Ppt Industrial Psychology

8/13/2019 Ppt Industrial Psychology

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• Psychological and physical reaction to certain life

events or situation(Aamondt,2007)

• Stress is the non-specific responses of the body to

any demand made on it .(Hans Selye,1930 in Huffman,2007)



• General term describing psychological and

physical response to a stimuli that alters the

body’s equilibrium(Lazarus & Folkman,1984 in Kosslyn &

Rosenberg,2006)



“ Stress may be defined as A STATE OF

PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL

IMBALANCE resulting from the disparity between

situational demand and the individual’s ability and or

motivation to meet those demands”





Factors that cause stress are called "Stressors." The following are thesources or causes of an organizational and non-organizational stress.

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL STRESSORS:

1) Career Changes: When a person suddenly switches over a new job, he is under stress to shoulder newresponsibilities properly. Under promotion, over promotion, demotion and transfers can also cause stress.

2) Career Concern : If an employee feels that he is very much behind in corporate ladder, then he mayexperience stress and if he feels that there are no opportunities for self-growth he may experience stress.Hence unfulfilled career expectations are a major source of stress.

3) Role Ambiguity: It occurs when the person does not known what he is supposed to do on the job. His tasksand responsibilities are not clear. The employee is not sure what he is expected to do. This createsconfusion in the minds of the worker and results in stress

.4) Role Conflict: It takes place when different people have different expectations from a person performing a particular role. It can also occur if the job is not as per

the expectation or when a job demands a certain type of behaviour that is against the persons moral values



5) Role Overload: Stress may occur to those individuals who work in different shifts. Employees

may be expected to work in day shift for some days and then in the night shift. This may

create problems in adjusting to the shift timings, and it can affect not only personal life but

also family life of the employee.

6) Frustration: Frustration is another cause of stress. Frustration arises when goal directed

behaviour is blocked. Management should attempt to remove barriers and help the employees

to reach their goals.

7) Life Changes: Life changes can bring stress to a person. Life changes can be slow or sudden.

Slow life changes include getting older and sudden life changes include death or accident of a

loved one. Sudden life changes are highly stressful and very difficult to cope.

8) Personality:

People are broadly classified as Type A and Type B. Feels guilty while relaxing. Gets irritated by

minor mistakes of self and others. Feels impatient and dislikes waiting. Does several things at

one time. While the Type B people are exactly opposite and hence are less affected by stress

due to above mentioned factors



GROUP LEVEL STRESSORS:

1) Managerial Behaviour : Some managers creates stress for employees by Exhibiting

inconsistent behaviour Failing to provide necessary support Providing inadequate

direction Showing lack of concern and Creating high productivity environment.

2) Lack of Group Cohesiveness: Every group is characterized by its cohesiveness although

they differ widely in degree of cohesiveness. Individuals experience stress when there isno unity among the members of work group. There is mistrust, jealously, frequent

quarrels, etc., in groups and this lead to stress to employees.

3) Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Many experienced employees feel that

management should consult them on matters affecting their jobs. In reality, the superiors

hardly consult the concerned employees before taking a decision. This develops a feelingof being neglected, which may lead to stress.



4) Interpersonal and Intergroup Conflict : Interpersonal and intergroup conflict takes place due todifferences in perceptions, attitudes, values and beliefs

Quantitative work overload arises when number of activities to be performed in the prescribed

time is many.

5) Lack of Social Support: When individuals believe that they have the friendship and support of

others at work, their ability to cope with the effects of stress increases. If this kind of socialsupport is not available then an employee experiences more stress.

6) Workplace violence: Workplace violence is a very serious interpersonal stressor. Individuals

who experience violence have symptoms of severe distress after the violent event. Workplace

violence is also stressor for those who observe the violence.

7) Sexual Harassment: This refers to un-welcome conduct of a sexual nature that affects the job

related performance of an employee adversely.



ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL STRESSORS

:1) Organizational Climate: A high pressure environment that places chronic work demands onemployees fuels the stress response.

2) Organizational Structure: It defines the level of differentiation, the degree of rules andregulations and where decisions are made. Excessive rules and lack of participation indecisions that affect an employee are examples of structural variables that might be potential

stressors.

