Prentice Hall Biology · Chapter 37 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . ... Section 37-1 Figure 37-2 The Circulatory ... Explain your answer. Section 37-3

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Chapter 37

Circulatory and Respiratory

Systems

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What Factors Affect Heart Rate?

1. While sitting still, measure your heart rate. To do this, find the pulse in one of

your wrists (or the side of your neck) using the first two fingers of your other

hand. **DO NOT USE YOUR THUMB**

2. Count the number of beats you feel in 15 seconds and multiply the number by

4. This will give you the number of beats per minute.

3. What do you think would happen if you stood up? Would your heart rate

decrease, increase, or stay the same?

4. Stand up and measure your heart rate again. Compare to your prediction.

5. What do you think will happen to your heart rate if you are very active? How

many beats per minute will you have? Make a prediction.

6. When I tell you, be active (jumping jacks, running in place, push-ups) for 1

minute. When I tell you to stop, immediately measure your heart rate again and

compare to your prediction.

Section 37-1

Inquiry Activity

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37–1 The Circulatory System

A. Functions of the Circulatory System

B. The Heart

1. Circulation Through the Body

a. Systemic circulation

b. Pulmonary circulation

2. Circulation Through the Heart

a. Atria

b. Ventricles

c. Septum

d. Valves

3. Heartbeat

a. Stimulation

1. Sinoatrial node

2. Atrioventricular node

Section 37-1

Section Outline

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Section 37-1

Figure 37-2 The Circulatory

System

Capillaries of

head and arms

Capillaries of

abdominal organs

and legs

Inferior

vena cava

Pulmonary

vein Capillaries of

right lung

Superior

vena cava Aorta Pulmonary

artery

Capillaries

of left lung

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B. The Heart





a. Atria

b. Ventricles

c. Septum

d. Valves

3. Heartbeat

a. Stimulation

1. Sinoatrial node


Section 37-1

Section Outline

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Section 37-1

Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart

Right Ventricle

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Inferior Vena Cava

Vein that brings oxygen-poor

blood from the lower part of

the body to the right atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Prevents blood from flowing

back into the right atrium after it

has entered the right ventricle

Pulmonary Valve


back into the right ventricle

after it has entered the

pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Veins

Bring oxygen-rich blood from each

of the lungs to the left atrium

Superior Vena Cava

Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the

upper part of the body to the right atrium

Aorta

Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left

ventricle to the rest of the body

Pulmonary Arteries

Bring oxygen-poor blood

to the lungs

Aortic Valve


back into the left ventricle

after it has entered the aorta

Mitral Valve

Prevents blood from flowing back

into the left atrium after it has

entered the left ventricle

Left Ventricle

Septum

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B. The Heart





a. Atria

b. Ventricles

c. Septum

d. Valves

3. Heartbeat

a. Stimulation

1. Sinoatrial node


Section 37-1

Section Outline

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Sinoatrial

(SA) node

Atrioventricular

(AV) node

Conducting

fibers

Contraction of Atria Contraction of Ventricles

Section 37-1

The Sinoatrial Node

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C. Blood Vessels

1. Arteries

2. Capillaries

3. Veins

D. Blood Pressure

1. Systolic

2. Diastolic

E. Diseases of the Circulatory System

1. High Blood Pressure

2. Consequences of Atherosclerosis

3. Circulatory System Health

Section 37-1

Section Outline

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Section 37-1

Figure 37-5 The Three Types of Blood Vessels

Capillary

Connective

tissue

Connective

tissue

Smooth

muscle

Smooth

muscle

Endothelium

Endothelium

Valve

Venule

Endothelium

Arteriole

Vein Artery

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C. Blood Vessels

1. Arteries

2. Capillaries

3. Veins

D. Blood Pressure

1. Systolic

2. Diastolic

E. Diseases of the Circulatory System

1. High Blood Pressure

2. Consequences of Atherosclerosis

3. Circulatory System Health

Section 37-1

Section Outline

Sphygmomanometer to

measure blood pressure

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Section 37-1

Blood Pressure Numbers

Category Systolic

(top number)

Diastolic

(bottom number)

Normal Less than 120 And Less than 80

Prehypertension 120–139 Or 80–89

High blood pressure

Stage 1 140–159 Or 90–99

Stage 2 160 or higher Or 100 or higher

Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults

(measured in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg) The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have short-term serious illnesses.

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Section 37-1

Blood Pressure Numbers

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Section 37-1

Atherosclerosis – Narrowing of the

Arteries

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37–2 Blood and the Lymphatic System

A. Blood Plasma **transfusion**

1. Contents of plasma

2. Proteins: Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens

B. Blood Cells

1. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) **centrifuge**

2. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) **types**

a. neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes,

eosinophils, monocytes

b. Granulocytes & agranulocytes

3. Platelets and Blood Clotting **diagram**

Thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin,

fibrinogen, fibrin

C. The Lymphatic System **pathways**

Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Blood Type

of Donor

A B AB O

Blood Type of Recipient

A B AB O

Unsuccessful transfusion Successful transfusion

Section 37-2

Blood Transfusions

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B. Blood Cells








fibrinogen, fibrin


Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Section 37-2

Figure 37-7 Blood

Whole Blood Sample

Red blood

cells

White blood

cells

Platelets

Plasma

Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample That

Has Been Centrifuged

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Section 37-2

Figure 37-7 Blood

Whole Blood Sample

Red blood

cells

White blood

cells

Platelets

Plasma



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Section 37-2

Figure 37-7 Blood

Whole Blood Sample

Red blood

cells

White blood

cells

Platelets

Plasma



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B. Blood Cells








fibrinogen, fibrin


Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Section 37-2

Types of White Blood Cells

Cell Type Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Function Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances

Attack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions

Release histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots

Give rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substances

Some destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that

produce antibodies, which target specific foreign substances

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B. Blood Cells








fibrinogen, fibrin


Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Section 37-2

Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting

Break in Capillary Wall

Blood vessels injured.

