PRELIMINARY SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE MIAMI ......cis om 3m,-3)0a.rm(gnf ting5 foor 9.nlmas yign...
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That p r oject in volved dr illcor e don at ion s w it h over 2 , 7 0 lin ear feet of cor e n ow housed at t he KGS . That older p r oject docum en t ed en gin eer in g p r op er t ies of dr illcor e samp les , but im p r oved st r at igr ap hic cor elat ion s w er e n eeded. The KGS is subcon t r act in g w it h for m er KGS p ost doct or al r esear cher Dr . B r adley C r am er of t he Un iver sit y of I ow a t o r efin e st r at igr ap hic in t er p r et at ion s of P en sylvan ian bedr ock un it s in Miam i Coun t y. The w or k p er for m ed un der t he subcon t r act in cludes descr ip t ion an d an alysis of a ser ies of 3 dr ill cor es fr om t hr oughout Miam i Coun t y ( see Table 1 an d labels on in dex m ap ) . Descr ip t ion s of t he cor es in clude det ailed cm - scale cor e loggin g an d t he p r oduct ion of high- r esolut ion s t r at igr ap hic colum n s for each cor e. An alysis of t he cor e suit e will even t ually in clud e t wo p r im ar y dat a set s: car bon isot op e chem ost r at igr ap hy an d m icr op aleon t ological biost r at igr ap hy usin g con odon t s . These t wo dat a set s will be com bin ed as bio- chem ost r at igr ap hy an d in t egr at ed in t o a com p r ehen sive syn t hesis of t he chr on ost r at igr ap hic cor elat ion of t he un it s con t ain ed w it hin t he cor es . This syn t hes is will dir ect ly in for m t he sur ficial m ap in g an d geosp at ial un der s t an din g of bot h t he sur face an d shallow subsur face geology of Miam i Coun t y. GEOLOGI C UNI TS CENOZ OI C Qua te rn a ry Sy ste m Und i f f e re n ti a te d Al l uvi um Un differ en t iat ed alluvium t hat t yp ically is less t han 4 , 0 year s old com p r ises valley fills ben eat h t he m oder n floodp lain of t he Mar ais des Cygn es R iver an d it s t r ibut ar ies . This alluvium con s ist s of clay, s ilt , san d, and gr avel, w it h t he coar ses t sedim en t s com p r is ing t he low er 3 - 6 ft ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 8 m) of t he valley fills . The fin e- gr ain ed floodp lain facies ar e most ly dar k gr ay, gr ay, dar k gr ayish br ow n , an d gr ayish br ow n s ilt y clay, an d s ilt y clay loam . These depos it s can r each t hick n esses gr eat er t han 50 ft ( 15 m) in t he Mar ais des Cygn es R iver valley. Al l uvi a l Te rra c e s Alluvium t hat t yp ically is 4 , 0 t o 1 , 0 year s old com p r ises valley fills ben eat h a low t er ace ( T - 1 ) of t he Mar ais des Cygn es R iver an d it s t r ibut ar ies . This alluvium con s is t s of clay, s ilt , san d, an d gr avel, w it h t he coar ses t sedim en t s com p r ising t he low er 3 - 6 ft ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 8 m) of t he t er ace fills . The fin e- gr ain ed alluvium is m os t ly br ow n , dar k yellow ish br ow n , an d yellow ish br ow n s ilt y clay loam . These depos it s can r each t hick n esses gr eat er t han 70 ft ( 21 m) in t he Mar ais des Cygn es R iver valley. Qua te rn a ry and Ne og e ne Al l uvi um C layey alluviumoft en in t er bedded w it h cher t y gr avel is com m on ben eat h high t er aces an d on hillt op s in Miam i Coun t y. The n um er ical age of t hese alluvial depos it s is unkn ow n . How ever , based on t heir pos it ion in t he lan dscap e, t he depos it s on t he hillt op s p r obably aggr aded dur in g t he Neogen e ( Aber , 198 ) , an d it is lik ely t hat t he high- t er ace fills dat e at leas t t o t he m iddle P leis t ocen e. The low er 3 - 6 ft ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 8 m) of t he t er ace fills an d hillt op depos it s con s ist of cher t y gr avel. The over lying fin e- gr ain ed alluvium most ly con sis t s of dar k gr ay, gr ay, dar k gr ayish br ow n , an d p ale br ow n s ilt y clay. The dis t r ibut ion of fin e- gr ain ed alluvium in t er bedded w it h cher t y alluvial gr avels is in dicat ed by t he Ken om a soil ser ies , as show n on t he Soil Survey of Linn and Miami Counties, Kansas ( Pen er , 1981 ) . R edoximor phic feat ur es , in cluding st r on g br ow n an d r eddish br ow n m ot t les an d ir on an d mangan ese oxide con cr et ion s , ar e com m on in t he up er 3 - 10 ft ( 0 . 9 - 3 m) of t he fin e- gr ain ed alluvium . A lluvial depos it s com p r is in g t he fills of high t er aces ar e t yp ically 20 - 30 ft ( 6 - 9 m) t hick , but t he alluvial depos it s on hillt op s gen er ally ar e less t han 15 ft ( 4 . 5 m) t hick . A ven eer of loess t hat is less t han 3 ft ( 0 . 