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POLITICALREALIGNMENTS

FROM1890 - 1918

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Politics of Stalemate

Politics a major fascination of latenineteenth centuryWhite males make up bulk of electorate women may vote in national elections only in

Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado black men denied vote by poll tax, literacy

tests

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The Party Deadlock

Post-Civil War Democratic party divideselectorate almost evenly with RepublicansOne-party control of both Congress, WhiteHouse rareFederal influence wanes, state controlrises

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Experiments in the States

State government commissionsinvestigate, regulate railroads, factoriesMunn v. Illinois (1877) upholdsconstitutionality of state investigationsWabash case (1886) promptsestablishment of Interstate CommerceCommission

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ReestablishingPresidential Power

Presidency hits nadir under JohnsonLater presidents reassert executive power Hayes ends military Reconstruction Garfield asserts leadership of his party Arthur strengthens navy, civil service reform Cleveland uses veto to curtail federal

activities

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Republicans in Power: theBillion-Dollar Congress

1888--Republicans control both WhiteHouse and Capitol Hill1890--Adoption of Reed rules permitsenactment of billion dollar program

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Tariffs, Trusts and Silver

1890--McKinley Tariff raises duties tohistoric highBy 1893--1 million Union pensions granted1890--Sherman Anti-Trust Act regulatesbig business

1890--Sherman Silver Purchase Act backspaper money with silver

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The 1890 Elections

Republicans also assert activistgovernment policies on state level Sunday closing laws prohibition mandatory English in public schools

1890--alienated voting blocks turn outRepublican legislators

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The Rise of thePopulist Movement

Discontented farmers of West and South

provide base of supportThe National Farmers' Alliance andIndustrial Union the result

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The Farm Problem

Worldwide agricultural economy causesgreat fluctuations in supply and demandFarmers complaints lower prices for crops (actual prosperity rising) rising railroad rates (rates actually declining) onerous mortgages (loans permit

improvement)

Conditions of farmers vary by regionGeneral feeling of depression, resentment

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Selected Commodity Prices

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The Fast-GrowingFarmers' Alliance

1875 Southern Alliance begins1889 Southern Alliance absorbsNorthwestern Alliance

Alliance Captures local Democratic partiesin South

After 1890 Runs its own candidates inNorth and West

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The Fast-Growing

Farmers' Alliance: Ocala DemandsSystem of government warehouses tohold crops for higher pricesFree coinage of silverLow tariffs

Federal income taxDirect election of SenatorsRegulation of railroads

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The People's Party

Southern Alliance splits from Democrats toform Populist partySouthern Populists recruit African-

Americans, give them influential positions1892--Populist presidential candidateJames Weaver draws over one millionvotes

Alliance wanes after 1892 elections

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The Crisis of the Depression

Economic crisis dominated the 1890sRailroads overbuilt, companies grewbeyond their markets, farms andbusinesses went deeply in debt

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Coxey's Army and thePullman Strike

1894-- Jacob Coxey leads Coxeys Armyto Washington to demand relief

Pullman strikes by Eugene Debs American Railway Union close Westernrailroads

President Cleveland suppresses strikeswith federal troops

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The Miners of the Midwest

United Mine Workers strike 1894Old miners --English and Irish workers,owners of small family minesNew miners --1880s immigrantsStrike pits new miners against old

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A Beleaguered President

Cleveland repeals Sherman SilverPurchase Act to remedy Panic of 1893Repeal fails to stop depressionRepeal makes silver a political issueDemocrats renege on promise of lowertariff

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Breaking the Party Deadlock

Election of 1894 reduces Democrats to asectional southern organizationRepublicans sweep congressionalelectionsRepublicans become majority elsewhere

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Changing Attitudes

Depression of 1893 forces recognition ofstructural causes of unemployment

Americans accept the need forgovernment intervention to help the poorand jobless

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Everybody Works but Father

Women and children paid lower wages,displace men during depressionEmployers retain women and childrenafter depression to hold down costs

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The Presidential Election of1896

Free coinage of silver the main issue boost the money supply

seen as solution to depressionNew voting patterns emerged and nationalpolicy shifted

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The Mystique of Silver

Free and independent coinage of silver set ratio of silver to gold at 16:1

U.S. mints coin all silver offered to them U.S. coins silver regardless of other nations

policies

Silverites believe amount in circulationdetermines level of economic activity A moral crusade for the common people

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The Democrats and Silver

Candidate: William Jennings BryanFree silver promised in "Cross of Gold"speechDemocrats enthusiastic

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Campaign and Election

Populist party endorses BryanBryan offers return to rural, religious U.S.

