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POTENTIAL SOAP, SHAMPOO AND DETERGENT PLANTRESOURCES OF INDIA AND THEIR ASSOCIATED TRADITIONALKNOWLEDGE
Kul BhaskarV. B. S. Government Degree College, Campierganj, Gorakhpur (U.P.), India.
AbstractThe present paper deals with 108 species of potential soap, shampoo and detergent plants belonging to 87 genera and 52families of vascular plants of India. These include indigenous cultivated plants with wild-forms. Botanical names of plants arelisted in alphabetic order. Correct names, important synonyms, name of the family; vernacular names; mode of use of plantparts; chemical constituents; geographical distribution of each plant are presented in tabular form. Data sources for everyrecorded use of the listed plants are indicated. Cleaning property of plant parts, healing actions, bioprospective potentials,scope for value addition, promotion of cosmaceutical uses, trade of natural cleaning agent are discussed.Key words : Soap, shampoo, detergent, medicine, cosmaceuticals, traditional knowledge.
IntroductionThe soaps and detergents are essential materials for
primary health care and hygiene. They are used for thepurpose of cleaning body, washing clothes and maintaininggood health and freshness. These are either natural orsynthetic in origin. The natural soaps and detergents arederived from plants, which are rich in saponins, a classof glycosides with cleaning properties. The fruit, seed,bark and sometimes the whole plant are directly used assoaps or detergents. Acid contents of some plants andalkalinity of plant ashes in water are also harnessed forwashing and cleaning. In the traditional process ofwashing, the plant parts (fresh or dried) are usuallycrushed or chopped into small pieces, infused in hot waterand then used for washing clothes, cleaning body andhair. The dirty clothes immersed in this mixture or filtrateof the mixture are left for one or two hours, followed bybeating the clothes with a wooden hammer and washingwith clean water. In another method, the plant ash ismixed in water, filtered and dirty clothes are immersed inthe filtrate followed by boiling for one or two hours,allowed to cool and then beaten on wooden planks arewashed in clean water. These natural products providevitality to fabrics, hair and skin and are also biodegradablein nature. These are safe to wash pet animals, cleaning
utensils floor of houses, toilets and woven driving awayinsects and pests from the garden plants. Most of theplants that have been traditionally used for washing andcleaning also possess medicinal properties. The plantshampoos are most suitable for the people allergenic tosynthetic soaps and shampoos and work effectively tofight dandruff.
The aboriginals of India had good knowledge of usingplant parts as soap, shampoo and detergent long beforethe invention of artificial/chemical cleaning products.Predominant use of natural soaps, shampoos anddetergents starts from the pre-historic times till thesynthetic soaps and detergents almost completelyreplaced them from modern urban civilization in the 20th
century. Use of industrial soaps, shampoos and detergentsin India may be linked with the entry of HLL Companyof England (presently Hindustan Liver Limited) into India.HLL company exported its laundry soap, ‘Sunlight’ in1888; in 1895 ‘Lifebuoy’ soap was launched in Indiafollowed by ‘Perars’ in 1902. ‘Lux’ in 1905. Vim powderin 1913, Sunsilk shampoo in 1964, Rin detergent bar in1965, Clinic shampoo in 1971 and Lirilbathing soap in1974 (http://icmr.icfai.org/cases-tudies/catalogue/Marketing1/MKTA000.htm). Replacement of thebiodegradable soft detergents by hard detergents and their
Plant Archives Vol. 18 No. 1, 2018 pp. 301-319 ISSN 0972-5210
302 Kul Bhaskar
widespread use led to some environmental problems,rendering water bodies unfit for aquatic life due topersistence of detergents and rapid growth of algae aswell as depletion of oxygen level in water due to additionof phosphate radicals of detergents (Singh et al., 2001)
Natural soaps are still used by people in rural / tribalareas for bathing and washing clothes. These are alsosued for cleaning some special category of dresses, finefabrics and for special hair care. A large fraction of ruralpeople of India living in or around forest areas use naturalsoaps, shampoos and detergents of plant origin. The tribalsof the Himalayas and North East India use natural plantmaterials from Sapindus, Aesculus, Acacia, etc. forcleaning their warm clothes they wear to protectthemselves from cold. Even the urban elites scared offthe negative effects of synthetic cleaners are inclinedtowards eco-friendly herbal soaps and shampoos basedon their traditional knowledge system. The strayethnobotanical publications dealing with traditional usesof natural soaps and detergents by the tribes of Indiaprove that a vast treasure of such knowledge is still heldamong the traditional communities. However, there is nocomprehensive account of such natural soap, shampooand detergent yielding plants. Documentation of all theinnovative traditional knowledge (TK) about soap plantswas felt essential in the face of depletion of indigenousbiodiversity, gradual loss of traditional knowledge as wellas the newly generated traditional knowledge onintroduced plants. Documentation of plant diversity andassociated traditional knowledge is also a prerequisite tomeet the objectives and targets of Global Strategy ofPlant Conservation (based on COP VI to the CBD, on19th April 2002 in the Hague) which inter alia calls for“preventing decline of plant resources and associatedindigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practicesthat support sustainable livelihood, local food security andhealth care”. The present chapter is an attempt to providea comprehensive account of the potential soap, shampooand detergent plants of India with their associatedtraditional knowledge, bioprospectingpotentials, scope forvalue-addition and promotion of cosmaceutical industry.
MethodologySeveral Floras, ethnobotanical works and journals on
economic plants were screened to list the plants used assoaps, detergents and shampoos in India. Cleaningproperty of the listed plants was confirmed through studyof literature on chemistry of the concerned plant parts.Taxonomic identity of each plant species was confirmedthrough herbarium & field studies. Names of plants arelisted in alphabetic order. Correct names of the plants
with important synonyms and name of the family,vernacular names, mode of use of plant parts, PGR status,reported saponin and medicinal property and distributionof the plants are given in table 1. Data sources for everyuse of the listed plants are also given. Therapeutic andcosmaceutical potentials and trade values are discussed.
Results and DiscussionSoap, shampoo and detergent use of Indian plants
A few reports on soap, shampoo and detergent useof plants are available from India. Agarwal (1986)recorded 28 species of plants used for washing clothesand cleaning body and hair in India; Jain (1991) noted theuses of 13 plant species of India as detergent andshampoo; Mal & Joshi (1991) reported three less-knownplants with cleaning property; Banerjee and Pal (1996)noted 4 species used as soap and shampoo by the tribesof North India; Pande and Pokharia (1999) reported 12species of plants traditionally used as detergent byHimalayan people; Sing et al. (2001) listed 16 plantspecies used as soap and detergent by the Meiteicommunity of Manipur, Menon (in http://www.mtnforum.org/resouces/library/menop02a.htm)listed 4 species used as shampoo by the people ofPepparaWildlifeSancturary in Kerala; Khanna (2002)recorded 2 plant species used for cleaning purpose interai region of Uttar Pradesh; Saklani and Rao (2002)recorded 2 species used as soap and shampoo by peopleof NE India. Manadhar (2001) tabulated 31 species oftraditional soap, shampoo and detergent plants of Nepal,all of which are found in India (except Orneocnide) andpossibly used by Nepalis in the adjoining Sikkim andmountainous West Bengal. Besides, a few stray reportson such use of plants from India (given with the mode ofuse of the species) are available in literature. Presentsearch reveals that there are about 108 species of plantswith potential cleaning properties belonging to 87 generaand 52 families of vascular plants in India. These include25 species of indigenous cultivated plants with availablewild forms, 31 species of introduced plants and exoticweeds and 51 species of exclusively wild plants, including10 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants (fig. 1).Ten dominant families of soap plant resources traditionallyused for washing and cleaning in India (fig. 2) are:Leguminousae (15 spp.), Sapindaceae (6 spp.), Rubiaceae(5 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.), Sapotaceae (3 spp.)and Asteraceae (3 spp.). These ten dominant familiescontribute 53 species (50 %) of total soap plant resourcesof India. The growth form of the soap plant resources(fig. 3) include herbs (37 spp.), climbers (13 spp.), shrubs(24 spp.) and trees (33 spp.). of the 107 species of soap
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 303
plant resources of India, those exclusively used as soapfor cleaning body parts, as shampoo for cleaning hai andas detergent for washing clothes include 20, 33 and 41species, respectively. 3 species used both as soap &detergent, 4 species as both shampoo & detergent. Plantparts used as soap, shampoo and detergent (fig. 3) include: extracts of roots, rhizomes and tubers (12 spp.); leves(11 spp.), barks (15 spp.), whole plant (19 spp.), flowersand inflorescence (4 spp.), fruits & seeds (32 spp.), plantash (14 spp.). Although, not exhaustive, the list of speciespresented in table 7 provides good representation of plantspecies, which may be taken up for further research ontheir cleaning, healing and cosmaceutical properties.
Besides this, Checklist of Medicinal Plant of SouthEast Asia developed by Asian Regional Centre forbiodiversity includes 21 species of vascular plants usedfor washing hair (htt://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/medicinal_plants_page5. htm–accessed on 16.9.2013).of these 9 species viz., Aervalanata (L.) A.L. Juss exSchult., Aspleniumnidus L., Klenoviahospita :,Morindacitrifolia L., Ophioglossum pendulum,Archidendronel lipticum (Blume) I.C. Nielsen, Plantagomajor L., Sterculia foetida L. and Vitistri folia L. occurin India are not included here due to lack of confirmation.Cleaning properties of plant parts
About 20 out of a total 108 species of vascular plantstraditionally used household soaps; shampoos anddetergents contain saponin in their natural products (Spraget al., 2004; Kapoor et al., 1969-1975; Rastogi, 1998-2002) a group of glycoside with surface-active properties.These are the sugar-attached steroid molecules with fat-soluble and water-soluble ends, which act as surfactantslike soap molecules. Saponins form foamy colloidaldispersion when dissolved in water and the saponinmolecules get arranged racially with the hydrophobic enddirected towards centre and hydrophilic end to outwards.The surfactant micelles wet the dirt and greese paticlesand help in dispersing these water insoluble moleculesinto and aqous environment, which are then easilyremoved from the clothes by the mechanical process ofwashing. Some other plants bear acid useful for cleaningstains and dirt. The plant ashes producing alkaline solutionin water are traditionally used as detergent. The cleaningefficiency of these natural products is usually improvedthrough heating and mechanical agitation. The southIndian natural shampoo powder, popularly called ‘Thali’in Kerala, is generally a mixture of 12 species. Viz.,Hibiscus rosasinenis L., Sida cordifolia L., S.rhombifolia L., Elephantopus scaber L., Indigoferatinctoria L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F., Eclipta prostrate
(L.) L., Phyllanthus fraternus Webster, Piper nigrumL., Smithia conferta Sm., Biopohytum sensitivum DC.and Electaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Sometimespowder of a few plants like Vernonia cineraria Less.,Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Asparagus racemosus Wild.,Cardiospermum helicacabum L. and Curcuma caesiaRoxb. are also added to ‘thali’ to improve its medicinalproperty. This natural shampoo powder is popular in SouthIndia for its better cleaning effect on hairs with additionalmedical benefits.Healing effects of natural soap, shampoo &detergent
About 69 out of 108 species (64% of these plantsare reported to have medicinal properties (Rastogi et al.,1998-2002; Jain, 1991; The Wealth of India, 1952 – 1985),and are traditionally used against various ailmentsincluding rheumatism, skin and hair problems. Although,soaps and shampoos are applied externally at the time ofbathing a fraction of material gets absorbed by skin andprovides some medicinal effects. Thus, most of theseplants serve double purpose, cleaning and healing. About20 species out of the total 108 species have saponins.Saponins are insecticidal, antibiotic and have otherpharmacological properties (Sprag, 2004). They are usedin phytotherapy and in cosmetic industry (Estrada et al.,2000). Saponins are extremely toxic to cold-bloodedanimals but their oral toxicity to the mammals is low (Diniet al., 2004). Thus, the pharmacological properties ofsaponins are traditionally extracted for the benefit ofhuman being, a warm blooded animal.