9 m) t hick oft en cap s t he high- t er ace an d hillt op alluvial depos it s . Col l uvi a l Ap ron and Al l uvi a l Fan De p osi ts Depos it s of clay, s ilt , san d, an d gr avel occur on foot s lop es an d t oes lop es in valley lan dscap es . These dep os it s m os t ly accum ulat ed dur in g t he ear ly an d m iddle Holocen e, alt hough some m ay dat e back t o t he t er m in al P leis t ocen e, an d t hey com p r ise bot h colluvi al ap r on s an d alluvial fan s . The colluvial ap r on s con s is t of mass ive depos it s of poor ly sor t ed sedim en t s t hat in clude many an gular , bedr ock - der ived p ebbles an d cobbles . The alluvial fan s for m ed w her e sm all, in t er m it t en t s t r eam s en t er t he Mar ais des Cygn es R iver valley an d t he valleys of it s m ajor t r ibut ar ies . The fan depos it s ar e s t r at ified an d con sis t of w ell- sor t ed alluvium dom in at ed by br ow n , dar k yellow ish br ow n , an d yellow ish br ow n s ilt y clay, s ilt y clay loam , an d s ilt loam . Thin len ses of gr avel ar e com m on , an d bur ied soils oft en occur at t he t op of upwar d- fin in g sequen ces . PALEOZ OI C Ca rbo ni f e ro u s Sy ste m Pe n n sy l vani an Sub sy ste m ( descr ip t ion s fr om Miller , 196 ) Lansi ng Group P l a ttsbu rg L i me sto ne / Vi l a s Sha l e The low er p ar t of t he L an s ing gr oup is composed of t he P lat t sbur g Lim es t on e an d over lyin g V ilas S hale ( ~35 ft ; 1 m t hick ) . The P l a ttsbu rg L i me sto ne ( ~16 ft ; 5 m) is composed of t wo lim es t on e m em ber s and in t er ven ing shale m em ber . I n ascen ding or der , t hese un it s ar e Mer iam lim es t on e, Hick or y C r eek shale, an d Sp r in g Hill lim es t on e. The Me rri am L i me sto ne Me mb e r , aver aging 3 . 5 ft ( 1 m) , but r an ging fr om 1 - 9 . 5 ft ( 0 . 3 - 3 m) , is com m on ly a s in gle, mass ive bed of bluish- gr ay t o light - gr ay, fin e- gr ain ed, den se lim est on e. The low er p ar t ( 3 . 6 ft ; 1 . 1 m) of t he Mer iam lim es t on e is a mass ive, bluish- gr ay t o light - gr ay, cr oss- bedded, oolit ic lim es t on e, locally w it h black , foss ilifer ous cher t . I t is com m on ly a r es is t an t un it , for ming scar p s an d out cr op s . Coat ed gr ain s an d Osagia- lik e for ms ar e usually p r esen t an d in some p laces t hese con s t it ut e a lar ge p ar t of t he lim es t on e. Myalin id p elecypods an d p r oduct id br achiopods can be com m on . The up er p ar t of t he Mer iam lim est on e is a light - t o m edium- gr ay, fin e- gr ain ed, mass ive, locally cher t y lim es t on e, but usually n ot foss ilifer ous . " W or m t ubes" ar e p r esen t in some localit ies on t he up er sur face. The Hi c kory Cre e k Sha l e Me mb e r ( locally absen t t o 2 ft ; 0 . 6 m) is yellow ish- gr ay t o or an gish- gr ay, clayey, n odular , an d calcar eous . A t hin , n odular lim es t on e bed locally occur s n ear t he m iddle of t he un it . The shale is fossilifer ous , com m on ly w it h cr in oid r em ain s an d br yoz oan s . The Spri ng Hi l l L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( 4 - 17 ft ; 1 . 2 - 5 m) is light olive- gr ay t o yellow ish- gr ay, fin e- t o coar se- gr ain ed, t hin - t o m edium - bedded, an d san dy. I t con t ain s cher t locally an d m ay be oolit ic in p laces at it s t op or con glom er at ic w it h lim on it e p ebbles , shale an d ir on s t on e fr agm en t s , an d small abr aded calcit e cr ys t als . S hale p ar t in gs an d t hin , w avy car bon aceous s t r eak s m ay be p r esen t w it hin t his m em ber . Triticites sp . an d Osagia- lik e for ms an d echin oid sp in es ar e locally abun dan t . A z on e of lar ge Composita sp . is com m on ly foun d n ear t he base of t he un it . The Vi l a s Sha l e ( 5 ft ; 1 . 5 m, t hick en ing w es t w ar d t o 30 ft ; 9 m) is gr ayish- olive t o light - gr ay, san dy, an d block y. I n t he w es t er n p ar t of t he coun t y it con t ain s a con s ider able am oun t of m oder at e yellow ish- br ow n s ilt s t on e an d or an gish- gr ay cr oss- bedded san dst on e, w hich m ay be up t o 4 ft ( 1 . 