3) Organizational Leadership: Represents the managerial style of the organization's seniorexecutives. Some chief executive officers create a culture characterized by tension, fear andanxiety.

4) Organizational Changes: When changes occur, people have to adapt to those changes and this

may cause stress. Stress is higher when changes are major or unusual like transfer or adaptionof new technology.

5) Occupational Demands: Some jobs are more stressful than others. Jobs that involve risk anddanger are more stressful. Research findings indicate that jobs that are more stressful usuallyrequires constant monitoring of equipments and devices, unpleasant physical conditions,making decisions, etc.



6) Work Overload: Excessive work load leads to stress as it puts a person under tremendous

pressure.

Work overload may take two different forms

– Qualitative work overload implies performing a job that is complicated or beyond the employees

capacity.

– Quantitative work overload arises when number of activities to be performed in the prescribed time ismany.

7) Work Under load: In this case, very little work or too simple work is expected on the part of the

employee. Doing less work or jobs of routine and simple nature would lead to monotony and

boredom, which can lead to stress.

8) Working Conditions: Employees may be subject to poor working conditions. It would include

poor lighting and ventilations, unhygienic sanitation facilities,



EXTRA- ORGANISATIONAL STRESSORS:

1) Technological Changes: When there are any changes in technological field, employees are

under the constant stress of fear of losing jobs, or need to adjust to new technologies. This can

be a source of stress.

2) Civic Amenities: Poor civic amenities in the area in which one lives can be a cause of stress.

Inadequate or lack of civic facilities like improper water supply, excessive noise or air pollution, lack of proper transport facility can be quite stressful.

3) Caste and Religion Conflicts:

Employees living in areas which are subject to caste and religious conflicts do suffer from stress.

In case of religion, the minorities and lower-caste people (seen especially in India) are subject

to more stress.

4) Economic Factors: Changes in business cycle create economic uncertainties. When the

economy contracts, people get worried about their own security. Minor stress also cause stress

in work force.



It cause the relationships between stressors, perceived

stress and outcomes to be weaker for some and

stronger for others. An awareness of moderators helps

managers identify those who are more likely toexperience stress and negative outcomes.

Cognitive Appraisal of Stressors Cognitive appraisal

of stressors reflects an individual’s overall perception

or evaluation of a stressor. Primary Appraisaldetermining whether a stressor is irrelevant, positive,

or stressful. Secondary Appraisal assessing what

might and can be done to reduce stress



Physiological consequences

• 50%-75% of all illnesses

• Lower for women

• cardiovascular diseases

•ulcers

• sexual dysfunction

• headaches

• Burnout

Behavioral consequences

• work performance,

• accidents

• decisions making

• absenteeism due to sickness and flight o workplace aggression

Cognitive Consequences

•Poor concentration

• inability to make sound decisions or any

decisions at all

•mental blocks



Psychological Consequences

• Anxiety

• Frustration

• Apathy

• Lowered self-esteem

• Aggression

• Depression

• Moodiness

• emotional fatigue

• Burnout

A psychological process resulting from work stress that resultsin: Emotional exhaustion

• Depersonalization

• Feelings of decreased accomplishment

•INDICATORS OF BURNOUT:

•Emotional Depersonalization

•

Low Personal Accomplishment•Exhaustion

•Feel drained by work

• Have become calloused by job

•Cannot deal with problems effectively

•Feel fatigued in the Treat others like objects

•Do not have a positive influence on morning others

Frustrated

•Do not care what happens to•Cannot understand others’ problems other people or

identify with them

•Do not want to work Feel other people blame you

• No longer feel exhilarated by your job with other

people



EUSTRESS StressResulting from pleasant events or conditions is called eustress.Eustress can be defined as a pleasant or

curative stress. We cant always avoid stress, in fact, sometimes we don't want to. Often, it is

controlled stress that gives us our competitive edge in performance related activities like athletics,

giving a speech, or act

DISTRESS StressResulting from unpleasant events or conditions is called distress.

– Bad stress If a stimulus we react to is negative, we are actually feeling “distress” though we label it

as stress. e. g. death of a close friend.

– Acute stress Acute stress is usually for short time and may be due to work pressure, meeting

deadlines pressure or minor accident, over exertion, increased physical activity, searching something but you misplaced it, or similar things.