McKinley defends urban, industrial societyElection is a clear victory for McKinley,utter rout of Populist party

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The McKinley Administration

McKinley takes office at depressionsend

An activist presidentDingley Tariff raises rates to record highs1900--U.S. placed on gold standard1900--McKinley wins landslide reelectionagainst William Jennings Bryan

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A Decades Dramatic Changes

September, 1901--McKinley assassinatedTheodore Roosevelt becomes president

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America Looks Outward

U.S. expansion shifts after 1890Strategically placed islands taken,intended only as colonies

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Catching the Spirit of Empire

Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years1870s bring new interest in areas beyondU.S. boundariesInternationalism began to replacenationalism

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Reasons for Expansion

Expansion abroad sought to gain marketsEvolutionary ideas encourage expansionto give guidance to native peopleselsewhereMissionary spirit expressed in JosiahStrong's popular Our Country (1885)

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Foreign Policy Approaches:1867-1900

Expansionist foreign policy Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands

Erode European influence in Latin America diverts Latin American trade from Europe

through a series of reciprocity treaties U.S. supports Venezuela against Great Britain

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The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa

1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar freeentry

Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinleyTariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence1893--American settlers pull off coup

1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

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The New Navy

Alfred Mahan argues that overseasmarkets are essential for industrialsurplusesLarge merchant marine, strong navyneeded

1889--Secretary of Navy BenjaminTracy supervises a program of navalconstructionU.S. gains offensive capability at sea

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War with Spain

The war increased overseas possessionsIt also gained the U.S. recognition as aworld power

Americans became convinced they had aspecial destiny

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A War for Principle

February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba"Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentimentto favor Cuban independenceMcKinley gains Spanish concessionsFebruary, 1898--explosion of the Maine

April 19--Congress declares Cubaindependent, passes "Teller

Amendment" April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

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"A Splendid Little War"

U.S. regular army small, ill-preparedProblems of equipment and supply regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles Guard units possess old Springfield rifles

Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

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Smoked Yankees

African Americans serve in army GuardunitsBlack troops resist segregation

African American soldiers win 26Certificates of Merit, 5 CongressionalMedals of Honor

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The Course of the War

May 1--Commodore George Deweycaptures Manila BayJune--Cuba invadedJuly--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Ricooccupied

August 13--Philippines surrender

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Spanish-American War: PacificTheater

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Spanish-American War: CaribbeanTheater

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Acquisition of Empire

Fate of the Philippines was the thorniestissue at the peace negotiationsDecember 1898--Treaty of Paris Cuba independent U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

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The Treaty of Paris Debate

Debate over annexation of the PhilippinesOpponents formed the Anti-ImperialistLeagueFebruary, 1899--ratification of peace treatymakes U.S. a colonizing nation

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American Empire, 1900

G ill W f i h

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Guerrilla Warfare in thePhilippines

1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leadsPhilippine independence movement

1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule local self-government permitted schedule established for independence

July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

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World Colonial Empires, 1900

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Governing the Empire

Supreme Court permits selectiveapplication of Constitution to newterritoriesHawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized asterritories, inhabitants made U.S. citizensNavy controls GuamCuban constitution ends U.S. occupationPlatt Amendment--U.S. given right tointervene in Cuban affairs

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The Open Door

March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China no European nation should carve out a

sphere of influence in China and exclude

others from trading in the areaPolicy opens the potential for later conflictwith expansion-minded powers in Pacific

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Outcome of the War with Spain

Teddy Roosevelt a war heroSet back the cause of civil rights for

African AmericansConfirms Republicans as majority partyU.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

Th Ch i F f

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The Changing Face ofIndustrialism

Industrial growth means more goods atlower pricesResidue of social problems from 1890sNew century begins on optimistic note

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The Innovative Model T

Henry Ford transforms auto industry withmass productionSmall profit on each unit, grosses hugeprofit on high volume of sales1908--Model T introduced1916--Federal government beginshighway subsidies

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The Burgeoning Trusts

The trend toward bigness in industryaccelerates after 1900Bankers provide integrated control throughinterlocking directoratesTrusts controversial often denounced as threats to equality some defend as more efficient

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Managing the Machines

Frederick Taylor advocates ScientificManagement to increase efficiency Worker welfare, morale suffers better paychecks increased danger, tedium

1911--Triangle Shirtwaist Company firedemonstrates risks of factory work

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Better Times on the Farm

Isolation reduced by mail and parcel postdeliveries to farmsTenant farmers remain impoverishedWestern farmers benefit from vastirrigation projects