2 m) t hick . P lan t r em ain s ar e com m on in t he san dy layer s , but ot her wise it is r elat ively un foss ilifer ous . Kansa s Ci ty Group Wyandotte L i me sto ne / Bo nne r Spri ng s Sha l e The up er m os t p ar t of t he Kan sas C it y Gr oup is composed of t he Wyandotte L i me sto ne an d t he over lying Bon er Sp r in gs S hale. The W yan dot t e L imest on e is composed of five alt er n at ing shale an d lim es t on e m em ber s . F r om t he base upwar d, t hese five un it s ar e t he F r isbie lim es t on e, Quin dar o shale, Ar gen t in e lim es t on e, I s lan d C r eek shale, an d F ar ley lim es t on e. The W yan dot t e is a cues t a- for m in g for m at ion , r anging in t hick n ess fr om about 10 t o 80 ft ( 3 t o 24 m) . The shale m em ber s ar e p r esen t on ly locally in Miam i Coun t y. The absen ce of t he shale m em ber s an d t he s im ilar it y in t he lit hology of t he t wo up er lim es t on e m em ber s m ak es iden t ificat ion of t he un it s difficult . The Fri sb i e L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( 2 . 5 - 3 . 6 ft ; 0 . 8 - 1 . 1 m) is a light olive- gr ay t o light br ow n ish- gr ay, fin e- gr ain ed, mass ive lim es t on e. L ocally, t hin shales ( <0 . 5 ft ; 0 . 15 m t hick ) can be p r esen t in t he F r isbie. C r in oid s t em s an d small p r oduct id br achiopods ar e t he m os t com m on foss ils an d locally Osagia- lik e for ms ( coat ed gr ain s) m ay be p r esen t . The Qu i nda ro Sha l e Me mb e r ( locally absen t t o 3 . 3 ft ; 1 m) is a dusk y- yellow t o dar k yellow ish- or an ge, san dy shale. I n p laces t he low er p ar t of t his un it is composed of ver y dar k gr ay shale. The Quin dar o is ver y foss ilifer ous w it h Heterocoelia sp . , Dielasma sp . , an d Phricodothyris sp . being t he most com m on for ms . C r inoid fr agm en t s an d br yoz oan s ar e also abun dan t . The Arg e n ti ne L i me sto ne Me mbe r ( ~35 ft ; 1 m) is p r obably t he m os t p er s is t en t m em ber of t he W yan dot t e. I t is lit hologically s im ilar t o t he F ar ley lim es t on e w hich is n or m ally t he up er m os t lim es t on e m em ber of t he W yan dot t e. L ocally t he F ar ley lim es t on e can be m iss ing an d t he Ar gen t in e lim es t on e is t he up er m os t m em ber . The Ar gen t in e is a light olive- gr ay t o gr ayish- or an ge, m edium- gr ain ed, t hin - bedded, locally cher t y lim es t on e, w hich w eat her s in t o t hin fr agm en t s . The Ar gen t in e has a var i ed faun a w it h t he br achiopods Composita sp . , Echinaria sp . , Antiquatonia sp . , an d Phricodothyris sp . bein g m os t com m on . Enteletes sp . is abun dan t w es t an d sout h of Paola. The fusulin id Triticites sp . is com m on locally. The I sl and Cre e k Sha l e Me mb e r ( ~1 . 5 ft ; 0 . 5 m) is n ot w ell exposed. I t is a gr ayish- or an ge clayey shale con t ain ing abun dan t gas t r opods . The Fa rl e y L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( locally absen t t o ~15 ft ; 4 . 6 m) , w her e p r esen t , is t he up er m os t m em ber of t he W yan dot t e Lim es t on e. I t is a light olive- gr ay t o p ink ish- gr ay coar se- gr ain ed, w avy, t hin - t o t hick - bedded lim es t on e. L ocally t he low er p ar t of t his un it can be oolit ic. The F ar ley lim es t on e con t ain s much t he same faun a as t he Ar gen t in e lim es t on e. The Bo nne r Spri ng s Sha l e ( 0 . 9 - 31 . 5 ft ; 0 . 3 - 9 . 6 m) is t he up er m os t for m at ion of t he Kan sas C it y Gr oup . The low er p ar t is composed of p ale olive- t o light - gr ay san dy shale w hich in p laces is a t hin - bedded micaceous s ilt s t on e. The up er p ar t is an olive- gr ay t o yellow ish- br ow n clayey shale in t he up er p ar t . V ar ying lit hologies can be p r esen t n ear t he m iddle of t he un it un foss ilifer ous gr ayish- r ed clayey shale or m edium- gr ay clayey shale con t ain ing car bon aceous s t r eak s , p lan t r oot let s , an d leaf im p r ess ion s , or m edium- gr ain ed, m edium - bedded, calcar eous san ds t on e is found in t his in t er val. I n ar eas w her e t he Bon er Sp r ings is p r im ar ily clayey shale, scat t er ed lim es t on e n odules ar e p r esen t , an d a t hin , ar gillaceous lim es t on e bed ( ~1 ft ; 0 . 3 m) is p r esen t 2 . 0 ft ( 0 . 6 m) below t he t op of t he for m at ion . The lim es t on e bed is ver y foss ilifer ous an d con t ain s abun dan t p elecypods , algae, br achiopods , gas t r opods , an d br yoz oan fr agm en t s . I ol a L i me sto ne / Lane Sha l e The I ol a L i me sto ne ( 10 - 12 ft ; 3 - 3 . 7 m) is composed of t wo lim es t on e m em ber s an d an in t er ven ing shale m em ber t he low er lim es t on e is t he Paola lim es t on e, t he m iddle shale is t he Mun cie C r eek shale, an d t he up er lim es t on e is t he R ayt ow n lim es t on e. The Paol a L i me sto ne Me mbe r ( absen t t o ~2 . 5 ft ; 0 . 8 m) is composed of a massive bed of dar k- gr ay t o br ow n ish- gr ay, fin e- gr ain ed, den se lim est on e. The con t act w it h t he un der lying shale is fair ly sm oot h, but t he up er sur face of t he un it is ver y ir egular . L ocally, ir on - s t ain ed " w or m t ubes" ext en d downwar d 1 t o 3 in ches ( 2 . 