Saponin of the fruits of Sapindus mukorossi isgermicidal and has deodorizing properties. When usedas soap or shampoo, it removes freckles and beautifiesskin and the remnants of saponin on the body serve asinsect repellent (htt://www.solsticesoap.com/herbal-soap.html). The seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum aredecongestant, expectorant and tonic and used in treatmentof rheumatism, neuralgia and haemorrhoids. The leaf ofAgava Americana being a good poultice against brusesand rheumatism can also be used as a shampoo. Thewhole plant of Anagalis arvensis is used against cerebralaffection, gout, hydrophobia and leprosy (Ambasta et al.,1986). Thus use of A. arvensis as soap may also providegood medicinal effects to the users. Leaf extract ofSenna alata effective against skin diseases and eczema.Effectiveness of the plant parts used as soap and shampoomay be enhanced by addition of more effective naturalprobducts like Azadirachta indica (lf), Hydnocarpuskurzii (sd-oil), Senna alata (lf), Bacopa monnieri (lf),etc. for skin care. Seeds of Trigonella foenumgraecum
304 Kul Bhaskar
Tabl
e 1
: Pot
entia
l soa
p, s
ham
poo
and
dete
rgen
t pla
nts
of In
dia.
S.no
.N
ame [
Basio
nym
& sy
nony
m]
Vern
acul
ar n
ame
Plan
t par
ts &
Mod
e of u
seD
istri
butio
n(F
amily
)
1+
+W
2-
+W
3-
-W
4-
-W
5-
+E
6-
+W
7+
-E
8+
+W
Shik
akai
(G
uj.)
;Koc
hi,
Hik
ak
ai(
Hin
d.)
;Si
koka
i(Tam
.); S
oap
pod
(Eng
.)
Ail
a (H
ind.
); K
orin
ta(T
el.);
Kar
iyun
du (T
am.)
Bis
wal
, Ik
tond
a(H
ind.
);P
ota
do
nta
ri(O
ri.)
;K
uc
hu
i(B
en
g.)
;R
usty
mim
osa
(Eng
.)
Chi
lar, A
lay,
Ktn
ar(H
ind.
);A
ntho
chin
i,Attu
(M
al.)
;D
enta
ri(O
ri.)
Pu (P
unj.)
; Hor
sech
estn
ut(E
ng.)
Ban
khor
, Kan
dar(
Hin
.);
Han
(K
ash.
); H
imal
ayan
Che
stnu
t (En
g.)
Ram
bans
(H
ind.
);B
ilatip
at (B
eng.
); C
entu
rypl
ant (
Eng.
)
Siris
(Hin
d., B
eng.
, Ori.
);K
attu
vaka
(Mal
.); S
irish
a(S
ans.
);
Eas
t In
dian
wal
nut (
Eng.
)
Pod
used
as
dete
rgen
t in
tera
iregi
on o
fU
ttar P
rade
sh (K
hann
a, 2
002)
. Ind
ians
use
deco
ctio
n of
pod
pow
er fo
r was
hing
hair
& p
aste
of
pod
in s
kin
dise
ases
(D’a
mel
io, 1
999)
Bar
k us
ed a
s su
bstit
ute
of s
oap
for
was
hing
hai
r (A
garw
al, 1
986)
Bar
k us
ed a
s de
terg
ent (
sham
poo?
) in
Mad
hya
Prad
esh,
Mah
aras
htra
&A
ndhr
a Pr
ades
h (J
ain,
199
1).
Bar
k us
ed a
s de
terg
ent
in P
unja
b,H
arya
na,
Raj
asth
an &
Guj
arat
(Jai
n,19
91)
Seed
s ric
h in
sap
onin
& l
athe
rwel
l in
cold
(Wea
lth o
f Ind
ia, 1
985)
.
Cru
shed
frui
t use
d fo
r was
hing
clo
thes
(Wea
lth o
f In
dia,
198
5);
Ker
nel
is a
dete
rgen
t fo
r w
oole
n cl
othe
s (J
ain,
1991
)
Plan
t-ash
use
d by
Him
alay
an p
eopl
e fo
rw
ashi
ng c
loth
es (
Pand
e &
Pok
hari
a,19
99)
Bar
k us
ed a
s de
terg
ent
in K
arna
taka
,Ta
mil
Nad
u, G
oa, K
eral
a &
Lak
hade
ev(J
ain,
199
1)
Saponin
Medicinal
Status
Indi
a: A
NP,
AP,
AS,
BH
, DL,
G, G
R, K
T, K
r,M
P, M
L, M
NP,
MZ,
NL,
OR,
PC,
RS,
SK
, TN
,U
P, W
B;
Ban
glad
esh,
Bhu
tan,
Mya
nmar
,N
epal
, Chi
na, M
ales
ia &
Aus
tralia
.
Indi
a: A
NP,
GR
, HP
MR
, MP,
PJ,
TN, W
B;
Ban
glad
esh,
Nep
al, S
ri La
nka
& M
yanm
ar.
Indi
a: A
NP,
AP,
AS,
BH
, G, G
R, K
T, K
R, M
P,M
L, M
Z, O
R, N
L, P
C, P
J, R
S, S
K, T
N, U
P,W
B;
Nep
al,
Ban
glad
esh,
B
huta
n &
Mya
nmar
.BH
, G, G
R, H
P, JK
, KT,
KR
, MP,
MR
, OR
, PC
, PJ,
RS,
SK
, TN
, UP,
WB
;Pa
kist
an, T
haila
nd &
Sri
Lank
a.
Indi
a: A
NP,
AP,
BH
, G, G
R, H
P, JK
, KT,
KR
,M
P, M
R, O
R, P
C, P
J, R
S, S
K, T
N, U
P, W
B;
Paki
stan
, Tha
iland
& S
ri La
nka.
Sout
h Eu
rope
; oc
casi
onal
ly g
row
n as
an
orna
men
tal t
ree
in In
dia.
Dist
ribut
ed in
Indi
a, P
akis
tan,
Nep
al, B
huta
n,M
yanm
ar, N
orth
Tha
iland
, Lao
s, S
outh
Wes
tYu
nnan
, Afg
hani
stan
& I
ran.
Mex
ico;
intro
duce
d in
Pun
jab
and
Bom
bay
Pres
iden
cy a
s a
hedg
e pl
ant.
Indi
a: A
NP,
AP,
AS,
BH
, DL.
G, G
R, H
P, J
K,
KT,
KR
, M
P, M
R,
MN
P, M
L, M
Z, N
L, O
R,
PC, P
J, R
J, SK
,, TN
, TP,
UP,
WB
; Ban
glad
esh,
Bhu
tan,
Mya
nmar
, Nep
al, P
akist
an, S
ri La
nka,
Mal
dive
s.
Acac
ia c
onci
nna
(Will
d.)
DC
.[=
Mim
osa
conc
inna
W
illd
.;A
caci
a si
nuat
e (L
our.)
Mer
r.; A
.ru
guta
(L
am.)
Vo
igt]
(Le
gu
min
os
ae
-M
imos
oide
ae
Acac
ia in
stsia
(L.)
Wild
.[Mim
osa
ints
ia
L.](
Legu
min
osae
-M
imos
oide
ae)
Aca
cia
penn
ata
(L.)
Wil
d.[=
Mim
osa
penn
ata
L.](
Legu
min
osae
-Mim
osoi
deae
)
Aca
cia
tort
a (R
oxb.
)C
raib
.[=M
imos
a to
rta
Ro
xb
.](L
eg
um
ino
sae
-M
imos
oide
ae)
Aes
culu
s hi
ppoc
asta
num
L.(H
ippo
cast
anac
eae)
Aesc
ulus
ind
ica
Hoo
k. [
=Pav
iain
dica
W
all
ex
Cam
bess
.](H
ippo
cast
anac
eae)
Aga
ve
Am
eric
ana
L.
(Aga
vace
ae)
Alb
izia
leb
beck
(L.
) W
illd
.[=
Mim
osa
lebb
eck
L.]
(Leg
umin
osae
-Mim
osoi
deae
)
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 305
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
9-
-W
10+
+I
11-
+E
12+
+W
13-
+E
14-
-E
15+
+I
16-
+E
Albi
zia
luci
dior
(St
eud.
) I.
C.
Nie
lsen
[In
ga l
ucid
ior
Steu
d.;
Alb
izia
lu
cida
B
enth
.](L
egum
inos
ae-
Mim
osoi
deae
)
Albi
zia
proc
era
(Rox
b.)
Ben
th.
[=M
imos
a pr
ocer
a R
oxb.
](L
egum
inos
ae-
Mim
osoi
deae
)
Aloe
ver
a (L
.) B
urnm
.f.]
[=A
.ba
rbad
ensi
s M
ill. (
Alo
acea
e)
Ana
galli
s ar
vens
is
L.(P
rimul
acea
e)
Ana
nas
com
osus
(L.
) M
err.
[=B
rom
elia
co
mos
a L.
](B
rom
elia
ceae
)
Arch
iden
dron
cly
pear
ia(J
acq.
)I.C
.Nie
lsen
[=In
ga cl
ypea
ria Ja
ck.;
Pith
ecel
ociu
m c
lype
aria
(Ja
cq.)
Ben
th.]
(L
egum
inos
ae-
Mim
oide
ae)
Aspa
ragu
s ra
cem
osus
Wil
ld.
(Asp
arag
acea
e)
Aver
rhoa
ca
ram
bola
L.
(Ave
rrho
acea
e)
Sil (
Beng
.); P
adak
a (N
ep.)
Safe
d si
ris (H
ind.
); K
oroi
(Ben
g.);
kar
unth
agar
a(M
al.);
Siri
sa (S
ans.)
Ghr
it ku
mar
a (H
indi
.);G
hee k
uanr
i (O
ri.);
Ghr
itaku
mar
a(Sa
ns.);
Bar
bado
s/In
dian
alo
e (E
ng.)
Jain
ghan
i (H
ind.
);D
habb
ar (P
unj.)
; Sab
une
jhar
(N
ep.)
; Sc
arle
tpi
mpe
rnel
(Eng
.)
Ana
nas
(Hin
d.);
Sapu
riPa
nas (
Ori.
);\ K
azhu
dha-
chak
ka (M
al.);
Pin
e app
le(E
ng.)
Takp
ier
(Lep
.);
Gra
ssho
pper
tree
(Eng
.)
Sata
war
(Hin
d.);S
atam
uli
(Ben
g.)
;Sh
atav
ali
(Mal
.);S
him
aish
adav
ari
(Tam
.)
Kam
arak
h (H
ind.
);K
amra
nga
(Ben
g.);
Kar
aman
ga
(Ori
.);
Hei
nouj
om (
Man
i.); S
tar
fruit
(Eng
.)
Bar
k us
ed
for
bath
ing
in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Pod
and
stem
bar
k us
ed a
s sh
ampo
o by
triba
ls in
NE
Indi
a (Sa
klan
i & R
ao, 2
002)
Leaf
juic
e us
ed to
was
h ha
ir in
Pun
jab,
Har
yana
, R
ajas
than
& G
ujar
at (
Jain
,19
91).
