plataforma solar de almería annual technical report 1997

PLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERÍA

ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT1997

(Ref. PSA-TR01/98 MG/BM/CR)

Annual Technical Report 1997

+ Plataforma Solar de AlmeríaApartado 64904080 Almería

( +34-950-387900Fax +34-950-365300

Almería, June, 1998PSA-TR01/97 MG/BM/CRISBN:NIPO:Depósito Legal:

Imprime: ARTES GRAFICAS M-3Almería

PLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERÍA

ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT1997

Prepared by

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasInstituto de Energías Renovables

Plataforme Solar de AlmeríaApartado 22, E-04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.Plataforma Solar de Almería

Apartado 649, E-04080 Almería, Spain

Edited byMichael Geyer, Bernhard Milow and Christoph Richter

July, 1998

Annual Report ‘97 PSA v

PREFACEThis is the 12th annual report of the Plataforma Solar deAlmería since the initiation of bilateral Spanish-German co-operation under the Convenio Hispano-Alemán (CHA) in1987. In all these years our joint labor has been mostsuccessful and the bilateral partnership has proven fruitfuland harmonious. This excellent example of combined effortand its many synergetic effects in Europe was at all timesbased on the common conviction that solar thermal powerand some other solar thermal applications are necessaryfor the sustainable development of mankind.

Almost all the projects carried out at the PSA since 1987have focussed on better cost-effectiveness and the searchfor new applications of solar thermal technology. This isagain reflected in this yearbook, in running projects as wellas in projects now in their starting phase.

But the participants in this challenging endeavor – CIEMATand DLR jointly operating this unique test center as well asthe industrial and scientific partners from so manycountries all over the world – know that a completelysuccessful dynamic marketplace for these technologies hasnot yet been achieved.

Cost reduction alone will not be enough to get the marketgoing again after the first triumph of the erection of 354MW power capacity in California 10 years ago. Therefore,the Spanish and German managers and engineers at thePSA are heavily engaged in the world-wide process ofestablishing a new alliance for the erection of further, moreadvanced solar power plants.

The conditions for success are not too bad: the technologyis technically mature. Economically speaking, solar thermalpower needs grants and other favorable financingconditions that seem to be available. We still lack theperfect combination of powerful manufacturing consortiawith such operating and investor groups; and, of course,solar thermal power also needs good emplacement ininterested helpful countries in the solar belt. Last, but notleast, European governments, including the Commission ofthe EU, must help catalyze the assembly of the necessaryplayers. The PSA is one of the centers of competence andcommitment that works hard to bring the loose ends thatexist together.

Unfortunately, this annual report is the second to the lastone for which Spanish and German teams will be jointlyresponsible. Due to budget reductions in the Germanministry of research, DLR as the German partner is nolonger in a position to maintain its full presence andcontribution to the PSA as it has done for so many years.

Gerd Eisenbeiß

PSA Annual Report ‘97vi

But DLR will not give up the ground gained or the jointvision of successful solar electricity production. There areseveral projects under way that include DLR engineers onthe PSA until 2000, and we will do our best to continuejointly this challenging and promising work even beyondthat date.

Gerd EisenbeißChairman of the SC of the PSA.

Annual Report ‘97 PSA v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSOn behalf of the PSA, the editors would like to thank:

Dr. F. Ynduraín, General Director of CIEMAT, and Dr. W.Kröll, Chairman of the Board of DLR, for their support ofthe German-Spanish Cooperation Agreement,

the Steering Committee members for their consistentsupport and involvement in the solution of financial,technical and organizational difficulties,

the PSA staff who have made the PSA what it is today,

and all the institutions and private enterprises which havefunded and collaborated in our 1997 Program of Work,especially the

German Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft,Forschung und Technologie (BMBF), funding the PSA asits "Plataforma Solar de Almería" project under contractnumber 0328823C,

Spanish Ministerio de Industria y Energía (MINER), whichfunds the PSA within the Spanish national budget,

CEC-DGXII for funding under the following programs:Training and Mobility of Researchers (TMR), providingresearch and training grants to PSA user groups from allover Europe (Contract No. ERBFMGECT950023)Joule, which supports the DISS (Contract No JOR3-CT95-0058) and HYHPIRE (Contract No. COR3-CT95-0085) projects andBrite Euram, which supports the SOLARDETOX project(Contract No.BRPR-CT97-0424)

CEC-DGXVII for funding under the THERMIE program forthe MEDUCA (Contract No. BU/1006/96) and THESEUS(Contract No. TE-235-96-DE-HE) projects

to Deborah Fuldauer and Gabriela Hofmann for thecomposition and language editing and to Angel Soler whotook most of the photographs included in this report..

vi PSA Annual Report ‘95

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface .......................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments ........................................................... v

1 PSA Solar Thermal Technology 1997 Milestones andInternational Cooperation in Solar PowerDevelopment...............................................................1

1.1 PSA - Europe's Solar Thermal Showcase since 1981..1

1.2 German withdrawal from Annex I of the Spanish-German Agreement at the end of 1998 ................ 4

1.3 The PSA Team and its Organization...................... 6

1.4 The 1997 PSA Budget.......................................... 1 0

1.5 The PSA Test Facilities......................................... 1 11.5.1 7-MWt CESA-I Central Receiver Test Facility . 111.5.2 2.7-MWt SSPS-CRS Central Receiver Test

Facility ....................................................... 1 21.5.3 1.2-MWt SSPS-DCS Parabolic-Trough Test

Facility with Storage and Desalination.......... 1 21.5.4 174 kWt LS-3 Parabolic-Trough Facility........ 131.5.5 1.8 MWt DISS Parabolic Trough Loop .......... 1 31.5.6 3x 40 kWt DISTAL I Dish/Stirling Systems . 131.5.7 3x50 kWt DISTAL II Dish/Stirling Systems . 141.5.8 60-KWt High-Flux Solar Furnace................. 14

1.6 PSA Milestone Achievements 199711..................15

1.7 New Projects after 1998..................................... 161.7.1DISS II...................................................... 161.7.2EuroDish................................................... 161.7.3EuroTrough............................................... 16

1.8 PSA Education, Training and Scientific Cooperation18

2 Technical description and project achievements........20

2.1 Low Temperature Applications ...........................202.1.1The LECE..................................................202.1.2Infrastructure............................................212.1.3Ongoing Projects.......................................22

2.2 Parabolic Trough Technology ............................. 282.2.1Direct Solar Steam (DISS) ......................... 282.2.2ARDISS Project ......................................... 3 42.2.3PAREX Project .......................................... 3 7

Annual Report ‘97 PSA vii

2.2.4Training and Mobility of ResearchersControl ..................................................... 38

2.2.5TMR Desalination Project.......................... 4 1

2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems........................................ 4 32.3.1DISTAL I................................................... 432.3.2DISTAL II.................................................. 4 52.3.3HYHPIRE .................................................. 4 7

2.4 Central Receivers............................................... 492.4.1TSA.......................................................... 5 02.4.2REFOS...................................................... 5 22.4.3RAS.......................................................... 5 52.4.4VOLUMETRIC RECEIVERS ......................... 5 72.4.5Heliostat Technology Program .................. 5 82.4.6The Colón Solar Heliostat.......................... 6 12.4.7Colón Solar.............................................. 622.4.8THESEUS ................................................ 652.4.9SolWin..................................................... 67

2.5 Solar Chemistry................................................. 6 92.5.1Collaboration within the European

Commission’s TMR Program (SolarDetoxification) .......................................... 7 0

2.5.2Pesticide Detoxification Project in El Ejido(Almería) .................................................. 7 3

2.5.3Water Recovery from Olive MillWastewaters after PhotocatalyticDetoxification and Disinfection (LAGAR)..... 7 5

2.5.4Solar Detoxification Technology forTreatment of Industrial Chlorinated WaterContaminants (SOLARDETOX)................... 7 7

2.5.5Collaboration within the EuropeanCommission TMR Program (TMR-SOLFIN)..................................................... 78

2.6 Materials treatment ........................................... 8 12.6.1High Flux Concentration Facility (Solar

Furnace)................................................... 8 1

3 Operation & Maintenance .......................................... 8 5

3.1Summary of Hours of Operation ........................... 8 53.1.1CESA-1 Facility ......................................... 8 63.1.2SSPS Facility ............................................ 8 73.1.3High Concentration Facility (HCF).............. 8 9

3.2Maintenance Plan for 1997/98 ............................ 9 1

4. Engineering Department Activities ............................. 9 4

4.1 Overview of the Computer services ..................... 9 5

4.2 Control, Instrumentation and Monitoring ............ 9 6

viii PSA Annual Report ‘95

4.3 Flux Measurement activities ...............................98

4.4 Supervision during the erection of the LS-3 Testloop..................................................................105

4.5 Infrastructure improvements in 1997.................107

5 Training and Educational Activities ............................108

6 Training and Mobility of Researchers Program ...........110

6.1 The Program.....................................................110

6.2 PSA Participation in European Commission AccessPrograms..........................................................111

6.3 Current Activities ...............................................1126.3.1The PSA Commitments .............................1136.3.2Activities in 1997 ......................................117

7. Summary of 1997 Meteo Data .................................119

7.1 Evaluation of 1997 Meteo Data.........................1207.1.1Distribution of Direct Radiation ...............1207.1.2Global radiation conditions......................1217.1.3Temperatures .........................................1227.1.4Distribution of Relative Humidity .............1237.1.5Wind Distribution in Tabernas .................123

Appendix 1 Project Descriptions..................................125

Appendix 2 List of Collaborating Institutions andCompanies ...............................................160

Appendix 3 List of Publications ...................................167

Appendix 4 Project Contact Persons andPSA World Wide Web Pages ......................174

PSA Annual Report ‘97

1 PSA Solar Thermal Technology 1997 Milestones andInternational Cooperation in Solar Power Development 1

1.1 PSA - Europe's Solar Thermal Showcase since 1981 1

1.2 German withdrawal from Annex I of the Spanish-German Agreement at the end of 1998 4

1.3 The PSA Team and its Organization 6

1.4 The 1997 PSA Budget 10

1.5 The PSA Test Facilities 111.5.1 7-MWt CESA-I Central Receiver Test Facility 111.5.2 2.7-MWt SSPS-CRS Central Receiver Test Facility121.5.3 1.2-MWt SSPS-DCS Parabolic-Trough Test Facilitywith Storage and Desalination 121.5.4 174 kWt LS-3 Parabolic-Trough Facility 131.5.5 1.8 MWt DISS Parabolic Trough Loop 131.5.6 3x 40 kWt DISTAL I Dish/Stirling Systems 131.5.7 3x50 kWt DISTAL II Dish/Stirling Systems 141.5.8 60-KWt High-Flux Solar Furnace 14

1.6 PSA Milestone Achievements 1997 15

1.7 New Projects after 1998 161.7.1 DISS II 161.7.2 EuroDish 161.7.3 EuroTrough 16

1.8 PSA Education, Training and Scientific Cooperation 18

Annual Report ‘97 PSA 1

1.1 PSA - Europe's Solar ThermalShowcase since 1981

At the “Plataforma Solar de Almería” (PSA) the sun'senergy is concentrated with heliostats, parabolic troughsand parabolic dishes to power conventional turbines orheat engines to generate electricity. This clean, secure,environmentally friendly power not only diversifiesEurope's domestic electricity production options but, as asustainable power system, is a potential European exportasset. Modern hybrid designs and energy storage makesolar thermal energy a highly value renewable power whichmay be provided on-demand, not only when the sun isshining, and can thus provide a major share of therenewable energy needed in the future. This is because

• Solar radiation is the largest energy resource onEarth. Only the solar radiation available in 1% of theworld's deserts converted by solar thermal powersystems would be sufficient to generate the entireworld electricity demand for the year 2000.

• This resource is more evenly distributed in sunbeltregions than wind or biomass.

• Solar power generation costs in the range of 10-15US cents per kWh make it one of the most cost-effective renewable power technologies.

• As measured at the Kramer Junction SEGS plants, itis an advanced, highly efficient technology providingdaily sun-to-electricity efficiencies of over 18%.

• It is well-proven and demonstrated by over 7 billionkWh of solar-based electricity fed into the Californiangrid.

• It is ready for more wide-spread commercialapplication.

The PSA has been Europe's show case of solar thermaltechnology development since 1981 when the two 500 kWe

IEA Small Solar Power Systems (SSPS) and the Spanish1.3 MWe solar power plant CESA-I went into operation (SeeFig 1.1). Since 1987 the PSA has been run jointly by theSpanish Ministry of Industry and Energy’s "Centro deInvestigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales yTecnológicas" (CIEMAT) and by the German “Deutsches

1 PSA Solar Thermal Technology 1997Milestones and International Cooperationin Solar Power Development

Michael Geyer

Manuel Blanco

2 PSA Annual Report ‘97

Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.” (DLR). Spanish-German co-operation at the PSA is based on the “Co-Operation Agreement on the Co-operation in the Field ofSolarthermal Research, covering in particular the long-termUtilization of the Plataforma Solar de Almeria” (CHA) signedby CIEMAT and DLR on October 15th in 1986.

Since solar thermal electricity was produced at the PSA forthe first time in September, 1981, solar thermal powergeneration has been the main field of activity in its wideranging spectrum of solar research, development anddemonstration (RD&D). Developments in solar thermalelectrical technologies were accelerated by high oil pricesin 1973-85 that attracted the interest of several majorindustrial project developers and international utilitycompanies to the various concentrating solar technologiesinitiated at the PSA.

Thus, while real oil prices fell by 70% between 1981 and1995, solar thermal electricity production costs were alsoreduced by 70% from the 0.50 US$/kWhe of the first solarthermal demonstrations in 1981 to less than 0.15US$/kWhe of today’s state-of-the-art solar thermaltechnology. Nevertheless, low oil and gas prices still makeit hard for solar thermal power to compete with fossilfuels, requiring further research, development anddemonstration efforts at the PSA and its partnerinstitutions to advance performance and reduce costs of

Fig. 1.1 Aerial view of the Plataforma Solar de Almería


this CO2-emission-free technology option for powergeneration. In this respect, the European, Spanish andGerman contributions to the PSA constitute an investmentin clean energy alternatives and strengthen the Europeanability to react to possible energy price swings or the needto reduce fossil-fuel consumption for environmental orother reasons.


1.2 German withdrawal from Annex Iof the Spanish-German Agreementat the end of 1998

Although the long-term belief in the solar thermal poweroption and the continuous support of PSA activities overthe years by its partners in Europe, Spain and Germany,have been internationally justified by the recent WorldBank Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Solar Initiativeand the solar thermal initiative of the EuropeanCommission within the JOULE and THERMIE programs,the present German government has decided to withdrawfrom the PSA operation 50:50 cost-sharing agreement atthe end of 1998. CIEMAT will then take over the fullburden of financing and operating the PSA and securingthis solar thermal show case in Europe.

Meanwhile the United States government has adopted anew Five-Year Program Plan 1998-2003 for technologyresearch, development and field validation required forsolar thermal technologies to make a major contribution toclean global energy resources in the years to come. Thisplan outlines four paths to the achievement of commercialcompetitiveness of solar thermal systems:

• The first path, Develop and Demonstrate High-Reliability DistributedPower Systems, focuses on the reliability of dish/engine systemsas a power source for emerging distributed-energy markets.American efforts are scheduled to achieve costs in the range of 9to 11 US cents per kWh by 2003.

• The second path, Reduce Costs of Dispatchable Solar Power,identifies the highest priorities for activities required to place thepower tower and commercially proven trough technologies on thedispatchable-power market. Accompanied by earlydemonstrations supported by both green power markets andmultilateral organizations such as the Global EnvironmentalFacility, American development should lead to next-generationplant designs capable of producing dispatchable power for 6 to 8US cents per kWh.

• The third path, Develop Advanced Components and Systems,addresses further significant advances to make solar thermaltechnology prices in large-scale and dispatchable markets 4 to 6US cents per kWh making it possible for US industry to install20GW of solar thermal power by 2020.

• In the fourth path, Expand Strategic Alliances and MarketAwareness, the American technology effort is focused on themost critical needs of U.S. industry.

If clean power is also acknowledged in Europe to be a keyto sustainable economic and energy growth,implementation measures have to be taken to build up thenecessary European network and manufacturinginfrastructure to respond to future challenges. The FifthFramework Program is Europe’s opportunity to respond to


the United States solar thermal Five-Year Program Planwith its own strategic sustainable solar thermaldevelopment and demonstration plan for realizing thecommon European objectives of emission reduction andclimate protection. Spain will keep the European solarthermal showcase at the PSA open, but this will need thesolidarity of the European Union and bilateral support frominterested partners and electric utilities.


1.3 The PSA Team and itsOrganization

Throughout its seventeen years of operation, the PSA hascontinuously added to and improved the education andtraining of its staff, its human capital, who have becomeworld-wide experts in the solar field.

The PSA program and project groups, the operating andmaintenance crew and the engineering team, represent acore of solar power competence. This dedicated team ofscientists and engineers, experienced solar powertechnicians and highly skilled craftsmen, many of whomhave been dedicating their skills and expertise to solarthermal activities since the late 1970s, guarantee thecontinuity of the solar facility. On the other hand, a certainamount of healthy fluctuation among personnel providesan exchange with industry, whereby technology andapplications are transferred to industry and new ideas andmodern methodologies are brought to the desert inSouthern Europe where the PSA is located.

Special mention is to be given here to the contributionsand achievements of the colleagues that left the PSA coreteam in 1997/98:

• Martin Stegmann, who was responsible for the PSA Testand Demonstration Center (TDC) and the PSA DishStirling Area in 1996 and 1997 and has now started hisown solar engineering firm for domestic solar hot waterand heating system installation in the Almería area.

A warm welcome is also extended to our new colleagueswho joined the PSA core team in 1997:

• Barbara Milow, who is participating in the EU TMRscientific exchange program as a guest scientist in thePSA Solar Chemistry Group, has a Ph.D. from theUniversity of Cologne and is currently on leave from DLRCologne, where she has conducted numerous researchprojects in solar chemistry. The subject of her TMRMarie Curie research grant project at the PSA is"Application of Solar Waste Water Detoxification andDisinfection Systems in the Mediterranean andDeveloping Countries"

• Jesús Ballestrín, who joined the PSA core team in 1997,has a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the ComplutenseUniversity of Madrid. Before being transferred to thePSA from the Nuclear Security Department in CIEMAT(Madrid) where he had been since January, 1990, hewas working on the noise analysis project on suchsubjects as stability in boiling water reactors andpredictive maintenance of sensors (pressure,


temperature, etc) as well as several projects related toNuclear Power Plants (Vandellos, Ascó, Cofrentes,Almaraz) and Spanish utilities (Endesa, Iberdrola, ANA,Fecsa, etc.).

• Eckhard Lüpfert took over responsibility for theimplementation and execution of the REFOS project atthe PSA. He has a Ph.D. in engineering from theTechnical University of Aachen in high-temperaturewaste detoxification with concentrated solar radiationand had had five years of professional solar systemexperience at DLR Cologne prior to his new assignmentat PSA.

• Wolfgang Reinalter, who took over responsibility for theDISTAL Dish/stirling systems, graduated from theTechnical University of Berlin as an engineer specializedin energy and process engineering and did his finalproject at the PSA on flux measurement of parabolicdishes.

• Frank Schillig, who is responsible for PSA workpackages in the EU Theseus project including modellingand system analysis, has an engineering degree fromthe Technical University of Berlin specializing in energyand process engineering and did his final project at thePSA on receivers for parabolic trough collectors. Hejoined DLR Cologne in 1996, where he developeddynamic simulation models for solar and fossil powerplants.

• Martin Eickhoff joined the DISS Project Team in April1997 to work on his Thesis entitled “Modelling aSimulation of Different Processes for Direct SteamGeneration in Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors withIntegration of Effective Control Systems”. He received aTMR Marie Curie grant for two years after finishing hisstudies as mechanical engineer at the University ofHannover.

