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PRE-OPERATIVE NUTRITION DIAGNOSIS
Ulises Torres, MD, FACSSurgical Critical Care
Co-Chair Nutrition Advisory Committee
University of Massachusetts Medical Center
Disclosures
None
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this presentation you will be aware of the importance of:
1. Recognizing the syndromes of malnutrition
2. Clinical factors needed for the diagnosis of malnutrition in your own practice.
3. Importance of malnutrition in cardiac surgery outcomes
4. Options to improve your process of diagnosis, screening and
documentation
First : Definitions
: PARENTERAL NUTRITION
: ENTERAL NUTRITION
CPN: compounded parenteral nutrition
SPN: standardized parenteral nutrition
: specialized or artificial nutrition (EN or PN)
: patient’s own volitional intake
What is the best single indicator of malnutrition?
No single clinical or laboratory parameter can be recommended as an indicator for comprehensive evaluation.
Fischer et al. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30:239-248
3 proposed syndromes
1. Starvation associated malnutrition:
Chronic malnutrition without inflammation
2. Chronic disease-associated malnutrition:
Inflammation is chronic and of mild to moderate degree
3. Acute disease of injury associated malnutrition
Inflammation is acute and of severe degree
Major infections, burns, trauma or closed head injury
The guidelines…
ASPEN/AND Consensus (2012)
Clinical characteristics to support a diagnosis of malnutrition:
Recent weight loss
Decreased appetite and intake
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Loss of muscle mass
Fluid accumulation
Decreased functional status
ASPEN/AND Consensus (2012)
Clinical characteristics to support a diagnosis of malnutrition
Recent weight loss
Decreased appetite and intake
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Loss of muscle mass
Fluid accumulation
Decreased functional status
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen GL, et al. Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Characteristics Recommended for the Identification and Documentation of Adult Malnutrition (Undernutrition). JPEN J Parent Ent Nutr. 2012;36:275-283.
But that’s complicated!
To simplify, assess for:BMI < 20.5Weight loss in past 3 mos. (documented or reported)Reduced intake in past weekObserve for overt signs of muscle wasting/fat loss
If YES to any of the above; consider severity of illness (APACHE >10, hematologic malignancy, head injury, trauma, major abdominal surgery)
→ Nutrition consult to determine if criteria is met(Source - NRS 2002)
Education
Efficiency
&
Accuracy
Useful aid …..
6 causes of muscle atrophy
C
H
O
P
I
N
Clinical signs and physical examination
Attention to parts of the body with high cellular turnover Weight loss + loss of muscle mass + edema should not be missed!
Body composition techniques
Impedance
CT scans
MRI
Ultrasound
Multicompartment models
Laboratory indicators
Albumin and Prealbumin are NOT to be used in cardiac care nutrition diagnosis post-operatively.
Dietary assessment
24 recall
Calorie and protein counts
What is the most practical measure for clinical assessment?
Hand grip strength
Other practical measures for clinical assessment?
Concept of Nutritional risk
Malnutrition affect cardiac outcomes
How is your hospital doing ?
UMass – Acute Care (rate of dx)
E43, 44.0 – May 16: 1.4%
E43, E44.0 – June 16: 1.1 %
E43, E44.0 – July 16: 1.1 %
E43, E44.0 – Aug 16: 1.1 %
E43, 44.0 – May 17: 4.1%
E43, E44.0 – June 17: 3.4 %
E43, E44.0 – July 17: 3.4 %
E43, E44.0 – Aug 17: 4.2 %
UT – above data shows impact from program; also that we need wider engagement for additional ID of dx.
E46 – Unspecified PCM
Used when the physician is unable to classify the degree of malnutrition.
Problematic because in the near future CMS will begin denying claims that omit the degree of malnutrition (mild, moderate, or severe)
Avg % Patients discharged with dx E46 (2017):
Acute: 4 %
ICU: 23 %
Malnutrition dx made by RD are low risk from audit perspective b/c we know there is sufficient documentation in chart to support diagnosis.
Malnut dx made by MD - ? Criteria are they using, can this be false/inaccurate dx
Process
Process
Early identification of nutrition risk via nursing MST, RD screen
Nutrition assessment & identification of malnut dx
Communication of dx to provider via BPA
Provider acts upon BPA to add to hosp problem list Implement patient specific nutrition intervention; ongoing
eval of nutr prescription
THANK YOU
1. Recognize the 3 syndromes in malnutrition2. Diagnose it using the correct parameters 3. Know the outcomes in cardiac surgery4. Put it in practice, improve outcomes,
documentation and revenue