5 - 7 . 6 cm ) fr om t he up er sur face of t he Paola. C r in oid s t em s an d small p r oduct id br achiopods ar e t he m os t abun dan t foss ils . Coat ed gr ain s an d br yoz oan s ar e com m on . The Munc i e Cre e k Sha l e Me mbe r ( 0 . 5 ft ; 0 . 15 m) is a bluish- gr ay t o dusk y- yellow san dy shale t hat locally has a dar k- gr ay, car bon aceous , fissile facies t hat con t ain s small ( 0 . 4 - 1 . 2 in ches ; 1 - 2 cm ) phosphat ic n odules . The Ray town L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( 5 - 24 ft ; 1 . 5 - 7 m) is a light olive- gr ay t o light - gr ay m edium- t o coar se- gr ain ed lim es t on e w it h n um er ous s ilt y shale p ar t ings an d abun dan t vugs lin ed w it h cr ys t allin e calcit e. The R ayt ow n is medium bedded in t he n or t her n p ar t of Miam i Coun t y but becom es p r ogr ess ively t hin bedded t ow ar d t he sout her n p ar t . Abun dan t lar ge p r oduct id br achiopods occur in t he R ayt ow n , w it h Echinaria sp . an d Linoproductus sp . bein g t he most com m on . The Lane Sha l e ( 25 ft ; 8m, in cr eas in g in t hick n ess w es t w ar d t o 80 ft ; 24 m) is lit hologically var iable. I n t he w es t er n half of t he coun t y is an olive- gr ay t o dusk y- yellow s ilt y t o san dy shale an d t hin - bedded s ilt s t on e. I n t he eas t er n half it is an olive- gr ay t o light - gr ay clayey shale. Thin car bon aceous s t r eak s 1 / 16 - t o 1 / 4 - in ch ( 1 . 6 - t o 6 . 4 mm) t hick ar e foun d locally in t he L an e. I n eas t - cen t r al Miam i Coun t y, a t hin light - gr ay, clayey shale con t ain ing lam in ae of r eddish- br ow n calcar eous silt occur s jus t below t he over lying W yan dot t e Lim es t on e. The L an e is un foss ilifer ous excep t for sp ar se p lan t r em ain s , an d locally, small br achiopods an d cr in oids ar e p r esen t in t he up er few feet of t he for m at ion . Drum L i me sto ne / Chanu te Sha l e The Drum L i me sto ne ( 1 . 7 - 8 ft ; 0 . 5 - 2 . 4 m) con s is t s of a s in gle mass ive bed of yellow ish- gr ay t o r eddish- br ow n fin e- t o m edium- gr ain ed cr oss- bedded lim es t on e t hat is un ifor m in lit hology an d w eat her s in t o t hin s labs . The m os t char act er ist ic feat ur e of t his un it is abun dan t , sm all, w hit e cr in oid segm en t s scat t er ed t hr oughout t he lim est on e. Ot her foss ils ar e Neospirifer sp . , Marginifera sp . , an d Composita sp . , an d locally t he small spon ge Heliospongia sp . The Chanu te Sha l e ( 8 - 38 ft ; 2 . 4 - 12 m) var ies gr eat ly in t hick n ess an d lit hology over shor t lat er al dis t an ces . I t is yellow ish- br ow n t o gr een ish- gr ay san dy t o clayey shale, w hich locally con t ain s san ds t on e in t he low er an d m iddle p ar t s an d com m on ly in t he up er p ar t . The Chanut e S hale is a r elat ively un foss ilifer ous un it excep t for p lan t im p r ess ion s foun d locally in t he san dy layer s . The Chanut e S hale con t ain s t he Thayer coal ( 0 - 0 . 5 ft ; 0 . 15 m) , 1 t o 15 feet ( 3 . 4 - 4 . 6 m) above t he base of t he for m at ion . The Thayer occur s at differ ing s t r at igr aphic pos it ion s in r esp ect t o t he up er for m at ion al boun dar y, but is absen t w her e t he Chanut e is t hin er t han 1 ft ( 3 . 4 m) . De nni s L i me sto ne / Ch e rryva l e Sha l e The De nni s L i me sto ne ( ~32 ft ; 10 m) is r es ist an t , for ming p r om in en t scar p s . I t is composed of t hr ee m em ber s , w hich, in ascen din g or der , ar e t he Canville lim es t on e, St ar k shale, an d W in t er set lim es t on e. The Canvi l l e L i me sto ne Me mb e r is absen t in Miam i Coun t y, but m ay be r ep r esen t ed locally by a t hin , impur e, n odular lim es t on e. The S ta rk Sha l e Me mb e r ( 0 . 9 - 6 ft ; 0 . 3 - 1 . 8 m) is r ep r esen t ed by a black , fiss ile t o ver y t hin - bedded, car bon aceous shale in t he low er p ar t . The up er p ar t is m edium- olive t o gr een ish- gr ay san dy shale an d is about t wice t he t hick n ess of t he un der lying blackshale. The St ar kis foss ilifer ous in t he up er , sandy p ar t , w it h chon et id br achiopods bein g t he m os t com m on foss il. The low er p ar t is un foss ilifer ous excep t for r ar e in ar t iculat e br achiopods . The Wi n te rse t L i me sto ne Me mbe r ( ~29 ft ; 9 m) , t he up er m os t m em ber of t he Den is Lim es t on e, is light gr ay t o olive gr ay, m edium gr ain ed, m edium bedded, den se in t he low er p ar t an d m or e fin e gr ain ed in t he m iddle p ar t . The low er an d m iddle p ar t s of t he m em ber char act er is t ically con t ain shaly p ar t ings an d abun dan t cher t . The up er p ar t is usually sep ar at ed fr om t he low er beds by a t hin bed of calcar eous gr ay shale ( ~1 . 