Plan
ts u
sed
for
bath
ing
in N
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
.
Fres
h fr
uit j
uice
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng d
irty
hand
s an
d re
mov
ing
stai
ns o
n cl
othe
sby
Mei
tei c
omm
unity
of M
anip
ur (S
ingh
,et
al.,
200
1)
Bar
k us
ed f
or w
ashi
ng h
airs
in
Indi
a(A
garw
al, 1
986)
Roo
ts u
sed
for w
ashi
ng c
loth
es in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Frui
t jui
ce u
sed
for
was
hing
han
ds a
ndst
aine
d cl
othe
s by
Mei
tei c
omm
unity
of
Man
ipur
(Sin
gh, e
t al.,
200
1)
Indi
a: A
P, A
S, B
H, H
P, M
R, M
NP,
ML,
NL,
PJ,
SK,
TN,
TP,
UP,
WB
; B
angl
ades
h,B
huta
n, M
yanm
ar, N
epal
, Pak
ista
n, C
hina
&In
do-C
hina
.
Indi
a; s
ub-H
imal
ayan
tra
cts
from
Yam
una
east
war
ds t
o W
est
Ben
gal,
Satp
ura
ange
,G
ujar
at, S
.Indi
a &
And
aman
s; S
ri L
anka
,S.
Chi
na, S
E A
sia &
N. A
ustra
lia.
Am
eric
an t
ropi
cs;
wid
ely
culti
vate
d &
som
etim
es n
atur
aliz
ed m
any
parts
of I
ndia
.
Nor
th A
fric
a, t
empe
rate
Asi
a, I
ndia
nsu
bcon
tinen
t an
d Eu
rope
S. A
mer
ica;
Bra
zil;
culti
vate
d th
roug
hout
Indi
a.
Indi
a: A
S, A
P, M
L, T
P, K
R, T
N; B
angl
ades
h,N
epal
, Sri
Lank
a, C
hina
, Tha
iland
, Bor
neo,
Java
, Sum
atra
, Phi
lippi
nes,
Mya
nmar
.
Indi
a: tr
opic
al &
subt
ropi
cal p
arts
, com
mon
in U
pper
Gan
getic
pla
ins,
Bih
ar p
late
au,
And
aman
s &
asc
endi
ng t
o 15
00 m
in
Him
alay
as; S
ri La
nka,
Ind
ones
ia, A
ustra
lia&
trop
ical
Afri
ca.
Mal
esia
; cul
tivat
ed th
roug
hout
Indi
a & o
ther
tropi
cal c
ount
ries.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
306 Kul Bhaskar
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
17-
+W
18+
+W
19+
+W
20+
E
21-
-W
22+
+E
23-
+I
24-
-W
25-
-W
26-
+I
Avic
enni
a of
fici
nalis
L.
(Avi
cenn
iace
ae)
Bala
nite
s ae
gypt
iaca
(L.
)Del
.[=
Xym
enia
ae
gypt
iaca
L.]
(Bal
anita
ceae
)
Bala
nite
s ro
xbur
ghii
Plan
ch.
(Bal
anita
ceae
)
Big
noni
a ca
preo
lata
L.
[=B
.cat
alpa
L.]
Big
noni
acea
e
Boe
hmer
ia r
ugul
osa
Wed
d.(U
rtica
ceae
)
Bor
ago
offi
cina
lis
L.(B
orag
inac
eae)
Bras
sica
rap
a L.
ssp.
cam
pest
ris(l.
)A.R
. Cla
pham
[=B
.cam
pest
risL.
] (B
rass
icac
eae)
Byt
tner
ia a
ndam
ensi
s K
urz
(Ste
rcul
iace
ae)
Byt
tner
ia
aspe
ra
Col
ebr.
(Ste
rcul
iace
ae)
Cari
ca p
apay
a L
(Car
icac
eae)
Bea
n, B
ina (
Hin
d., B
eng.
);T
ivar
(M
ar.)
; hi
tem
angr
ove
(Eng
.)
Hin
gan
(hin
d.,
Ben
g.);
Ingu
diha
la
(Mal
.);
Nan
jund
a (T
am.)
;A
ngav
riksh
a (S
ans.)
Hin
gan
(Ben
g.,H
ind.
);A
ngar
io(G
uj.);
Nan
jund
a(T
am.)
Cro
ss-V
ine,
Qua
rter-
Vin
e(E
ng.)
Seda
ng (
Ben
g.,
(Lep
.);D
ar (N
ep.)
Bee
pla
nt, B
orag
e (E
ng.)
Sars
oo,
Lahi
(H
ind.
);Sa
risa
(B
eng.
);So
rish
a(O
ri.);
Kat
usne
ha (S
ans.)
;M
usta
rd (E
ng.)
Adb
aubo
l (A
ndam
ani)
Tik
oni
boru
a (A
sm.)
;R
isut
-riu
bi (
Miri
,Abo
r);
Mei
-sla
h (K
hasi
)
Papi
ta
(hin
d.)
Pepe
(Ben
g.);
Pap
ayi
(Guj
.);Aw
atha
bi (M
ani.)
; Pap
aya
(Eng
.)
Woo
d as
h us
ed
by
Mun
das
ofSu
ndar
bans
in W
est B
enga
l as h
air w
ash
(Ben
erje
e & P
al, 1
996;
Jain
, 199
1).
Frui
t jui
ce u
sed
in cl
eani
ng si
lk an
d cl
oth
due t
o m
ild ac
id in
it (A
garw
al, 1
986,
Jain
,19
91)
Pulp
of
frui
t us
ed f
or c
lean
ing
silk
&co
tton
(Sin
gh &
Sin
gh, 1
998)
UPI
Bar
k us
ed f
or b
athi
ng i
n N
eapa
l(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Flow
erin
g to
ps u
sed
in c
lean
ing
of sk
ins
and
help
s re
mov
e im
puri
ties
fro
mcl
ogge
d po
res (
D’ A
mel
io, 1
999)
Plan
t as
h us
ed f
or w
ashi
ng c
loth
es i
nN
epal
(M
anan
dhar
, 20
01).
Ass
of
Bra
ssic
a sp
p. U
sed
as d
eter
gent
by
the
Him
alay
an p
eopl
e (P
ande
& P
okha
riya,
1999
)
Muc
ilage
of b
ark
used
for
was
hing
hai
r((
Mal
ik, 1
993;
Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Mac
erat
ed y
oung
par
ts a
nd b
ark
used
by M
ikir
is a
nd K
hasi
wom
en t
o w
ash
hair
(Kan
jilal
, et a
l., 1
934)
Late
x us
ed fo
r w
ashi
ng r
eddi
sh-s
tain
edcl
othe
s by
the
Mei
tei
com
mun
ity o
fM
anip
ur (S
ingh
, eta
l. 20
01).
Frui
t pul
pre
mov
es b
lem
ishe
s (K
apoo
r, 20
05).
Leaf
extra
cts
used
in fa
cem
ask
& s
ham
ppos
;pu
lp o
f rip
e fru
it us
ed a
s fa
ce w
ash
inno
rther
n In
dia.
Indi
a: A
long
coa
sts
of p
enin
sula
r In
dia
&A
ndam
ans;
Sri
Lank
a, M
alay
an p
enin
sula
,sh
ores
of I
ndia
n &
Pac
ific
ocea
n.
Indi
a: t
hrou
ghou
t dr
ier
parts
of
peni
nsul
arIn
dia p
artic
ular
ly in
Kar
nata
ka &
Tam
il na
du,
W.R
ajas
than
& fr
om P
unja
b to
Wes
t Ben
gal
& S
ikki
m; N
E A
frica
& A
rabi
a.
Indi
a: d
rier
par
ts o
f pe
nins
ular
Ind
ia,
Raj
asth
an a
nd f
rom
SE
Pun
jab
to W
est
Ben
gal &
Sik
kim
; Pak
ista
n an
d M
yanm
ar.
Nat
ive
to N
orth
Am
eric
a an
d ex
tens
ivel
ygr
own
for O
rnam
ent i
n th
e tro
pics
of t
he o
ldw
orld
(Wea
lth o
f Ind
ia 2
: 151
.198
8)
Thro
ugho
ut H
imal
ayas
fro
m G
arhw
al t
oB
huta
n, u
p to
120
0 m
.
N. A
frica
, W. A
sia
and
Euro
pe; c
ultiv
ated
inIn
dia,
N. A
mer
ica a
nd C
hile
.
Indi
a : c
ultiv
ated
thro
ugho
ut; C
entra
l Asi
a,Eu
rope
& A
frica
; exa
ct n
ativ
e ran
ge o
bscu
re;
orig
inat
ed m
ost l
ikel
y in
Eru
asia
n re
gion
.
Indi
a, o
ften
foun
d ne
ar c
oast
s an
d al
ong
cree
ks, A
ndam
an &
Nic
obar
Isla
nds.
Indi
a: M
ixed
eve
rgre
en fo
rest
s in
Aru
nach
alPr
ades
h, A
ssam
, M
egha
laya
, N
agal
and,
Sikk
im; B
huta
n, C
hina
, Nep
al.
Sout
hern
Mex
ico,
C. A
mer
ica;
Am
eric
a;co
smop
olita
n un
der
culti
vatio
n.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
27-
+I
28-
+E
29-
+W
30-
+E
31-
+I
32-
+W
33-
+W
34-
-E
35-
-I
36+
+I
Car
issa
car
anda
s L.
[=C
aris
saco
nges
ta W
ight
] (A
pocy
nace
ae)
Citr
us l
imon
(L.
) B
urm
. F.
[C.m
edic
a L.
var
. li
mon
L.
(Rut
acea
e)
Colu
brin
a as
iatic
a (L
.) B
rong
n.]=
Cea
noth
us
Asi
atic
us
L.]
(Rha
mm
anac
eae)
Con
volv
ulus
ar
vens
is
L(C
onvo
lvul
acea
e)
Cur
cum
a lo
nga
L.[=
Cur
cum
ado
mes
tica V
al.]
(Zin
gibe
race
ae)
Cya
thul
a ca
pita
ta
Moq
.(A
mar
anth
acea
e)
Cycl
ea p
elta
ta (
Lam
.) H
ook.
f. &
Thom
s. [=
Men
isper
mum
pel
tatu
mLa
m.]
(Men
ispe
rmac
eae)
Dio
clea
hex
andr
a (R
alph
) Mab
b.[=
Muc
una
hexa
ndra
R
alph
;D
iocl
ea r
efle
xa (
Hoo
k.f.
) C
.W
right
(Leg
umin
osae
-Fab
oide
ae)
Dio
scor
ea a
lata
L.[
D.
glob
osa
Rox
b.](
Dio
scor
eace
ae)
Dio
scor
ea d
elto
idea
Wal
l. ex
Gris
eb. (
Dio
scor
eace
ae)
Kar
aund
a (h
ind.
);K
aran
cha
(ben
g.);
Kar
akka
(m
al.);
Kal
aka
(Tam
.);
Kar
amla
(S)
;K
aran
da (E
ng.)
Gul
gul,
Paha
rika
ghzi
(Hin
d.);
Gor
aleb
u(be
ng.);
Cha
mpr
a (M
ani.)
; Lim
on(E
ng.)
Gut
i (M
ar.)
; In
dian
snak
ewoo
d,La
ther
lea
f,A
sian
sna
ke ro
ot (E
ng.)
Bir
ilha
ra
(hin
d.);
Bha
drab
ala (
Sans
.); F
ield
bind
wee
d (E
ng.)
