Micro Hydro Power
Development Association:
http://www.microhydro.or
g.np/MH_in_Nepal.php
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Alternative Energy Promotion Centre. (November 2012) http://www.aepc.gov.np/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=307
Banerjee, Sudeshna. Power and People: Measuring the Benefits of Renewable Energy in Nepal (2010). The World Bank.
Barnett, Smail Khennas and Andrew. BEST PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. (2000). Washington D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Clemens, Elisabeth, Rijal, Kamal, Takada, Minoru. Capacity Development for Scaling up Decentralized Energy Access Programmes (2010). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing Ltd.
Gwnalle Legros, Kamal Rijal, Bahareh Seyedi. Decentralized Energy Access and Millennium Development Goals (2011). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing Ltd.
Ranjit, Mahendra. Status of geothermal energy in Nepal, Research Center for Applied Science and Technology. 2005, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
References (1/3)
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Rural Micro-hydro Development Programme Nepal, UNDP http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/projects_and_initiatives/rural-energy-nepal/
Havet, I., Chowdhury, S., Takada, M., Cantano, A. Energy in National Decentralization Policies UNDP, August 2009.
Klugman, Jeni. Human Development Report (2011). New York: UNDP.
Kumara, P. G. Ajith. Community Based Micro-Hydro Village Electrification Schemes Technology & Approach (2012). Practical Action South Asia.
Metz, John J. Development Failure: A Critical Review of Three Analyses of Development in Nepal (1996). Himalayan Research Bulletin XVI (1-2)
Murray, Calulier-Grice & Mulgan. "Open Book of Social Innovation
Nepal, United Nations Country Team. "United Nations Development Assistance Framework for Nepal" (2012).
References (2/3)
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South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy. Nepal. Energy Sector Overview. USAID from the American People. Internet: http://www. sari-energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Nepal_Energy_detail.asp (accessed on Nov 26, 2012).
Stein, Janice. "Frugal Innovation and Development Assistance" Munk Monitor Fall 2012, Vol. 2, p. 20-21
Upadhayay, Shradha. Evaluating the effectiveness of micro-hydropower projects in Nepal (2009). Master's Theses. Paper 3701.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. US department of energy. Washington. DC. Web. Nov 15, 2012 http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3
The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
Wong, Joseph. "Innovation and the Poor: The Problem of Invisibilitying for the Poor", Munk Monitor Fall 2012, Vol. 2, p 8-9.
References (3/3)
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Group Photo
From left to right:
Reza Baharivand 995728440
Rhea L. Riemke 1000222779
Shuliang(Peter) Sun 996007440
Chiara Fabrizio - 999273058