5 ft ; 0 . 5 m) . The up er p ar t of t he W in t er set is den se, fin e- gr ain ed, mass ive lim es t on e. I t con t ain s an abun dan ce of dar k- gr ay cher t . L ocally, 1 t o 3 ft ( 0 . 3 - 0 . 9 m) of oolit ic lim es t on e can be p r esen t n ear t he t op . The up er p ar t of t he W in t er set is ver y foss ilifer ous an d is char act er ized by n um er ous lar ge p r oduct id br achiopods an d locally by abundan t gast r opods . Triticites sp . is also ver y abun dan t in t he up er p ar t an d is usually foun d in cher t . The Ch e rryva l e Sha l e ( ~60 ft ; 18 m) com p r ises a shale- dom in at ed un it bet w een t he t op of t he Den is Lim es t on e an d t he base of t he Dr um Lim es t on e. I t in cludes five m em ber s , in ascen din g or der : t he Fon t an a shale, t he B lock lim es t on e, t he W ea shale, t he W es t er ville lim es t on e, an d t he Quivir a shale. The Fo ntana Sha l e Me mb e r ( ~15 ft ; 4 . 6 m) is gr een ish- gr ay t o olive- gr ay san dy shale. L ocally a t hin , n odular lim es t on e occur s in t he low er p ar t . I t is r elat ively un foss ilifer ous excep t for sp ar se chon et id br achiopods in t he low er p ar t . The B l oc k L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( ~4 ft ; 1 . 2 m) , t he low er m os t lim es t on e bed in t he Cher yvale S hale, is a bluish- gr ay t o olive- gr ay m edium- gr ain ed, t hin - bedded foss ilifer ous lim es t on e w it h n um er ous t hin , fossilifer ous shale p ar t ings . Triticites sp . is t he m os t char act er is t ic foss il, but Marginifera sp . an d Syringopora sp . also ar e abun dan t . The W ea S hale Mem ber ( ~18 ft ; 5 . 5 m) is char act er is t ically olive- gr ay san dy shale t hat con t ain s san ds t on e beds locally n ear t he base. A t hin bed of m ar oon shale m ay occur n ear t he t op . L ocally, pyr it ifer ous n odules an d lim on it e con cr et ion s occur in t he W ea, but p lan t im p r ess ion s an d car bon aceous p ar t in gs can be ar e foun d at it s t op . I n p laces a ver y t hin coal occur s n ear t he t op of t he m em ber . The We ste rvi l l e L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( absen t t o ~2 ft ; 0 . 6 m) is poor ly exposed, . but w her e p r esen t , is composed of con glom er at ic lim es t on e con t ain ing abun dan t lim on it e n odules an d quar t z san d. I t can lit hologically t r an s it ion t o yellow ish- gr ay m ar ly lim est on e. The Qu i vi ra Sha l e ( ~ 4 ft ; 1 . 2 m) has a low er p ar t ( 0 . 5 - 1 ft ; 0 . 15 - 0 . 3 m) t hat is composed of black , car bon aceous , fissile shale or m ar oon clayey shale. The up er p ar t con s is t s of olive- gr ay san dy shale. The Quivir a is un fossilifer ous , excep t for sp ar se in ar t iculat e br achiopods an d con odon t s in t he black fiss ile shale. Swop e L i me sto ne / Ga l e sbu rg Sha l e The Swop e L i me sto ne ( 34 ft ; 10 m) , t he low er p ar t of t his m ap un it , is composed of t wo lim est on e m em ber s an d an in t er ven ing shale m em ber . I n ascen ding or der , t hese m em ber s ar e: Middle C r eeklim es t on e, Hushpuck n ey shale, an d Bet hany F alls lim es t on e. The Mi dd l e Cre e k L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( 1 . 8 - 2 ft ) is a m edium- gr ay t o bluish- gr ay, fin e- gr ain ed, den se lim es t on e t hat is com m on ly exp r essed in out cr op as a s in gle mass ive un it . A t hin shale p ar t ing can be p r esen t ap r oxim at ely in t he m iddle of t his un it . The Hu shpu c kne y Sha l e Me mb e r ( 4 - 7 . 5 ft ; 1 . 2 - 2 . 3 m) is composed of black fiss ile shale over lain by gr ayish t o yellow san dy shale. L ocally, a t hin bed of light olive- gr ay shale can over lie t he black shale. The up er p ar t of t he Hushpuck n ey is foss ilifer ous , w it h chon et id an d p r oduct id br achiopods . The Be thany Fa l l s L i me sto ne Me mb e r ( 13 - 28 ft ; 4 - 8 . 5 m) is a light - gr ay t o light br ow n ish- gr ay, m edium - gr ain ed, m edium- t o t hick - bedded san dy lim es t on e con t ain in g numer ous t hin shale p ar t in gs . I n m os t ar eas t he Mem ber can be divided in t o t wo dist in ct p ar t s . The low er p ar t ( ~12 - 16 ft ; 3 . 7 - 4 . 9 m) con t ain s fusulin ids an d t he up er p ar t ( 0 - 14 ft ; 4 . 