CHAPTER 31

The Great War and the Russian

Revolutions, 1890 – 1918

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1. The Path to War and Revolution

A. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1890 – 1907 1. Bismarck’s alliance system2. Reversal of Bismarck’s diplomacy3. The diplomatic revolution4. German isolation and aggression5. Russia and its challenges

B. The Crisis of 1908 – 1913 1. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 – 1909 2. The Second Moroccan Crisis of 19113. Italy, the Ottomans, and war in the Balkans

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2. Deadlock and Devastation, 1914 – 1916

A. Stalemate on the Western Front1. Initial assumptions and strategies2. Trench warfare

B. Efforts to Break the Stalemate1. Offensives in the East and Southeast2. The war at sea3. The Verdun, Somme, and Brusilov offensives

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2. Deadlock and Devastation, 1914 – 1916 (cont’d)

C. The War Against Germany’s Colonies1. Japan occupies Germany’s Pacific empire2. Devastation in Africa

D. Civilian Life During the Great War1. Economic and social change2. Malnutrition and disease

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3. Year of Revolution, 1917

A. The United States Enter the War1. Neutrality2. Submarine warfare

B. Mutinies in the French ArmyC. The Russian Revolutions

1. Stresses and strains of the Great War2. The fall of the Russian monarchy3. Dual power and the Bolshevik challenge4. The Bolshevik triumph

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4. Year of Decision, 1918

A. Russian Withdrawal from the War1. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

B. The Great March Offensive and the Influenza Pandemic

C. Decision in Southwest Asia1. Armenia2. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire

D. The Path to Armistice

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