Respiration, Circulatory, & Excretory Systems Chapter 37 Circulatory System: Week 4/23 - 5/1 Respiratory System:Week 5/4 - 5/8 Excretory Systems (Kidneys):Week

Respiration, Circulatory, & Excretory Systems

Chapter 37Circulatory System: Week 4/23 - 5/1Respiratory System: Week 5/4 - 5/8Excretory Systems (Kidneys): Week 5/11 - 5/14

Circulation System Evolution• Fish:

– 2-chambered heart– single circuit of blood flow

• Amphibians: – 3-chambered heart – 2 circuits of blood flow- – Circulation is “Pulmocutaneous” (lungs and skin)– Some mixing of blood

• Mammals: – 4-chambered heart – Double circulation – Complete separation between oxygen-rich and

oxygen poor blood

Circulation System Evolution

Key Structures of the Heart • Septum (middle of the heart)• Aorta (aortic arch)• Vena Cava• Pulmonary Arteries• Pulmonary veins• Ventricles (4)

– Right Atrium (oxygen poor blood)– Left Atrium (oxygen rich blood)– Right Ventricle (oxygen poor blood)– Left Ventricle (oxygen rich blood)

• Valves (4): one way attached to inner wall of the heart– Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve– Bicuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (Mitral)– Pulmonary Semilunar valve– Aortic Semilunar Valve

4 Main vessels going in & out of the heart

**Remember: “A”rteries carry blood AWAY from the heart & Veins carry blood toward the heart

**Exiting Valves

Internal Structure of the Heart

Figure 23.4A

Pulmonaryartery

Superiorvena cava

RIGHTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve

Atrioventricularvalve

Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

Pulmonaryartery

LEFTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


RIGHTVENTRICLE

LEFTVENTRICLE

RBC Pathway through the Circulatory System Blood from Systemic Circuit

Vena cava (inferior & superior)

Right atrium

(Tricuspid valve-AV valve)

Right ventricle (Pulmonary semilunar valve)

Pulmonary circuit –Lungs (P. arteries LungsP. veins)

Left atrium

(Bicuspid “Mitral” valve)

Left Ventricle (Aortic semilunar valve)

Aorta (arch, coronary, carotid, & abdominal, renal, mesenteric, iliac arteries)

Video#2 : “A Heart Attack”Write 10 Key Statements

Introductory Questions #1• The heart has four valves in it. Name

them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.

• Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body.

• In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

Figure 23.4A

Pulmonaryartery

Superiorvena cava

RIGHTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

Pulmonaryartery

LEFTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


RIGHTVENTRICLE

LEFTVENTRICLE5. chamber

1. vessel 10. vessel

11. vessel

9. vessels

8. valve

7. valve

2. chamber

3. valve

4. vessel

6. chamber

IQ #2

Observation of a Cow’s Heart• Make a drawing of your section you received-ID it

as the anterior or posterior section.• Make labels and pin your specimen• Include these labels on your drawing.• Optional-Take a picture of your labeled specimen.

Labels:

-Septum -Left & Right Ventricle

-Left & Right Atrium -Aorta

-AV valve (tricuspid & Bicuspid)

-Semilunar valve (pulmonary & aortic)

Video #1: Circulation: River of Life (Ch. 37.2) 1. What is the primary function of the circulatory

system?2. How is an open circulatory system different a

closed? Give an example of an organism that has an open circulatory system.

3. How is a vein different from an artery? Give two differences.

4. Name FOUR chambers and the four valves within the heart.

**Write the title for this segment and give FIVE statements.

Figure 23.4A

Pulmonaryartery

Superiorvena cava

RIGHTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

Pulmonaryartery

LEFTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


RIGHTVENTRICLE



11. vessel

9. vessels

8. valve

7. valve

2. chamber

3. valve

4. vessel

6. chamber

• A heart attack is damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the heart is blocked

What is a heart attack?

Figure 23.8A

Rightcoronaryartery

Aorta

Leftcoronaryartery

Blockage

Dead muscle tissue

Reading Assignment

• Using the handout read and review some of the key aspects of the circulatory system.

• On a separate sheet paper answer Questions on Pgs 25 & 26 from the second handout.

Label & Color your Hear Diagram

• Be sure to use RED for all areas that contains oxygen rich blood and BLUE for areas with oxygen poor blood.

• All valves must be correctly labeled

Posterior view of the Heart

Valves within the Heart

Double Circulation

• From right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries through semilunar valve (pulmonary circulation)

• Capillary beds in lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins

• Left atrium to left ventricle (through atrioventricular valve) to aorta

• Aorta to coronary arteries; then systemic circulation

• Back to heart via two venae cavae (superior and inferior); right atrium

Introductory Questions #1• The heart has four valves in it. Name

them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.

• Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body.

• In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

Figure 23.13

Withdrawblood

Place in tube

PLASMA 55%

CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS

WaterSolvent forcarrying othersubstances

Salts

Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation ofmembranepermeability

SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate

Plasma proteins

Osmotic balance,pH bufferingClottingImmunity

Albumin

FibrinogenImmunoglobins(antibodies)

Substances transported by bloodNutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)Hormones

Centrifuge

CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%

CELL TYPE NUMBER(per mm3 of blood)

FUNCTIONS

Erythrocytes(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport of

oxygen (and carbon dioxide)

Leukocytes(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000

Defense andimmunity

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets 250,000–400,000

Blood clotting

Pg. 880

Figure 23.4A

Pulmonaryartery

Superiorvena cava

RIGHTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


Inferiorvena cava

Aorta

Pulmonaryartery

LEFTATRIUM

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve


RIGHTVENTRICLE



11. vessel

9. vessels

8. valve

7. valve

2. chamber

3. valve

4. vessel

6. chamber

IQ #2

Introductory Questions #3• Name the cell fragments that aide in the

process of blood clotting. (pg. 977)

• What substances are found in the plasma of blood? (pg. 975)

• Name the proteins that are found on the surface of red blood cells.

Introductory Questions #4• Give three differences between arteries

and veins.

• Why must blood slow down as it reaches a capillary bed?

• Where in the heart is the “pacemaker” and what role does it serve?

• Diastole– Blood flows from the

veins into the heart chambers

The Heart Contracts and Relaxes Rhythmically

Figure 23.6

Heart isrelaxed.AV valvesare open.

1 2

3

Atriacontract.

Ventriclescontract.Semilunarvalvesare open.

SYSTOLE

DIASTOLE

0.4 sec

0.1 sec

0.3 sec

• Systole– The atria briefly

contract and fill the ventricles with blood

– Then the ventricles contract and propel blood out

The Heartbeat• Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of

cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals

• Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Velocity of Blood• Aorta: 30cm/sec on average • Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec• Change is caused by the Law of Continuity

– As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases– The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries

determines flow rate– Each artery branches extensively to an enormous

number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

– No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave a cell

Figure 23.1B

Capillary

INTERSTITIALFLUID

Tissuecell

Diffusion ofmolecules

Figure 23.13

Withdrawblood

Place in tube

PLASMA 55%



Salts



Plasma proteins


Albumin



Centrifuge



FUNCTIONS




Defense andimmunity

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets 250,000–400,000

Blood clotting

Pg. 880

SSR Guide for Presenters

• Give your name

• Hold up the your source

• FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read.

• The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

Assignment Packet

• Cover sheet

• Circulatory System Handout Questions

• Video Notes (x3)

• Heart Diagram (ID &* Color)

• Mini-lab Activity: Cow’s Heart (w/stamp)

Introductory Questions #1• What type of instrument is used to

measure a person’s blood pressure? Why is knowing a person’s blood pressure important?

• What is “normal” or average blood pressure at rest? What about heart rate?

• What does the top number and bottom number represent when reading blood pressure?

• Pressure is highest in the arteries

– It drops to zero by the time the blood reaches the veins

Figure 23.9A

Diastolicpressure

Systolicpressure

Relative sizes andnumbersof blood vessels

Velocity of Blood• Aorta: 30cm/sec on average • Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec• Change is caused by the Law of Continuity

– As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases– The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries

determines flow rate– Each artery branches extensively to an enormous

number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

Blood Vessel Structural Differences

• Capillaries •endothelium; basement

membrane

• Arteries •thick connective tissue; thick

smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane

• Veins •thin connective tissue; thin smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane

Match the Blood Vessels with its location in the Body

• Carotid artery Heart • Jugular vein Liver• Coronary Stomach• Hepatic Kidney• Renal Neck (2)• Iliac Arm• Brachial Thigh• Femoral Pelvic• Gastric

• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures

Measuring Blood Pressure can Reveal Cardiovascular Problems

Figure 23.10

Blood pressure120 systolic80 diastolic(to be measured)

1 2 3 4

Rubber cuffinflated with air

Pressurein cuffbelow120

Pressurein cuffbelow 80

Artery

Pressurein cuffabove120

Soundsaudible instethoscope

Soundsstop

Arteryclosed

Sphygmomanometer

Lab Activity-Measuring Blood Pressure & Heart Rate

Answer to Part A (Fill in Blanks)• Arterial• Systolic• Diastolic• Heart• Blood pressure• Spygmomanometer• Mm Hg• Systolic• Pulse pressure (40mmHg)• Brachial

Today’s Activities

• Start IQ #3 ****stamp Hmwk: Pg. 974 #1-4

• Discuss the homework

• Discuss Lab Questions from yesterday

• Lect/Disc: Respiratory system– Answer IQ #2 & IQ #3

**Begin Video #1: The Respiratory System

Introductory Questions #3• Name the two types of muscles that allow

you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)

• When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale?