3 m) is cher t y an d locally cr oss- bedded. Pellet al lim es t on e or oolit es , or bot h, m ay be p r esen t at t he ver y t op of t he Bet hany F alls . W her e t he p ellet al or oolit ic lim est on e is p r esen t , t he up er p ar t locally con t ain s ver t ical, t ubular cavit ies ( 3 t o 4 feet ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 2 m) in lengt h an d 1 t o 2 in ches ( 2 . 5 - 10 . 2 cm ) in diam et er ) con t ain ing ir on - s t ain ed cr ys t allin e calcit e. The Bet hany F alls is a foss ilifer ous un it in w hich Meekella sp . , Derbyia sp . , Antiquatonia sp . , an d chon et id br achiopods ar e m os t com m on . Triticites sp . ar e foun d locally in t he low er p ar t of t he un it . A lgae ar e locally abun dan t . The Ga l e sbu rg Sha l e ( 4 - 12 ft ; 1 . 2 - 3 . 7 m) , w hich over lies t he S w op e Lim es t on e, con s is t s of gr een ish- gr ay t o dusk y- yellow , san dy t o calcar eous , block y shale. I t is char act er is t ically sp ar sely foss ilifer ous an d poor ly exposed. REFERENCES Aber , J. S. , 198 , Cher t Gr avel an d Neogen e Dr ain age in Eas t - Cen t r al Kan sas : Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bullet in 240 , p ar t 3 , Kan sas Geological S ur vey, p . 29 - 41 . Miller , D . E . , 196 , Geology an d gr oun d- w at er r esour ces of Miam i Coun t y, Kan sas : Kan sas Geological S ur vey, Bullet in 181 , 6 p . ; ht t p : / / www. k gs . k u. edu/ Gen er al/ Geology/ Miam i/ in dex. ht m l. Pen er , H . L. , 1981 , Soil Survey of Linn and Miami Counties, Kansas: U . S. Dep ar t m en t of Agr icult ur e, Soil Con ser vat ion S er vice, U . S. Gover nmen t P r in t ing Office, Washingt on , D . C . , 102 p . KANS AS QUADR ANGL E L OCAT I ON Fund e d i n pa rt by th e USGS Na ti ona l Coope ra ti ve Ge ol og i c Ma ppi ng Prog ra m Op e n- f i l e Re p o rt 20 14 - 1 1 E levat ion con t our s ar e p r esen t ed for gen er al r efer en ce. Used in t he U . S. Geological S ur veys cur en t US Top o 1 : 24 , 0 - scale t opogr aphic m ap ser ies, t hey w er e gen er at ed fr om hydr ogr aphically- im p r oved 1 / 3 ar c- secon d Nat ion al E levat ion Dat aset ( NED) dat a, an d sm oot hed dur in g p r ocess ing for use at 1 : 24 , 0 scale. I n some p laces t he con t our s m ay be m or e gen er aliz ed t han t he base dat a used for com p ilat ion of geologic out cr op p at t er n s . Out cr op p at t er n s on t he m ap will t yp ically r eflect t opogr aphic var iat ion m or e accur at ely t han t he associat ed con t our lin es . R ep eat ed fluct uat ion of an out cr op lin e acr oss a con t our lin e should be in t er p r et ed as an in dicat ion t hat t he m ap ed r ock un it is m ain t ain ing a r elat ively con s t an t elevat ion alon g a gen er aliz ed con t our . Geology w as m ap ed in t he field us in g a USGS 7 . 5 - minut e 1 : 24 , 0 - scale t opogr aphic m ap . R oads an d highw ays ar e show n on t he base m ap as r ep r esen t ed by dat a fr omt he Kan sas Dep ar t m en t of T r an spor t at ion ( KDOT ) , U . S. Cen sus Bur eau, an d ot her sour ces . U . S. Dep ar t m en t of Agr icult ur e F ar m S er vices Agen cy ( US DA- FSA) Nat ion al Agr icult ur e I m ager y P r ogr am( NAI P ) im ager y also w as used t o checkr oad locat ion s . S haded r elief is based on 1 - m et er hydr oflat t en ed bar e- ear t h DEMs fr om t he St at e of Kan sas L iDAR Dat abase. The DEM im ages , in ERDAS I MAGI NE for m at , w er e mosaick ed in t o a s in gle out put DEM, dow n samp led t o 5 - m et er r esolut ion , an d r ep r oject ed t o decim al degr ees . The out put DEM w as t hen conver t ed t o a hillshade, a m ult idir ect ion al shaded- r elief im age us ing angles of illum in at ion fr om 0 ° , 25 ° , 2 70 ° , an d 31 5 ° azim ut hs , each 45 ° above t he hor iz on , w it h a 4x ver t ical exagger at ion . This geologic m ap w as fun ded in p ar t by t he USGS Nat ion al Coop er at ive Geologic Map in g P r ogr am , aw ar d n um ber G13AC0168 ( FY 20 13 ) . This m ap w as p r oduced us ing t he Ar cGI S sys t em develop ed by Esr i ( En vir onmen t al S yst em s R esear ch I n s t it ut e, I n c. ) . This m ap is a p r elim in ar y p r oduct an d has had less scien t ific an d car t ogr aphic r eview t han t he Kan sas Geological S ur veys M- ser ies geologic m ap s . KGS does n ot guar an t ee t his m ap t o be fr ee fr om er or s or in accur acies an d disclaim s any r espon sibilit y or liabilit y for in t er p r et at ion s m ade fr om t he m ap or decis ion s based t her eon . SUGGESTED REFERENCE TO THE MAP Man del, R. D . , an d New ell, K . D . , 2014 , P r elim in ary sur ficial geology of t he Miam i Coun t y por t ion of t he Osaw at om ie quadr angle, Kan sas : Kan sas Geological S ur vey, Op en - file Repor t 201 4 - 1 , scale 