Hal
di (H
indi
., O
ri.);H
alud
(Ben
g.);
Y
aing
ang
(Man
i.); T
urm
eric
(Eng
.)
Kur
o (N
ep.)
Kan
ipet
, Kal
epat
(G
uj.);
Para
(Ta
m.);
Pad
atha
ly,
pata
valli
(Mal
.)
Sea
purs
e (E
ng.)
Chu
pri a
lu (h
ind.
,Ben
g.);
Gre
ater
yam
,Asi
atic
yam
(Eng
.)
Kni
ss, K
riss
, Tar
, Ritr
a(P
unj.)
; K
ildr
i, K
ithi
,K
rish
(Kas
h.)
Bar
k us
ed f
or b
athi
ng i
n N
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Frui
t jui
ce u
sed
for
clea
ning
tur
mer
ican
d ch
loro
phyl
l st
ains
by
Mei
tei
com
mun
ity o
f M
anip
ur (
Sing
h, e
t al.,
2001
)
Bar
k co
ntai
ns s
apon
in a
nd is
rep
orte
dto
be
used
in S
amoa
for
clea
ring
mat
s(B
hand
ari &
Bha
nsal
i, 20
00).
Who
le p
lant
use
d as
det
erge
nt i
nJa
mm
u &
Kas
hmir
& H
imac
hal P
rade
sh(J
ain
1991
)
Filtr
ate o
f the
mix
ture
of a
sh o
f dry
leve
sin
wat
er u
sed
for
was
hing
silk
clo
thes
and
thre
ads
by M
eite
i co
mm
unity
of
Man
ipur
(Sin
gh, e
t al.,
200
1)
Roo
ts u
sed
for w
ashi
ng cl
othe
s in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Rhi
zom
e &
lea
f us
ed a
s sh
ampo
o in
Pepp
ara
WLS
in K
eral
a (M
enon
)
Sees
use
d in
hai
r was
h fo
r kill
ing
lice
inIn
dia (
Aga
rwal
, 198
6).
Drie
d tu
ber p
owde
r use
d fo
r hai
r was
hto
rem
ove
dirt
by
the
trib
es o
f no
rth
Indi
a (B
aner
jee &
Pal
, 199
6)
Tube
r us
ed a
s so
ap f
or b
ody
was
h to
kill
lice
(Sin
gh &
Kac
hroo
, 197
6); a
lso
used
in
was
hing
sil
ken
clot
hes
inW
este
rn H
imal
ayan
reg
ion
Indi
a: in
dry
fore
sts
& fr
eque
ntly
cul
tivat
edes
peci
ally
in
nort
hern
and
nor
th-w
este
rnpl
ains
; Chi
na, E
. Asi
a, In
do-C
hina
& M
ales
ia.
S.E.
Asi
a; c
ultiv
ated
thr
ough
out
Indi
a an
dot
her t
ropi
cal &
sub
tropi
cal c
ount
ries.
Indi
a: n
ear
coas
ts;
Chi
na, M
yanm
ar, S
riLa
nka,
Indo
nesi
a, A
ustra
lia a
nd S
. Afri
ca.
Mac
aron
esia
, N. A
fric
a, te
mpe
rate
Asi
a an
dEu
rope
.
Exte
nsiv
ely
culti
vate
d th
roug
hout
Indi
a an
dot
her t
ropi
cal c
ount
ries;
Pro
babl
y aro
se w
ithC
. aro
mat
ic S
alis
b. A
nat
ive o
f Ind
ia, f
rom
E.
Him
al to
Sri
Lank
a.
Indi
a: H
imal
ayas
, Nor
th E
ast I
ndia
; Sri
Lank
a,Ja
va.
Indi
a: G
ujar
at, M
ahar
asht
ra, T
amil
Nad
u &
Ker
ala i
n m
oist
dec
iduo
us fo
rest
s; S
ri La
nka.
Indi
a, B
angl
ades
h, S
ri L
anka
, Mya
nmar
,M
ales
ia, A
ustra
lia &
Isla
nds o
f Pac
ific o
cean
.
Indi
a: W
este
rn &
Eas
tern
Him
alay
as &
NE
Indi
a; M
yanm
ar,
Mal
aysi
a, I
ndon
esia
&Ea
ster
n SE
Asi
a; c
ultiv
ated
thr
ough
out t
hetro
pics
.
Indi
a; K
ashm
ir &
Pun
jab
east
war
d to
Nep
al&
Kha
si h
ills;
Afg
hani
stan
, Chi
na, B
huta
n,N
epal
& P
akis
tan.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 307
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
37-
+W
38+
+W
39-
-W
40+
-W
41-*
-W
42-
+W
43-
+W
44-
+I
Dip
locy
clos
pal
mat
us (L
.) Je
ffrey
[=B
ryon
ia
palm
atus
L.
](C
ucur
bita
ceae
)
Dip
lokn
ema
buty
race
a(R
oxb.
)H
.J.L
am.
[=B
assi
a bu
tyra
cea
Rox
b.;
Mad
huca
bu
tyra
cea
(Rox
b.)
J.F.
Mac
br.;
Aes
andr
abu
tyra
cea
(Rox
b.)
Bae
hni]
(Sap
otac
eae)
Elat
oste
ma
sess
ile J.
R. &
G. F
orst.
(Urti
cace
ae)
Enta
da r
heed
ii Sp
reng
. [=
E.
purs
aeth
a D
C.]
(Leg
umin
osae
-M
imos
oide
ae)
Eri
oglo
ssum
ru
bigi
nosu
m(R
oxb.
) B
l. [=
E. e
dule
Rox
b.;
Lepi
sant
hesr
u bi
gino
sa (
Rox
b.)
Leen
th.]
(Sap
inda
ceae
)
Euph
orbi
a hy
peri
cifo
lia L
.[=E.
parv
iflor
a L.](
Euph
orbi
acea
e)
Euph
orbi
a th
omso
nian
a B
oiss
.(E
upho
rbia
ceae
)
Flac
ourt
ia j
ango
mas
(Lou
r.)
Rae
usch
.[=St
igm
arot
a ja
ngom
asLo
ur.]
(Fla
cour
tiace
ae)
Gar
gum
aru
(Hin
d.);
Sano
ghur
u (N
ep.)
;Sh
ival
inga
ni (
Ben
g.);
Ling
ini (
Sans
.); L
ollip
op-
clim
ber (
Eng.
)
Phul
war
a (H
ind.
);Chy
ura
(Kum
.);I
ndia
n bu
tter
tree,
Hill
mah
ua (E
ng.)
— Gar
dul
(Hin
d.);
Chu
i(A
rc.)
Abi
gran
(A
sa.)
;Rit
ha(H
ind.
); M
ahan
ga k
oli
(ori.
);Soa
p nu
t tre
e (En
g.)
Hak
shar
dana
(hin
d.);
Haz
ard
ana(
Pun
j.);
Mus
inod
udhi
(N
ep.)
Hirt
iz, H
irer (
Kas
h.)
Pani
ala
(ben
g.);
Hei
troi
(Man
i.); B
ainc
ha (
Ori.
);Pu
neal
a pl
um (E
ng.)
Frui
ts u
sed
for
was
hing
hai
r in
Nep
al(M
anad
har,
2001
)
Seed
mea
ls u
sed
for w
ashi
ng c
loth
es b
yH
imal
ayan
peo
ple
(Nig
am &
Mis
ra,
1996
; Wea
lth o
f Ind
ia, 1
952;
Neg
i et a
l.,19
88;P
ande
& P
okha
riya,
199
9)
Plan
t pa
ste
in w
ater
use
d by
loc
alin
habi
tant
s of
Ton
s va
lley
in U
ttark
ashi
dist
rict
as s
ubst
itute
of
soap
(R
ana,
et
al., 2
003)
.
Seed
s us
ed in
was
hing
hai
r in
Man
ipur
(Sak
lani
& R
ao, 2
002)
; sap
onin
s in
bark
& s
eeds
use
d as
soap
(Nie
lsen
, 199
2).
Frui
ts u
sed
as s
ham
poo
in h
air
was
h(A
garw
al, 1
986)
Plan
ts
used
as
so
ap
in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Roo
ts &
leav
es u
sed
as d
eter
gent
(M
al&
Jos
hi, 1
991)
. Cru
shed
root
stoc
k us
edfo
r w
ashi
ng h
air,
afte
r bo
ling
used
as
purg
ativ
e(W
ealth
of I
ndia
, 195
2)
Filtr
ate
of t
he m
ixtu
re o
f pl
ant
ash
&w
ater
use
d as
det
erge
nt b
y M
eite
ico
mm
unity
of
Man
ipur
(Si
ngh,
et a
l.,20
01)
Indi
an s
ubco
ntin
ent,
Afri
ca, C
hina
, Mal
esia
& A
ustra
lia.
Indi
a: s
ub-H
imal
ayan
tra
ct f
rom
Kum
aon
east
war
ds t
o Si
kkim
& B
huta
n, A
ndam
anis
land
.
Indi
a: H
imal
ayas
, Ass
am h
ills,
Nilg
iris;
Afri
ca,
Bhu
tan,
Chi
na, N
epal
, Mal
aysi
a & M
yanm
ar.
Indi
a: A
NP,
AP,
BH, G
, KT,
KR,
MP,
MR,
MN
P,M
L, N
L, O
R,
SK,
TN
, T
P, W
B,
AN
;B
angl
ades
h, B
huta
n, M
yam
mar
, Nep
al, S
riLa
nka;
Chi
na, I
ndo-
Chi
na, M
ales
ia &
Afri
ca.
Indi
a: E
aste
rn H
imal
ayas
& N
orth
?Eas
t Ind
iaso
uthw
ards
to p
enin
sula
r Ind
ia &
And
aman
& N
icob
ar Is
land
s.
Thr
ough
out
hotte
r pa
rts
of I
ndia
, fr
omPu
njab
, as
cend
ing
to 4
000
feet
in
the
Him
alay
as to
the
sout
hern
dec
can;
Mal
aysi
a&
Sri
Lank
a.
Indi
a: K
ashm
ir at
elev
atio
ns ab
ove 7
,000
fet.
Sem
i-wild
in B
raha
map
utra
& ad
join
ing
area
sin
the N
orth
-Eas
t Ind
ia; c
ultiv
ated
else
whe
re.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
308 Kul Bhaskar
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
45-
-W
46-
+I
47+
+W
48-
+W
49-
+E
50-
+E
51-
+W
52-
+E
53-
+W
54-
-W
Gan
ophy
llum
fal
catu
m B
lum
e(S
apin
dace
ae)
Gar
chin
ia x
anth
ochy
mus
Hoo
k.f.
(Clu
siae
ae)
Gar
deni
a ca
mpa
nula
ta R
oxb.
(Rub
iace
ae)
Gar
deni
a tu
rgid
R
oxb.
(Rub
iace
ae)
Gin
kgo
bilo
ba L
. (G
inkg
oace
ae)
Gly
cine
m
ax
(L.)
M
err.
[=Ph
aseo
lus m
ax L
.] (F
abac
eae)
Gon
oste
gia
hirt
a (B
lum
e) M
iq.
[Pou
zolz
ia h
irta
(Blu
me)
Has
sk.
(Urti
cace
ae)
Gre
ville
a ro
busta
A.C
unn.
ex R
.Br.
(Pro
teac
eae)
Gre
wia
fla
vece
ns A
.L.
Juss
.[=
G.ca
rpin
ifolia
sen
su M
aste
rs]
(Tili
acea
e)
Gre
wia
opt
iva
J.R
. D
rum
n.ex
— Hei
bung
(M
ani.)