Five grants have been awarded for Ph.D. research projectsat the PSA under a Ciemat, DLR and University of Almeria(UAL) cooperation agreement to the following doctoralstudents selected by a joint PSA-UAL commission:

• Diego Alarcón Padilla studied Physics at the Universityof Granada and started his Ph.D. thesis entitled“Development, analysis and evaluation of tools forsimulation of solar thermal concentrating systems” inApril, 1997.

• Pilar Fernandez Ibañez received a degree in Physicsfrom the University of Granada. She started to work onher Ph.D. thesis entitled “Influence of surface propertiesin the sedimentation and separation of the catalyst inwaste water detoxification processes” in April 1997.


• Anselm Kröger-Vodde studied Electrotechniques at theUniversity of Dortmund. The subject of his Ph.D., begunin May, 1997, is “Construction, testing and evaluationof an automated control mechanism for heliostats usinga CCD camera system and implementation of theresults into a simulation code to be developed for animproved power tower system”.

• Rainer Kistner studied Industrial Engineering at theTechnical University of Berlin. He started work on hisPh.D. thesis “Thermodynamic modelling, economicanalysis and environmental evaluation of Parabolictrough solar thermal power plants” in October 1997.

• Miguel Angel Rubio Escudero studied Physics at theUniversity of Granada. He started in April, 1997, on hisPh.D. thesis entitled “Characterization and modeling ofdirect irradiation”.

Fig. 1.3 PSA Matrix Management Organization as of 31.12.97

PSA Steering Committee

Material TreatmentD. Martínez

Solar ChemistryJ. Blanco

Central ReceiverP. Heller

Dish / StirlingP. Heller

Parabolic TroughE. Zarza

Low TemperatureM. J. Jiménez

CESA A. Valverde

CRS/DCSJ. León

HCFJ. Rodríguez

MaintenanceJ.M. Molina

OperationA. Valverde

Computer NetworkJ.A. Camacho

InstrumentationG. García

Civil EngineeringB. Calatrava

Mechanics and ElectricityD. Weyers

Flux measurementsR. Monterreal

Purchases

Payments

Stores

General Services

Operation and MaintenanceJ.A. Rodríguez

EngineeringA. Holländer

AdministrationR. de Haro

Program Lines

PSA DirectorateCIEMAT: M. BlancoDLR: M. Geyer

Project DevelopmentB. Milow, A. López

M. Blanco, G. Eisenbeiß, M. Geyer, F. Sanchez


Thanks and appreciation must also be given to thenumerous temporary collaborators, who have greatlyenriched the PSA during their stay with multi-disciplinaryand multi-cultural input.

Cordial thanks go to the former PSA Steering Committeemembers Manuel Macías Miranda of CIEMAT Madrid andKarl-Otto Pfeiffer from DLR Cologne for their long years ofdedication to PSA issues. Effective January, 1998, ManuelBlanco of CIEMAT and Michael Geyer of DLR have beennominated as successors in the PSA Steering Committee.

The PSA core team is organized within a matrixmanagement structure in three central servicedepartments,

• Engineering• Operating&Maintenance and• Administration

the Directorate Project Development and Control team

and project teams in six program areas:

• Low Temperature Applications,• Parabolic Through Collectors,• Central Receivers,• Dish Technology,• Solar Chemistry and• Materials Testing

Department and Area Heads report directly to the Spanish-German PSA Directorate, as illustrated in Figure 1.3.


1.4 The 1997 PSA BudgetThe total PSA 1997 Annex I budget amounted to 622Million Pesetas. The two Spanish-German Agreementpartners each contributed 214 million pesetas. 194.4million Pesetas were received in contributions to projectsfrom the European Union and from industrial clients.516.5 million Pesetas of this budget were directlyallocated to the projects and 10.1 million Pesetas wereinvested in improvement of infrastructure. Historicdevelopment of the PSA Annual Budget since 1987 isshown in Figure 1.4.

146

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167

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s o

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1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Third Party Income

German Contribution

Spanish Contribution

Fig. 1.4 Development of the CHA Annex I Annual Budget 1987 – 1997


1.5 The PSA Test FacilitiesPSA activities have clearly diversified beyond solar thermalpower plant R&D, as seen in the functions of its new andimproved facilities, until it has now become one of thethree centers of its kind in the world and the most versatilein Europe. Today, the major test installations available atthe PSA are:

• 2.7 MWt SSPS-CRS Central Receiver Test Facility• 7 MWt CESA-I Central Receiver Test Facility• High-Flux Solar Furnace• 1.3 MWt SSPS-DCS Parabolic Trough Test Facility• 174kWt LS-3 Loop Parabolic Trough Test Facility• 1.8MWt DISS Loop Parabolic Trough Test Facility• 3 x 40 kWt DISTAL I Parabolic Dish Test Facility• 3 x 50 kWt DISTAL II Parabolic Dish Test Facility

The following sections describe these major facilities inmore detail. Their location is illustrated in Figure 1.5.

1.5.1 7-MWt CESA-I Central Receiver TestFacility

The CESA-I central-receiver test facility heliostat fieldhas 300 individual-tracking 39.6-m2 heliostat units with anaverage reflectivity of (clean) 92%, tracking error per axisof 1.2 mrad and beam quality characterized by 1.5 mraderror width. Maximum field power is 7 MWt. At designinsolation of 950 W/m2, a peak flux of 3.3 MW/m2 can beachieved. 99% of the power is concentrated within a 4m-diameter circle and 90% within 2.8 m.

Fig. 1.5 1997 New Solar Technology Facilities at the PSA


The central concrete tower has a capacity of approx. 100 tat the top. Major test locations are:

• a 10 m-diameter platform on the roof 80 m aboveground

• a front area just below the top• a 4.5 m x 4.5 m bay at 60 m above ground level• a 0.5m x 0.5m test area at 45 m above ground level• white reflecting targets at 65 and 36 m

The tower has a 5-ton crane on top and a 1000 kg-capacityelevator for personnel and equipment.

1.5.2 2.7-MWt SSPS-CRS Central ReceiverTest Facility

The heliostat field is comprised of 93 first-generationindividual-tracking 39.3 m2 heliostat units, with 20second-generation 52 m2 and 65 m2 heliostats alsoavailable. Their average (clean) reflectivity is 87%,tracking accuracy 1.2 mrad error per axis and beamquality characterized by 1.5-mrad error width. At designinsolation of 950 W/m2 total field power is 2.7 MWt. 99%of this power is concentrated on the aperture plane withina 2.5-m-diameter circle with a peak flux of 2.5 MW/m2.90% of the power is concentrated within a 1.8-m circle.

The 20-ton-capacity structural-steel tower provides threetest platforms, one at the top of the tower at 43 m aboveground and two more at 30.5 m and 24 m. A 600-kg-capacity crane on the top of the tower and a 1000-kg-capacity elevator for personnel and equipment areavailable.

1.5.3 1.2-MWt SSPS-DCS Parabolic-TroughTest Facility with Storage andDesalination

This first-generation parabolic-trough collector fieldconsists of 40 ACUREX 3001 collectors, grouped in 10East-West oriented loops with two rows per loop and twocollectors per row. Total collector field aperture area is2,672 m2 with an average mirror (clean) reflectivity of 92%and tracking error of less than 0.25°. The black-chrome-coated steel collector absorber tubes use 3M Santhotherm55 synthetic thermal oil as the operating fluid. Theoperating range is between 180°C and 290°C. Atmaximum oil operating temperature of 290°, peakefficiency of 50% is achieved at noon. At 950-W/m2

design insolation a peak thermal output of 1.3-MWt can bereached at noon. The 114 m3 thermocline tank storesthermal energy of approximately 5 MWht between 225°C


cold and 295°C hot oil temperatures. The daily thermalenergy delivered by the collector field is about 6.5 MWht.

A 14-cell Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) plant for sea-waterdesalination is connected to the parabolic trough field,which consumes 190 kWt and has a nominal output of3 m3/h of desalinated water with a 9 kg distillate per 2300kJ heat input performance ratio. The output salinity is 50ppm total dissolved solids.

1.5.4 174 kWt LS-3 Parabolic-Trough FacilityThe LS-3 test loop was installed at the PSA during

phase 1 of the DISS Project to study the behavior of theDSG process in a commercial-scale loop.

The test loop consists of a 50-m section of an LS-3-typeparabolic-trough collector, which was the latest oneinstalled at the SEGS plants in the USA. The oil circuitoperates with 1000 liters of Syltherm 800 heat transferfluid with a maximum temperature of about 400 °C andoperating pressure of 20 bar. The maximum power outputis on the order of 175 kWt.

1.5.5 1.8 MWt DISS Parabolic Trough LoopThe complete solar field of the DISS facility will be

composed of 11 parabolic trough collectors with anaperture of 5.76 m and a total length of 550 m. The rowsare installed on an 0.8º north-to-south sloping plot. The550-meter-long solar field is north-south oriented insteadof east-west so that the collectors installed in theevaporating section can be reassembled with a 0°, 2°, 4º,6° or 8° angle to investigate various process options. Withthe proposed design, the DISS solar field will be able towork under the three DSG processes or any of severalcombinations of them, providing the flexibility required toinvestigate all the technical DSG process questions stillunanswered. The system has been designed for maximumfield outlet steam conditions of 400°C and 120bar. In theonce-through configuration, the mass flow rate is 1 kg/s,while in recirculation a rate of 4 kg/s can be achieved. Inthe injection configuration the maximum pressure forwater injectors is 140bar.

1.5.6 3x 40 kWt DISTAL I Dish/StirlingSystems

The DISTAL I facility provides three individual-trackingpolar-mounted parabolic dishes. Each dish consists of a7.5-m-diameter, single-facet stretched-membraneconcentrator with an average reflectivity of (clean) 94 %.Local concentration factors of more than 12,000 were


measured in the focal plane. 90% of the power isconcentrated within a 12 cm diameter. At a focal lengthof 4.5 m a SOLO V160 Stirling engine with a directlyilluminated solar tube receiver is attached.

1.5.7 3x50 kWt DISTAL II Dish/StirlingSystems

The DISTAL II facility demonstrates the actual designfor Dish/Stirling systems. Its enlarged 8.5-m-diametersingle-facet stretched membrane concentrator tracks thesun using an azimuth-elevation drive system which allowsfully automatic sunrise-to-sunset operation. Due to theenlarged mirror and the reduced focal length of 4.1 m,peak concentrations of about 16,000 suns in the focalplane have been demonstrated. The power conversion unitis a reworked SOLO 161 Stirling engine in the focal point.

1.5.8 60-KWt High-Flux Solar FurnaceSunlight is reflected by four 53.61-m2 heliostats with

90% average (clean) mirror reflectivity onto the primaryconcentrator, each of which illuminates a quarter of it,thus producing 60-kW total system power. The MDACparabolic-dish concentrator, made up of 89 0.91-m-x-1.21-m sandwich facets, is 11.01 m x 10.41 m. The differentfacet curvature radii are set to a partial segmentedcylinder surface with individual segments displacedperpendicularly to the cylinder axis. The total reflectivesurface area is 98.51m2 with an average reflectivity of92%, focal length of 7.45 m and focal height of 6.09 m.At the 120-mm focal spot, black-body temperature is2500 K. Sunlight concentration is controlled by a 11.44mx 11.20m louvered shutter with 30 5.60 m x 0.93 m slats.The shutter can be set to 15,800 positions between 0°(open) and 55° (closed), yielding angles accurate to0.00346° and flux regulation accuracy of 8.01*10-5 and4.94*10-5 respectively. Fastest closing time is 5 seconds.The experiments can be mounted on a 0.7-m-x-0.6-m testtable moveable on three axes at a maximum speed of200mm/s along displacement paths x = 0.92m, y =0.66m (along the optical axis) and z = 0.50m. Theconcentrator, test table and shutter are located inside thesolar furnace building.


1.6 PSA Milestone Achievements1997

• DISS: Purchase of all equipment and materials, deliveryof main components to PSA, detailed engineering of theBalance of Plant, design of control and instrumentation,preparation of infrastructure

• LS-3 Loop Completion and first tests• Test preparation and start-up for the pressurized

volumetric air receiver (Refos)• Comparison Campaign for large area heliostats

completed• Grid connection of the open volumetric receiver

demonstration (TSA)• Advanced salt receiver test campaign terminated (RAS)• Colón Solar 70 m2 heliostat prototype erected• Start of Theseus Project• Erection of Distal II and regular sunrise to sunset

operation• SOLARDETOX project for development of a commercial

waste-water detoxification system started (June 1997)• 3rd TMR User meeting held in February, Selection panel

of independent experts to grant access in 1998 held inOctober 1997, first TMR user workshop held inNovember.

• DLR-SunLab Scientist Exchange Program started withthe visit of Scott Jones from Sandia

• Local Heliostat Control System completed, CCD camerasystem for flux measurement installed (Engineering)

• Electrical supply, UPS and optical-fiber network as wellas water supply extended to several remote buildings;more than 15000 operation hours performed

• Proposals for the Eurotrough, Eurodish and IresmedProjects successfully submitted, EU-Joule Project FIREcompleted and co-development of the DLR Synthesisconcept for market introduction of solar thermal powerplants (Project Development)


1.7 New Projects after 1998In response to the 1997 EC JOULE call for proposals, thePSA is a partner in the following approved solar thermalproject proposals:

• DISS II• EuroDish• EuroTrough

The objectives of these projects are briefly described in thefollowing.

1.7.1 DISS IIThe DISS II project continues DSG field activities at the

PSA. Based on the real-scale PSA DISS test-bed collector,the three DSG processes, Once-trough, Recirculation andInjection, will be studied in experiments that determine itsoperating limits, temperature gradients and processcontrol under real solar working conditions. Once theresults have been collected and evaluated, improvedcomponents developed by the several partners will betested.

Finally, more promising DSG commercial power plantconcepts, including integration into Combined Cycle, willbe defined and compared to find an economically optimumsolution.

CIEMAT and DLR will share an important role in thisproject. CIEMAT will co-ordinate the project in closecooperation with DLR, especially the PSA project team,which will continue to be located at the PSA after thetermination of the CHA Annex I.

1.7.2 EuroDishIn the EuroDish project, the industrial partners Schlaich

Bergermann & Partner (SBP), INABENSA, Klein & Stekl,Mero and SOLO will develop new innovative components,manufacturing/erection procedures and associated toolswhich could reduce Dish/stirling system cost to less than5.000 ECU/kWe. Their 80% share in the EuroDish projectis a prime example of continual industrial engagement indish/Stirling technology. Two 10-kWe EuroDish prototypeswill be erected at PSA and qualified by CIEMAT and DLR.The project is scheduled to start in August,1998 and becompleted by spring of 2001.

1.7.3 EuroTroughThe European firms, INABENSA, Schlaich Bergermann &Partner (SBP), Pilkington Solar International (PILKSOL)


and Fichtner, have joined forces in the EuroTrough projectto develop an advanced low-cost European parabolictrough collector for electricity generation and process heatapplications incorporating the newest features inlightweight construction, drive, control and concentratortechnologies in a collector weighting less than 30 kg/m²and at target costs of under $200/m². A prototype sectionof the EuroTrough collector will be erected at the PSA andqualified by CIEMAT and DLR. Project startup is scheduledfor August, 1998, and completion in January, 2001.


1.8 PSA Education, Training andScientific Cooperation

Since 1990, the PSA, together with 10 other largeEuropean installations, has been selected by the EuropeanCommission DGXII to participate in a research subsidyprogram called “Access to Large-Scale ScientificInstallations” (LIP), which provides financial assistance forthe operating and other costs originating in the use of thePSA facilities by groups of European Community scientistswho would otherwise not have access to them. Within the1997 Access to Large-Scale Facilities TMR (Training andMobility of Researchers) Program, more than 50 scientistsfrom 28 research groups from universities and industrywere thus able to carry out their research projects in thePSA’s nine facilities. The results of this research work havebeen published in numerous scientific journals andcongresses. At the first annual Users Workshop onNovember 18th and 19th, all the groups were able topresent their results in two parallel sessions, Control ofSolar Thermal Applications and Solar Chemistry. Theproceedings of this meeting have been published in theCIEMAT conference series (See Appendix 3, List ofPublications).

PSA application to the TMR program (AccompanyingMeasures) for a Summer School on Solar ThermalConcentrating Technologies has been approved and will beheld in 1998.

Cooperation with the University of Almería continued to befruitful, extending to joint organization of doctoral coursesin renewable energies and including five grants fordoctoral theses. After publication of the grants in theOfficial Bulletin of the Province of Almería, candidateswere selected by a committee composed of members ofthe University and PSA. In addition to the five doctoralgrants, 9 grants for practical training were also awarded.Furthermore, participation in the PSA student program hasbeen considerably increased by participation in the EULeonardo program. 36 students were trained at the PSA in1997, contributing over 200 man/months to PSAresearch.

For international scientific cooperation, the PSA has beenactively engaged in the International Energy Agency (IEA)SolarPACES Implementing Agreement program since itsorigin with the signing of an agreement for the "Small SolarPower Systems" (SSPS) Project by Austria, Belgium,Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and the USA on the PSA grounds in 1977.After successful review of the SPSS Project by an IEA


Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP) in 1990, severalof the member countries went on to continue solar thermalR&D cooperation in a new stage of the project, which thenbecame SolarPACES - Solar Power and Chemical EnergySystems. There are currently 12 member countries inSolarPACES (April, 1998): Australia, Brazil, Egypt, France,Germany, Israel, Mexico, Russia, Spain, Switzerland,United Kingdom and United States. PSA activelyparticipates in all three tasks of the SolarPACES program:

• Task I, Solar thermal electric power systems• Task II, Solar Chemistry Research and• Task III, Solar Technologies and Applications

Under SolarPACES, the PSA leads the so-called START(Solar Thermal Analysis, Review and Training) Missions.The goal of these Missions is to help nations in the sunbeltregions develop a rational approach to the deployment ofsolar thermal electric systems within their country. ThePSA has successfully contributed to START missions inEgypt, Jordan and Brazil.

Within the SolarPACES framework and with DLRfunding, a fruitful scientific exchange was begun betweenPSA and the American SunLAB, a cooperative agency ofSandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque (New Mexico)and the New and Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) inGolden (Colorado), with the visit of Scott Jones of Sandia,who participated in the PSA flux central receiver anddish/Stirling measurement campaigns in Spring of 1997.

Based on a Memorandum of Understanding betweenThe World Bank and SolarPACES, PSA solar thermalexpertise has also been put into service in Worldbankrenewable energy reconnaissance missions.

Back: Table of Contents

Back: 1 PSA Solar Thermal Technology 1997

Next Chapter: 2 Technical description and project achievements


2 Technical description and project achievements...... 20

2.1 Low Temperature Applications ..............................202.1.1The LECE...................................................202.1.2Infrastructure ............................................. 212.1.3Ongoing Projects........................................22 2.1.3.1 Projects within the U.E. DG XII JOULE program. 22 2.1.3.2 Activities under Collaboration Agreements 25

2.1.3.3 Other European Programs 25 2.1.3.4 Other activities 27

2.2 Parabolic Trough Technology................................ 28

2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems ..........................................43

2.4 Central Receivers ................................................49

2.5 Solar Chemistry...................................................69

2.6 Materials treatment ............................................. 8 1


2 Technical description andproject achievements

2.1 Low Temperature ApplicationsKnowledge of the energy behaviour of building compo-

nents is the key to good building design. New legislation inEU countries (Construction Elements Directives89/106/CEE and SAVE 93/76/CEE) and popular aware-ness are setting new energy quality standards for the con-struction sector. Also, new passive design solutions arebeing used as alternatives to traditional fuel consumption.At the Plataforma Solar, the Area of Low Temperature’sLECE laboratory offers the building sector and researchcentres working in this field the opportunity to test bothalready existing components and new innovative designs.