– Chronic stress Chronic stress is a prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months, or even years. This

stress is due to poverty, broken or stressed families and marriages, chronic illness and successive

failures in life. People suffering from this type of stress get used to it and may even not realize that

they are under chronic stress. It is very harmful to their health.



EXTERENAL SOURCES and INTERNAL SOURCES

Of

STRESS

INTERNAL STRESS

Internal stress generally happens when individuals worry about things outside

their control. The personality of an individual plays a vital role in stress

management. Every individual can be categorized into two type A and type B

personalities . An individual of type A personality has a continual sense of

urgency and has an excessive competitive drive. He she is always in a hurry

and is impatient . People with type A personality are obsessive about winningand do not have the ability to spend leisure time productively. These people are

likely to be under stress even in minor situation. People with type B personality

never sense the urgency of time. They work at their own pace. With no need to

prove their achievements. These people are less likely to be under stress.



External Stress

This type of stress is the result of environmental influence on an individual.

External stress is a result of stress from the environment. This can be stress from

family , work , peers and friends . Physical conditions such as poor lighting ,

loud noise . Poor seating arrangements and extreme workplace temperatures (a

too hot or too cold cabin ) are also stressors. Even the climate where one resides

can be a significant contributor to one’s stress level. In particular , living inextreme climates can heighten an individual’s stress level. Temperature extremes

and the amount of sunshine that exists on a daily , weekly , or monthly basis can

affect the level of stress experienced.







•Fatigue

•Headache

•Insomnia

•Heart Palpitation•Decrease in concentration/memory

•Loses of Sense of humor

•Anxiety

•

Depression•Anger

•Irritability

•Increased/decreased eating

•Crying

•Yelling



Hans Selyes Model of Stress

Stressors like heat, pain, toxins, viruses, cause the

body to respond with a fight-or-flight response.

Stress consists of physiological reactions that

occur in three stages



Alarm

Upon encountering a stressor, body reacts

with “fight-or-flight” Phase response and

sympathetic nervous system is activated.

Hormones such as cortisol and adrenalin

released into the bloodstream to meet the

threat or danger. The body’s resources

now mobilized

Resistance

Parasympathetic nervous system returns

many physiological functions

phase to normal levels while body focuses

resources against the stressor. Bloodglucose levels remain high, cortisol and

adrenalin continue to circulate at elevated

levels, but outward appearance of

organism seems normal. Increase HR, BP,

breathing Body remains on red alert

Exhaustion

If stressor continues beyond body’s

capacity, organism exhausts Phase

resources and becomes susceptible to

disease and death



AStory

About

Stress



A Professor began his class by holding up a glass

with some water in it.He held it up for all to see, and asked the

students…

“How much do you think this glass weighs?” The Students answered

“50gms! 100gms! 120gms!”

“I really don’t know unless I weigh it” said the

professor “but, my question is: “



“What would happen it I held up this like this for

a few second?”

“Nothing!” the students said

“Ok, what would happen if I held up this for anhour?” the professor asked

“Your arm would begin to ache” said one of the

student

“You’re right, now what would happen if I held

it up for a day?”



“Your arm could go numb, you might have

severe muscle stress and paralysis and have to

go to hospital for sure!”

…. Ventured another students and all the student

laughed

“Very Good!, But during all this, did the weight

of the glass change?” asked the professor

“NO!,”



“Then what caused the arm ache? And muscle

stress?”

Students were puzzled…

“What should I do now to come out of pain?”

Asked the professor again

“Put the glass down!” said the student

“EXACTLY!” said the Professor



Life’s Problem are something like this

How it for a few minutes in your head, and they

seem ok

Think of them for a long time they begin to ache

Hold it even longer they begin to paralyze you.

You will not be able to do anything

It’s important to think challenges and problem in

life but EVEN MORE IMPORTANT is TO

PUT THEM DOWN at the and of the day

before you to sleep



That way you are not Stressed, you wake up

everyday fresh and strong and can handle anyissue, any challenges that comes in your way

“SO WHEN YOU LEAVE THE SCHOOLTODAY, REMEMBER FRIENDS TO PUT

THE GLASS DOWN TODAY!”





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Ppt Industrial Psychology