; Tam
al(B
eng.
, H
ind.
, O
ri.)
;Ta
mal
a (T
am.);
Egg
tree
(Eng
.)
Lam
be
ibi
(Ma
ni.
);D
hu
bh
ikh
ola,
Ruk
haw
ak (H
ind.
)
Kar
har
(Hin
d.);
Gul
gal
(Guj
.);
Bhu
ru(K
andh
,K
ohl);
Bha
rang
i (Sa
ns.)
Mai
denh
air-
tree
(Eng
.)
Bha
twar
, R
amku
rthi
(Hin
d.);
Soya
bea
n (E
ng.)
Path
ura
harj
ora(
beng
.);C
hipl
e(le
p.)
Kou
biliy
a (M
ani.)
;Silk
y-oa
k (E
ng.)
Cha
pera
ndha
vi (
Hin
d.);
Chi
kka-
gara
kele
(K
an.);
Sem
para
n da
i (Ta
m.)
Bhi
mal
, B
iul,
Bit
ung
Bar
k po
wde
r use
d as
hai
r was
h in
Indi
a(A
garw
al, 1
986)
Orn
amen
tals
cle
aned
with
fru
it ex
tract
for e
xtra
glis
teni
ng b
y Mei
tei c
omm
unity
of M
anip
ur; f
ruit
is a
cons
titue
nt o
f loc
alha
ir lo
tion
(Sin
gh, e
t al.,
200
1)
Extra
ct o
f gre
en fr
uits
stirr
ed in
wat
er to
foam
& u
sed
to c
lean
clo
thes
by
Mei
tei
com
mun
ity o
f M
anip
ur (
Sing
h, e
t al
.20
01)
Frui
ts u
sed
for
rem
ovin
g sp
ots
on s
ilkfa
bric
s (A
garw
al, 1
986)
Pulp
of
frui
t us
ed a
s ha
ir w
ash
for
rem
ovin
g se
bum
from
the
scal
p by
the
tribe
s in
Nor
th I
ndia
(B
aner
jee
& P
al,
1996
); as
det
erge
nt in
Sik
kim
, Ben
gal,
Bih
ar &
Oris
sa (J
ain,
199
1).
Seed
s us
ed
for
was
hing
cl
othe
s(A
garw
al, 1
986)
Boi
led
extra
ct o
f mat
ure
seed
s use
d as
ade
terg
ent
by M
eite
i co
mm
unit
y of
Man
ipur
(Sin
gh, e
t al.,
200
1)
Seed
s us
ed a
s sh
ampo
o in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Filtr
ate
of t
he m
ixtu
re o
f pl
ant
ash
&w
ater
use
d as
a d
eter
gent
for
was
hing
clot
hes b
y Mei
tei c
omm
unity
of M
anip
ur(S
ingh
et a
l., 2
001)
Juic
e of
the
plan
t use
d in
was
hing
hai
rto
rem
ove
dand
ruff
& p
reve
nt l
ice
bytri
bal w
omen
of I
ndia
(Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Extra
ct o
f bar
k us
ed a
s sh
ampo
oby
the
Indi
a: c
oast
al fo
rest
s, A
ndam
an &
Nic
olba
rIs
land
s; tr
opic
al W
este
rn A
frica
, Phi
lippi
nes,
Mal
aya,
Sum
atra
, Ja
va,
New
Gui
nea
&N
orth
east
Aut
raila
i.
Indi
a: E
aste
rn H
imal
ayas
, AS,
BH
, OR
, MR
,TN
, K
R, A
NP,
AN
; B
angl
ades
h, C
hina
,M
yanm
ar, T
hlai
land
& M
alay
a pe
nins
ula;
som
etim
es c
ultiv
ated
.
Indi
a: S
ikki
m H
imal
aya,
Nor
th E
ast I
ndia
,B
ihar
; Ban
glad
esh,
Mya
nmar
& Ja
va.
Indi
a –
tropi
cal H
imal
aya:
from
Gar
hwal
toB
huta
n an
d pe
nins
ular
Indi
a: fr
om B
ihar
&M
adhy
a Pra
desh
sout
hwar
ds to
Tam
il N
adu.
Chi
na;
occa
sion
ally
gro
wn
in g
arde
ns o
fIn
dia,
par
ticul
arly
on
hills
.
Cul
tigen
bel
ieve
d to
be
dom
estic
ated
in
N.C
hina
; in
trod
uced
an
d cu
ltiv
ated
thro
ugho
ut I
ndia
.
Indi
a: A
ssam
, Meg
hala
ya, t
ropi
cal H
imal
aya;
Aus
tralia
, Chi
na &
Mal
aysi
a.
Aus
tralia
; cul
tivat
ed in
gar
dens
of I
na.
Indi
a: i
n sc
rub
& d
ry d
ecid
uous
fore
sts
ofpe
nins
ular
Indi
a; tr
opic
al A
frica
.
Moi
st d
ecid
uous
and
eve
rgre
en f
ores
ts o
f
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 309
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
55-
-W
56-
+W
57-
-I
58-
-E
59-
-E
60-
-E
61-
+I
62-
-E
63-
+I
Bur
ette
(Tili
acea
e)
Gym
nocl
adus
ass
amic
us P
.C.
Kan
jila
l (L
egum
inos
ae-
Cae
salp
inio
idea
e)
Har
pull
ia a
rbor
ea (
Bla
nco)
Rad
lk. [
=Ptr
lea
arbo
rea
Bla
nco]
(Sap
inda
ceae
)
Hib
iscu
s ca
nnab
inus
L.
(Mal
vace
ae)
Hib
iscu
s ro
sasi
nens
is
L.(M
alva
ceae
)
Ipom
oea
turb
inat
e La
g. [
I.m
uric
ata
(L.)
Jacq
.; Co
nvol
vulu
sm
uric
atus
L.]
(Con
volv
ulac
eae)
Jatr
opha
cu
rcas
L.
(Eup
horb
iace
ae)
Luffa
cyl
indr
ical
(L.)
M.J.
Roe
m.
[=L.
ae
gypt
iaca
P.
M
ill.
(Cuc
urbi
tace
ae)
Lych
nis
indi
ca
Ben
th.
(Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
)
Mad
huca
lo
ngif
olia
(L
.)J.F
.Mac
br. [
=Bas
sia
long
ifolia
L.]
(Sap
otac
eae)
(Hin
d.);
Tagl
ar (L
ep.)
— Phut
ika
(Ori.
); B
idas
ale
(Kan
.); N
ei-K
otte
i (Ta
m.);
Chi
ttila
mad
akku
(Mal
.)
Am
bari,
pat
san
(Hin
d.);
Mei
tei
Soug
ree
(Man
i.);
Kan
uriy
a (O
ri.);
Dec
can
hem
p (E
ng.)
Joba
(A
sm.,
Ben
g.,)
Man
dar
(Or.
),
Java
,pu
shpa
m (
Sans
.)
Park
amku
the
(Maj
hi);
Purp
lem
oon
flow
er,
Lila
cbel
l (En
g.)
Dha
la
jaha
ji
(Ori
.);
Bar
bado
s nut
(Eng
.)
Jhin
ga
(Ben
g.);
Jahn
i(O
ri.);
Rid
gego
ud (E
ng.)
— Mah
ua
(Hin
d.);
Ilup
ai(T
am);
Mow
rabu
tter t
ree
(Eng
.)
wom
en of
Kum
aon h
ills (
Lata
, 199
6; Ja
in,
1991
). Pl
ant
ash
used
as
dete
rgen
t by
Him
alay
an p
eopl
e (P
ande
& P
okha
riya,
1999
)
Pods
use
d as
det
erge
nt i
n A
runa
chal
Prad
esh
(Sha
rma,
et
al. 2
002)
and
as
soap
for
was
hing
bai
rs b
y K
hasi
(Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Frui
ts u
sed
in w
ashi
ng c
loth
es a
nd f
orw
ashi
ng h
air (
Pant
200
0)
Aci
dic
juic
e of
leav
es u
sed
for w
ashi
ngdi
rty h
ands
by
the
Mei
tei c
omm
unity
of
Man
ipur
(Sin
gh et
al.,
200
1)
Flow
ers
& le
aves
use
d as
sha
mpo
o by
tribe
s of P
eppa
raW
LS, K
eral
a (M
enon
)
Seed
pas
te u
sed
for
was
hing
hai
r,re
mov
ing
lice &
som
etim
es fo
r cle
anin
gut
ensi
ls in
May
urbh
anj,
Oris
sa (S
axen
a&
Bra
hmam
, 198
9)
Cot
yled
ons
used
for
was
hing
hai
r in
Nep
al (M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Wid
ely
used
as
bath
e-sp
onge
in I
ndia
Roo
t and
leav
es u
sed
as a
sub
stitu
te o
fso
ap (A
garw
al, 1
986;
Mal
& Jo
shi,
1991
;W
I)
Oil-
cake
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng c
loth
es i
nN
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Indi
an H
imal
ayas
; als
o gr
own
by v
illag
ers
alon
g bo
unda
ries
of t
erra
ced
agri
cultu
ral
field
s in
Utta
ranc
hal)
; Pa
kist
an, N
epal
&B
huta
n.
Indi
a: m
egha
laya
, A
runa
chal
Pra
desh
,N
agal
and;
Chi
na.
Indi
a: e
verg
reen
fore
sts;
mal
esia
, Aus
tralia
& S
W p
acifi
c.
Indi
a: t
hrou
ghou
t; tro
pica
l &
sub
tropi
cal
Afr
ica;
cul
tivat
ed in
mos
t tro
pica
l cou
ntrie
sfo
r its
bas
t fib
re.
Cul
tivat
ed i
n ga
rden
s th
roug
hout
Ind
ia&
othe
r tr
opic
al
&
subt
ropi
cal
coun
tries
;Orig
in u
ncer
tain
(FI
)
Pant
ropi
cal
wee
d; p
roba
bly
orig
inat
ed i
nM
exic
o.
Mex
ico
and
S.A
mer
ica;
cul
tiva
ted
&na
tura
lize
d in
Ind
ia &
oth
er t
ropi
cal
coun
trie
s.
Cul
tivat
ed a
s wel
l as
wild
in In
dia
& o
ther
tropi
cal c
ount
ries.
Indi
a: te
mpe
rate
Him
alay
as a
t alti
tude
s of
1,65
0 – 3
,000
m.
Indi
an
subc
onti
nent
&
In
do-C
hina
;co
mm
on i
n m
ixed
dec
iduo
us f
ores
ts o
fpe
nins
ular
Ind
ia; a
lso
culti
vate
d.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
310 Kul Bhaskar
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
64I
65-
+E
66-
+I
67-
-I
68-
+I
69-
+I
70-
-E
71-
+W
72-
+I
Mad
huca
mal
abar
ica(
Bed
d.)
Park
er [
=Bas
sia
mal
abar
ica
Bed
d.](
Sapo
tace
ae)
Mat
rica
ria
cham
omill
a L.
[M
.re
cutit
a L.
; Tr
iple
uros
peru
mum
perf
orat
um
(Mer
at)
Lain
z](A
ster
acea
e)
Mor
inga
ol
eife
ra
Lam
.(M
orin
gace
ae)
Mus
a sp
p. (
Mus
acea
e)
Mus
saen
da
fron
dosa
L.(r
ubia
ceae
)
Neol
itsea
cass
ia (L
.) K
oste
rman
s[=
N.
zeyl
anic
a (N
ees)
mer
r.;
Lits
eaze
y la
nica
N
eeds
](L
aura
ceae
)
Nol
tea
afri
cana
(L
.)