1 : 24 , 0 , un published. PRELIMINARY SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE MIAMI COUNTY PORTION OF THE OSAWATOMIE QUADRANGLE, KANSAS Ge ol ogy by Rol f e D . Mand e l and K. Davi d Ne we l l Comp ut er com p ilat ion an d car t ogr ap hy by J ohn W. Dun ham , Char it y M. L an der , Dus t in A . F r oss , and Hillar y C . C r abb 2 014 EXPLANATI ON Ge ol og i c Uni t Bo unda ri e s Obser ved con t act Hydrol ogy and Top og raphy Per en ial st r eam I n t er m it t en t st r eam W at er body E levat ion con t our ( 1 0 - m et er in t er val) 1000 E levat ion con t our ( 2 0 - m et er in t er val) Bo unda ri e s and Loc a ti ons Town ship / r an ge lin e S ect ion lin e Coun t y boundar y Tra n sp o rta ti on St at e highw ay A F 7 L ocal r oad R ailr oad U . S. highw ay K L 169 APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 2014 & 2° TRUE NORTH MAGNETIC NORTH & KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (KDOT) M-32 CORE Core Latitude Longitude RWD#2 N38.632° W94.671° M-4 N38.721° W95.018° M-5 N38.68° W95.004° M-6A N38.637° W94.987° M-7/8 N38.737° W94.92° M-11 N38.736° W94.796° M-12 N38.651° W94.804° M-13A N38.688° W94.758° M-17A N38.688° W94.637° M-18 N38.666° W94.714° M-24 N38.545° W94.638° M-30 N38.606° W94.818° M-32 N38.535° W94.809° M-36 N38.574° W94.936° M-38 N38.599° W94.991° M-45 N38.498° W95.055° M-48 N38.42° W95.051° M-51 N38.456° W94.973° M-52 N38.445° W94.919° M-53A N38.396° W94.947° M-54B N38.408° W94.991° M-57 N38.47° W94.78° M-60 N38.412° W94.831° M-62A N38.448° W94.713° M-70 N38.419° W94.701° M-74 N38.478° W94.641° M-75 N38.737° W94.703° M-76 N38.543° W94.759° M-77 N38.571° W94.656° M-78 N38.565° W94.993° M-79 N38.425° W94.736° M-81 N38.671° W95.048° M-82 N38.721° W95.002° QtNal Qt Qsl Qal ¨lpv ¨kcwb ¨kcil ¨kcdc ¨kcdnc ¨kcsg
PRELIMINARY SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE MIAMI ......cis om 3m,-3)0a.rm(gnf ting5 foor 9.nlmas yign -1mle ,assiveb edob f luishg-arolityg hgf-itaenrg y-ar,iend , desnliemomh t1 f Me 1.)T
UNIV ER S AL TR ANS V ER S E MER CATOR PR OJECTION, Z ONE 15NOR
TH AMER ICAN DATUM OF 1983
SCALE 1:24 000
MIAMI COUNTY QUADRANGLES AND DRILLHOLE LOCATIONS 1 Wellsville 2
Antioch 3 Spring Hill 4 Bucyrus 5 West Line MO-KS 6 Rantoul 7 Paola
West 8 Paola East
9 Louisburg 10 Freeman 11 Lane 12 Osawatomie 13 Fontana 14 New
Lancaster 15 Drexel In 2002, the Kansas Departm ent of
Transportation (KDOT) began a project with the Kansas Geological S
urvey (KGS) to investigate the construction aggregate properties of
lim estones of the Pennsylvanian Kansas City Group in Miam i
County. That project involved drillcore donations with over 2,700
linear feet of core now housed at the KGS. That older project docum
ented engineering properties of drillcore samples, but improved
stratigraphic correlations were needed. The KGS is subcontracting
with form er KGS postdoctoral researcher Dr. Bradley Cram er of the
University of Iowa to refine stratigraphic interpretations of
Pennsylvanian bedrock units in Miam i County. The work perform ed
under the subcontract includes description and analysis of a series
of 33 drill cores from throughout Miam i County (see Table 1 and
labels on index m ap). Descriptions of the cores include detailed
cm -scale core logging and the production of high-resolution
stratigraphic columns for each core. Analysis of the core suite
will eventually include two prim ary data sets: carbon isotope chem
ostratigraphy and m icropaleontological biostratigraphy using
conodonts. These two data sets will be com bined as bio-chem
ostratigraphy and integrated into a comprehensive synthesis of the
chronostratigraphic correlation of the units contained within the
cores. This synthesis will directly inform the surficial m apping
and geospatial understanding of both the surface and shallow
subsurface geology of Miam i County.
GEOLOGIC UNITS CENOZ OIC
Quaternary System Undifferen tiated Alluvium — Undifferentiated
alluvium that typically is less than 4,000 years old comprises
valley fills beneath the m odern floodplain of the Marais des
Cygnes R iver and its tributaries. This alluvium consists of clay,
silt, sand, and gravel, with the coarsest sedim ents comprising the
lower 3-6 ft (0.9-1.8 m) of the valley fills. The fine-grained
floodplain facies are m ostly dark gray, gray, dark grayish brown,
and grayish brown silty clay, and silty clay loam. These deposits
can reach thick nesses greater than 50 ft (15 m) in the Marais des
Cygnes R iver valley. Alluvial Terraces — Alluvium that typically
is 4,000 to 11,000 years old comprises valley fills beneath a low
terrace (T-1) of the Marais des Cygnes R iver and its tributaries.