Irrigation and Conservation in the

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gWest to 1917

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Women and Children at Work

Women resist ideals of domesticity toenter work forceWomens labor unions defend rights ofwomen, child laborers1921--Congress passes laws protectingpregnant workers, their infants health

"I Hear the Whistle": Immigrants

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I Hear the Whistle : Immigrantsin the Labor Force

1901-1920--fresh influx of Europeans,Mexicans, Asians to labor forceNon-English speakers considered a socialproblemPrograms to "Americanize" themImmigration limited from China, Japan,Mexico, southern, central Europe

mm gra on o e n e

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mm gra on o e n eStates, 1900-1920

(by area of origin)

Mexican Immigration to the

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Mexican Immigration to theUnited States, 1900-1920

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Conflict in the Workplace

1915-1918--new round of labor unrestIndustrial productivity fallsUnion membership soars

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Organizing Labor

A.F.L. the largest union1903--women excluded from A.F.L. formWomen's Trade Union League1905--others excluded from A.F.L. formIndustrial Workers of the WorldRadical organizations win spectacularstrikes with small numbersFears of class warfare increase

Labor Union Membership 1897

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Labor Union Membership, 1897-1920

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Working with Workers

Employers improve working conditions toavoid troubleHenry Ford doubles wages, reducesworkday plant production increases union activity ends

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Amoskeag

Amoskeag mills model paternalisticapproach to labor managementCompany hires whole familiesBenefits include playgrounds, health care,home-buying plans, recreation

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A New Urban Culture

Mass production means massconsumptionMost Americans experience abundance

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Production and Consumption

1900-1920--new advertising techniquescreate demand for goodsGoods increase U.S. standard of livingWealth increasingly concentrated

Living and Dying

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Living and Dyingin an Urban Nation

By 1920 the average life span increasedsubstantially

Booming cities take on modern formZoning regulations separate industrial,commercial, residential areas

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FROM ROOSEVELT TOWILSON IN THE AGE OF

PROGRESSIVISM

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The Spirit of Progressivism

Progressivism not a coherent movementShared values

sense of evangelical Protestant duty faith in the benefits of science commitment to improve all aspects of

American life

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The Rise of the Professions

Professions bulwarks of Progressivism Law Medicine Business Education Social work

Professionalism strengthened throughentrance exams, national associations

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The Social-Justice Movement

Reformers forsake individualized reformto address larger structural problems

Apply scientific methods to social reformSocial work became a profession

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Womens Suffrage Before 1900

A Ferment of Ideas:

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A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo

Progressives, pragmatists, measure valueof ideas by actions they inspireReject social DarwinismJohn Dewey--education should stresspersonal growth, free inquiry, creativity

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Reform in the Cities and States

Progressives wanted government tofollow the public will

Reform government reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness new agencies address particular social ills

posts staffed with expertsGovernment power extended at all levels

Interest Groups and the Decline

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Interest Groups and the Declineof Popular Politics

Decline in voter participation 77% from 1876-1900 65% from 1900-1916

52% in the 1920s remains near 52% through 20 th century

Interest groups get favorable legislationthrough lobbying

o er ar c pa on nd l l

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Presidential Elections, 1876-

1920

f i h Ci i

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Reform in the Cities

Urban reform leagues form professional,nonpolitical civil service

Appointed commissioners replaceelected officials in many citiesCity manager idea spreadsReform mayors Tom Johnson of Cleveland "Golden Rule" Jones of Toledo

A i i h S

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Action in the States

State regulatory commissions created toinvestigate economic life

Initiative, referendum, and recall created1917--17th Amendment provides fordirect election of U.S. senators

Action in the States:

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Reform GovernorsRobert La Follette of Wisconsin Wisconsin Idea taps experts in higher

education for help in sweeping reforms

Other Progressive governors Joseph Folk of Missouri Hiram Johnson of California

Charles Evans Hughes of New York Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey

Th R bli R l

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The Republican Roosevelt

Often defies conventionBrings an exuberance to the presidencySurrounds himself with able associates

B i h T

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Busting the Trusts

1902--wave of trust-busting led by suitagainst Northern Securities Company1904--Northern Securities dissolvedRoosevelt reputed a "trust-buster"Comparatively few antitrust cases underRoosevelt

"S D l" i h C lfi ld

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"Square Deal" in the Coalfields

1902--United Mine Workers strike inPennsylvania threatens U.S. economyU.M.W., companies to White HouseRoosevelt wins company concessions bythreatening military seizure of minesRoosevelt acts as broker of interests