2.1.1 The LECEThe LECE (Laboratorio de Ensayos Energéticos para

Componentes de Edificación) on the south side of the PSA,forms part of the European PASLINK network of laborato-ries for energy testing of construction materials. It consistsof four test cells with complete instrumentation for testingof the thermal performance of building materials and pas-sive solar components under real outdoor conditions (SeeFig. 2.1) The LECE carries out its experiments as part of acontinuous action of the CIEMAT solar energy buildingsR&D section.

The purpose of the LECE facility is to contribute to en-ergy quality knowledge of construction components by ex-perimenting to determine a given thermal property of acomponent, such as the overall thermal loss coefficient(UA), solar gain factor (gA), or system time response (τ).These properties can be used afterwards to optimize

María José Jiménez

Area Head

Juan de Dios Guz-mán

LECE Facility Man-ager

Fig. 2.1.1 View of a PASSYS test cell and control room.


building design for energy saving without loss of comfort.Considering that 40% of the energy used in Europeancountries is for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., this is a veryimportant aspect of energy conservation.

The LECE activities can be classified as:

• Experimental support of specifications for legislation.• CIEMAT Solar Energy Building project experiments.• Collaboration with manufacturers of construction

products.

And its main tasks are the following:

• Accreditation for energy certification of building com-ponents. Implementation of quality system. The LECEis being prepared to income an ENAC (Spanish ac-creditation institution)

• Experimental testing of natural cooling techniques:with vegetation, evaporative roofs and ventilation.

• Testing and thermal characterization of vertical andhorizontal building components in collaboration withmanufacturers of construction products. Active solarcomponents, testing and thermal characterization.

• Testing of methodologies for the development and im-provement of component thermal characterization.

2.1.2 InfrastructureThe Laboratory has four test cells of approximately the

same size as a standard room, which are well insulated by40-cm-thick polystyrene walls. Both the wall opposite theservice room and the roof are interchangeable with testspecimens. Once the test components have been installed,the test sequences, appropriate procedures, and powerand temperature conditions in the interior of the test cell,are started.

One of the test cells is provided with a rotating plat-form, providing experiments with a new richer dimension,since orientation with respect to the sun can easily bechanged.

The new Solar Transmittance Sensor (STS) contributesto the laboratory’s capacity for calculation of energy andlight transmittance of non-homogeneous translucid con-struction components. At the moment, the STS sensor isa pyranometer, so the only measurable variable is totaltransmittance. Nevertheless, it can be used with a portablespectrometer, which enables calculation of spectral trans-missivity.


2.1.3 Ongoing ProjectsIn 1997, the laboratory participated in the following

projects to be continued into 1998:

2.1.3.1 Projects within the U.E. DG XII JOULE pro-gram.

PV-HYBRID-PAS:

The PSA participates in this Joule project along with theother European Laboratories that belong to the PASLINKnetwork. The general objectives are the development andtesting of thermal characterization procedures for photo-voltaic components and their application to the characteri-zation of commercial components for their comparativestudy.

The PSA tasks consist of the testing and thermal char-acterization of a commercial opaque amorphous photovoltaiccomponent.

The necessary equipment was acquired in 1997. Theassembly of the photovoltaic test component supportstructure was completed. Additional sensors were acquiredand installed. The data acquisition system was modifiedfor storage of the required set of data.

The tasks planned for 1998 are the acquisition and in-stallation of additional sensors, modification of the dataacquisition system for storage of the required data and thecorresponding test and data analyses.

Fig 2.1.2 Photovoltaic modules being tested in thePASSYS II test cell.


APISCO (Application of plants for the thermal qualityimprovement in buildings):

CIEMAT’s team for Solar Energy in Buildings is a par-ticipant in this project which has the overall objective ofquantifying the thermal and shading effects of vegetation-based techniques in housing and urban planning.

This project uses the LECE facility for testing and char-acterization of different types of plants on the vertical wallof the CESPA I test cell during the summer.

1997 activities were the acquisition and assembly of theinfrastructure that enables the selected plant to grow onthe test cell and around it. Sensors have been installedand the data acquisition system was modified to collectthe specified data. A first test was performed and plantbehavior under the experiment conditions was studied inorder to improve later tests.

The planned activities for 1998 are infrastructure im-provements enabling the selected plant to grow on the testcell and its surroundings. A second test is also to be car-ried out during the summer, applying the knowledge ac-quired the previous year in this type of experiment.

Figure 2.1.3: Assembly of the experiment for APISCO proj-ect in a CESPA test cell.

ROOFSOL (Roof solutions for natural cooling):

This CIEMAT Solar Energy in Building Section was ac-cepted by the EU Joule Program in 1995. The overall ob-jectives of the project are:

• Create design information, in which energy perform-ance indices will accompany to a classification of roofsolutions and components, feasible for the Mediterra-nean area.


• Provide valuable real-scale examples of roof compo-nents together with an in-depth analysis of performanceand energy-saving potential in a diversity of climatesacross the Mediterranean area.

Within the framework of this project, the LECE is beingused as a facility to perform a relevant part of the experi-mental task consisting of the installation and thermaltesting of different configurations of an evaporative roof to beused for cooling by semi-passive techniques. The compo-nent that is being tested is a roof pond with water sprin-kling system.

The tasks carried out at PSA in 1997 have been the fol-lowing: Selection, acquisition and installation of equipmentsuch as sensors, insulation, internal support, and sprin-kles, installation of the roof pond prototype, tests perform-ance and data pre-processing.

The tasks planned to be carried out at PSA in 1998 arethe installation of additional equipment such as sensors,insulation and sprinkles, tests performance and data pre-processing, for different roof configurations.

Figure 2.1.4: Evaporative roof tested in the PASSYS I testcell.


2.1.3.2 Activities under Collaboration Agreements

Agreement between Polytechnic University of Cata-luña and CIEMAT

Under this agreement, the L.E.C.E. is performing thetests and characterization of four types of bricks, fabricatedwith waste from different industries (textile, cardboard, etc.) inthe test cells. The results of the tests are confidential.

In 1997, one of the four special kinds of bricks made ofindustrial textile waste was thermally characterized. Inorder to achieve this characterization, a wall was built withthese bricks, the necessary sensors were installed anddata acquisition system modifications were implemented.

The activities planned for 1998 are: data analysis andthe corresponding report on the first test carried out in thePASSYS II test cell in 1997 and testing of the remainingthree kinds of bricks in the PASSYS II and CESPA IV testcells following the same procedures as for the first test.

Agreement between Polytechnic University of Madridand CIEMAT:

The LECE is being used as the basis for specific (UNE)regulation of this type of test sites. The AENOR (Spanishagency for normalization) technical committee number 7(Material Testing) must write these regulations.

Agreement between Complutense University of Ma-drid and CIEMAT:

LECE is collaborating in the performance of ventilationtests in one CESPA test cell.

In 1997, the LECE provided this team with infrastruc-ture and technical support for its ventilation experiments.

2.1.3.3 Other European Programs

TMR Program:

LECE Laboratory is part of the facilities of the PSA in-cluded in the TMR program (Training and Mobility of Re-searchers). This program provides access to PSA, free ofcharge for user groups or individuals throughout the Mem-ber States of the European Union and Associated States(currently Norway, Lichtenstein, Iceland and Israel). TheEuropean commission covers travel and subsistence ex-penses of the users, as well as facility operating costs. Us-ers are provided with infrastructure, logistical, technicaland scientific support.


1997 Activities:

University of Athens group: A CESPA cell was used todesign a control strategy for a shading device and a heat-ing and cooling system. A reference wall with a double-glazed window and exterior motorized venetian blind wasinstalled. The objective was to obtain the minimum neces-sary variables to implement control algorithm focused into reach comfort saving energy.

University of Patras: This group performed a thermalstress test on a partially shadowed double-glazed window.This window was installed in a CESPA cell using a refer-ence wall as support. The cell was able to reach an indoortemperature lower than the outdoor temperature, installinga cooling system in this cell.

Figure 2.1.5: Assembly of the experiment on windowstress, carried out for TMR user University of Patras.

UMSICHT (Germany): This group evaluated an autono-mous household refrigerator which uses a solar collectoras the energy source. The equipment was installed in theLECE facility and used the LECE data acquisition and pro-cess control infrastructure.

Activities planned for 1998:

University of Athens: The test cells will be used to per-form experiments with an evaporative material and to vali-date results of experiments that have been carried out inthe same type of cells under other weather conditions inGreece.

University of Patras: Tests will be carried out to studythe natural convective effects of a window frame.


2.1.3.4 Other activitiesIn 1997, the LECE continued implementing the quality

procedures necessary to meet all the ENAC (the Spanishaccrediting institution) accreditation requirements. Theseaccreditation activities are planned to continue in 1998.

Several maintenance tasks, such as the repair of one ofthe cells damaged by severe weather conditions, were car-ried out in 1997, and personnel training, were also routineactivities.

A summary of the activities programmed for 1998 isshown below:

Table 1: LECE 1998 planned activities


Back: 2 Technical description and projectachievements

Previous Chapter:1 PSA Solar ThermalTechnology 1997

Next Chapter: 3 Operation & Maintenance

Next Section: 2.2 Parabolic Trough Tech-nology


2 Technical description and project achievements ......20

2.1 Low Temperature Applications ..............................20

2.2 Parabolic Trough Technology................................ 282.2.1Direct Solar Steam (DISS) ............................ 282.2.2ARDISS Project .......................................... 342.2.3PAREX Project ........................................... 372.2.4Training and Mobility of Researchers Control.. 382.2.5TMR Desalination Project ............................ 41

2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems ..........................................43


2.5 Solar Chemistry...................................................69



2.2 Parabolic Trough TechnologyThe activities of the Parabolic Trough Technologies Area

during 1997, were divided among five projects:

• Direct Solar Steam (DISS)• ARDISS• PAREX• T.M.R. Control• TMR-Desalination

2.2.1 Direct Solar Steam (DISS)The DISS (DIrect Solar Steam) project is a complete

RD&D program aimed at developing a new generation ofSolar Thermal Power Plants with parabolic trough collec-tors. This R&D program is based on three points:

1. Development and implementation of improved compo-nents for parabolic trough collectors (e.g., absorberpipes with better optical and thermal properties; bettermirrors; more accurate tracking systems; etc...).

2. Development of the Direct Steam Generation (DSG) pro-cess eliminating the oil now used at existing plants as aheat carrier medium between the solar field and thepower block. This process would increase overall systemefficiency while reducing investment cost.

3. Optimization of overall plant design and improvement ofO&M procedures to achieve better coupling of the solarfield and power block, with shorter startup and shut-down times.

The expected benefit of this project is a 30% reductionin the cost of electricity generated with parabolic troughs.State-of-the-art for parabolic-trough solar thermal powerplants is marked by the nine SEGS plants currently in op-eration in California. The SEGS plants use oil as the heattransfer fluid (HTF) between the solar field and the powerblock connected to the external grid. Though these plantshave performed well, their potential for cost reduction andincreased efficiency is limited. Therefore, the parabolic-trough solar thermal electric technology must seek ways toreduce costs with better performance than now available tobecome more competitive in the power market. The DISSproject is this step toward cost reduction.

The DISS project is planned in several consecutivephases. The first phase of the project, which was started inJanuary, 1996, and is currently underway with EuropeanCommission financial support (Contract JOR3-CT95-0058),will last 30 months, while DISS-phase II is now planned totake 33 months. Final planning for the third and last phaseof DISS will be prepared at the end of the second phase be-

Eduardo Zarza

Pedro Balsa


cause it strongly depends on results of the experiments tobe performed at the PSA DISS test facility during the secondphase.

The partners in DISS-phase I are:

• Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambien-tales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spanish public researchinstitution belonging to the Spanish Ministry of Industry.

• Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR),German public research institution

• Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. (ENDESA),Spanish electric utility

• IBERDROLA (ID), Spanish electric utility• Instalaciones Abengoa S.A. (INABENSA), Spanish indus-

try• Pilkington Solar International GmbH, German industry• SIEMENS-KWU, German industry• Unión Eléctrica Fenosa (UEF), Spanish electric utility• Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung

Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), German research center

SOLEL Solar Systems (Israel), INITEC (Spanish Engi-neering Company), UFISA (Spanish Engineering Company)and the Electrical Engineering and Electronics Group of theUniversity of Manchester (UMIST) are also participating assubcontractors.

Figure 2.2.1 shows project organization on three levels:

1. The Project Committee: composed of representa-tives from all the sectors involved in the project(i.e. industries, research centers and electric utili-ties). This Committee defines the project guide-lines and takes executive decisions.

2. Project Coordinator: who manages the overallproject in accordance with the guidelines definedby the Project Committee

3. Task Leaders: the work packages to be performedin the project are grouped into six Tasks, with aTask Leader being responsible for the coordinationof all the activities within each Task.


The following tasks are included in the DISS projectplan:

Coordination and Management: This task includes projectplanning, coordination, quality and project control.

Design & Implementation of the PSA DISS test facility:This task includes the design, procurement and erection ofthe PSA DISS test facility, which is to be erected in twostages, a single-row system during the first phase of theproject and a parallel row to be added at a later stage afterenough information and experience has been gathered withthe single row. Simulations have pointed out that severetransients could occur in a large DSG solar field whenthere are cloud transients and, therefore, implementationof the second row of collectors is considered essential.This facility will be a key tool for life-size investigation ofthe three DSG processes (i.e., once-through, recirculationand injection).

Testing and Operation: this task includes the operationand maintenance of the PSA DISS test facility. Tests willattempt to find out the answers to some open questionsabout the DSG process that cannot be found at smallertest facilities.

DSG Applied Research: Thermohydraulic aspects of DSGtechnology complementing the experimental results gath-ered at the PSA will also be investigated. Process controlschemes and heat transfer enhancement mechanisms inthe absorbers with two-phase flow will be developed andevaluated.

Collector Improvements: Possible collector improvements(e.g., front-surface mirrors, lighter structures, new selec-

Fig. 2.2.1 DISS Project Organization


tive coatings, anti-reflective coatings, etc.) will be studiedand evaluated in this task. An oil test loop is currently be-ing erected at the PSA for used as a test bed to evaluateimproved components under real solar conditions.

System Integration: Operation, maintenance and cost is-sues for a commercial DSG power plant will be analyzedtaking into account the experimental results gathered atthe PSA DSG test facility. The lay-out and configuration ofa demonstration commercial plant using the DSG technol-ogy will be prepared.

Summary of activities in 19971997 activities were performed under the Design & Im-

plementation of the PSA DISS Test Facility, DSG Applied Re-search and Collector Improvement tasks, as well as overallproject coordination and management, as summarized inthe following paragraphs.

Regarding design and implementation of the PSA DSGtest facility, most of the detailed single-row system designwas finished and erection was begun in June, 1997. Tech-nical specifications for purchase of the equipment wereprepared by the partners involved in the detailed facilitydesign. Most of the BOP equipment was purchased byCIEMAT. Though technical problems concerning the solarfield foundation design delayed the starting date of thecollector assembly, these problems were solved in the lastquarter of 1997 and foundations could be laid at the endof November. The collector assembly jigs were installed onsite by INABENSA the first week in December. Construc-tion of the BOP building was begun in October and thesteel structure was erected in November. The long ab-sorber pipe delivery period and the problems with founda-tions have delayed construction of the test facility by an-other 2 months in the second half of 1997. After a difficultsearch, a supplier for the recirculation pump was foundand the purchasing contract will be signed in January,1998. Samples of high pressure ball joints to connect thecollectors have been tested by the PSA with the collabora-tion of ENDESA, solving this technical constraint. The PSADISS test facility system configuration is shown in Fig.2.2.2, while Fig. 2.2.3 shows some parabolic-trough mod-ules during assembly.


Fig. 2.2.2 Updated diagram of the PSA DISS test facility

Under the "DSG Applied Research" task, DLR has con-tinued to develop special test equipment for DSG experi-ments at the PSA. A draft of the test plan to be performedat the PSA DISS facility has been prepared and will con-tinue to be discussed in 1998. Possible absorber pipe heattransfer enhancement mechanisms have been analyzedand the study of porous coatings was started.

Within the "Collector Improvement" Task, the PSA HTFtest loop was finished and this facility is now available toexternal users for parabolic-trough collector componenttesting under real solar conditions. This test stand, builtfrom half an LS-3 collector, and provided with oil pump,

g. 2.2.3 Some parabolic trough modules for the DISS solar field


cooler and heater, as well as an oil expansion tank, canwork at up to 400 C. (Shown in Fig. 2.2.4.) The local con-trol developed for parabolic trough collectors by the PSA in1996 was successfully tested in 1997. CIEMAT has con-tinued the development of new selective coatings and Sol-Gel front-surface mirrors.

Fig. 2.2.4 The PSA HTF test loop


2.2.2 ARDISS ProjectThe ARDISS (Advanced Receiver for Direct Solar Steam)project was financed 50% by the CEC Joule II program and50% by the partners (CIEMAT, ZSW, CONPHOEBUS andINETI). The project started in December, 1994 and fin-ished in March 1997. The goal of the ARDISS project is toanalyze the technical options of the DISS process, identi-fied as the most promising development for speeding upcommercialization of solar-powered electricity production,and to develop an advanced receiver fulfilling its require-ments. For this, the most promising component develop-ments in recent years, in particular a Second Stage Con-centrator (SSC) receiver, to increase concentration withoutpenalizing collector efficiency and improve control of theDISS process, were integrated. The main tasks performedwere:• Design, construction and testing of the Second Stage

Concentrator Receiver.• Theoretical and experimental studies in Direct Steam

Generation.• Simulations for assessment of DISS solar-driven elec-

tricity production systems.• Final report

2.2.5 Thermal Image of the ARDISS in tracking mode

Among the main results were:

• Although on-sun experiments showed poor behavior,performance during optical and thermal measurementin the new SSC lab was good, demonstrating that, oncethe problems encountered have been corrected, SSC re-


ceivers will be an excellent alternative for parabolic-trough collectors.

• The new front-surface mirror (Silver protected by a Sol-Gel-coated SiO2 layer), has great potential from thepoint of view of efficiency and mirror cost, not only forhigh-temperature secondary receiver mirrors, but alsofor primary parabolic-trough, heliostat and dish mirrors,although further improvement of durability is needed.

• The HIPRESS experimental facilities have demonstratedthat an SSC receiver simplifies DSG system configura-tion, broadens the range of permissible flow rates andthat the range of operating conditions under which theDSG process can be controlled is wider than expected.

• SSC receivers used for the DSG process improve annualelectricity production by over 20% when compared toparabolic trough systems with round receivers and oilas the heat transfer medium.

Fig. 2.2.6. Detail of ARDISS Receiver.

Summary of activities in 1997Due to some problems with mirror durability, fabrica-

tion of the ARDISS SSR (Secondary Stage Receiver) wassomewhat delayed, However, it was completed at the endof 1996, so the SSR absorber was installed at the PSA testbed in February and evaluated in the first quarter of 1997.


Helioman test stand modifications made to install theARDISS SSC were completed on January 14, 1997 and theprototype was installed on February 27, 1997, after whichtime the receiver testing and evaluation were carried out.The main tests were:

• Thermal loss• Efficiency• Thermal Image processing

Tracking accuracy was also investigated in depth.For this purpose a device to measure angle was designedand installed by the engineering department.


2.2.3 PAREX ProjectThis German project managed by the DLR is aimed at

developing and testing advanced parabolic-trough receiv-ers to:

1. reduce losses at increased working temperatures2. reduce thermomechanical loads due to cyclic or un-

even heating

These advanced receivers are intended for parabolic-trough collectors with either thermal oil or direct steamgeneration. The main role of the PSA in the PAREX projectis the installation of the PAREX absorber prototypes andtheir testing under real solar conditions using the ARDISSand HTF test facilities. A number of new receiver conceptswere analytically and numerically evaluated to selectpromising configurations to be built and tested:

1. secondary concentrators2. linear cavities3. heat pipe4. multiple pipes

After the durability and efficiency of the PAREX 02 pro-totype was demonstrated on a smaller scale in 1996 and1997 in the ARDISS test bed, DLR will manufacture alarger prototype to be tested at the real-scale LS-3 loopwhich uses the same collectors as the SEGS Plants in Cali-fornia currently producing electricity.

