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Data, Information & Knowledge
Data
Data– Data is the raw facts and figures before
they have been processed– Key Facts:
Data can be alphanumeric characters (letters and numbers), sound or graphics
Data is raw facts before it has been processed
Data has no meaning
Data Examples
• Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes• 42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86• 111192, 111234
• None of the above data sets have any meaning until they are given a CONTEXT and PROCESSED into a useable form
• To achieve its aims the organisation will need to process data into information.
• Data needs to be turned into meaningful information and presented in its most useful format
• Data must be processed in a context in order to give it meaning
Data into Information
Information
• Information– data that has been processed into a useful form
Data Structure Context Meaning
12102005 12/10/2005 UK Date Date of Holiday
1 Selected from a scale
of 1-4
How enjoyable
was the film? 1 being good, 4
being bad
The film was good
Knowledge
– Is concerned with how to do things, with causes and consequences
– In ICT terms it is concerned with the application of rules to information
• Example:
Data 46, 54
Information
Scores for team 1 and team 2, respectively, in a quiz
Knowledge
Team 2 won
Examples..
Data 101
Information BBC1 channel number
Knowledge Sky number to input to get BBC1
Data The amber light is the data
Information
The information is that you will need to stop
Knowledge
The knowledge is how to stop that vehicle you are driving and when you need to stop braking to stop the vehicle where you need it to.
Knowledge Workers
• Knowledge workers have specialist knowledge that makes them “experts”– Based on formal and informal rules they
have learned through training and experience
• Examples include doctors, managers, librarians, scientists…
Expert Systems
• Because many rules are based on probabilities computers can be programmed with “subject knowledge” to mimic the role of experts
• One of the most common uses of expert systems is in medicine– The ONCOLOG system shown here analyses
patient data to provide a reference for doctors, and help for the choice, prescription and follow-up of chemotherapy
Summary
Information Data Context Meaning= ++
Processing
Data – raw facts and figures
Information – data that has been processed (in a context) to give it meaning
Methods to convey Information
• The main representation methods are:– Text (including writing)– Graphics (including pictures)– Sound (including voice)– Moving pictures (animation or video)– Light-emitting diode (LED)
– You need to know the advantages and disadvantages of each method
Advantages & Disadvantages
• To complete Task 3, see link below:– http://www.teac
h-ict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/311_data_info_knowledge/methods_convey_information/miniweb/index.htm