Roosevelt Progressivism at Its

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gHeight

1904 A four-way election Republican Theodore Roosevelt

Democrat Alton B. Parker Socialist Eugene V. Debs Prohibition Silas C. Swallow

Roosevelt wins 57% of popular vote, 336electoral votes

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R l ti th R il d

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Regulating the Railroads

1903--Elkins Act prohibits railroad rebates,strengthens Interstate Commerce CommissionWidespread popular demand for furtherrailroad regulation after Roosevelts reelection 1906--Hepburn Act further strengthensInterstate Commerce Commission

membership from five to seven may fix reasonable maximum rates jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline,

express, sleeping car companies

Cl i g U F d d D g

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Cleaning Up Food and Drugs

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle (1906) promptsfederal investigation of meatpacking industry 1906--Meat Inspection Act sets rules for sanitary meatpacking requires government inspection of meat productsSamuel Hopkins Adams exposes dangers ofpatent medicines

1906--Pure Food and Drug Act requires manufacturers to list certain ingredients bans manufacture and sale of adulterated drugs

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N ti l P k d F t

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National Parks and Forests

Conserving the Land (2)

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Conserving the Land (2)

Roosevelts challenge attacks malefactors of great wealth criticizes conservatism of federal courts

agitates for pro-labor legislationPopular response business leaders blame for financial panic

overwhelming majority support

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Party Insurgency

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Party Insurgency

Tariff splits Republicans Progressives: high tariff favors trusts Conservatives: high tariff protects business

1909 Payne-Aldrich Act provokesProgressives to break with Taft

The Ballinger Pinchot Affair

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The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Gifford Pinchot leading conservationist,Roosevelt appointee

Pinchot accuses Interior Secretary RichardBallinger of selling public lands to friendsTaft fires Pinchot

Progressives antagonized

Taft Alienates the Progressives

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Taft Alienates the Progressives

1910--Taft successfully pushes Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen ICC empowers ICC to fix railroad rates

Progressive Republicans attack Tafts plan ofa Commerce Court to hear ICC appeals

progressives obstruct Tafts negotiations

1910--Taft attacks ProgressiveRepublicans, Democrats gain Congress

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Differing Philosophies in the

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Election of 1912Roosevelt--Progressive ("Bull Moose") New Nationalism federal regulation of economy

wasteful competition replaced by efficiencyWoodrow Wilson--Democrat "New Freedom" for individual restrain big business, governmentDemocrats win White House, Congress

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Woodrow Wilson's

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New FreedomWoodrow Wilson former president ofPrinceton, governor of New JerseyProgressive, intellectual, inspiring oratorOne of America's most effective presidents

The New Freedom in Action

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The New Freedom in Action

1913--Underwood Tariff cuts duties1913--Federal Reserve Act reforms

banks, establishes stable currency1914--Clayton Antitrust Act outlaws unfairtrade practices, protects unions

1914--Federal Trade Commission

New Freedom in Action:

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Retreating from ReformNovember, 1914--Wilson announces the"New Freedom" has been achievedIt was a time of healing because a time of

just dealing Statement stuns many progressives

Wilson Moves Toward the New

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NationalismReasons for the move distracted by the outbreak of war in Europe needs conservative Southern support

Republicans seem to gain by attacking hisprograms

1916--Presidential election

Wilson Moves Toward the New

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Nationalism (2)Wilson renews reform in reelection bid Federal Farm Loan Act intervenes in strikes on behalf of workers

attempts to ban child labor increases income taxes on the rich supports womens suffrage

Program wins Wilson a close election

The Fruits of the Progressivism

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The Fruits of the Progressivism

Reform of government at all levelsIntelligent planning of reformWorld War I ends Progressive optimism

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THE NATION AT WAR

A New World Power

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A New World Power

American foreign policy aggressive,nationalistic since late 19th centuryColonialism draws U.S. into international

affairs

"I Took the Canal Zone"

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I Took the Canal Zone

1903--Colombian senate refuses to allowU.S. to build Panama CanalRoosevelt abetted revolution to separate

Panama from ColombiaIndependent Panama permits construction1914--Panama Canal opened

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The Roosevelt Corollary

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The Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. treats Latin America as a protectorateRoosevelt Corollary --U.S. will ensurestability of Latin American finance

Roosevelt Corollary spurs intervention in Dominican Republic Panama Cuba

Ventures in the Far East

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Ventures in the Far East

1905--TR mediates the Ruso-JapaneseWarDiplomatic agreements with Japan Korea under Japanese influence Japan to respect U.S. control of Philippines