The main PAREX project activities at the PSA in 1997were:

• Modification of the PAREX 02 prototype by the PSAMaintenance Department.

• Routine operation of the PAREX 02 prototype for dura-bility, May-July 1997.

• Thermal evaluation of the bare absorber, September-December, 1997.


2.2.4 Training and Mobility of ResearchersControl

In the earliest stages of solar energy R&D in the SmallSolar Power Systems project, standard industrial PIDfeedback controllers were already found to be incapable ofcoping with solar radiation transients, causing unneces-sary shutdown of the solar field and clearly demonstratingthe need for advanced controllers for solar plants. Themain objective of this project is the development andtesting of advanced control algorithms for use in solarpower plants. The ACUREX parabolic though solar collec-tor field served as a test bed. Apart from solar energy,there are other manifold motivations for this line of re-search. The techniques that have been applied to theACUREX field may also be applied to many industrial proc-esses and the work carried out has in turn served as animpulse for new theoretical development.

The project has been running at the PSA since 1990. In1997, it was financed by the CEC DG XII Training and Mo-bility of Researchers program.

The main achievements in 1997 within the framework ofthis project are briefly listed below:

1. A separate session devoted to the work at the Plata-forma Solar de Almería with six papers presented at the1997 European Control Conference (the most importantcontrol event worldwide in 1997)

2. 100% fulfillment of the weeks committed in the Trainingand Mobility of Researchers contract for the secondyear.

3. Approval of the Horus project by the Portuguese na-tional R&D Planning Board.

Besides the main goal mentioned above, this projecthas been highly productive academically. Three Ph.D. the-ses are currently underway. There was an exchange ofpostgraduate students among institutions involved in theproject, Univ. Firenze, INESC and Univ. Bochum. At sev-eral European universities, the project has also had astrong impact on undergraduates through the PSA studentgrant program and has provided industrial experience forresearchers from different European universities.

The institutions involved are having a hard time main-taining the tight TMR time schedule. In an effort to over-come this lack of time, a model of ACUREX field accuracydesigned by the University of Seville was distributedamong the participants so they could simulate the per-formance of their controllers and adjust them accordinglybefore coming to Almería.


A TMR Users Meeting took place in February 1997. Atthis event, the results obtained in the first year of the proj-ect were presented and some useful information was dis-tributed (papers, programs, etc).

The controllers tested under real operating conditions atthe ACUREX Field in 1997 were:

Univ. of Oulu (Finland):

Linguistic Equation ControllerThe Linguistic Equation approach provides a flexible en-

vironment for combining expertise in development of intel-ligent systems. The knowledge base of the expert systemis represented by linguistic relationships which can beconverted into matrix equations. This year the basicscheme tested in 1998 was modified by the incorporationof braking action and unsymmetry effect.

Univ. Firenze (Italy) and INESC (Portugal):

Switching controller.The switching control strategy has been used to cope

with changes in plant dynamic behavior induced by differ-ent operating conditions. This year the control schemeincorporated a feed-forward series proposed by the Plata-forma Solar de Almería.

Univ. of Bochum.

This university collaborated with INESC in the testing oftwo controllers, a bank of LQG controllers tuned to work atdifferent operating points and a non-linear predictive con-troller.

Other control-related activities

In order to simplify the work of the ACUREX field users,the PSA has developed a control module linked to the DataAcquisition System. This program provides an example ofhow to deal with the plant monitoring software, reducingthe mixing time.

A simple, quickly implemented feed-forward based onthe energy balance in equilibrium was also developed andtested in 1997. This scheme, designed by the PSA, wasalso used by some of the institutions involved in the con-trol project.


Fig. 2.2.7. Controller response during a set-point tracking test.

11 12 13 14 15 16

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

DATE: 6 May, 1997

Direct Rad. Corrected Rad. Flow*100

CONTROL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

So

lar

Ra

d.

(W/m2

) F

low

*10

0 (

l/s)

Local hour (h )

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

P.S.A. CONTROLLER

Outlet Temp. Refe rence Temp. Inlet Temp.

Oil T

em

pe

ratu

re ( oC

)


2.2.5 TMR Desalination ProjectThis project deals with the work carried out from 1987

to 1993 within the PSA Solar Thermal Desalination project.In 1997, two groups were selected as users for the desali-nation plant Univ. of Ulster and Heliostat Ltd.

The Univ. of Ulster analyzed the full desalination plantenergy chain. This study showed the very low level ofemissions produced, not only during operation, butthroughout its life cycle from component fabrication todemolition.

The HELIOSTAT company reviewed the PSA desalinationplant as a test bed for an innovative collector it has devel-oped. In 1998 this collector will be thermally evaluatedhere.

The solar desalination system used for this project, in-augurated in 1988, is composed of:

• 14-effect MED plant• parabolic trough solar collector field• thermocline thermal energy storage tank.

The 14-effect MED plant is shown in Fig. 2.2.8. Thesystem operates with Santotherm 55 synthetic thermal oilas the heat-transfer fluid, which is heated as it circulatesthrough the solar collectors. The solar energy thus con-verted into thermal energy in the form of the sensible heatof the oil, is stored in the thermal oil tank. Hot oil fromthe storage system provides the MED plant with the ther-mal energy it requires. The MED plant is composed of 14cells or effects. The sea water is preheated from Cell toCell in the 13 pre-heaters. From Cell (1), the feedwatergoes from one Cell to another by gravity before being ex-tracted from Cell (14) by the brine pump. Part of the seawater used to cool the condenser is rejected and the rest isused for the feed water required to spray the Cell-1 tubebundle.


Fig. 2.2.8. View of the Desalination Plant.


Back:2 Technical description and proj-ect achievements


Next Chapter: 3 Operation & Mainte-nance

Previous Section: 2.1 Low TemperatureApplications

Next Section:2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems


2 Technical description and project achievements...... 20

2.1 Low Temperature Applications .............................. 2 0

2.2 Parabolic Trough Technology................................ 28

2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems ..........................................432.3.1DISTAL I ....................................................432.3.2DISTAL II ...................................................452.3.3HYHPIRE...................................................47


2.5 Solar Chemistry...................................................69



2.3 Dish/Stirling SystemsAmong the solar thermal systems for gener-

ating electricity, the parabolic concentratorwith Stirling engine is distinguished by its highefficiency and the ease with which it can beadapted to specific consumption structures.Overall solar to electrical conversion efficien-cies of up to 30% could be demonstrated. Dueto the small system sizes from 3 to 50 kWel

power generation plants containing severalunits can be clustered and easily extended tomeet the local demand.

Since 1991, when Schlaich, Bergermann andPartner (SBP) erected their first 9 kWel

Dish/Stirling units (DISTAL I) for long-termtesting, the PSA has been working successfullyin this field of investigation. Continuous opera-tion since 1992 has resulted in about 29,000hours of operation and more than 3,500 hoursin 1997. The other main event at theDish/Stirling test site was the startup andtesting of three new 10 kWel SBP systems(DISTAL II), erected in late 1996. Including thenew systems, the PSA can now refer to morethan 30,000 hours of experience in the opera-tion of Dish/Stirling systems.

2.3.1 DISTAL IThe DISTAL I test facility consists of three 7.5-m-

diameter single-faceted stretched-membrane concentra-

Martin Stegmann(until 31.10.97)

Peter Heller (since1.11.97)

WolfgangReinalter

Francisco Martín

Table 2.3.1 SBP 9kWel DISTAL I Dish Stirling System specifications

CONCENTRATOR RECEIVER STIRLING PCU

Manufacturer SBP Manufacturer Solo Manufacturer Solo

Type Single-Facet,

StretchedMembrane

Type Directlyillumi-natedTubes

Type Alpha-Type,V 90°

Aperture Dia. 7.5m Aperture Dia. ~12 cm Displaced Vol. 160ccm

Reflecting Area 42 m2 TotallySwapped Vol.

226ccm

Focal Length Ca. 4.5 m Working Gas Helium

ConcentrationFactor

> 2000 Peak Flux onSurface

17 kW/cm2

Max. Pressure 15 Mpa

Focal Ratio 0.6 Peak Temp.on Surface

850°C Max. Gas Temp. ~650°C

Output 34 kWth Output 29 kWth Output 9 kWel

Efficiency 81% Efficiency 85% Efficiency 29%


tors totaling 44 m2

aperture area. Theconcentrators aremounted on a ‘polar’axis, following thesun at a constantspeed of rotationthroughout the day.The Power Conver-sion Unit (PCU) atthe focus uses a di-rectly illuminatedtube receiver con-nected to a SOLOV160 Stirling engineto produce an elec-trical output powerof 9 kWel. in grid-connected mode. In

1997 the facility was operated continuously and alsoserved as an EU-DGXII Training and Mobility of Research-ers (TMR)’. test facility. The DISTAL I systems have nowaccumulated 29,000 hours of operation.

In 1998, operation will continue as long as manpower isavailable and no major problems occur. The facility willalso be accessible again for users of the TMR Program.Three scientists have submitted proposals for a stay at theDISTAL test site. Besides training at the facility, PCU proc-ess parameter measurements will be integrated in asimulation model for the design of a free-piston engine.

Fig. 2.3.1 Distal I test facility


2.3.2 DISTAL IIThe erection of three new SBP 10-kWel Dish/Stirling sys-

tems was completed in 1997. Like DISTAL I, the systemsconsist of a single-faceted stretched-membrane concentra-tor with a Solo Stirling engine at its focus. The concentra-tors were manufactured using a new laser welding method.Tracking is done byazimuth/elevation drivesystem which is com-puter controlled andallows full automaticoperation. Due to thestiff structure there areno corrections neededduring the day. For op-timization of the yearlyenergy output the con-centrator was enlargedto a diameter of 8.5 mwhich allows to reachfull power at about850 W/m2.

The V160 Stirling engine was completely reworked bySolo and optimized in respect to the manufacturing proc-ess and the output power (now called ‘Solo V161’). Thehighly stressed direct illuminated tube receiver is based onthe prototype with crossed tubes developed and tested inthe DISTAL I facility. On the surface of the receiver tem-peratures up to 820°C are reached which lead to a workinggas temperature of about 650°C. As working fluid the sys-tem uses helium with a maximum pressure of 15 MPa. Atinsolation over 850 W/m2, when the working gas hasreached its maximum pressure and temperature, the re-ceiver has to be cooled by a ventilation system to releasethe excess energy collected by the enlarged concentrator.

During startup, many system settings could be definedand performance tests made and evaluated. As observablefrom the data plotted below, the system already showsvery good response, but system parameters still have to beoptimized to reach design performance. For this, furtherqualification testing of major components was necessaryand additional measurement campaigns were started thatare to be continued in 1998.

Fig. 2.3.2 Distal II test facility (foreground)


With the help of SANDIA´s video-scanning system,VSHOT, membrane quality was measured for two of thethree units. It showed slight deviations of the membrane atthe rim due to the manufacturing process and helped toidentify possibilities of improvement. A flux measurementcampaign was started and will be continued in 1998.

Several components, like the control and tracking sys-tem, were able to be improved during startup. Their al-ready very good performance will be optimized during fu-ture operation. Up to now, the new dishes have been oper-ated on-sun for about 1000 h.

Table 2.3.2 Data of SBP10 kWel Systems

CONCENTRATOR RECEIVER STIRLING PCU

Manufacturer SBP Manufacturer Solo Manufacturer Solo

Type Single-Facet,StretchedMembrane

Type Directlyillumi-natedTubes

Type Alpha-Type,V 90°,

crossheadAperture Dia. 8.5 m Aperture Dia. ~18 cm Displaced Vol. 160 ccm

Aperture Area 55 m2 Complete GasVolume

250 ccm

Focal Length ca. 4.7 m Working Gas HeliumConcentration

Factor>2000 Peak Flux on

Surface17 kW/cm

2Max. Pressure 15 Mpa

Focal Ratio 0.55 Peak SurfaceTemperature

850°C Max. GasTemperature

~650°C

Output 45.8 kWth Output ≤33 kWth Output 10 kWel

Efficiency 81% Efficiency ≤85% Efficiency 30%

Fig. 2.3.3 Performance data of DISTAL II

P e rfo r m a n c e o f Distal I I

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0D ire c t N o r m a l In s o latio n [ W / m ² ]

Gro

ss P

ow

er [

kW]

- Da ta o f D i sh No r th 31 /11 /97- V a lues co r rec ted acco rd ing IEA Gu ide l i nes


2.3.3 HYHPIREAs the Dish/Stirling technology is intended for remote

applications not requiring grid connection, the develop-ment of receivers that can use both solar and fossil energyis more than reasonable. With such a hybrid receiver in-vestment in a fossil backup system can be avoided.

Conventional receiver technology with directly illumi-nated tubes is not very suitable for hybrid-mode operation.The efficiency of the Stirling process strongly depends onthe ‘dead volume’ caused mainly by the receiver heattransfer tubes. To reduce that volume, the same tubeswould have to be used for absorption of solar radiation andheat exchange between combustion gas and working gas.These two processes are quite different and their specialneeds can’t be met in the same optimized design.

To solve this problem, a ‘heatpipe receiver’ using a heatexchange fluid (e.g., sodium) to conduct the heat (at anearly constant temperature) from separated transfer ar-eas to the working gas tubes of the Stirling engine is ap-plied. In these separate areas, the heat exchange surfacesas well as the absorption surface can be optimized to meetthe special needs of the different transfer processes.

Within the EU-funded HYHPIRE project (‘Development ofAdvanced Hybrid Heat-Pipe Receivers in Dish/Stirling Sys-tems for Decentralized Power Production’), a second gen-eration hybrid heatpipe receiver has been developed, in-

Fig. 2.3.4 Advanced Heat Pipe Receiver


cluding a well-adapted low-emission combustion system. Anew cost-effective simplified manufacturing method re-places the welded wick (See diagram Fig. 2.3.4) with aplasma-sprayed porous structure that decreases systeminvestment.

Technical maturity of the system will be demonstratedin on-sun testing at the PSA in early 1998. The site andtests were planned in 1997, although the main PSA workpackages are for 1998 and 1999.


Back:2 Technical description and proj-ect achievements


Next Chapter: 3 Operation & Mainte-nance

Previous Section: 2.2 Parabolic TroughTechnology

Next Section: 2.4 Central Receivers


2 Technical description and project achievements............................... 20

2.1 Low Temperature Applications ...................................................... 20

2.2 Parabolic Trough Technology........................................................ 28

2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems..................................................................... 4 3

2.4 Central Receivers .......................................................................... 492.4.1 TSA ................................................................................... 5 02.4.2 REFOS.............................................................................. 5 22.4.3 RAS................................................................................... 5 52.4.4 VOLUMETRIC RECEIVERS ............................................. 5 72.4.5 Heliostat Technology Program.......................................... 5 8

2.4.5.1 ASM150 - GM100 Comparison.......................................... 582.4.6 The Colón Solar Heliostat ................................................. 6 12.4.7 Colón Solar ...................................................................... 6 22.4.8 THESEUS ........................................................................ 6 52.4.9 SolWin.............................................................................. 6 7

2.5 Solar Chemistry............................................................................. 6 9

2.6 Materials treatment........................................................................ 8 1


2.4 Central ReceiversThe activities in central receivers technology in-clude the development and test of componentslike heliostats, receivers etc. but also the simula-tion, investigation and assessment of power towerplant concepts. The experience gained duringoperation of complete systems is also an impor-tant task in this area. In 1997 the following proj-ects had been conducted:

1. TSA – Technology Demonstration ProgramSolar Air Receiver, the volumetric receiver forthe PHOEBUS tower power plant on top of theCESA-tower, recently connected to the Span-ish grid

2. REFOS – Volumetric pressurized receiver forsolar assisted fossil-fired gas turbine andcombined cycle power plants, a receiver de-velopment and testing project on the CESA-tower

3. RAS – Receptor Avanzado de Sales (advancedsalt receiver), the internal molten salt film testreceiver on the SSPS-tower, now terminated

4. Volumetric Receivers – High temperatureopen volumetric ceramic receiver develop-ments on the SSPS tower

5. Heliostats – Test and comparison of two largearea advanced heliostats and a new heliostatfor the Colón Solar project, situated behindthe CESA-field

6. Colón Solar - Integration of solar thermal en-ergy in a conventional electricity plant insouth-west Spain

7. THESEUS - System Analysis of a 50 MWel

Thermal Solar European power Station forCrete

8. SolWin – Software tool and data base for per-formance, emissions and financing aspects ofsolar power projects

These projects shall provide essential stepstowards efficiency improvements and cost reduc-tion to overcome market barriers.

Peter Heller(Area Head)

Eckhard Lüpfert(Refos)

Frank Schillig(Theseus)

Jesús Ballestrín(Colón Solar)

Javier León(Volumet-ric/RAS)

Antonio Val-verde

(Operation)

Diego Alarcón(Doct/Simulation)

Rainer Kistner(Doct/Economics


2.4.1 TSAIn the years following the successful PHOEBUS Tech-

nology Program Solar Air Receiver (TSA) test campaign in1993 and 1994, the main goal was the optimization ofreceiver and steam generator control. In 1995 and 1996work on the automatic aiming-point strategy programs wascompleted and several tests were performed. In late 1996,22 new TSA receiver absorber elements were installed.Their new design allows them to be manufactured in fewersteps and with less material at a lower cost. Both per-formance and reliability of the new type of absorber ele-ment were to be demonstrated first in a 100-h test atmoderate temperature and thereafter, in long-term opera-tion at nominal temperature.

In the 100-h test, the absorbers were operated at700°C. The material was observed for deviations in colorindicating variations in material density. Fig. 2.4.1 showstypical absorber element material colors. It may be de-duced that the wick structure manufacturing processshould be improved to avoid locally higher material densi-ties and resulting higher temperatures at those points,especially at the center of the elements and sometimes inthe direction of roll.

Another critical design issue, closing of the gaps be-tween the elements by dilatation at design temperature,was to be investigated in the next step. Therefore, 5 ther-mocouples were mounted on the back of several absorberelements to compare the absorber outlet temperatureswith air temperatures in the gap. The picture in Fig. 2.4.2shows that the temperature of the gap element almostreaches design point, which verifies that the gap does

Fig. 2.4.1: Absorber after 100-h test


close and that there is almost no loss of efficiency fromthis effect.

14.2.97

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

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700

800

900

11:1

9

11:4

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8

13:2

3

13:4

7

14:1

2

14:3

7

15:0

2

15:2

6

Tem

p. °

C

Diff.243-245;Schnitt: 88,5°C

Temp.verlauf Absorber 2.419.3.97

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

11:0

7

11:3

4

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5

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9

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6

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Diff. 243-245;Schnitt: 56,3°C

19.6.97

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900

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7

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8

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14:4

2

CT024

CT242

CT243

CT244

CT245

Diff. 243-245;Schnitt: 40°C

During 1997, the TSA was connected to the existingCESA-1 steam turbine system. Operators were trained instarting up receiver, steam-generator and turbine systemsfrom May to June. The operating personnel requirementhas been reduced to 50% due to the advantageous behav-ior of the automatic aiming-point strategy. Since June,power produced by the TSA has been fed into the Spanishgrid, although it should be mentioned that the sizes of thetwo systems are not very compatible, resulting in a poweroutput of only about 200 kW.

Fig. 2.4.2: TSA: Gap temperature at different temperatures (`600°, 700° and 800°C)


2.4.2 REFOSThe REFOS project includes development and testing of

a volumetric receiver for solar-hybrid gas turbine andcombined-cycle systems.