This alluvium consists of clay, silt, sand, and gravel, with the
coarsest sedim ents comprising the lower 3-6 ft (0.9-1.8 m) of the
terrace fills. The fine-grained alluvium is m ostly brown, dark
yellow ish brown, and yellow ish brown silty clay loam. These
deposits can reach thick nesses greater than 70 ft (21 m) in the
Marais des Cygnes R iver valley. Quaternary and Neo gene Alluvium —
Clayey alluvium often interbedded with cherty gravel is com m on
beneath high terraces and on hilltops in Miam i County. The num
erical age of these alluvial deposits is unknown. However, based on
their position in the landscape, the deposits on the hilltops
probably aggraded during the Neogene (Aber, 1998), and it is lik
ely that the high-terrace fills date at least to the m iddle
Pleistocene. The lower 3-6 ft (0.9-1.8 m) of the terrace fills and
hilltop deposits consist of cherty gravel. The overlying
fine-grained alluvium m ostly consists of dark gray, gray, dark
grayish brown, and pale brown silty clay. The distribution of
fine-grained alluvium interbedded with cherty alluvial gravels is
indicated by the Kenom a soil series, as shown on the Soil Survey
of Linn and Miami Counties, Kansas (Penner, 1981). R edoxim orphic
features, including strong brown and reddish brown m ottles and
iron and m anganese oxide concretions, are com m on in the upper
3-10 ft (0.9-3 m) of the fine-grained alluvium. Alluvial deposits
comprising the fills of high terraces are typically 20-30 ft (6-9
m) thick , but the alluvial deposits on hilltops generally are less
than 15 ft (4.5 m) thick . A veneer of loess that is less than 3 ft
(0.9 m) thick often caps the high-terrace and hilltop alluvial
deposits. Co lluvial Ap ro n and Alluvial Fan Dep o sits — Deposits
of clay, silt, sand, and gravel occur on footslopes and toeslopes
in valley landscapes. These deposits m ostly accum ulated during
the early and m iddle Holocene, although som e m ay date back to
the term inal Pleistocene, and they comprise both colluvial aprons
and alluvial fans. The colluvial aprons consist of m assive
deposits of poorly sorted sedim ents that include m any angular,
bedrock-derived pebbles and cobbles. The alluvial fans form ed
where sm all, interm ittent stream s enter the Marais des Cygnes R
iver valley and the valleys of its m ajor tributaries. The fan
deposits are stratified and consist of well-sorted alluvium dom
inated by brown, dark yellow ish brown, and yellow ish brown silty
clay, silty clay loam, and silt loam. Thin lenses of gravel are com
m on, and buried soils often occur at the top of upward-fining
sequences. PALEOZ OIC
Carbo n ifero us System –Pen n sylvanian Subsystem (descriptions
from Miller, 1966) Lan sing Gro up Plattsburg Limesto n e/Vilas
Shale — The lower part of the L ansing group is composed of the
Plattsburg L im estone and overlying V ilas S hale (~35 ft; 11 m
thick ). The Plattsburg Limesto n e (~16 ft; 5 m) is composed of
two lim estone m em bers and intervening shale m em ber. In
ascending order, these units are Merriam lim estone, Hick ory Creek
shale, and Spring Hill lim estone. The Merriam Limesto n e Member,
averaging 3.5 ft (1 m), but ranging from 1- 9.5 ft (0.3-3 m), is
com m only a single, m assive bed of bluish-gray to light-gray,
fine-grained, dense lim estone. The lower part (3.6 ft; 1.1 m) of
the Merriam lim estone is a m assive, bluish-gray to light-gray,
cross-bedded, oolitic lim estone, locally with black ,
fossiliferous chert. It is com m only a resistant unit, form ing
scarps and outcrops. Coated grains and Osagia-lik e form s are
usually present and in som e places these constitute a large part
of the lim estone. Myalinid pelecypods and productid brachiopods
can be com m on. The upper part of the Merriam lim estone is a
light- to m edium-gray, fine-grained, m assive, locally cherty lim
estone, but usually not fossiliferous. "W orm tubes" are present in
som e localities on the upper surface. The Hicko ry Creek Shale
Member (locally absent to 2 ft;0.6 m) is yellow ish-gray to
orangish-gray, clayey, nodular, and calcareous. A thin, nodular lim
estone bed locally occurs near the m iddle of the unit. The shale
is fossiliferous, com m only with crinoid rem ains and bryozoans.
The Sp ring Hill Limesto n e Member (4-17 ft; 1.2-5 m) is light
olive-gray to yellow ish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin- to m
edium-bedded, and sandy. It contains chert locally and m ay be
oolitic in places at its top or conglom eratic with lim onite
pebbles, shale and ironstone fragm ents, and sm all abraded calcite
crystals. S hale partings and thin, wavy carbonaceous streak s m ay
be present within this m em ber. Triticites sp. and Osagia-lik e
form s and echinoid spines are locally abundant. A zone of large
Composita sp. is com m only found near the base of the unit. The
Vilas Shale (5 ft; 1.5 m, thick ening westward to 30 ft; 9 m) is
grayish-olive to light-gray, sandy, and block y. In the western
part of the county it contains a considerable am ount of m oderate
yellow ish-brown siltstone and orangish-gray cross-bedded
sandstone, which m ay be up to 4 ft (1.2 m) thick . Plant rem ains
are com m on in the sandy layers, but otherwise it is relatively
unfossiliferous. Kan sas City Gro up Wyando tte Limesto n e/Bo n n
er Sp rings Shale — The upperm ost part of the Kansas City Group is
composed of the Wyando tte Limesto n e and the overlying Bonner
Springs S hale. The W yandotte L im estone is composed of five
alternating shale and lim estone m em bers. From the base upward,
these five units are the Frisbie lim estone, Quindaro shale,
Argentine lim estone, Island Creek shale, and Farley lim estone.
The W yandotte is a cuesta-form ing form ation, ranging in thick
ness from about 10 to 80 ft (3 to 24 m). The shale m em bers are
present only locally in Miam i County. The absence of the shale m
em bers and the sim ilarity in the lithology of the two upper lim
estone m em bers m ak es identification of the units difficult. The
Frisbie Limesto n e Member (2.5-3.6 ft; 0.8-1.1 m) is a light
olive-gray to light brownish-gray, fine-grained, m assive lim
estone. L ocally, thin shales (
![University of Colorado Bouldereuclid.colorado.edu/~monkd/monk27.pdf · cardinals IA l, IAut 211, IEnd 211, and ISub 211. The results here are easy adaptations from [2] and Gould,](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f7c46de96f04f47d05335a0/university-of-colorado-monkdmonk27pdf-cardinals-ia-l-iaut-211-iend-211-and.jpg)