Japanese resentment builds over Open

Door policy in China

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Conducting Moral Diplomacy

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Conducting Moral Diplomacy

Wilson negotiated cooling -off treaties totry and settle disputes without warResorts to military force in Latin America intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

Troubles Across the Border

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Troubles Across the Border

1913--Huerta leads coup in MexicoWilson denies Huerta recognition Revolutionary regimes must reflect a just

government based upon law Wilson blocks arms shipments to Mexico1914--U.S. seizes Vera Cruz

1916-- U.S. Army pursues Pancho Villaacross U.S., Mexican border

Activities of the United States

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in the Caribbean, 1898-1930

Toward War

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Toward War

1914--War in Europe Central Powers headed by Germany Allied Powers headed by England, France

Wilson sympathizes with England, seeksU.S. neutrality

The Neutrality Policy

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The Neutrality Policy

Progressives see war as wasteful,irrationalSuspicion that business seeks war for

profitImmigrants prefer U.S. neutrality

A long tradition of U.S. neutrality Americans see little national stake in war

Freedom of the Seas

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eedo o t e Seas

England blockades GermanyU.S. ships to Germany seizedWilson accepts English promise ofreimbursement at wars end

The U-Boat Threat

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German submarines violate internationallaw by shooting without warning

August, 1915-- Lusitania sunk by U-Boat April, 1916--Wilson issues ultimatum: calloff attacks on cargo and passenger shipsor U.S.-German relations will be severed

Germany pledges to honor U.S. neutrality

"He Kept Us Out of War"

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p

1916--Wilson campaigns on record ofneutralityRepublican Charles Evans Hughes

campaigns on tougher line againstGermanyWilson wins close election wins large labor, progressive vote wins majority of womens vote

The Final Months of Peace

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1917--Germany lifts restrictions on U-BoatsWilsons response orders U.S. merchant vessels armed orders U.S. Navy to fire on German U-Boats

April 2, 1917--War declared on Germany

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Over There

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U.S. allies in danger of losing war Germans sink 881,000 tons of Allied shipping

during April, 1917

mutinies in French army British drive in Flanders Stalled Bolsheviks sign separate peace with

Germany; German troops to West Italian army routed

Allies braced for spring, 1918 offensive

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Mobilization

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No U.S. contingency plans for war200,000 troops at wars beginning Draft conscripts 2.8 million by wars end

European Alliances and

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Battlefronts, 1914-1917

War in the Trenches

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Teaming of U.S., English navies halves Allied losses to submarinesJune 1917--U.S. troops arrive in France

Spring, 1918--U.S. forces help halt finalGerman offensive battle of Chateau Thierry

battle of Belleau WoodSeptember--Germans out of St. Mihiel

The Western Front: U.S.

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Participation, 1918

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The Conquest of Convictions

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q

1918--Wilson uses popular anti-Germanrage to pass the Sedition Act criticism of the war was penalized dissenters imprisonedSummer, 1918--anticommunism promptsdeployment of U.S. troops to Russia1918-1919-- Red Scare results indomestic suppression of radicals

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Labor in the War

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Union membership swellsLabor shortage prompts wage increase entry of Mexican-Americans, women, African-

Americans to war-related industrial work force

African American Migration

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Northward, 1910-1920

Labor in the War (2)

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200,000 blacks serve in France 42,000 combat troops

Great Migration to northern factories blacks must adjust industrial work pace encounter Northern racism

1917-1919--Race riots in urban North

Wartime experience prompts new surge ofblack resistance

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A Peace at Paris

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Wilson fails to deflect Allied punishment ofGermany in treatyTreaty creates Wilsons League of Nations Article X of League charter requires members

to protect each others territorial integrity

League's jurisdiction excludes member

nations domestic affairs

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Europe after The Treaty

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Versailles, 1919

Rejection in the Senate

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Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodgeleads opposition to Treaty, LeagueOctober, 1919--stroke disables Wilson

November--Treaty fails in SenateJanuary, 1920--final defeat of TreatyJuly, 1921--U.S. peace declared by jointCongressional resolution

Rejection in the Senate (2)

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Wilson hopes reelection will providemandate for League of NationsLandslide for Republican Warren Harding

Defeat of League of Nations brings defeatof Progressive spirit

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Postwar Disillusionment

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To the next generation the war seemedfutile, wastefulThe progressive spirit survived but without

enthusiasm or broad based support Americans welcomed Hardings return tonormalcy