The REFOS air-receiver, designed for an operatingpressure of 15 bar, is being developed at DLR Stuttgart,Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, and under testingat the PSA. The REFOS receiver is a modular volumetricpressurized receiver for air preheating in combined-cyclepower plants (See Fig. 2.4.3), a highly efficient and cost-effective technology. Up to 50% savings in fuel isachievable in a combined cycle by solar preheating the airfrom 400 to 800°C at 15 bar. Even though this receivertechnology is more demanding, the solar air-preheatingconcept is considered to be the most cost-effective way togenerate electricity in a solar thermal plant.

The aim of the REFOS project is to demonstrate thefeasibility of the modular concept for a pressurizedvolumetric receiver with a nominal power rating of 350 kWper module, (See schematic in Figs. 2.4.4 and 5.)

The tests in this research project will be performed overa period of two years at the PSA. In 1997 most of thepreparation and erection up to the installation of the firstsecondary module have been completed. The followingsteps have been taken:

• preparation of the 60-m level of the CESA-1 plant,gantry and rails for the drive of secondary concentra-tor and receiver

• the design, construction and erection of a test-bedradiation shield at a 35° angle of the optical axis tothe tower

• design and erection of an additional cooling circuitwith heat-exchanger between the irradiated parts andexisting components

• measurement of solar flux density on each heliostatfor comparative calculation of the radiation distribution during testing (Fig. 2.4.6)

• mounting of secondary concentrator (Fig. 2.4.7), ra-diation protection and calorimeter

• preparation and set-up of the optical measurementsystems: temperature measurement with infraredcamera on top of a mast and solar flux measure-ments with a new moving target


Fig. 2.4.3 Scheme of the solar air preheating concept for a combined cycle plant

Figure 2.4.4: The modular receiver concept

Figure 2.4.5: Section of the secondary/receiver module

Receiver Mod-ule

SecondaryConcentrator


In the first tests, scheduled for March, 1998, the meas-urement devices will be qualified and the outlet power ofthe secondary concentrator module will be evaluated as afunction of irradiation conditions and heliostat operatingstrategy. The closed volumetric receiver will replace thecold-water calorimeter device in the tests that follow.

Fig. 2.4.6 Calculated incident radiation on

the three hexagonal modules andthe test set-up

Fig. 2.4.7 Front view of the secondaryconcentrator with flux-gage andcalorimeter installed


2.4.3 RASThe RAS (Receptor Avanzado de Sales) project, com-

pleted in 1997, tested the Internal Film Receiver (I.F.R.)concept. Development and optimization of its operationalreliability were the most important activities carried outduring that time.

The IFR consists of a film of molten salt which flowsdown the back of a flat stainless steel plate. The blackcoating on the plate’s outer surface absorbs the sunlightwhile the fluid molten salt works as a panel cooling sys-tem. The type of molten salt used as heat transfer fluidwas an eutectic mixture of KNO3 and NaNO3.

Although the potential of the RAS had been pointed outmany times before, there were no experimental data avail-able based on this concept before this project. This ex-periment therefore addressed technical questions and un-certainties associated with the internal film receiver con-cept.

The summary of the achieved objectives is listed as fol-lows:

• Directly measured efficiencies over 60% (at nominalconditions) that could lead to 80% with reasonableimprovements, such as panel coating (See Fig. 2.4.9)and rear insulation.

• Experience acquired in salt-loop management• Reliability of the plant and its subsystems demon-

strated, except automatic mode

Fig. 2.4.8 RAS: General view in opera-tion

Fig. 2.4.9 Target prepared for measuringRAS panel reflectivity


• Heat transfer coefficient between salt film and metalpanel surface measured

• Nominal power on panel without any damage to theplate: 0.576 MW

• Flow measurement with experimentally obtainedcurves since the confidence in the flow meter wasscant.


2.4.4 VOLUMETRIC RECEIVERSThe second phase of testing of the Cor-Rec absorber, a

volumetric receiver absorber made of cordierite ceramic,was completed in the volumetric test bed with very goodresults once the air flow distribution acting on the periph-eral modules had been modified. For that purpose, newducts which achieve a flatter flow distribution able to re-frigerate the outer modules better than in the first phase,were opened. Thus the temperatures reached in the airwere as high as expected and the distribution reached wasmore homogeneous. Small failures detected on the surfaceof some modules have to be investigated.

In the Cor-Rec test campaign, the flux measurementsystem was changed from the radiometer cross, whichmade an integration along the surface from 13 single val-ues, to the Hermes-II system. Three lambertian plateswere mounted on the previously reinforced cross support.

The next volumetric absorber mounted was the Hit-Rec.It is made of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic pieces fittedinto SiSiC cups, forming 37 modules which together makea total surface of 0.49 m². The module support structure isa double-walled membrane cooled by the inlet air at ambi-ent temperature. The air leaves the membrane and passesthrough the modules to the front, which has been slightlypreheated, and is sucked into the absorber. This newmodule mounting concept makes their replacement easierin case of failure.

The first set of tests conducted was very successful,reaching air temperatures over 900°C just behind the ab-sorber.

Fig. 2.4.10 Absorber and cup Fig 2.4.11 Membrane support


2.4.5 Heliostat Technology Program

2.4.5.1 ASM150 - GM100 ComparisonAn extensive test program carried out in 1997 com-

pared the performance of two large-scale heliostats, the150-m² stressed-membrane ASM150 heliostat and the100-m² facetted GM100. The comparison included beamquality, tracking accuracy, flux distribution, power con-sumption and also cost estimates for a future power plant.

Fig. 2.4.12 shows both heliostats in operation. Evalua-tion of the beam quality was based on the new simulationcode developed by the PSA staff, with which the real sun-shape picture, taken by a high resolution (14 bits) CCDdevice, is projected onto a lambertian target using ray-cone approximation and the intrinsic properties of the he-liostat reflective surface. The results are shown in Fig.2.4.13. The ASM150 beam quality was 1.7 mrad, which isalmost as good as in the first measurement campaign (1.5mrad). The GM100 optical quality was 2.3 mrad. Bothheliostats fulfill PHOEBUS requirements for beam qualitiesof better than 2.6 mrad.

Fig. 2.4.12 GM100 and ASM150 large-area heliostats at the PSA


Another effect was observed in the GM100 four monthsafter canting its facets. Fig. 2.4.14 shows the double focalspots indicating that the eastern and western branches ofthe heliostat each had their own focal point. This can beseen directly in the picture from the tower onto the GM100(Fig. 2.4.14), where one branch is seen dark. The reasonseems to be the distortion of the horizontal torque tubedue to gravity loads as a function of the angle of elevation.

Since the cost of the heliostat field has a strong influ-ence on the total cost of a solar power tower plant, thefocus on development will be heliostat cost reduction forthe near future. To compare the ASM150 and GM100 he-liostat costs, it is essential to look at a realistic number ofunits manufactured. Therefore the following assumptionswere defined for the comparison:

• Price in US$/m² for 1 unit, a 30-MWe and a 100-MWe plant (US$1=1.70 DM=142.8 Ptas)

• Costs for 1 unit at production site• 30-MWe and 100-MWe plant site: Jordan• Insolation: 1000 W/m²

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

m

m

0 5 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

ASM-150 HELIOSTAT

Flux density (Kw

/m2)

0

1

2

3

4

5

m

m

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

GM-100 HELIOSTAT

Flux density (Kw

/m2)

Fig. 2.4.13 Flux density distribution map

Eastern GMbranch

Camera

Eastern focus

(a) GM100 split focus on target,

Eastern GM branch

(b) View from target camera onto heliostat

Fig. 2.4.14 GM100 split focus four months after canting


• Reflectivity: clean surface

The costs of both heliostats are given in Table 2.4.1.Note that the GM100 manufacturer would increase thesurface by 20 m² to 120m² (GM120) with nearly the samesupport structure.

Tab 2.4.1 ASM-150 and GM-120 Costs

HELIOSTAT

1 UNIT(US$/m²)

30-MWe Plant(US$/m²)

100-MWe Plant(US$/m²)

ASM150 2353 206-235 206-235

GM120 875 273 255

ASM150 costs for a 30-MWe plant are already calcu-lated for a manufacture in series and stay the same up to aplant size of 150 MWe. For higher production, prices woulddecrease due to further rationalization.

For further details, see PSA internal report, “Large AreaHeliostat Comparison at PSA”, (R09/98-RM) PSA, Novem-ber, 1997.


2.4.6 The Colón Solar HeliostatBased on CIEMAT’s long experience, the INABENSA

company manufactured a 70-m2 heliostat prototype for theColón Solar project in 1997. This heliostat consists of 211.1-m-x-3.0-m FLAGSOL facets, with a reflectivity of 94%and an estimated annual average reflectivity of 90%. Theoverall electrical consumption of the heliostat is about 250watts per day. Focal length is 380 m and beam opticalquality is 2.4 mrad (X axis) by 3.1 mrad (Y axis). The he-liostat field planned will consist of 489 of these units(34,200 m2 total reflective surface).

All the concepts developed for the GM100 heliostat havebeen incorporated into the new Colón Solar heliostat pro-totype local controller. The use of speed controllers to runsmall AC motors makes this device the beginning of a newgeneration of local heliostat controllers.

239.95

3912.5

7825552.45

3600

540

370

Front view Side view (mm )

Fig.2.4.15 Colon Solar heliostat


2.4.7 Colón SolarThe integration of solar thermal energy in a conven-

tional electricity plant is the main goal to be achieved inthe Colón Solar project. A new type of hybrid plant is pro-posed for this (Fig.2.4.16). The central receiver technologywas chosen as the most promising technology for largepower plants. In addition, its integration into a combinedcycle enables higher thermodynamic efficiencies.

Previous projects, such as Solgas, have shown that ahybrid plant which combines solar thermal energy andnatural gas is both feasible and profitable.

The site selected is the Polígono Industrial Punta deSebo (Huelva-South West of Spain) where there is an oldconventional plant. Good weather conditions, the availabil-ity of the land required for the heliostat field and an easysupply of fossil fuel are some of the main reasons for thischoice.

The following companies are participating in this proj-ect:

• Electricity companies (Sevillana de Electricidad, En-desa, Electricidade de Portugal).

• Industries (ABB, Abengoa, Babcock Wilcox Española,PROET).

• Research centres (Ciemat, DLR, AICIA).

Fig. 2.4.16 Colón Solar Plant


The project schedule is:

By the end of 1997, the major parts of the first phasehad been completed and the engineering details had beenspecified. The prototype of heliostat has been installed atthe PSA and a success test campaign has been partiallyconcluded.

The solar plant produces saturated steam to a Brayton-Rankine combined cycle in the conventional plant. Thesolar system was optimized with the ASPOC, DELSOL andHELIOS codes providing input for the heliostat field,weather conditions, economic estimates and design point.

Features of the solar receiver are:

• Cylindrical cavity, vertical boiler tubes and aperturetilted 30º

• Boiler surface: 140x9 m• Cavity radius: 4.43 m• Max. radiation on the receiver panels: 690 KW/m²• Aperture dimensions: Vertical: 6.6 m

Horizontal: 7.1 m• Efficiency: 92%

Table 2.4.2 Main characteristics of the total power plant

Electrical power 106.1MWe

Efficiency: with sun: (70%) 58.7 %

(100%) 49.8%

withoutsun:

(56%) 51.6 %

(100%) 44.8%

Original efficiency: 37.7 %

Solar power to fluid: 21.5 MWt

Annual energy transmitted by the solar system to the powersystem:

43.23 GWh

Heliostat field: North

Average insolation: 860 W/m2

PHASE I 1997 1998 1999 2000 Engineering

PHASE II

Manufacture

Erection Start-up

Diffusion and Evaluation

Figure 2.4.17 Colón Solar project phases


• Losses (radia-tion, convec-tion and con-ductivity): 8%

• Boiler tubesmade of car-bon steel SA210 A1

• Tube designtemperature: 380ºC

• Saturatedsteam flow upto 50 t/h at332ºC

• Boiler paintedwith Pyromark(absorptance0.965)

• Tower 109meters highwith 5 meterradius

The flux distribution expected on the receiver is shownin Fig. 2.4.19.

The main PSA contributions during the first phase of theproject have been:

• Project co-ordination andmanagement

• Solar system conceptual de-sign and optimisation

• Functional specifications ofcomponents and subsystems

• Detailed engineering• Prototype heliostat local con-

trol• Testing and evaluation of the

Colón Solar heliostat• O&M cost estimates• Support in the definition of

control and operating strate-gies.

SolarCollectorSystem

SolarReceiver

HeatRecoveryBoiler

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Steamto Process

Condesate ReturnSupply water

Air

Figure 2.4.18 Block diagram of Colón Solar

90 120

150

180

210

240

270

8

6.333

4.667

3

1.333

-0.333

-2

[º]

[m]

650.00-700.00

600.00-650.00

550.00-600.00

500.00-550.00

450.00-500.00

400.00-450.00

350.00-400.00

300.00-350.00

250.00-300.00

200.00-250.00

150.00-200.00

100.00-150.00

50.00-100.00

0.00-50.00

Fig.2.4.19 Flux distribution expected on the receiver(kW/m²)


2.4.8 THESEUSThe objective of the EU THESEUS project is the implemen-tation of the first large-scale European parabolic troughpower plant with 50 MWe nominal capacity, on Crete, tobe designed, licensed and erected within 4 years from thebeginning of 1997. Figure 2.4.20 shows an overview of theproject plan. THESEUS attempts to qualify and strengthenEuropean companies specialized in solar field componentengineering and manufacturing, to revive and reorganizethe industrial supply network by setting up an experienced,strong and dedicated supply consortium which is able torespond to their customers’ need for a reliable technology,secure spare-part supply and adequate maintenance. Sucha group of European suppliers also aims at creating a sup-ply source for future parabolic-trough solar-thermal powerplants in various developing sunbelt countries like India,Jordan and Morocco, as envisaged by the World Bank So-lar Initiative. Successful erection of this first Europeanparabolic trough power plant of significant size will placeEuropean industry and research organizations in a primeposition for such similar sunbelt power plant develop-ments. The collaboration of several utilities assures thatthe design of this first European solar thermal demonstra-tion plant satisfies utility requirements and will be a show-case for subsequent project plans.

The project design phase, which initially lasted from1.1.1997 until 31.3.1998 and was prolonged by the Euro-pean Commission until 31.12.1998, consists of the fol-lowing key tasks:

1. Political and Regulatory: licensing, obtaining subsi-dies, negotiating the power purchase agreement withthe Public Power Corporation of Greece (PPC), andevaluating project integration in PPC’s plans for ex-pansion.

2. Conceptual Plant Design: power block, solar field andsite engineering

3. Project Cost Estimate

Figure 2.4.20 THESEUS project phases

ID Phase Name

1 Design

2 Manufacture

3 Assembly & Erection

4 Commissioning

5 Monitoring

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H21997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


4. Project Economic Analysis5. Definition of Contractual Framework: ownership, sup-

ply consortium, O&M, and fuel supply6. Financing: definition of financing structure, loan and

equity negotiations, and grant applications7. Environmental and Social: environmental permit8. Dissemination

PSA contributions to the THESEUS project focus mainlyon the development of the conceptual plant design, thedetermination of plant emissions and the financial analysisof power plant implementation as an Independent PowerProducer (IPP) project. Fig. 2.4.22 shows the THESEUSproject cash flow over a project lifetime of 25 years, basedon performance data and Greek economic data given inthe EU-proposal.

Steam Turbine

Condenser

Preheater /EconomiserDeaerator

Solar

Superheater

SolarPreheater

SolarReheater

SteamGenerator

HTF Heater

Solar Field

Expansion Vessel

LNG

Figure 2.4.21: THESEUS power plant flow scheme


2.4.9 SolWinWith the intention of facilitating and promoting the mar-

ket introduction of solar thermal electricity generatingtechnologies, a software tool named SolWin is being devel-oped jointly by DLR at Plataforma Solar de Almería andSunLab, USA. It addresses users with varying knowledgeon renewable power generation, in particular those that arenot familiar with solar thermal technologies, such as bank-ers and financiers, governments, IPPs and utilities. Ittherefore introduces the user to the technology and pro-vides information on the various technical aspects, offeringa reference database of today’s renewable and conven-tional electricity generation technologies. The first versionconcentrates on solar thermal technologies and fossil“shadow” concepts that are used to compare the perform-ance, the emissions and the financing of solar thermalpower projects.

It is supposed to help analyse and evaluate hybrid solar-fossil electricity generation concepts, the solar potential ofselected sites, the resource consumption of solar thermalpower systems, find least-cost solar power solutions anddevelop financing schemes for solar thermal power plants.SolWin also contains several editable databases to providethe user with information on different solar thermal tech-nologies, fuels, meteorological data, cost and financingdata.

Cash Flow

-10000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Operating Years

'000

US

D

Dividends

Taxes

Debt Service

Variable O&M Costs

Fixed O&M Costs

Fig. 2.4.22 Cash flow simulation results for the THESEUS project


By the end of 1997, the major parts of the first phasehad been completed and the engineering details had beenspecified. The prototype of heliostat has been installed atthe PSA (Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain) and a suc-cess test campaign has been partially concluded.

The solar plant produces saturated steam to a Brayton-Rankine combined cycle in the conventional plant. Thesolar system was optimized with the ASPOC, DELSOL andHELIOS codes providing input for the heliostat field,weather conditions, economic estimates and design point.

The core of SolWin is a detailed cash-flow model, sothat all important project parameters, such as the InternalRate of Return (IRR), the levelized electricity costs (LEC)and the financial viability of solar thermal power projectsmay be examined. Further intermediate results are techni-cal performance data, environmental benefits and resourceconsumption of the power project. Furthermore, it alsoallows the accomplishment of sensitivity analysis and theoptimisation of technical and economic parameters.Fig. 2.4.23 shows the SolWin structure.

Another important aspect, and one of the main objec-tives of SolWin, is the creation of a standardized tool thatwill be used widely by engineers and scientists who areinvolved in solar thermal power project development. Thefirst step in that direction has already been taken with theinvolvement of DLR and SunLab, two important researchcenters in the field of solar thermal technologies, and theinclusion of well-documented calculating procedures. Anadditional advantage of SolWin is its modularity, whichmakes it an easily expandable tool.

h o u r s

C o n s t r u c t i o nP e r io d C a s h

F lo w

R e v e n u eS c h e d u l e

F ix a n dV a r i a b l e

O & M C o s tS c h e d u l e

D e b t S e r v i c eS c h e d u l e

T a xS c h e d u l e

D e p r e c i a t i o nS c h e d u l e

C a s h F l o wS c h e d u l e

C a s h F l o wM o d e l

P e r f o r m a n c e S i m u l a t i o n o fE l e c t r i c i t y P r o d u c t i o n a n d

F u e l C o n s u m p tio n

S o l a r g e n e r a t e de l e c t r i c i t y @ p e a k

h o u r s

F o s s i l g e n e r a t e de l e c t r i c i t y @ n o n - p e a k

E c o n o m ic /F in a n c i a l

P a r a m e t e r s

T a r i f f s

P r o j e c t D a t a I n v e s t m e n t C o s t s

O & M C o s t s

I n v e s t m . C o s t sD r a w D o w n

P r o f i l eS o l a r g e n e r a t e de l e c t r i c i t y @ n o n - p e a k

h o u r s

F o s s i l g e n e r a t e de l e c t r i c i t y @ p e a k

h o u r s

Sens

itivi

ty A

naly

sis

C o v e r a g eR a t i o s

I R R L E C- s o l a r / f o s s i l / h y b r i d -

P V / N P V E q u i t y -

D e b t F r a c t .W A C CFactor−β

P a y b a c kP e r i o d

Bre

ak-E

ven

Ana

lysi

s

Back: Table of ContentsBack:2 Technical description and projectachieve-ments

Previous Chapter:1 PSA Solar ThermalTechnology 1997Next Chapter: 3 Operation & MaintenancePrevious Section: 2.3 Dish/Stirling SystemsNext Section: 2.5 Solar Chemistry


2 Technical description and project achievements...............................20



2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems..................................................................... 43

2.4 Central Receivers .......................................................................... 49

2.5 Solar Chemistry............................................................................. 692.5.1 Collaboration within the European Commission’s TMR

Program (Solar Detoxification) .......................................... 702.5.2 Pesticide Detoxification Project in El Ejido (Almería) ........ 732.5.3 Water Recovery from Olive Mill Wastewaters after

Photocatalytic Detoxification and Disinfection (LAGAR) ... 752.5.4 Solar Detoxification Technology for Treatment of

Industrial Chlorinated Water Contaminants(SOLARDETOX) ............................................................... 77

2.5.5 Collaboration within the European Commission TMRProgram (TMR-SOLFIN).................................................... 78

2.6 Materials treatment........................................................................ 81


2.5 Solar ChemistryRecent decades have witnessed increased con-

tamination of the Earth’s drinking water reserves.To solve this problem, apart from reducing emis-sions, two main water treatment strategies arebeing followed: (i) chemical treatment of drinkingwater, contaminated surface and groundwaterand (ii) chemical treatment of waste waters con-taining biocides or non-biodegradable com-pounds.