End
l.[=
Cea
noph
ys a
fric
anau
s L.
](R
ham
nace
ae)
Old
enla
ndia
co
rym
bosa
L.(R
ubia
ceae
)
Ory
za sa
tiva
L. (P
oace
ae)
Atti
ripa (
Tam
.?)
Bab
una
(Gun
., Pu
nj.)
;B
abun
ah
(Urd
.);
Cha
mob
ile (E
ng.)
Soha
jna
(Hin
d.);
Suju
na(O
ri.)
; M
ungr
a (T
el.)
;M
orin
ga (
mal
.);
Dru
mst
ick
(Eng
.)
Kel
a (h
ind.
);
Laph
u(M
ani.)
; K
adal
i (O
ri.);
Ban
ana,
Pla
ntai
n (E
ng.)
Bed
ina
(Hin
d.);
Nag
balli
(Ben
g.);
Velli
am (
Mal
.);W
hite
lady
(Eng
.)
Bel
lary
leaf
(Eng
)
Dog
woo
d (E
ng.)
Dam
an p
apar
(H
ind.
);K
het-
papr
a (b
eng.
);G
harp
odia
(O
ri.)
;Pa
rpad
agam
(T
am.)
;Pa
rapa
ta (S
ans.)
Dha
n (H
ind,
B
eng.
);D
hana
(O
ri.)
; Ph
ou(M
ani.)
; Dha
nya
(San
s.)
Seed
pas
te in
wat
er u
sed
as h
air w
ash
inIn
dia (
Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Flow
er h
eads
use
d as
hai
r w
ash
and
clea
ning
wou
nds (
Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Past
e of
flo
wer
use
d as
sha
mpo
o an
dap
plie
d on
hea
d be
fore
bat
hing
for b
ette
rha
ir gr
owth
by
triba
ls o
f Nilg
iris,
Tam
ilN
adu
(Raj
endr
an &
Asw
al, 2
003)
Ash
of
petio
le/fr
uit
used
for
was
hing
clot
hes
by M
eite
i tr
ibes
of
Man
ipur
(Sin
gh, e
t al.,
200
1). B
anan
a as
h us
ed in
mak
ing
soap
(P.
J.Bry
ant i
n U
RL;
htt:
//D
arw
in.b
io.u
ci.e
du:8
0/su
sta
in/
prot
ecte
d/ch
ap7s
lides
.ppt
)
Leav
es u
sed
as s
ham
poo
in P
eppa
raW
LS, K
eral
a (M
enon
)
Plan
ts u
sed
as d
eter
gent
(Sh
iva
et a
l.,20
02)
Plan
ts u
sed
as s
oap
and
dete
rgen
t in
Indi
a (A
mba
sta e
t al.,
198
6)
Who
le p
lant
use
d as
sham
poo
in P
eppa
raW
LS, K
eral
a (M
enon
)
Stra
w a
sh u
sed
as a
det
erge
nt f
orw
ashi
ng c
loth
es a
nd s
omet
imes
use
d as
soap
for
bat
hing
by
Mei
tei c
omm
unity
Indi
a: D
ecca
n &
wes
tern
pen
insu
lar I
ndia
.
Indi
a: JK
, HP,
PJ,
UT;
Pak
ista
n, Ir
aq, J
apan
,N
.Asi
a &
wes
twar
ds to
Atla
ntic
.
Indi
a, B
angl
ades
h, M
yanm
ar,
Vie
tnam
,Ph
ilipp
ines
and
Pak
ista
n.
Indi
a an
d M
alay
sia;
wid
ely
culti
vate
d al
lov
er w
orld
.
Tro
pica
l H
imal
ayas
fro
m D
ehra
Dun
east
war
ds, K
hasi
hill
s, D
ecca
n pe
nins
ula
&A
ndam
an &
Nic
obar
Isl
ands
; co
mm
only
culti
vate
d in
gar
dens
.
Indi
a: E
aste
rn H
imal
aya,
hill
s of
Ass
am &
Dec
can
peni
nsul
a; a
lso
culti
vate
d.
Afr
ica;
cul
tivat
ed in
Indi
a.
Indi
a &
oth
er tr
opic
al c
ount
ries.
Prim
ary
cent
re N
E H
imal
ayan
reg
ion;
culti
vate
d th
roug
hout
trop
ics,
subt
ropi
cs &
war
m te
mpe
rate
regi
ons. Ta
ble
1 co
ntin
ued.
..
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 311
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
73-
+E
74-
-E
75-
-W
76-
+W
77-
+I
78-
-W
79-
-W
80-
-E
81-
-W
82-
-W
83+
+E
of M
anip
ur (S
ingh
et a
l., 2
001)
; use
d as
dete
rgen
t by
Him
alay
an p
eopl
e (P
ande
& P
okha
riya,
199
9).
Her
bs u
sefu
l in
was
hing
orn
amen
ts i
nIn
dia (
Aga
rwal
, 198
6)W
hole
pla
nt u
sed
for
was
hing
clo
thes
in N
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Leav
es u
sed
for
was
hing
pur
pose
in
Indi
a (A
garw
al, 1
986)
Lath
er p
rodu
ced
on ru
bbin
g le
aves
with
wat
er u
sed
for
was
hing
pur
pose
s in
Nor
th E
ast I
ndia
(Kan
jilal
193
4; W
ealth
of In
dia,
196
9; Ja
in, 1
991)
Plan
t as
h us
ed a
s de
terg
ent
by t
hepe
ople
of
the
Him
alay
as (
Pand
e &
Pokh
ariy
a, 1
999)
Who
le p
lant
use
d fo
r ba
thin
g in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Roo
ts u
sed
for c
lean
ing
hair
& re
mov
ing
dand
ruff
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Who
le p
lant
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng h
air
inN
eapa
l (M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Frui
ts a
nd s
eeds
use
d as
hai
r w
ash
tocl
ean
skin
roo
t in
ani
mal
s (A
garw
al,
1986
)
Rhi
zom
e us
ed f
or c
lean
ing
clot
hes
inIn
dia
(Wea
lth o
f Ind
ia, 1
969;
Am
bast
a,et
al.,
198
6)
Pow
dere
d ba
rk g
ives
foam
s for
was
hing
fine
fabr
ics
& c
lean
ing
hairs
(Aga
rwal
,19
86);
als
o us
ed t
o m
ake
a da
ndru
ff
Pego
letti
a se
nega
lens
is C
ass.
(Ast
erac
eae)
Pers
icar
ia la
path
ifolia
(L.
)Gra
y[=
Ploy
gonu
mla
path
i fo
lium
L.]
(Pol
ygon
acea
e)
Phlo
gaca
nthu
s thy
rsifl
orus
Nee
s(A
cant
hace
ae)
Phlo
gaca
nthu
s tu
biflo
rusN
ees
(Aca
ntha
ceae
)
Phyl
lant
hus e
mbl
ica
L. [E
mbl
ica
offi
cian
lis
Gae
rtn.
](E
upho
rbia
ceae
)
Phyl
lant
hus
parv
ifol
iusH
am.
(Eup
horb
iace
ae)
Pile
a an
isop
hylla
W
edd.
)U
rtica
ceae
)
Pouz
olzi
a ze
ylan
ica
(L.)B
enn.
[=Pa
riet
aria
ze
ylan
ica
L.;
Pouz
olzi
a in
dica
(L.
) G
aud.
](U
rtica
ceae
)
Pran
gos
pabu
lari
a Li
ndl.
[=K
oelz
ella
pab
ular
ia (
Lind
l.)H
iroe]
(Api
acea
e)
Pter
idiu
m a
quili
num
(L.
) K
uhn
[=Pt
eris
aq
ilina
L.
(Den
stae
dtia
ceae
)
Qui
llaj
a sa
pona
ria
Mol
ina
(Qui
llaja
ceae
)
— Phel
wa
mak
undo
(Nep
.);Pa
lePe
rsic
aria
(Eng
.)
Tit
a ph
ool
(Hin
d.);
Ban
keka
(Asa
.); R
heeo
m(L
ep.)
Bha
tait
ia
(Asa
.);
Cha
kbam
(H
ind.
);B
anch
ha,
(Mik
ir);
Vate
zuk
(Lus
ai)
Am
la (
Hin
d.);
Am
alak
i(b
eng.
);M
yrob
alan
(Eng
.)
Kha
reto
(Nep
.)
Edd
u (T
el.)
; K
allu
rki
(Tam
., M
al.)
;Mas
laha
ri(N
ep.)
Kom
al (H
ind.
);Kur
unga
s(K
ash.
)
Tavi
(Mal
.); P
arna
i(Tam
.);B
rack
en(E
ng.)
Sabu
nper
(Tam
.?);
Soap
-ba
rk
tree
, So
apbu
sh(E
ng.)
Indi
a: N
W R
ajas
than
; Pa
kist
an, A
rbia
&C
ape
Verd
e is
land
s; g
loba
l wee
d.
N.A
frica
, tem
pera
te A
sia
& E
urop
e; w
idel
yna
tura
lized
.
Subt
ropi
cal
Him
alay
as f
rom
Gar
hwal
to
Bhu
tan;
als
o co
mm
on in
Kha
sia
mou
ntai
nsan
d A
ssam
.
Indi
a: A
ssam
pla
ins,
Kha
si &
Gar
o hi
lls.
Indi
a, S
ri La
nka,
Chi
na &
Mal
aysi
a; a
lso
culti
vate
d in
hom
e-ga
rden
s.
Tem
pera
te H
imal
ayas
: fr
om J
amm
u &
Kum
aon
to B
huta
n
East
ern
subt
ropi
cal H
imal
ayas
& N
aga h
ills;
Nep
al, S
ikki
m &
Bhu
tan.
Thro
ugho
ut In
dia
up to
an
altit
ude
of 2
100
m a
nd o
ften
occu
r as
wee
d.
Indi
a – W
este
rn H
imal
ayas
: Kas
hmir,
100
0 –
3500
m; T
ibet
, Afg
hani
stan
& c
entra
l Ais
a.
Wor
ldw
ide
wee
d; w
eed
in g
rass
y la
nds
inth
e hi
lls o
f Ind
ia.
Peru
& C
hile
in S
outh
Am
eric
a; in
trodu
ced
in N
ilgiri
s and
sout
h In
dia (
Sam
raj,
1981
).
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
312 Kul Bhaskar
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
84-
-W
85-
+I
86+
-I
87+
+I
88+
+I
89+
+E
90-
-W
91-
-W
92-
+E
sham
poo
(D’A
mel
io, 1
999)
.
Unr
ipe
fruits
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng c
loth
es(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1; A
garw
al, 1
986)
War
m fr
esh
juic
e us
ed a
s de
terg
ent f
orw
ashi
ng c
loth
es,
espe
cial
ly w
hite
dres
ses (
Sing
h et
al.,
200
1)
Frui
ts u
sed
for
was
hing
clo
thes
and
clea
ning
bod
y (A
garw
al, 1
986;
Pan
t,20
00)
Frui
t pul
p or
drie
d fr
uit s
kin
soak
ed in
war
m w
ater
use
d fo
r was
hing
hai
r, si
lk&
woo
len
garm
ents
for
ext
ra g
loss
by
the
trib
es o
f no
rth
Indi
a, H
imal
ayas
,M
anip
ur &
oth
er p
lace
s of
Indi
a (N
egi
& P
ant,
1994
; B
aner
jee
& P
al, 1
996;
Pand
e &
Pok
hariy
a, 1
999;
Sin
gh, e
t al.,
2001
; Aga
rwal
, 198
6).