• When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

Introductory Questions #2• Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these

terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath:-Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi

-alveoli -bronchioles -trachea

• How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972)

• What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

Mammalian Respiratory Systems• Larynx (upper part of

respiratory tract)

• Vocal cords (sound production)

• Trachea (windpipe)

• Bronchi (tube to lungs)• Bronchioles • Alveoli (air sacs)• Diaphragm (breathing

muscle)

• The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli– Alveoli form the respiratory

surface of the lungs– Oxygen diffuses

through the thin walls of the alveoli into the blood

Figure 22.6C

Figure 22.6B

Oxygen-richblood Oxygen-poor

blood

Alveoli

Blood capillaries

Bronchiole

Breathing• Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog)

• Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals)

• Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation

• Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500ml)

• Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)

The Thoracic Cavity

• Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease

• Smoking also causes emphysema– Cigarette smoke

makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture

– This reduces thelungs’ capacity for gas exchange

Figure 22.7A, B

Video: Gas Exchange

• The human respiratory system

Figure 22.6A

Nasalcavity

Left lung

Pharynx(Esophagus)

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm

(Heart)

Rightlung

1. Name (2) factors that affect the rate of gas Exchange.2. What does Dr. Karen Martin discuss and review?3. Name the two organisms used in explaining how air

can be stored for long periods of time when diving. 4. Dr. Christopher Cooper discusses the process of

________5. How is gas exchange different in a unicellular

organism vs. a multicellular?6. Name (2) challenges faced by larger body sizes

**Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment.

Video #1: The Respiratory System

Volumes for Air Exchange • Vital Capacity: 4500 cm3 Breath out all

the air you can

• Tidal volume: 500 cm3 Normal breath

• Inspirational reserve: 3000 cm3 Excess air you can still breath in

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Residual air left over: 1000 cm3 (cannot be forced out)

*Lungs will collapse, alveoli require this amount of air at all times.

• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood pH

– This triggers a cascade of events

Figure 22.9

Brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROLCENTERS—stimulated by:

CO2 increase / pH decreasein blood

Nerve signalindicating lowO2 level

O2 sensorin artery

Pons

Medulla

Nerve signalstriggercontractionof muscles

Diaphragm

Rib muscles

Introductory Questions #2• Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these

terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath:-Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi

-alveoli -bronchioles -trachea

• How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972)

• What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

Introductory Questions #3• Name the two types of muscles that allow

you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)

• When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale?

• When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

Figure 23.13

Withdrawblood

Place in tube

PLASMA 55%



Salts



Plasma proteins


Albumin



Centrifuge



FUNCTIONS




Defense andimmunity

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets 250,000–400,000

Blood clotting

Pg. 880

Introductory Questions #4• Name the flap of cartilage that covers the

entrance to the trachea when you swallow food. (see pg. 971)

• Where does the actual exchange (diffusion) of O2 and CO2 gases occur? Why does it occur at this place?

• Which part of the brain controls the rate and depth of breathing by sending impulses (signals) to the diaphragm and rib muscles?

Answers to Handouts Pg 28Q1) Veins Carry blood to the heart at low pressureQ2) a. Draw diagram with these labels: (see pgs. 979-980)

-lumen, endothelium, Elastic fibers & smooth muscle b. Arteries: thicker, more elastic, usually has O2 rich blood, small lumen,

high pressure c. Veins thin wall (low pressure) vs. arteries which have thicker walls

(high pressure)Q3) a. Diagram drawn from reading handout A. Vein B. Artery b. Valve (one-way) c. Function: to prevent backflow of blood (keeping blood moving

forward) d. The Heart e. Draw arrows on your diagram showing the flow of blood f. Skeletal muscle contraction

g. Contractions of the heart (ventricles) h. Both have a lume, smooth muscle and an endothelium for the wallsQ4) a. exchange nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide b. Structure of a capillary is very thin, only a few cells make it up, This

makes it very “leaky” permeable for substance to move in and out.

Answers to Handouts Pg 29

Q1)

Q2)

Q3)

Q4)

Documents

Respiration, Circulatory, & Excretory Systems Chapter 37 Circulatory System: Week 4/23 - 5/1 Respiratory System:Week 5/4 - 5/8 Excretory Systems (Kidneys):Week