The decontamination of drinking water is donemainly by procedures that combine flocculation,filtration, sterilization and conservation, to whicha limited number of chemicals are added. Thechemical treatment of polluted surface andgroundwater or wastewater, is part of a long-termstrategy to improve the quality of water by elimi-nating toxic compounds of human origin beforereturning the water to its natural cycles. This typeof treatment is suitable when a biological proc-essing plant cannot be adapted to certain typesof pollutants that did not exist when it was de-signed.

The latest advances in water purification havebeen in the oxidation of very persistent organiccompounds dissolved in water. The methodsbased on catalysis and photochemistry have beendenominated Advanced Oxidation Processes.Among them, those which produce hydroxyl radi-cals (•OH) have had growing success. Due to thestrong oxidative nature of this compound, muchgreater than other traditional oxidants, it is ableto completely transform organic carbon to CO2.Methods based on H2O2/UV, O3/UV andH2O2/O3/UV combinations utilize photolysis of H2O2 andozone to produce the hydroxyl radicals. But these radicalscan also be generated with a semiconductor (photocataly-sis) which absorbs UV radiation when this is in contact withthe water. The latter process is of special interest, since itcan use natural (solar) UV, if the semiconductor used hasan appropriate energetic separation between its valenceand conduction bands which can be surpassed by the en-ergy content of a solar photon (λ≥300 nm). Titanium diox-ide particles (TiO2) have been demonstrated to be an ex-cellent catalyst for this application.

Julián Blanco Sixto Malato

Christoph Richter Barbara Milow

Pilar Fernandez


2.5.1 Collaboration within the EuropeanCommission’s TMR Program (Solar De-toxification)

As the PSA is a unique European center for experimenta-tion in the field of applied solar energy, it has been se-lected by the European Commission as a Large-Scale Sci-entific Installation since 1990, providing European re-search groups with access to the PSA by financing theirtravel expenses, to promote the use of solar technologies.One of these technologies is Solar Detoxification and, fromApril to November, five Chemical Research Groups haveused the PSA Detox Installations to carry out different re-search programs on this subject:

University of Poitiers (France)

Photoelectrochemical reactors for Medium ConcentratingSolar Collectors. Two kinds of photoelectrochemical reac-tors have been built using long sheets of TiO2/Ti as theworking electrodes and Pt/SnO2 conductive glass as thecounter electrodes (Fig. 2.5.1). Several long-term experi-ments have been conducted in the Helioman modules(Fig. 2.5.2) to measure photocurrent values and degrada-tion of a model compound (4-chlorophenol). The long-termefficiency of TiO2 layers deposited on Ti is good and opensthe possibility of using metal substrates with a large sur-face area.

Fig. 2.5.1. Schematic cross sections of a) reactor with na-nocrystalline ceramic 6µm thick; b) reactor with thin TiO2

layer.


Institut für Solarenergieforschung GmbH Hannover(ISFH, Germany):

Comparison of Degradation of atrazine and 4-chloropheno inCPC and a Double-Skin Sheet Reactor (DSSR) using two TiO2

photocatalysts (P-25 and Hombikat). The CPC was more effi-cient than the DSSR for 4-chlorophenol degradation withboth photocatalysts. Atrazine is more efficiently degradedin the CPCs and better with Hombikat than P-25.

Institut für Physikalische Chemie. Technische Uni-versität Wien. (TUW, Austria):

Degradation of pesticides and olivemill wastewater (OMW) by Photo-Fenton reagent (Fe2+/H2O2). Totaldegradation (as TOC) of pesticidesand mill waste water with Photo-Fenton catalyst is possible in PSAreactors. 500 mg TOC/L of pesti-cides are 80% destroyed in 3 hoursusing PSA-CPCs field (Fig. 2.5.3).Similar results were obtained withOMW.

University of Barcelona (Spain):

Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol using CPCs and a flatreactor. From the data obtainedwith this model compound, a newmodel has been proposed to relatethe amount of radiation entering

Photoelectrochemicalreactor

Figure 2.5.2 Helioman module in operation with a photoelectrochemical reactor mountedinside a Pyrex glass tube.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 40 80 120 160residence time [min]

TO

C [

pp

m]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

CO

D [

mg

/L]

TOC

COD

Figure 2.5.3. Degradation of a mixture of 10 com-mercial pesticides in the CPC. c(FeSO4)=2 mM,pH0=2.1 (TOC: Total Oxygen Carbon; COD: Chemi-cal Oxygen Demand).


the CPCs and the radiation measured by PSA UV sensors.The flat reactor, which is a very cheap simple system) isonly 50% less effective than the CPCs.

Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Photocatalyse, Catalyse etEnvironement (CNRS, France):

Comparison of 4 TiO2-photocatalysts from different Euro-pean manufacturers: Rhône-Poulenc, Degussa P-25, Tioxide,Hombikat. The CPC field was used to perform these ex-periments. The degradation of 4-Chlorophenol and MalicAcid was used to compare catalysts efficiencies. The re-sults are:

(i): RP>P25>Hombikat≈Tioxide with 4-Chlorophenol;(ii) P25>RP>Hombikat≈Tioxide with Malic Acid.


2.5.2 Pesticide Detoxification Project in ElEjido (Almería)

The Spanish province of Almería has undergone consid-erable economic growth during the last 20 years due to theinstallation of large numbers of greenhouses, which benefitfrom the extremely sunny climate. Unfortunately, this de-velopment is accompanied by an intensive use of a widevariety of pesticides with the subsequent problem createdby the empty plastic bottles. According to 1996 data, 5.2 x106 kg of phytosanitary products were consumed in the re-gion, producing around 1.5 million empty bottles per year.Until now these containers have usually been burnt or bur-ied. As the problem has been growing in recent years, aparallel rising environmental consciousness in the region isconcerned about the recycling of these pesticide bottles.The recycling process includes washing of the shreddedplastic containers, which leaves relatively small amounts(hundreds of cubic meters per year) of waste water. Suit-able treatment is therefore required to prevent the pollu-tion of surface waters, soil and ground waters on disposalof these contaminated waters. This study has been de-signed to provide a practical assessment of the potential ofSolar Advanced Oxidation Processes (SAOPs) for the deg-

Commer-cial Product

Active Ingredient Other Ingredi-ents

Manufacturer

Rufast acrinathrin 15% organics(1) Rhône-Poulenc

Vertimec abamectin 1.8 % organics(1) Merck

Match lufenuron 5% cyclohexanone21% arom. hydroc.

62%

Ciba-Geigy

Tamaron50

methamidofos50%

organics(1) Bayer

Confidor imidacloprid 20% organics(1) Bayer

Vydate oxamyl 24% organics(1) Du Pont

Thiodan endosulfan α-β35%

organics(1) AgrEvo

Dicarzol formetanate 50% inert(2) AgrEvo

Scala pyrimethanil 40% inert(2) AgrEvo

Previcur propamocarb72.2%

inert(2) AgrEvo

(1) Detected by TOC analysis (difference between active ingredient TOC andsimulated rinsates TOC). Type and concentration not available from manufac-turer.

(2) Inorganic and/or water.

Table 2.5.1 Information on Commercial Pesticides Used inPhotocatalytic Experiments.


radation of this kind of agricultural rinsates. In order tosimplify the study, we have assumed: a) The concentration oforganics remaining in the water after the washing process isdetermined by on-line TOC analysis. b) The design concen-tration of organics in the water before photocatalytic treat-ment has been set at TOC = 100 mg/L. The water will bereused until this level is reached.

The formulations selected (Table 2.5.1) are sufficientlyrepresentative of all those used in Almería greenhouses.

With these considerations, solar degradation experimentswere performed, the results of which are presented in Fig.2.5.4. At first sight, it is evident that the addition of the ex-tra oxidant is substantially beneficial. An induction period of0.1 moles of photons per liter is obtained with peroxydisul-phate and around 0.2 moles of photons per liter without it,after which the total organic carbon is transformed into CO2.This induction period is due to photodegradation of theoriginal molecule into other organic intermediates precedingfinal mineralization. After this, the TOC curve slopes sharplytowards 0 in the presence of 10 mM peroxydisulphate, sug-gesting that the additive strongly accelerates degradation ofintermediates, leading to a very important reduction (at least5 times) of the moles of photons necessary for total miner-alization. 60 mg S2O8Na2 per mg of TOC is required. Thisreduction would also decrease the solar collector surfacenecessary to degrade the organics in the process water bythe same factor. The size of the photoreactor is the mostimportant barrier to SAOP commercialization.

Treatment costs are not exam-ined here because much moreexperimentation is needed to op-timize the pesticide wastewatertreatment, but these results haveclearly demonstrated that one at-tractive way to markedly enhancethe TiO2 photocatalytic degrada-tion of organic pollutants in waterstreams is to add an efficient(S2O8

2-) electron acceptor to thesystem. When the major concernis to mineralize the organic pollut-ants, the use of an additional oxi-dant is perfectly justified.

Figure 2.5.4. Degradation of mixtures of 10 commercial pesticides),10% TOC each, with and without peroxydisulphate: (l) TOC miner-

alization and (l) S2O82 consumed with an unchanging concentration

of S2O82- (10 mM); (∆) TOC without S2O8

2-.


2.5.3 Water Recovery from Olive Mill Waste-waters after Photocatalytic Detoxifica-tion and Disinfection (LAGAR)

The objective of this new CEC project (approved in 1997to commence in 1998) is the development of the best (e.i.cheapest) possibility of utilizing solar photochemicalwastewater treatment for the mineralization of recalcitrantphenolic contaminants typically found in the soluble or-ganic fraction of olive mill wastewater (OMW) on a pilot-plant scale. So in this project, the detoxification efficiencyof four different photochemical reactors, using solar irra-diation captured by simple, inexpensive and efficient non-concentrating solar collector technology, will be comparedtechnically and economically for the treatment of olive millwastewater (OMW) by oxidative photocatalysis, and thoseselected will be installed in a small pilot plant under realworking conditions in two factories, one in Portugal andanother in Greece.

Table 2.5.2 Summary presentation of LAGAR Tasks

Tasks Targets Resources(man/month

s)

Task 1.Project management To insure coordination, homogeneity ofmethod, information flow, financial control, ECrelations

6.5

Task 2.Chemical characterisa-tion of OMW

Checking the composition of waste water anddefinition of standard analysis protocols forimportant parameters

3

Task 3. Photocatalytictreatment stage

Laboratory selection of the best photocatalyticprocess

16

Task 4.Design and constructionof new reactors

Construct 3 reactors for the study of OMWmineralization.

11.5

Task 5.Test of reactors Test performance of 4 reactors with modelcompounds and real effluents.

38.5

Task 6.Biotoxicity assessment ofdifferent treatmentstages

Develop biotoxicity tests to evaluate the effec-tiveness of the photocatalytic processes.

7

Task 7.Installation of the reactorin a factory in PT and GR

Identify and solve specific problems derivedfrom the integration of the reactors into a realproduction line.

5.5

Task 8.Tests in the olive mills Demonstrate the feasibility of a photocatalyticdetoxification system integrated in factory.

21

Task 9.Process assessment anddissemination of results

Economic and technical assessment of thetreatment systems. Dissemination of the re-sults.

8.5


At the end of the project, the system economics will beassessed. The discussion will consider the ratio betweenthe process cost and detoxification achieved, with regard tothe final consumer of the treated wastewaters. The projectwill last 2.5 years.

Fig. 2.5.5 Reactor to be constructed at PSA and to be tested during LAGAR Project.


2.5.4 Solar Detoxification Technology forTreatment of Industrial ChlorinatedWater Contaminants (SOLARDETOX)

The project is funded under the European Union Brite-EuRam III Program Topic “Detoxification of water and Ef-fluents” and started in June, 1997. The project is coordi-nated by CIEMAT-PSA. Four industrial partners(HIDROCEN, SETSOL, SCHOTT, ECOSYSTEM), three re-search partners (CISE, DLR, CIEMAT) and one educationalpartner (University of TORINO) are working together to de-velop a solar photocatalytic technology for the detoxifica-tion of real waste industrial waters up to a commerciallevel.

This solar technologyis based on the well-known photocatalyticprocess effected by theultraviolet irradiation ofTiO2. non-biodegradableC1 and C2 chlorinatedhydrocarbon solvents(NBCS) are the center ofinterest. In variouschemical processesNBCS play a major roleand with state-of-the-arttechnology cannot besubstituted by less toxicsolvents. During the firstperiod of the project, thephotocatalytic degrada-tion of NBCS is tested atlaboratory scale andanalytical methods andfirst kinetic models are developed. During these tests theefficiency of the newly developed TiO2 catalyst is evaluated.At the same time, the reactor design is revised, especiallysuch reactor construction materials as highly UV-transmissive glass (Fig. 2.5.6) and UV-reflective mirrorsare improved.

After the first part of the project, the prototype reactorswill be erected at the PSA and at the DLR in Cologne.When results of the outdoor prototype experiments underreal solar conditions have been evaluated, the best workingsystem can be scaled up to a small pilot plant on a firmfooting. This completes degradation tests within the proj-ect. It is to be hoped that after three years of develop-ment, this project will lead to a commercial application forsolar photocatalytic treatment of industrial waste waters.

300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 40040

60

80

100

94,74%

90,06%83,61%

Pyrex glass tubes SCHOTT high UV transmisstivity glass tubes SCHOTT anti-reflex coated glass sheet

tran

smis

sivi

ty [%

]

wavelength, λ [nm]

Fig. 2.5.6 Transmissivity of different kinds of glass in the UV spectral range.


2.5.5 Collaboration within the EuropeanCommission TMR Program (TMR-SOLFIN)

Some Fine Chemicals (substances produced in smallamounts (<100 tons/year) but which have high prices (>100$/kg)) are currently produced by photochemical synthesis,using electric lamps as light sources. In some cases solarlight could serve as well, thus avoiding the wasteful fossil-fuel→electricity→lamp production chain. Therefore growingeffort has been exerted during the last decade to mutuallyadapt modern solar technology and the chemical engineer-ing of photochemical synthesis. Within this context, the Sol-fin Project, funded since 1996 by the CEC Program forTraining and Mobility of Researchers gives investigators inpreparative photochemistry the possibility to test their reac-tions with solar light. In this way, a great variety of syntheticreactions are tested and promising candidates for furtheroptimization can be identified. At the same time younggraduate research chemists learn about the basic feasibilityof directly applying solar radiation for photochemical syn-thesis.

Another small test loop was added to the Solfin facilityduring 1997 to allow preliminary testing with low total vol-umes of reaction mixtures. The photoreactor is a CPC mir-ror 1 m long and 0.2 m wide with an optical concentrationof 2 (See Fig. 2.5.7). A 32 mm-OD Liebig-type glass cooleris mounted in its line of focus. The reaction mixture is irra-diated by a small magnetically coupled centrifugal pumpwhich circulates it through the outer compartment of thecooler while the cooling water is circulated through the innercompartment.

Fig. 2.5.7 View of the small-scale CPC concentrating photoreactor


Five European photochemical research groups fromFrance, England, Italy, Spain and Ireland received fundingfrom the CEC-TMR Programme to perform the tests summa-rized briefly in the following.

CNRS- ICSN, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

The main objective of the tests performed was the selec-tive oxidation of hydrocarbons using decatungstate-anion(W10O32

4-) as the photochemical catalyst. After tests withadamantan, cyclohexane was chosen as an interesting tar-get for this type of oxidation, as its products are importantprecursors in the industrial synthesis of Nylon. The testsshowed best results at the highest cyclohexane concentra-tions (10% in Acetonitrile as solvent).

Dep. of Chemistry, The University of Reading (Eng-land)

The photoaddition of ethenes to 1,4-quinones was cho-sen to yield a product with appreciable potential for readyconventional elaboration and exploitation towards highvalue chemicals. More specifically 2-acetoxynaphtho-1,4-quinone- arylethene systems to yield 4 were studied to as-sess the potential of this reaction for initiation by sunlight,and allow studies to progress towards the targeted skeletaof two series of biologically active molecules and the com-pounds for molecular electronic devices responsive to dif-ferent stimuli. The tests were extremely successful, yieldinga total of 90 grams of more highly pure 4 than in labora-tory tests.

Dip.Chimica Organica, Universita di Pavia (Italy)

Radicalic alkylations of electrophilic multiple bonds wereinvestigated with two different systems, by chemical sensi-tization using benzophenone as the sensitizer and by semi-conductor photocatalysis, using TiO2. Fig. 2.5.9 shows theresults of a test with alkylation of maleic acid by isopropa-nol to form terebic acid, an additive for polymers.

O

O

O-CO-CH3Ph

O

O

O-CO-CH3

R

PhR

4, R = H, 5, R = Ph

hν+

Fig. 2.5.8 Photoaddition of the 2-acetoxynaphtho-1,4-quinone - arylethene


Maleic Acid / isopropanol

y = 0,1789xR2 = 0,9943

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

Einstein

mo

les

pro

du

ctFig. 2.5.9 Solar photochemical synthesis of Terebic acid

Depto. Química Orgánica I, Universidad Complutensede Madrid (Spain)

Pyrethrin insecticides are important in agriculture be-cause they relatively innocuous to mammals and are bio-degradable. The aza-di-π-methane rearrangement of suita-bly substituted β-γ-unsaturated oximes was studied to pro-vide the precursors of the cyclopropyl carboxylic acid moi-ety with the main structural feature responsible for thebiological activity of pyrethrin insecticides.

Conversion to the desired products was good with thedifferent oxime ethers tested as starting materials afterabout 1-2 hours of irradiation.

School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University(Ireland)

The allyl oxime ether of 2-benzylidenecyclopentanoneundergoes smooth cyclisation on photolysis in methanol,via a photoequilibrium involving all four of its geometricalisomers, to give cyclopenta [b] quinoline.The process pro-vides a convenient synthetic route to annulled quinolinesand related materials from inexpensive readily-availablestarting materials. The examples of this reaction type pro-ceeded well during solar irradiation, though somewhatslower than using laboratory UV-lamps. Fig. 2.5.10 showsas an example the reaction formation of 2-(1-naphthylidene) cyclopentanone oxime acetate. The corre-sponding product was obtained in a high purity without thenecessity for further chromatographic purification.

Annual Report ‘97 PSA

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Previous Chapter:1 PSA Solar Thermal Tech-nology 1997Next Chapter: 3 Operation & MaintenancePrevious Section: 2.4 Central ReceiversNext Section:2.6 Materials treatment

NOCOMe

NGeometricalIsomers

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 50 70100

160200

300360

Tim e (minutes )

%R

emai

ning

.