Clumping of Platelets

Platelets clump at the site

and release thromboplastin.

Thromboplastin converts

prothrombin into thrombin..

Clot Forms

Thrombin converts

fibrinogen into fibrin, which

causes a clot. The clot

prevents further loss of

blood..

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1. Collects plasma fluid

2. Returns to circulatory system at superior

vena cava (flowing into right atrium)

3. Nodes along system filter out bacteria and

other microorganisms

a. During many infections you may

experience “swollen glands” which are

really your lymph nodes

4. Also absorbs fats & certain vitamins

5. Blocked lymph vessels leads to edema

6. Thymus & Spleen also instrumental

Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Section 37-2

Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System

Superior vena

cava

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Heart

Thoracic duct

Spleen

Lymph vessels

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1. Collects plasma fluid

2. Returns to circulatory system at superior

vena cava (flowing into right atrium)

3. Nodes along system filter out bacteria and

other microorganisms

a. During many infections you may

experience “swollen glands” which are

really your lymph nodes

4. Also absorbs fats & certain vitamins

5. Blocked lymph vessels leads to edema

6. Thymus & Spleen also instrumental

Section 37-2

Section Outline

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Hold That Breath!

Do not perform this activity if you have any breathing problems.

Working with a partner, count the number of breaths you take in 15 seconds. Multiply that number by 4 for the number of breaths per minute. Your partner will act as the timer/recorder. Repeat the procedure three times and take an average.

Now, take a deep breath and hold it for as long as you can. Have your partner record your time. Repeat the procedure three times and take an average.

Switch roles with your partner and repeat the procedure. Exchange data with other groups and answer the following questions.

Section 37-3

Interest Grabber

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1. What was the range of breathing rates?

2. Why are there differences in breathing rates among members of the class?

3. What was the average length of time classmates could hold their breath?

4. What factors might affect how long you could hold your breath?

5. A child having a tantrum declares she is going to hold her breath “until I turn blue!” Do you think this is possible? Explain your answer.

Section 37-3

Interest Grabber continued

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37–3 The Respiratory System

A. What Is Respiration? **video**

B. The Human Respiratory System

*pathways & closeups*

C. Gas Exchange

D. Breathing *mechanics*

E. How Breathing Is Controlled

F. Tobacco and the Respiratory System

1. Substances in Tobacco

2. Diseases Caused by Smoking

3. Smoking and the Nonsmoker

4. Dealing With Tobacco

Section 37-3

Section Outline

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Section 37-3

Flowchart

Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

In and Out of the Respiratory System

Oxygen and

carbon dioxide

exchange at

alveoli

Oxygen-rich

air from

environment

Bronchioles

Nasal

cavities

Pharynx

Trachea Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Pharynx

Nasal

cavities

Carbon

dioxide-rich

air to the

environment

Bronchi

Trachea

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Section 37-3

Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System

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Alveoli

Bronchiole

Capillary

Section 37-3

Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs

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Air

inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage

rises

Air

exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage

lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

Section 37-3

Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing

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Air

inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage

rises

Air

exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage

lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

Section 37-3

Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing

Video Contents

Videos

Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

Human Circulation

Human Respiration

Video 1

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Human Circulation

Video 2

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2

Human Respiration

Internet

Go Online

Career links on respiratory care practitioners

Interactive test

For links on the cardiovascular system, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0371.

For links on blood cells, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0372.

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/biology/PHB_CAREERS.html

http://www.phschool.com/quiz/biology_phb_quiz.html?chapter=37&questions=10

http://www.scilinks.org/

http://www.scilinks.org/

Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Choose the longest vein you can see on the inner side of your wrist. Starting as close to your wrist as possible, press your thumb on the vein and slide it along the vein up your arm. Did the length of the vein remain blue?

Yes

2. Repeat this process, but in the opposite direction, moving your thumb along the vein from the far end to the end closest to your wrist. Did the length of the vein remain blue?

No

3. In which direction is your blood flowing in this vein? How can you tell? Can you tell where a valve is located? Explain your answer.

Blood is flowing from the wrist up the arm to the heart. The vein was emptied of blood by the action of the thumb in step 2, and blood flow into the vein was stopped by the thumb’s pressure on the wrist end. Backflow was prevented by the valve at the other end, so the vein no longer had blood between these two points.

Section 2 Answers


1. What characteristics would artificial blood need to take the place of real blood?

Artificial blood would need to be a fluid that could carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and waste products.

2. Do you think that artificial blood could completely replace real blood? Explain your answer.

No. Real blood contains living cells that combat disease. Also, real blood can form clots, preventing blood loss at cuts.

Section 3 Answers


1. What was the range of breathing rates?

Most people breathe about 16 to 24 times per minute.

2. Why are there differences in breathing rates among members of the class?

The difference among classmates might be a result of physical conditioning and individual metabolism.

3. What was the average length of time classmates could hold their breath?

Most people can hold their breath for just under a minute.

4. What factors might affect how long you could hold your breath?

Physical conditioning and metabolism might affect the length of time.

5. A child having a tantrum declares she is going to hold her breath “until I turn blue!” Do you think this is possible? Explain your answer.

It is not possible. The child will begin to breathe again when levels of carbon dioxide reach a critical level.

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Prentice Hall Biology · Chapter 37 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . ... Section 37-1 Figure 37-2 The Circulatory ... Explain your answer. Section 37-3