Frui
t ext
ract
use
d es
peci
ally
for w
ashi
ngcl
othe
s; k
erne
l oil
used
in so
ap in
dust
ry(A
garw
al, 1
986;
D’A
mel
io, 1
999;
Pan
t,20
00)
Extra
ct o
f roo
t & le
af u
sed
for w
ashi
ngde
lica
te f
abri
cs (
Maj
umda
r, 1
972;
Aga
rwal
, 198
6; (
htt;:
//altn
atur
e.co
m/
galle
ry/s
oap
wor
t.htm
) and
as
sham
poo
(D’ A
mel
io, 1
999)
Drie
d ro
ot p
owde
r use
ful a
s a h
air w
ash
& as
tring
ent s
timul
ant (
D’ A
mel
io, 1
999)
Who
le p
lant
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng h
air
inN
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Dec
octio
n of
flo
wer
s an
d le
aves
use
d
Ran
dia
spin
osa
Poir
.[=
Xer
omph
is s
pino
sa K
eay]
(Rub
iace
ae)
Sacc
haru
m
offi
cina
rum
L.
(Poa
ceae
)
Sapi
ndus
em
argi
natu
s V
ahl.
(Sap
inda
ceae
)
Sapi
ndus
muk
oros
si G
aert
n.(S
apin
dace
ae)
Sapi
ndus
tri
folia
tus
L. [
=S.
laur
ifoliu
s Vah
l.] (S
apin
dace
ae)
Sapo
nari
a of
fici
nalis
L
(Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
)
Saus
sure
a co
stus
(Fa
lc.)L
ipsc
h.[=
S. la
ppa
(Dec
cne.
) C.B
.Cla
rke]
(Ast
erac
eae)
Scro
phul
aria
urti
caef
olia
Ben
th.
(Scr
ophu
laria
ceae
)
Senn
a al
ata
(L.)
Rox
b. [=
Cass
ia
Mai
npha
l (H
ind.
);M
ain
(Nep
.); E
met
icnu
t (En
g.)
Eek
h, G
anna
(H
ind.
);A
khu
(Ori.
); C
hu (M
ani.)
;Su
garc
ane
(Eng
.)
Rith
a (H
ind.
); A
ratu
la(K
an.);
Ber
uguk
ay (M
al.);
Soap
nut
(Eng
.)
Rit
ha (
Hin
d.);
Kek
ru(M
ani.)
; U
rvan
gika
ya,
Uru
lingi
(M
al.);
Pun
gan
kotta
i (T
am.)
; C
hine
seso
apbe
rry
(Eng
.)
Rit
ha,
Bar
a re
etha
(Hin
d..)
; Pa
sam
ota
(Mal
.);
Soap
nut
tre
e(E
ng.)
Soap
wor
t, Soa
proo
t Cro
wso
ap,
Bou
ncin
g be
t(E
ng.)
Kut
, K
utha
(H
ind.
);B
rahm
a ka
mal
(B
eng.
);K
otta
m (
Mal
.);
cost
us(E
ng.)
Mok
hi g
hasn
s (n
ep.)
Dad
mur
dan
(Hin
d.);
Indi
a: c
omm
on i
n Sa
l fo
rest
s of
the
sub
-H
imal
ayan
tra
ct &
in
man
y pa
rts
ofpe
nins
ular
Ind
ia.
Cul
tivat
ed in
Indi
a & w
arm
er p
arts
of w
orld
.
Indi
a: g
ange
tic p
lain
, Wes
tern
Gha
ts, D
ecca
nPl
atea
u, i
n de
cidu
ous
& d
ry e
verg
reen
fore
sts,
occa
sion
ally
pla
nted
on
road
side
s&
gar
dens
; Pak
ista
n, S
ri La
nka &
Mya
nmar
.
Indi
a: H
imal
ayas
, Gan
getic
Pla
ins,
Ass
ampl
ains
up
to 1
660
m, a
lso
freq
uent
ly p
lant
edal
ong
road
side
s; C
hina
, Jap
an, P
akis
tan,
Nep
al, B
angl
ades
h.
Indi
a: p
lain
s of
Nor
thrn
Wes
tern
& C
entra
lIn
dia,
Wes
tern
Gha
ts, c
omm
on in
eve
rgre
enfo
rest
s, so
met
imes
pla
nted
; Pak
ista
n an
d Sr
iLa
nka.
Mac
aron
esia
, Cau
casu
s, Si
beria
, W.A
sia,
Eur
ope;
wil
dly
natu
rlis
ed e
lsew
here
;pl
ante
d in
Ind
ian
gard
ens.
Indi
a-N
W H
imal
ayas
: Ja
mm
u &
Kas
hmir,
Him
acha
l Pra
desh
, Utta
ranc
hal;
Paki
stan
.
Indi
a: C
entra
l and
Eas
tern
Him
alay
as; N
epal
.
Sout
h A
mer
ica;
Intro
duce
d in
Indi
a &
oth
er
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 313
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
93-
+E
94-
+W
95-
+W
96-
-W
97-
-E
98-
+E
99-
-W
100
-+
W
101
-+
W
102
-+
W
alat
a L.
] (L
egum
inos
ae-
Cae
salp
inio
idea
e)
Seas
mum
ori
enta
le L
. [=
S.
indi
cum
L.]
(Ped
alia
ceae
)
Shor
ea ro
busta
Rox
b. ex
Gae
rtn.f.
(Dip
tero
carp
acea
e)
Sida
acu
ta B
urm
.f. (M
alva
ceae
)
Sida
rhom
bifo
lia L
.(Mal
vace
ae)
Sile
ne
grif
fith
ii B
oiss
.(C
aryo
phyl
lace
ae)
Sola
num
acu
leat
issi
mum
Jac
q.(S
olan
acea
e)
Suae
da m
ariti
me
(L.)
Dum
ort.
(Che
nopo
diac
eae)
Tam
arin
dus
indi
ca
L.(L
egum
inos
ae-C
aesa
lpin
ioid
eae)
Term
inal
ia m
yrio
carp
a H
eurc
k &M
uell.
-Arg
. (C
ombr
etac
eae)
Toon
a ci
liata
M
. R
oem
.(M
elia
ceae
)
Jadu
mar
i (O
ri);
Dad
hrug
na
(San
s.);
Rin
gwor
m ca
ssia
(Eng
.)
Til
(Hin
d.);
Tila
(San
s.,
Ori.
);Gin
gelly
(Eng
.)
Sal
(hin
d., B
eng.
, Ori
.,Pu
nj.);
Sal
ah (S
ans.)
Bar
iara
(H
ind.
);Su
nakh
adik
a (O
ri.)
Bhi
unli
(Hin
d.);
Lalb
eral
a(B
eng.
); A
naku
runt
hotti
(Mal
.)
— Kan
taka
ri (
Nep
.); L
ove
appl
e (E
ng.)
Kha
ri
lani
(hin
d.);
Ilak
oora
(T
el.)
;Ve
llake
erai
(Tam
.); In
dian
saltw
ort (
Eng.
)
Imli
(H
ind.
);
Tetu
l(B
eng.
); T
entu
li (O
ri.);
Kan
ggoo
n (M
ani.)
;Ta
mar
ind
(Eng
.)
Tolh
ao, M
urdh
(M
ani.)
;Pa
nisa
j (be
ng.);
Hol
lock
(Eng
.)
Tun
(H
ind.
);
Tun
i(B
eng.
); T
unna
, Api
na(S
ans.)
; Red
ceda
r (En
g.)
for
was
hing
enz
ymat
ous
patc
hes
(Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Plan
t-ash
use
d fo
r cl
eani
ng c
loth
es b
ype
ople
of H
imal
ayas
(Pan
de &
Pok
haria
,19
99)
Woo
d A
sh u
sed
for
was
hing
clo
thes
inN
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
; see
d-oi
l use
din
soap
indu
stry
(Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Roo
ts u
sed
in N
epal
as
sham
poo
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Who
le
plan
t us
ed
as
dete
rgen
t(s
ham
poo?
) in
Kar
nata
ka, T
amil
Nad
u,G
oa, K
eral
a & L
akhy
adee
p (J
ain,
199
1)
Roo
ts a
nd le
aves
use
d as
sub
stitu
te o
fso
ap (
Mal
& J
oshi
, 199
1; W
ealth
of
Indi
a, 1
972)
Frui
ts u
sed
for w
ashi
ng cl
othe
s in
Nep
al(M
anan
dhar
, 200
1)
Who
le p
lant
use
d as
det
erge
nt (
soap
?)in
Sik
kim
, Ben
gal,
Bih
ar &
Oris
sa (J
ain,
1991
)
Cru
shed
gre
en/m
atur
e fr
uits
use
d as
ade
terg
ent e
spec
ially
for
clea
ning
whi
tecl
othe
s; a
lso
used
as a
soap
for w
ashi
ngha
ir (S
ingh
et a
l., 2
001)
Plan
t ash
use
d fo
r cle
anin
g te
eth;
filtr
ate
of th
e m
ixtu
re o
f ash
& w
ater
use
d fo
rw
ashi
ng c
loth
es b
y M
eite
i co
mm
unity
of h
ills i
n M
anip
ur (S
ingh
et a
l., 2
001)
.
Ash
of
bark
use
d as
det
erge
nt b
y th
epe
ople
of
the
Him
alay
as (
Pand
e &
Pokh
aria
, 199
9)
tropi
cal c
ount
ies.
Afr
ica,
Ind
ia:
culti
vate
d &
nat
ural
ized
thro
ugho
ut p
lain
s.
Indi
a: s
ub-H
imal
ayan
trac
t fro
m P
unja
b to
Ass
am, s
outh
war
ds th
roug
h W
B, B
H &
OR
in t
o A
ndhr
a Pr
ades
h &
Mad
hya
Prad
esh;
othe
r tro
pica
l cou
tries
.
Indi
a & al
l oth
er tr
opic
al co
untri
es as
a w
eed.
Thro
ugho
ut In
dia &
oth
er tr
opic
al co
untri
es.
Indi
a: W
este
rn H
imal
ayas
- fro
m K
ashm
ir to
Gar
hwal
; Afg
hani
stan
.
Bra
zil;
natu
raliz
ed in
trop
ics i
nclu
ding
Sou
thIn
dia.
Indi
a: U
pper
Gan
getic
pla
ins,
Del
hi, S
eaco
ast o
f Ben
gal,
Mum
bai,
Dec
an; S
ri La
nka,
Mya
nmar
, Eur
ope,
N. A
fric
a, N
& W
Asi
a,N
. Am
eric
a.
Indi
an s
ubco
ntin
ent,
Indo
-Chi
na.
Indi
a: E
aste
rn H
imal
ayas
from
Nor
th B
enga
lea
stw
ards
to A
ssam
& A
runa
chal
Pra
desh
;C
hina
, Ind
o-C
hina
& M
ales
ia.
Indi
a: s
ub-H
imal
ayan
for
est
from
Ind
usea
stw
ards
to A
ssam
& s
outh
war
ds to
Tam
ilN
adu;
Pak
ista
n, N
epal
, Chi
na, B
angl
ades
h,
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
314 Kul Bhaskar
103
++
E
104
-+
W
105
++
E
106
+-
E
107
-+
I
(Abb
revi
atio
ns u
sed:
Arc
.=A
runa
chal
i; A
sa=A
sam
ese;
Ben
g= B
enga
li; G
ar=G
arhw
ali;
Guj
= G
ujar
ati;
Him
.=H
imac
hali;
Hin
d.=H
indi
; K
an.=
Kan
nad;
Kas
h;=K
ashm
iri;
Kum
.=K
umao
ni; L
ep.=
Lepc
ha; M
al.=
Mal
yali;
Man
i.=M
anip
uri;
Mar
.=M
arat
hi; N
ep.=
Nep
ali;
Ori.
