ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifeThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers is the world’s foremost technical society inthe fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration.Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identifyneeds, support research, and write the industry’s standards for test-ing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able to keepindoor environments safe and productive while protecting and pre-serving the outdoors for generations to come.

One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and indus-try’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research. Thou-sands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research

annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about materialproperties and building physics and to promote the application ofinnovative technologies.

Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through theexperience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees andthrough results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE confer-ences and published in ASHRAE special publications and inASHRAE Transactions.

For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a mem-ber, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.

PrefaceThe 2010 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration covers the refrig-

eration equipment and systems for applications other than humancomfort. This book includes information on cooling, freezing, andstoring food; industrial applications of refrigeration; and low-tem-perature refrigeration. Primarily a reference for the practicing engi-neer, this volume is also useful for anyone involved in cooling andstorage of food products.

An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volume’s chaptersin both I-P and SI units.

This edition includes two new chapters:

• Chapter 3, Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems, describes thehistory of this “natural refrigerant” and why it is the subject ofrenewed interest today. The chapter contains discussion and dia-grams on CO2 refrigerant applications, system design, equip-ment, safety, lubricants, commissioning, operation, andmaintenance.

• Chapter 50, Terminology of Refrigeration, lists some of the com-mon terms used in industrial refrigeration systems, particularlysystems using ammonia as the refrigerant.

Also new for this volume, chapter titles, order, and groupingshave been revised for more logical flow and use. Some of the otherrevisions and additions are as follows:

• Chapter 2, Ammonia Refrigeration Systems, has added guidanceon avoiding hydraulic shock, on purging water and noncondens-ables, as well as on hot-gas defrost and defrost control.

• Chapter 6, Refrigerant System Chemistry, has added informationon polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants and corrosion, plus updatesfor recent ASHRAE research on copper plating and material com-patibility.

• Chapter 8, Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, andTesting, has new table data on dehydration and moisture-measuringmethods and a revised section on performance testing.

• Chapter 9, Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, andReclamation, has added a new table comparing sensitivities ofvarious leak-detection methods and a procedure for receiver levelmonitoring.

• Chapter 11, Refrigerant-Control Devices, has updated informa-tion on electric expansion valves and discharge bypass valves,

plus revised figures on thermostatic expansion valves (TXVs) andseveral revised examples.

• Chapter 12, Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems, has new contenton pressure/viscosity coefficients, compressibility factors, andlubricants’ effects on system performance.

• Chapter 17, Household Refrigerators and Freezers, has been reor-ganized and updated for revised standards and new componenttechnologies, including variable-speed and linear compressors,and has information on new configurations and functions, such aswine cooling units, rapid-chill/freeze/thaw, and odor elimination.The section on performance evaluation has been revised and inte-grated with the section on standards.

• Chapter 25, Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks, hasbeen updated with information on multitemperature compart-ments and air curtains.

• Chapter 38, Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products,has added description of storage tank sterilization.

• Chapter 44, Ice Rinks, has extensive changes to the section onheat recovery and updated loads information based on ASHRAEresearch project RP-1289.

This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and inelectronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the InternationalSystem of Units (SI).

Corrections to the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE Web site at http://www.ashrae.org and inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE Web site.

Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggestimprovements for a chapter, please comment using the form onthe ASHRAE Web site or write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE,1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mail mowen@ashrae.org.

Mark S. OwenEditor

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This file is licensed to Abdual Hadi Nema (ahaddi58@yahoo.com). License Date: 6/1/2010