Fig. 2.5.10 Reaction of 2-(1-Naphthylidene) cyclopentanone oxime acetate


2 Technical description and project achievements...............................20



2.3 Dish/Stirling Systems..................................................................... 43

2.4 Central Receivers .......................................................................... 49

2.5 Solar Chemistry............................................................................. 69

2.6 Materials treatment........................................................................ 812.6.1 High Flux Concentration Facility (Solar Furnace).............. 81 2.6.1.1 Improvements in the Solar Furnace during 1998 ......... 82 2.6.1.2 Tests carried out in the Solar Furnace ..................................... 82


2.6 Materials treatmentUnder the EU-DGXII “Training and Mobility of Research-

ers-Access to Large Scale Facilities” program, four Euro-pean research groups have performed different types oftests in the PSA High Flux Concentration Facility SolarFurnace (HCF).

The Finnish Helsinki University of Technology and thePortuguese Instituto Superior Tecnico have tested severaldifferent ceramics and metals, while the Spanish Universi-dad de Sevilla tested four control algorithms and the Por-tuguese Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia In-dustrial verified the performance of a secondary concentra-tor (SSC).

2.6.1High Flux Concentration Facility (SolarFurnace)

Completed in 1991, the Solar Furnace was planned tobe the necessary tool for penetration into the field of veryhigh temperatures, thus allowing the PSA to cover all theranges of concentrated solar energy temperature and fluxdensities.

Since its inauguration, the PSA Solar Furnace has beendevoted to materials testing for the European Union “Ac-cess to Large Scale Scientific Installations” program.

Its main components are:

• A heliostat field of 4 MBB heliostats with a 53.61 m2

reflecting area and 90% reflectivity, which reflect thesunlight onto the concentrator dish. Sun tracking iscomputer controlled.

• An 11.5 m-x-11.2 m louvered shutter regulates the in-coming light onto the concentrator, with 15896 posi-

Diego MartínezArea Head

Solar Furance

Fig. 2.6.1 Test table, shutter and heliostats


tions between 0º (open) and 55º (closed) an accuracy of0.003º and minimum closing time of 10 seconds.

• A 0.91 m-x-1.21 m concentrator consisting of 89spherical sandwich-type facets, total reflecting area of98.5 m2 and reflectivity of 94%, focal length 7.06 m,focal height 6.09 m, peak concentration of 3000, peakpower 60 kW and 22-cm focus, concentrates the in-coming sunlight on a test table.

• A 0.7 m-x-0.6 m test table for samples allows 3-axisdisplacement on x=0.86 m, y=0.6 m (along optical axis)and z=0.5 m.

2.6.1.1 Improvements in the Solar Furnace during1998

The “Minivac” mini vacuum chamber tested for the In-stituto Superior Tecnico of Lisbon, consisting basically of asmall chamber with a quartz window allowing concen-trated light to enter, was installed on the test table andconnected to the Solar Furnace vacuum chamber and gassystem.

The Minivac permitshorizontal treatment ofspecimens by using amirror tilted 45º to ver-tically reflect the in-coming horizontal raysunder controlled at-mosphere.

A fast shutter, usuallyplaced on the test tablefor testing under ambi-ent pressure conditions,has been adapted foruse with the vacuumchamber in order to de-liver, in less than a sec-ond, the concentratedlight of the focal spotonto specimens inside the vacuum chamber.

2.6.1.2 Tests carried out in the Solar FurnaceThe Solar Furnace has been fully devoted to the Euro-

pean Union DG-XII “Training and Mobility of Researchers-Access to Large Scales Facilities” program, running fromJanuary, 1996 to December, 1998.

As a continuation of 1996 activities, specimens of dif-ferent kinds of metal and ceramic have been treated athigh temperatures. The following research groups alsotested a secondary concentrator and several control algo-rithms:

Fig. 2.6.2 Minivac, quartz window, crucible and samples


Department of Engineering Systems, ESTII, Univ. Seville.Manuel Berenguel, Responsible Scientist.

As a material treatment facility, the Solar Furnace re-quires controlled specimen temperatures over time for awide range of thermal treatment tests.

Four algorithms for automatic shutter aperture controldeveloped by the University of Seville were tested on ce-ramics and metals during 1997:

• A Predictive Controller with excellent performanceadded to all the control schemes neatly improvessystem behavior.

• A PID classic controller with very good behavior, al-though not over very wide temperature ranges, pres-ents certain operating difficulties because it has to bereadjusted for every test specimen material.

• A PI adaptive controller, which did not need to beadjusted for different materials and is suitable over awider temperature range.

• A Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) was tested, showingquick non-oscillating response, but further testing isrequired in order to verify its viability.

Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial(Portugal)Joao Farinha Mendes, Responsible Scientist.

The combination ofconventional focusing op-tics with non-imagingsecond-stage concen-trating optics is a goodsolution that increasesthe performance of theprimary concentrator.

The secondary concen-trator not only correctsthe optical inadequaciesof the primary, but mightalso bring the whole sys-tem close to the thermo-dynamic maximum.

A Tailored Edge RayConcentrator (TERC)-typeSecond Stage Concentra-tor (SSC) design basedon non-imaging optics was fabricated in Portugal andtested in the PSA Solar Furnace.

The flux density provided by the TERC has been meas-ured by the Solar Furnace Theta image processing system,

Fig. 2.6.3 Flux density at the TERC exit


which includes a slow-scanning CCD camera, a water-cooled lambertian target and radiometer that serve as ref-erence for system calibration.

The TERC improves the working conditions of the SolarFurnace, increasing the concentration ratio by a factor of1.4 and the available power output to about 24 kW in a 96-mm-diameter circle, corresponding to an average flux den-sity of 3440 kW/m2.

Helsinki University of Technology (HUT)Seppo Kivivuori, Responsible Scientist

Several methods of calculating the distribution of hard-ness in quenched steel specimens have been developed byHUT for use in modeling surface hardening:

• Modeling of Temperature distribution• Modeling of thermal cycles in tools• Modeling of thermal stresses

A fast shutter fitted to a pneumatic cylinder was in-stalled in front of the Test Table in order to carry outthermal cycles on metal specimens.

Samples of hardened H13 Nitride, H13 Chrome andH13 TiN-coated steels were subjected to thermal fatiguetesting in the Solar furnace in two different cycles. In thefirst case, the specimens were exposed to the focal spotand shaded alternatively for 5 seconds during 3 to 15minutes. In the second, the specimens were subjected tofrom four to eight cycles at temperatures from 500ºC to750ºC.

Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST) of LisbonLuis Guerra, Responsible Scientist

The production of d-transition metal carbides such asSiC, TiC, ZrC and WC was attempted by IST. The first goalwas to obtain a synthesis of refractory metal carbides (SiC,TiC, ZrC, WC) employing a non-graphitic (amorphous) ac-tive carbon as the carburizing medium. In conventionalfurnaces, this process consumes a large amount of timeand energy. A high-capacity solar furnace such as this oneis an excellent tool for this process.

Compact 1-cm diameter cylindrical pellets 0.5 cm highwere exposed in the Minivac in N2 or Ar atmospheres for30 minutes at temperatures of approximately 1600ºC.

The XRD pattern showed full conversion of Si to SiC inthose specimens treated in an Ar atmosphere, while thosetreated in N2 showed only partial conversion

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Previous Chapter:1 PSA Solar Thermal Tech-nology 1997Next Chapter: 3 Operation & MaintenancePrevious Section: 2.5 Solar Chemestry.


3 Operation & Maintenance ..................................................................... 8 5

3.1 Summary of Hours of Operation....................................................... 8 53.1.1 CESA-1 Facility ................................................................. 863.1.2 SSPS Facility .................................................................... 873.1.3 High Concentration Facility (HCF)..................................... 8 9

3.2 Maintenance Plan for 1997/98 ......................................................... 9 13.2.1 General.......................................................................93


3 Operation & MaintenanceThe Operation and Maintenance team, which dependsdirectly from the Directorate in the CHA-PSA organization,provides most of the experience, know-how and manpowerto carryout the experiments in close cooperation with theArea Heads and other PSA teams. The task implies theoperation of facilities, maintenance andconstruction/modification of the projects

Activities in 1997 were carried out on schedule, with theexception of attending to damage done in a storm onSeptember 21st, especially to electronic cards.

Within the COLÓN SOLAR project, the O&M team sharedin writing and revising documents and installing theheliostat, local control, etc.

3.1 Summary of Hours of OperationOperation activities at the PSA facilities in 1997 were in

line with the program of work foreseen. Some deviationsfrom the schedule were due to bad weather especially

J.A.Rodriguez PovedanoHead of O&M

Antonio Valverde

Javier León

José Rodriguez

CESA-1 Hours-1996 Hours-1997

Collector 2132 2193

TSA 206 434

ASM -150 283 174

GM-100 93 574

Turbine 261 39

GRAAL 133 87

REFOS 0 46

STAMP 261 0

CRS Hours-1996 Hours-1997

Collector 1609 1577

Cor-Rec 196 112

RAS 84 32

Hit-Rec 0 82

DCS Hours-1996 Hours-1997

ACUREX 621 677

Desalinat ion 367 672

Detoxif icat ion 1483 1101

ARDISS 544 576

HTL (LS-3) 0 113

HFC Hours-1996 Hours-1997

Collector 1569 1605

Shuttle&T. 1318 1572

North Dish 1287 1053

Center Dish 1300 1276

South Dish 1152 1134

Table 3.1 Summary of Operation Hours 1996-97


during the last quarter of the year. Fig. 3.3 shows the hoursof operation per project in each facility for the last twoyears.

3.1.1 CESA-1 FacilityOn-axis canting started in late 1996 was completed by

the middle of this year and the substitution of the SENERheliostat elevating mechanisms by commercialmechanisms began during the last quarter. The REFOSproject heliostat configuration is completely finished.

A new automatic control for offset adjustment is beingdeveloped with the University of Seville. The aim of thisnew control is to make it possible to adjust the heliostatoffset even while testing, using a video camera and agraphic card. This new algorithm will be implemented atthe beginning of 1997.

Heliostats

The two PHOEBUS-type heliostats, ASM-150 and GM-100 were compared in a test campaign. The ASM-150control software is under development and will be installedshortly.

TSA Project

Testing under the TSA project evaluated the newabsorber element installed at the end of 1996. After this,the main objective of the project was normal operation forelectricity production. The TSA was connected to theexisting CESA steam turbine system and power producedwas fed into the Spanish grid although, as the sizes of thesystems do not fit very well, only a power output of about200 kW resulted.

The operators were trained in system, receiver, steamgenerator and turbine in May and June. The operatingpersonnel requirement has been reduced 50% because ofthe successful behavior of the automatic aiming-pointstrategy.

Fig. 3.1. Comparison of hours of operation in the CESA-1 test facility

CESA-1

0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

C o lle c to r TS A AS M- 1 5 0 G M - 1 0 0 Tu rb in e G R A A L R E F O S S TAMP

Hours- 1 9 9 6 Hours- 1 9 9 7


TSA routine operation was hindered by bad weatherduring the last quarter of the year, preparation of the landfor the DISS project, which reduced the mirror reflectivity50%, and interference with REFOS project assembly tasksin the CESA-1 tower.

REFOS

The operating hours assigned to this project are those ofthe collector system used to calibrate heliostats forsimulation purposes, and those of running the coolingsystems to be used with REFOS project to check thefunctioning of the equipment.

GRAAL

The GRAAL tests were carried out successfully inFebruary and March. Although testing was done at night,operating activities during daylight hours are necessary toprepare the heliostat field for this project.

3.1.2 SSPS FacilityCentral Receiver System (CRS)

Receptor Avanzado de Sales (RAS Project.)

The system finished the test campaign which completelycovered the flux density range, including the nominal levelof 400 kW/m2. The front of the receiver was repainted toimprove absorptivity. Some experiments for calculatingpanel and lambertian target reflectivity were carried outusing the Hermes-II system visible-spectrum camera.

CRS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Collector Cor-Rec RAS Hit-Rec

Hours-1996 Hours-1997

Fig. 3.2 Comparative operation hours in the CRS test facility

Volumetric Project.

Two volumetric absorbers were tested during the year:

• Second phase Cor-Rec receiver testing was carried outin 1997 after changing the air-flow distribution and,consequently, the temperature distribution. Thebehavior was more homogeneous than in the first


phase, and the expected air temperature could bereached.

• The Hit-Rec receiver was mounted in 1997 after Cor-Rectesting was finished. During the first test period, a newrecord was achieved in the test-bed when the airtemperature behind the absorber exceeded 900°C.

Distributed Collector System (DCS)

Acurex

The year was devoted to the EU-TMR program, test planof which was completed. Testing during the year wasdistributed among the following organizations, University ofSeville (AICIA), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas eComputadores (INESC), University of Firenze, University ofOulu and University of Bochum. In all cases, the responseof the oil system to the various controls was checked. Acertain amount of the energy collected by the system wasused for desalinating water.

Heat Transfer Loop (LS-3)

During the year, half an LS-3 collector was mounted in aclosed oil loop and has operated for performance of allpreoperational testing, including oil-drying.

Desalination Plant

The Desalination Plant was also included in the CEC-TMR last year and was operated regularly during thecampaign. The principal user was the University of Ulster.Besides this, the continuous production of distilled waterwas used to feed PSA Projects such as Detoxification, TSAor for more general uses such as cleaning mirrors or ascooling water.

DCS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

ACUREX Desalination Detoxification ARDIS HTL (LS-3)

Hours-1996 Hours-1997

Fig. 3.3 Comparative operation hours in the DCS test facility


3.1.3 High Concentration Facility (HCF)

Solar Furnace

Within the European “Training and Mobility ofResearchers-Access to Large-Scales Facilities” programfour research groups carried out different kinds of tests inthe Solar Furnace:

• The Finnish Helsinki University of Technology, whichhas developed several methods for calculating thedistribution of hardening in quenched steel specimens,carried out testing on H13 Nitride, H13 Chrome andH13 TiN-coated hardened steel specimens bysubjecting them to thermal cycles.

• The Instituto Superior Tecnico of Lisbon testedspecimens of compacted pellets of refractory metalcarbides (SiC, TiC, ZrC, WC) inside the mini vacuumchamber (Minivac) in N2 and Ar gas atmospheres. Thespecimens were exposed for 30 minutes attemperatures of about 1600ºC.

• The University of Seville developed four controlalgorithms, PID, PI adaptive, Fuzzy Logic Controller andPredictive Controller, which control shutter aperture,allowing the reflected light of the heliostats to reach theconcentrator and afterwards, the specimen, therebyautomatically controlling the temperature of thespecimens.

• The Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e TecnologiaIndustrial tested a TERC (Tailored Edge RayConcentrator)-type Second Stage Concentrator (SSC).With the TERC, the concentration ratio is increased by afactor of 1.4 and the average flux density is about 3440kW/m2 within a 96-mm diameter circle at its exits,allowing larger samples to be treated at highertemperatures.

H C F

0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

C o lle c to r S h u ttle &T. No rth D is h C e n te r Dis h S o u th D is h

Hours- 1 9 9 6 Hours- 1 9 9 7

Fig. 3.4 Comparison of operating hours in the HCF test facility


DISTAL

Routine operation of DISTAL I continued. More than11,400 kWh gross power and about 3,500 operating hourswere accumulated by the three dishes in 1997, totalingmore than 100,000 kWh gross power produced and about29,000 operating hours from the start of the project in1992.

DISTAL II has started with the mounting and pre-operational testing of three new 8.5-m-diameter disheswith a gross power output of 10-kWe each.

DETOXIFICACION

Activity in this project was mainly focused on the TMRprogram and the Pesticide Detoxification Project in El Ejido(Almería).

Within the TMR project, the University of Poitiers andthe CNRS Lyon tested TiO2, photo-Fenton and a TiO2

electrode as catalysts and Phenol, 4-Clorophenol and Malicacid as contaminants in the Collector Loop. In the CPCs,the University of Wien (TUV), the Institut fürSolarenergieforschung GmbH Hannover (ISFH) and CNRSLyon tested contaminants such as 4-Chlorophenol,Atrazine, Malic acid, pesticides and olive-mill waste waterwith TiO2 and Photo-Fenton as catalysts.

The Pesticide Detoxification Project in El Ejido used theCPC’s to carried out tests on pesticides with TiO2 catalyst.

A total of 85 experiments were carried out in the CPCson 114 days of operation and 20 tests were performed on26 days in the Collector Loop.

ARDISS

In January, the new ARDISS absorber pipe called theAdvanced Receiver for Direct Solar Steam generation, wasmounted on the free arm of the ARDISS collector andtested in February and March.

Afterwards, the Parex02 absorber was modified andimproved, carrying out reliability tests until July. In thesecond half of the year operation was focused on testing“naked tubes”, which are basically metal absorber pipeswithout the glass cover.

41 collector on-track efficiency tests and 34 thermal losstests with the collector in stow position were carried out.


3.2 Maintenance Plan for 1997/98The General Maintenance Plan

(GPM) of the PSA, in effect since1994, has been revised andfollowed with satisfactory results,as expected, especially due to theguarantee of continuity of theservice contract with the GYMSACompany, as the previous year.

Maintenance activities areillustrated in Figs. 3.5 to Fig. 3.8.

Fig. 3.5 summarizes andanalyses the distribution of workdone under the GMP since 1994.

Construction activities tended to develop in parallel as informer years. A significant effort was exerted in correctivetasks, mainly to repair storm damage.

Fig. 3.6 presents the distribution of work by activity in1997 versus 1996, keeping in mind that all projectmaintenance work, as well as general installation, isincluded under “construction”. As shown, more time wasdevoted to construction in 1997 than 1996, at the expenseof preventive maintenance work.

Fig. 3.7 shows the distribution of maintenance workloadhistory devoted to “general” in the specific classes,preventive, corrective and construction. ”General” containsvirtually all preventive maintenance work done forinfrastructure as well as the three test facilities. Indirectlabor is not included.

Fig. 3.8 is the historical distribution of the projectmaintenance workload.

Fig. 3.5 Distribution of work done under the GMP since 1993

José ManuelMolina

0,00

5.000,00

10.000,00

15.000,00

20.000,00

25.000,00

30.000,00

35.000,00

1.993 1.994 1.995 1.996 1.997

Year

Man

ho

ur

Corrective

Construction

Preventive

TOTAL.


Fig. 3.6 Distribution of work by activity in 1997 versus 1996

Fig. 3.7 Historical distribution of “General” maintenance workload bypreventive, corrective and construction

Fig. 3.8 historical distribution of the project maintenance workload

Construction29%

Corrective22%

Preventive49%

Construction35%

Preventive39% Corrective

26%

1997

1996

"General" Workload History

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

1.995 1.996 1.997

Year

Man

ho

ur Preventive

Corrective

Construction

Total

"Projects" Workload History

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1.995 1.996 1.997

Year

Man

ho

ur Preventive

Corrective

Construction

Total


3.2.1 General• Installation of a water supply-line from the DCS facility

to the LECE project.

• Laying of optical fiber and UPS electrical line from theCESA 1 to the Entrance building and installation ofcommunications network and UPS in this building

• New water supply line to Laboratories.

CESA 1

REFOS

• Removal of Hermes cooling water and reconditioning oftest room, as well as modification of the former receiversupport structure and construction of a concrete matfor the new REFOS project.

• Erection of a steel mast to support the infrared controlcamera.

• Replacement of elevation worms in 40 SENERheliostats, to be continued and finished in 1998.

COLON SOLAR

• Preparation of infrastructure; finding geographiccoordinates; power supply; control; several tasksinvolved in matching the mechanism; canting thefacets; etc.

LS-3 LOOP

• Various specific tasks for installation of auxiliaryequipment, piping, signal cables, erection of facets,electric board, etc.

DISS

• Installation of underground network, erection of Hermescrane in BOP building, in situ fabrication of distributiontrays for electricity and control.

• Electrical engineering tasks.

• Site preparation, load and unload of units.