=Oriy
a; P
unj.=
Punj
.; Sa
nt.=
Sant
hali;
San
s.=Sa
nskr
it; T
am=T
amil;
Tel
.=Te
lgu;
AN
=And
aman
& N
icob
ar; A
NP=
And
hra
Prad
esh;
AP=
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh; A
S=A
ssam
; BH
=Bih
ar; C
G=C
hhat
ish
garh
; DL=
Del
hi; G
=Gor
a; G
R=G
ujat
rat;
HP=
Him
acha
lPr
ades
h; H
Y=H
arya
na; J
H=J
hark
hand
; JK
=Jam
mu
& K
ashm
ir; K
R=K
eral
a; K
T=K
arna
taka
; ML=
Meg
hala
ya; M
NP=
Man
ipur
; MP=
Mad
hya
Prad
esh;
MR
=Mah
aras
htra
;M
Z=M
izor
um; N
L=N
agal
and;
OR
=Oris
sa; P
C=P
ondi
cher
y; P
J=Pu
njab
; RS=
Raj
asth
an; S
K=S
ikki
m; T
N=T
amil
Nad
u; T
P=Tr
ipur
a; U
P=U
ttar P
rade
sh; U
T=U
ttara
ncha
l;W
B=W
est B
enga
l; I=
Indi
geno
us c
ultiv
ated
with
wild
form
; W=e
xclu
sive
ly w
ild; E
=Int
rodu
ced
culti
vate
d pl
ant o
r exo
tic w
eed;
'+' =
Pre
sent
; '-'
= ab
sent
}.
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d...
Mya
nmar
, Tha
iland
, Mal
esia
to A
ustra
lia.
Indi
a: c
ultiv
ated
thro
ugho
ut, n
atur
aliz
ed in
Jam
mu &
Kas
hmir,
Pun
jab
& U
pper
Gan
getic
plai
ns; P
akis
tan,
Orie
nt, A
rabi
a, S
.Eur
ope &
Ethi
opia
.
Wee
d in
Indi
a &
oth
er tr
opic
al c
ount
ries.
N.A
frica
, Asia
tem
pera
te, E
urop
e; so
met
imes
culti
vate
d in
gar
dent
s of I
ndia
& T
ibet
as a
nor
nam
enta
l.
Arid
are
as o
f sou
ther
n N
. Am
eric
a; p
lant
edin
gar
dent
s of
Indi
a.
Sub-
Him
alay
an t
ract
to
peni
nsul
ar r
egio
nan
d al
so in
And
aman
& N
icob
ar; c
ultiv
ated
in tr
opic
s.
Trig
onel
la f
oenu
m-G
raec
um L
.(L
egum
inos
ae-F
avod
eae)
Triu
mfe
tta r
hom
boid
eaJa
cq.
(Tili
acea
e)
Vacc
aria
his
pani
ca
P.M
ill.
)R
ausc
hert
[=Sa
pona
ria
vacc
aria
L.]
(Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
)
Yucc
a fil
amen
tosa
L. (
Aga
vace
ae)
Ada
m's
need
le,
Zing
iber
zeru
mbe
t (L.
) Sm
.[=
Am
oom
um ze
rum
bet L
.](Z
ingi
bera
ceae
)
Met
hi (H
ind.
, Ben
g., o
ri.);
Met
hika
(S
ans.
);Fe
nugr
eek
(Eng
.)
Akr
a (A
sa.);
Baj
ram
uli
(Ori.
); B
ongh
as (
Nep
.);B
urw
eed
(Eng
.)
Sabu
ni (
Ben
g.);
Mus
na(H
ind.
); So
ap-w
ort,
Cow
-H
erb
(Eng
.)
Nee
dle o
palm
(Eng
.)
Ban
adra
k (H
ind.
);Sh
ampo
o gi
nger
(Eng
.)
Seed
ext
ract
use
d as
a h
air
clea
nser
(Kap
oor,
2005
)
Who
le p
lant
use
d fo
r w
ashi
ng h
air
inN
epal
(Man
andh
ar, 2
001)
Plan
t sa
p us
ed b
y In
dian
nat
ives
for
was
hing
gar
men
ts,
hair
s, e
tc.
& a
sre
med
y fo
r it
ch (
Maj
umda
r, 1
972;
Aga
rwal
, 198
6)
Leav
es &
roo
ts c
onta
in s
tero
idal
sapo
nis
and
used
to
mak
e so
ap &
sham
poos
; al
so m
edic
inal
(ht
tp:/
/ga
rden
.love
tokn
ow.c
om/w
i ki
/Ada
m's
Nee
dle)
Wat
ery
juic
e of
flow
erin
g he
ads
used
as
natu
ral
sham
poo
in P
olyn
esia
(ht
tp://
the.
Hon
olul
u ad
vert
iser
.com
/art
icle
/20
05/Ju
n/2
4/il/
ill0a
.htm
)
Soap, Shampoo and Detergent Plant Resources of India 315
Fig. 1 : Soap, shampoo & detergent yielding plant species ofIndia.
Fig. 2 : Dominant families of soap plants in India.
Fig. 3 : Break up of plant parts used as Soap, Shampoo &Detergent.
and fruits of Tribulus terrestris reported to have richsaponin content may also be tested for cleaning. Bark ofSalix alba is an astringent used for cuts and sores andas analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumaticand anti-pyretic. This can be used in hair conditioners,shampoos, rinses, etc. (D’ Amelio, 1999). Aloe vera (lf)usually employed in skin creams, lotions, hair treatments,cuts and irritated skins, has positive medical benefits whenused directly as shampoo or as its ingredient. Betula alba(brk, lf, fl) is generally used to treat skin diseases, viz,acne, psoriasis and eczema and frequently available inmarket with value added soaps and shampoos. Matricariachamomilla is yet another soap plant with anti-inflamatory, carminative and healing properties, and isused as an ingredient of shampoo and cosmetics. Leafextract of Matricaria chamomilla is applied in anti-acnecream; fruit extract of Acacia concinna used for controlof dandruff; root extract of Saussurea costus in skinointments for chronic skin diseases; seed extract ofSesamum orientale for skin protection and rejuvenation;fruit extract of Phyllanthus indica (with oil) for promotionof hair growth (Kapoor, 2005). Leaves and roots of Yuccafilamentosa used as soap and shampoo also possessantinflamatory and pain-releaving abilities and used as
medicine for inflammation, rheumatism and migraines(http://garden,lovetoknow.com/wiki/adam’sneedle &http:// www.lyraesherbpages. homestead.com/medicinalherbsQ-Z.html). A number of herbal shampoosin market contain extracts of Phyllanthus emblica,Acacia concinna, Yucca filamentosa, Zingiberzerumbet and many others.
CosmaceuticalsMilky juice of ripe fruits of Carica papaya is a good
ingredient for facial cream due to presence of proteindigesting enzyme ‘papein’; Citrus limon oil is used invarious preparations to reduce skin itching and skinnourishment, pulp left after extraction of juice is usefulas facial ingredients; rhizome powder of Curcuma longapossesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties;used extensively in facial cream and ointments; Aloe veraleaf juce, its pulp or extracted material applied on skinfor smoothness, healing controlling skin burn, sun burnand injury (Kapoor, 2005).Plants used in preparation and value addition ofIndustrial cleaning products
Besides direct use of plant parts for the purpose ofcleaning the extracts of various plant parts are also usedin preparation of industrial soap, shampoo and detergentsand and their value addition. In contrast to natural soaps,shampoos and detergents the industrial cleaning productscontain additional inorganic chemicals for increasedefficiency in cleaning actions. Some plants such asAesculus hippocastanum L., Arachis hypogaea L.,Bactris major Jacq., Calpphyllumino phyllum L.,Corylu savellana L., Garcinia cambogia Desr.,Gossypium spp., Maduca longifolia (L.) Macbr., Cocosnucifera L., Olea europaea L., Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierr. Brassica ceruna (Thunb.) Forbes & Hems.,
316 Kul Bhaskar
Circium arvense (L.) Scop., Xanthium strumarium L.,Fortunella japonica Thunb., Garcinia echinocarpaThwaites, Garcinia mangostana L., Guizotiaabyssinica Cass. And Impatiens sultcata Wall. Yieldseed oil and used for preparation of industrial soaps.Costly soaps are prepared by using good quality seed oilsin soap industries. Essential oils and other biochemicalextracts derived from various parts of many species areused for value addition and fragrance of soaps andshampoos. Some of them are: Aloe vera L., Citrussinenssis Osbeck., Matricaria chamomilla L.,Cymbopogon flexuous (Steud.) Wats, Betula alba L.,Cinamomum glanduliferum Meisn., Eucalyptuscitriodora Hook, Jasminum spp., Larusnobilis L.,Lavendula angustifolia Mill., Phyllanthus emblica L.,Rosmarinus officinalis L., Santalum alum L., Burseradelpechiana Boiss., Cinamomum tamala, XimeniaAmericana L., etc. other species useful for preparingindustrial soaps are: Actinodaphne hookeri Meisn.Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Dipterocarpusmacrocarpus Vesq., Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb.,Haloxy longrecurvum Bunge, Hevea brasiliensis(HBK) Muell., etc.Trade of natural plant parts used as soap, shampooand detergent
Many species used as soap substitute are medicinaland usually are usually commercially exploited. Theseare either sold in India by the herbalists or exported toother countries. A bulk of c. 49% of this resource isexploited from wild source (fig. 1) as non-wood forestproduce. Some potential cleaning agents like Acaciaconcinna, Albizia lebbeck, Aloe vera , Dioscoreadeltoidea, Phyllanthus emblica, Hibiscus rosasinensis,Saussurea costus. Tamariandus indica and Zingiberzerumbet are exported from India and Sapindusmukorossi (fr.) and Asparagus racemosus (rt.) areimported to India from other countries in the form of rawdrugs (Rawal, 2003). Dioscorea deltoidea and Aloe verahave listed in CITES Appendix II. A threatened species,Sausurea costus and Aesculus indica are also knownunder trade in Himalayan region (Samant et al., 1998).
Lucrative commerce of some natural cleaningproducts in India are: Sapindus mukorossi , S.emarginata, S. trifoliatus, Senna alata (lf, pod), Acaciaintsia, A. concinna, Dioscorea deltoidea, Asparagusracemous, Aesculus indica and Saponaria officinalis(http://www.infobanc.com/selling /2013/2013_ql/503312.htm).Chemical investigation of Indian plants for saponins
Kapoor et al. (1969, 1971, 1972, 1976) investigated
about 583 species (incl. vars.) of vascular plants of Indiaand found 79 species positive for saponin. Of these only3 species (Dioscorea deltoidea Wall ex Griseb., Musasp. and Gardenia turgid Roxb.) have reported traditionaluse as soap or shampoo, 7 species (Agava sp., Asparagusacerosus Roxb., Cyathula tomentosa Miq., Dioscoreabulbifera L., Grewia glabra Bl., Asparagus curillusHam. & Dioscorea pentaphylla L.) are relative ofearlier reported plants with soap use and the remaining69 species have no such report of traditional use as soap.Saxena investigated plants of 103 species of phanerogamsfrom Orissa and reported 12 species positive for saponins,none of which have any report of traditional use as soapor shampoo.
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