Volumetric Receivers

• Dismantling of COR-REC receiver, and flux measuringsystem for reparation.

• Erection of new “HIT-REC” receiver; previous replacingof new thermocouples.

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Previous Chapter: : 2 Technical description andproject achievementsNext Chapter: 4 Engineering Department Activities


4. Engineering Department Activities ............................................. 94

4.1 Overview of the Computer services.....................................................95

4.2 Control, Instrumentation and Monitoring.............................................96

4.3 Flux Measurement activities .................................................................98

4.4 Supervision during the erection of the LS-3 Test loop ...................105

4.5 Infrastructure improvements in 1997 ...............................................107


4. Engineering Department ActivitiesThe Engineering Department handles general

supporting services for all the projects, such asflux measurement, instrumentation, computerservices, safety and drafting are concentrated inthis department which has 12 persons. At thebeginning of 1997, two doctoral thesis studentswere integrated to the department staff.

Mr. Anselm Kröger-Vodde is assisting withflux measurement for heliostat control systems.As the operation of Tower power plants requiresintensive operator attention due to the possibil-ity of up to 30% efficiency loss from trackingerrors, automation of heliostat control is a highpriority. The strong pressure to further reducethe investment required supports this becauseof the poor accuracy of low-cost support.

Mr. Miguel Angel Rubio is in charge of im-proving the PSA’s weather station. For all proj-ects, the availability and reliability of meteodata is important to evaluation of results. Alocal radiation simulation tool for the Almeríaarea is also planned to improve simulation coderesults.

The most work was for the DISS project, forwhich the main equipment was purchased, thecontrol and instrumentation designs were re-viewed, the site, detailed engineering and mate-rial tenders were prepared. Furthermore theLS-3 parabolic collector was erected and testedand a new local heliostat control prototype, de-veloped by the Engineering staff, was very suc-cessfully tested on it. The PSA computer systemhas been updated concerning the approvedbudget and some important steps forward inInternet-connection and communication havebeen made. Some new data acquisition systemshave also been developed and integrated inproject control and evaluation. Important ad-vances were made by the flux measurementgroup which developed specific macros for the Optimasimage processing and acquisition software code for use inconjunction with a new 12-bit CCD camera system. Workdone during the year is presented in detail below:

Andreas Holländer(Area Head)

Bernabé CalatravaInfrastructure/Safety

Dieter WeyersDISS (Ball joints)

Angel Soler(Draftsman)

Miguel Angel Rubio(Doctoral Student)

Rosario Domech(Secretary)


4.1 Overview of the Computerservices

As the PSA is located in a decentralized areain the south of Spain, electronic communicationis very important to establish access to otherscientific centers. Within this, the World WideWeb (WWW) has become the new standard. Allimportant publications of the PSA like the An-nual Technical Reports, TMR information pack-ages, project information and Student Programprocedures are put on the WWW. A new state-of-the-art technology Windows NT server, sophisti-

cated electronic-mail system and remote telephone accesshave been installed. With these changes the execution ofon-line CIEMAT administrative programs via Internet havebeen enabled as well. Consequently, the amount of exter-nal data received was nearly twice that in 1996, althoughthe amount sent was nearly the same, as shown in the fol-lowing figure (Fig. 4.1).

In order to set up the above mentioned external com-munications, the internal network to all the PSA buildingshas also had to be improved and enlarged. There are nowabout 120 computers connected to the local network.Nearly all printers are now connected to the local network,providing more flexibility in the use of printers and accessto special color printer. More than 100,000 pages havebeen printed with the network printers, Nearly twice asmany as last year, as shown below.

0

5

10

15

1994 1995 1996 1997Year

Gig

abyt

e

Data Sent

Data Received

Fig. 4.1 PSA Data Exchange in 1997

As part of routine work some of the older Data acquisi-tion systems have been modified or reconfigured for thenew infrastructure and some new data bases have beendesigned.

Juan A.Camacho(Computer Serv-

ices)

Jaime Aranda(Computer Serv-

ices)


4.2 Control, Instrumentation and MonitoringThe most important work carried out in 1997 was

the adaptation of the local heliostat control systemdeveloped by PSA to the LS-3 and DISS parabolictrough loops and the ABENGOA prototype heliostat forthe Colon Solar heliostat field.

The first thing done for the DISS project in the En-gineering Department was the erection of the LS-3 testloop. The conventional system and the control systemwere designed and supervised and work began in1997. The local control device, based on the GM-100heliostat control GA 2696A card, was changed andadapted to the requirements of parabolic trough sys-tems. The following figure shows the new control unitdesigned by PSA.

During the year, the control was very successfully testedand as a result, it was decided to implement this system inthe new DISS collector in 1998. With the new system, thephilosophy of local control devices has also changed fromthe conventional cell-controlled tracking to an advancedhigh-precision optical encoder control which also gives bet-ter results in handling the device and solves some prob-lems found in connecting the old system. Figure 4.2 showsone of the twelve local control systems in the DISS-Testloop.

All the results of design and testing in these projectshave been integrated in the development of the latest gen-eration of local heliostat controllers for production in se-ries. Since the PSA has been placed in charge of the ColonSolar project solar system, especially its control, these de-sign activities have been strengthened. The Colon Solarpower plant requires reliable controllers with commercial,economical components. The local control, developed forthe GM-100 heliostat prototype was used as the basis forthe design of such a reliable, low-cost control for solartower plants. Some commercial components of the localcontrol, like speed and rpm controllers will facilitate sys-tem maintenance.

Ginés García Andrés Egea

(Instrumentation) (Instrumentation)


Apart from these special tasks, routine work has beencarried out, for the other projects:

• Automation of the Solar Furnace “guillotine”• Fabrication of thermocouples for the furnace• Modification of the control logic of the CESA-1 project• Disassembly of special instrumentation in the CESA-1

tower

Fig. 4.2 The new local-control box for the LS-3 parabolic-troughloop

Fig. 4.3 Inside of the DISS local control box


4.3 Flux Measurement activitiesIn order to evaluate the performance of solar concen-

trating devices like receivers, single heliostats or a com-plete heliostat field, the PSA now has three different fluxmeasurement and beam characterization systems avail-able:

• The pioneer 8 bit �VAX-based HERMES II system• The new 14 bit PC-based PROHERMES video system

Both are currently operative in the SSPS and CESA-1 he-liostat fields.

The Theta-1 system, consisting of a 12-bit CCD cameraand specialized software under DOS, was operated for thedishes. During 1997 the following measurement cam-paigns were carried out.

• Receptor Avanzado de Sales RAS (Spain) with HermesIIIn January, 1997, several infrared and video measure-ments were taken to evaluate the front panel tempera-ture (around 600ºC), and incident flux (around 570 kWwith densities up to 400 kW/m2). The data were used tocalculate power and receiver efficiency.

• CORREC and HITREC Volumetric Air Receivers (Ger-many) with Hermes IIThe Corderite ceramic receiver consists of 33 modulesin an arc-like structure with individually adjusted flowrates. Flux measurements taken in 1996-97 were

Fig. 4.4 Local-control box for the two-axis solar tower plant heliostats

Rafael Monterreal(Flux measurement)

Anselm Kröger-Vodde

(Doctoral Student)


around 200 kW with a maximum flux density of 500kW/m2.

During 1997 the following measuring campaigns per-formed:

• Installation and testing of the PROHERMES systemitselfThe equipment consists of a 14-bit CCD Theta-Systemscamera and the customizable OPTIMAS image-processing software. Many OPTIMAS macros have beenspecially designed, programmed and continuously en-hanced for the necessities of the PSA driver in order toobtain a tailor-made software for solar energy applica-tions. With these macros, image acquisition is reliablewith live picture, saturation control for frequent meas-urements and moving-bar sequences. Fast-image con-ditioning in preparation for further calculation is proc-essed by other specialized macros for heliostat beamcharacterization, heliostat tracking or sun shape andthe results can be exported directly to charts in pro-grams like Excel. The macros are easy to handle, saveoperating time and significantly decrease the supervi-sion time required for operation. Furthermore, valuablemanuals for various flux measurement tasks have beenprepared.

Target

CalorimeterHeliostat

Pentium 166 MHz

Meteo-station

Optimas

Cameracontrol

CCD video camera384 x 286 pixel

W inctr05

Fig. 4.5 Schematic of video flux measurement system PROHERMES


• Comparative testing of two large-area heliostats, theASM150 and the GM100a, has been carried out and thefollowing characteristics of both heliostats were evalu-ated:− tracking− beam quality− effects of wind disturbances

Further details on results are explained in PSA internalreport R09/98-RM, November, 1997.

• Initial heliostat performance characterization cam-paign for the REFOS projectIn the last quarter of 1997, the 90 heliostats foreseenfor operation of the new REFOS receiver were selectedand their performance evaluated. The high perform-ance of the effective area computed was demonstrated.The focus shapes show good canting with point ofmaximum irradiation nearly congruent with the centerof flux distribution. The peak irradiation has beenevaluated between 7 and 80 suns depending on the he-liostat row. Measurement will continue and will be re-vised to improve precision of the data acquired. Thefollowing figure (Fig. 4.8) is an example of the resultingrepresentation of a particular heliostat. The gray centerand point of peak irradiation are shown. The target areaand effective area of this 40 m² heliostat are also in-cluded. The flux distribution of two cuts through thegray center can be read from diagrams. After smooth-ing the image of the focus with an Average-filter, differ-ent effects can be highlighted depending on the se-lected assignment of colors to tones of gray (i.e., Lumi-nance Tables).

M ath. analys is of the f lux dis tr ibut ion

D A S m a n a g e m e n ts M oving Bar Targe t app l i ca t ion

R e m o te Contro l :. Camera pos i t ion ing. Z o o m a n d f o c u s i n g. Fi l ter ing control. Ir is pos i t ioning

O p tim a s 6 . 1 T a i l o r - m a d e F l u x M e a s u r e m e n tSoftw a r e

Opt iona l l ink to :M a t lab,Exce l , o thers

P R O H E R M E S G O A L S

Fig. 4.6 Goal of the PROHERMES Flux Measurement system


• Colón Solar heliostat tests campaignAn intensive test campaign was carried out to the endof 1997 to investigate the main features of the Colon-Solar heliostat prototype. The following figure shows fo-cus at solar noon.

Heliostat Name: He 5.04File Name: FILT_CUT_HT0218VN

x y Conc. Ratio Line Length: 300 cm[cm] [cm] [-]

Center of Grey: 210.9 171.1 40.300 Target Area: 13.335 m²Peak: 209.4 169.0 40.445 Effective Area: 37.839 m²

(Target Coordination)

Unfiltered: Filtered (Average 5x5 + Pseudo3Color):

Filtered (Average 5x5): Filtered (Average 5x5 + HSI PseudoColor):

Vertical Cross Line

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 50 100 150 200 250 300cm

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n R

atio

He 5.04

Horizontal Cross Line

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 50 100 150 200 250 300cm

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n R

atio

He 5.04

Fig. 4.7 Result for characteristics of a heliostat used in the REFOS-project.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

X

Y V

ααU

m

m

Fig.4.8 Colón Solar heliostat focus at solar noon


The following points have been analyzed in detail:

• Local Control• Beam Quality• Tracking accuracy• Electrical consumption• Flux distribution onto lambertian target• Behavior under wind conditions• Mirror surface status

• Activities with the ThetaI systemWith the help of a cooled, Amer-coated target on a movingcross, first performance measurements of the recentlyerected DISTAL II dishes were carried out in June and July,1997. The measurement system was developed especiallyfor this task and is run by customized C procedures. Theflux density was evaluated in 11 shots of planes behind andin front of the center focal point at a dish pressure of –20 mbar. The location of the focal plane has beendetermined for pressures between -15 and –30 mbar. Theresults, retrieved by special procedures, show particularirregularities of the dish surface. Densities up to 17,000kW/m2 lead to a maximum thermal power of about 50 kW.

Fig. 4.9 Theta 1 measurement installations at DISTAL II.

• Other activitiesSome other activities of the flux group, such as a newcomputer code for solar concentrator simulation weredeveloped throughout the period. The new code devel-oped by the PSA is based on precise knowledge of thesun shape, which is captured by a 14-bit-resolution-depth CCD imaging device and transformed into a ma-trix representative of the spatial distribution of the sunintensity. This contrasts with most other simulationcodes, which use either analytical or poor resolution


experimental sunshapes for input data.This matrix is pro-jected onto the re-ceiver by a discretemirror, following thelaw of reflection andassuming the ray-cone approximationfor every area ele-ment. For a singlemirror the reflectingsurface is initiallymodeled using 11basic parameters,which are sufficient todescribe the mor-phology, geometryand mirror waviness.For more complex ca-toptrics the user canincrease the numberof modeling parame-ters unaided, makinga tailored mirror, likea heliostat, a solarfurnace parabolicmirror, dishes, etc.Users will certainlyfind a flexible andvery precise codeable to simulate boththe behavior of solar

reflecting systems or augment its optimum parametersfor optical qualification purposes.

Outside collaborationAs a part of the scientist exchange program, Mr. S. A.

Jones, of SANDIA National Laboratories (USA), has closelycollaborated in DISTAL II dish evaluation with a new laser-based optical measurement system called V-SHOT. Theschematic of the measurement system is shown in the fol-lowing figure (Fig. 4.11). Moreover, Mrs. B. von der Au ofDLR-Cologne has also collaborated with the PSA, in syn-chronous measurement of the sun shape by applying somerecently created OPTIMAS-macros based on the exchangeof knowledge.

Modeled mirror features

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

m

m

Projected Sunshape onto 12x12 white lambertian Target (kW/m²)

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Fig. 4.10 Modeling of Mirror Features with the New Computer Code


Target

Laser &Scanner

Mirror Specimen

Distance From Vertex to Target ~ 2f

Computer System

Camera

Fig. 4.11 Schematic of the V SHOT-System


4.4 Supervision during the erection ofthe LS-3 Test loop

The Heat Transfer Fluid Test Loop (HTF) was installedduring the first half of 1997. The test loop will be used toevaluate improved parabolic trough components under so-lar conditions. The loop consists of a 50-m LS-3-type para-bolic-trough collector, and an independent 1,000-l oil cir-cuit containing Syltherm oil as the heat transfer fluid. Thespecifications of the system components are as follows:

• LS-3 collector: aperture area, 272.5 m2, 50 m long,5.76 m wide, outer absorber tube diameter 0.70 m, in-ner tube diameter 0.42 m, focal point 1.71 m.

• 250-kW Oil/Air cooler located at the outlet of the collec-tor. The blower speed may be controlled manually orautomatically to regulate the oil temperature.

• A 1.5-m3 oil tank is the system expansion vessel. Thetank is pressurized with nitrogen up to 40 bar.

• 20-kW auxiliary heater at the inlet of the collector tocompensate system thermal losses.

• Oil pump, 8 liters/sec with magnetic coupling and heat-resistant up to 390ºC. Speed is controlled by a con-verter.

• SYLTHERM 800 heat transfer fluid, max. operatingtemperature 400ºC, no crystallization point. Density at300ºC is 672kg/m3 with a specific heat capacity of2,087 J/kgK.

The maximum and minimum operating parameters ofthe heat transfer fluid test loop are the following:

Solar irradiation 0-1000 W/m2

Test loop temperatures 70ºC-427ºCInlet 300ºC-391ºCOutlet 300ºC-427ºC

Temperature difference in/out +/- 50º KPressure of the test loop 0 bar - 40 barOperating pressure approx. 20 barFlow rate of the test loop 0 - 8 liter/sec.Operating flow rate approx. 2,5 - 7 liter/sec.

Test loop Control

During normal operation, the inlet temperature of thecollector is controlled automatically by the cooler. Afterstartup, the inlet temperature is kept constant at an ad-justable level.

The pressure is controlled in the expansion tank by a lo-cal pressure control.

A flow meter in a control loop keeps the flow rate con-stant during operation.


The operating parameters are set at the control panel inthe control room of the nearby SSPS building.


4.5 Infrastructure improvements in1997

The major part of the budget for infrastructure activitieswas spent on the improvement of site access roads. Nearly40% of the roads were repaired.

The following infrastructure activities were carried outduring the report period:

• Enlargement of chemistry labs• Installation of an emergency exit in the solar oven• Construction of a new office in the CESA-1 tower• Renovation of some air conditioning equipment• Laying of electrical cabling to the CESA storeroom,

workshop and several other buildings• New presentation equipment purchased• Renovation and extension of the internal roads

Back: Table of ContentsBack: 4. Engineering Department Activities

Previous Chapter: 3 Operation & MaintenanceNext Chapter: 5 Training and Educational Ac-tivities


6 Training and Mobility of Researchers Program..110

6.1 The Program................................................................ 1 1 06.2 PSA Participation in European Commission AccessPrograms ............................................................................... 1 1 16.3 Current Activities......................................................... 1 1 2

6.3.1 The PSA Commitments ....................................... 1136.3.1.1 Users Selection Process .................................. 1136.3.1.2 Amount of Access Committed.......................... 1146.3.1.3 Other Commitments......................................... 116

6.3.2 Activities in 1997................................................. 117


6 Training and Mobility of ResearchersProgram

6.1 The ProgramThe ‘Training & Mobility of Researchers Program’ (TMR) isthe modified continuation of the ‘Human Capital and Mo-bility’ program (HCM) and its aim is to promote, throughthe stimulation of training and mobility of European re-searchers, a qualitative and quantitative increase in humanresources for research within the Community and its Asso-ciated States (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Israel).

It is managed by the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities Directorate General XII for Science, Researchand Development and comprises four activities:

• Research Networks to promote transnational co-operation on research activities proposed essen-tially by the researchers.

• Access to Large-Scale Facilities to facilitate the ac-cess of researchers to existing large-scale facilitiesthat are essential for high-quality research.

• Training through Research to foster better utiliza-tion of high-level researchers in the Community.

• Accompanying Measures for dissemination andoptimization of the results of activities.

Diego Martínez(TMR Program

Manager)

Cruz Ma. López(Secretary)


6.2 PSA Participation in European CommissionAccess Programs

As one of the main PSA goals is to promote the use of solar thermal en-ergy throughout Europe, it has long been interested in participation in Euro-pean Commission Access programs, as a suitable way to disseminate theadvantages of the ‘solar option’ within the European scientific community.

Specifically, PSA participation began in January 1990, when it joined the‘Large Installations Plan’ (LIP) of the Second Framework Program. (1990-Mid 1993). This line of work has been extended through the ‘Human Capi-tal and Mobility’ (1994-1995) and currently, the TMR ( 1996 - 1998 ).

Fig. 6.1 PSA participation in CEC-DGXII Access Programs

LIP HCM TMR

PERIOD 1/1/90 -30/06/93 1/1/94 - 31/03/96 1/1/96 - 31/12/98

FACILITIESOFFERED

3 5 9

WEEKS OFACCESS

231 290 168


6.3 Current ActivitiesPSA now has a three-year ‘Access to Large-Scale Facili-

ties’ contract CEC-DGXII concerning the activity of the pro-gram.

We are also involved in two other activities within theprogram:

Under Activity 3, ‘Training through Research’, the PSAcurrently hosts two ‘Marie Curie Research Training Grant’holders, who participate actively in the Solar Chemistryand DISS projects.

There is also a new initiative, concerned with activity 4,‘Accompanying Measures’. The CEC-DGXII has proposedthree different options for ‘meeting fora’ to provide a flowof knowledge between young and experienced researchers:Euroconferences, Summer Schools and Practical TrainingCourses.

The PSA applied this year for a ‘Summer School’ whichis fifty-fifty pure academic and training events. The Euro-pean Commission has approved the PSA initiative, so aSummer School will be held during 1998. The title is ‘So-lar Thermal Energy: The Clean Way for Electricity Generationand Chemical Production’.

It will be composed of two weeklong courses, the firstone is to be held from the 13th to 17th July 1998, and itstitle is ‘Solar Thermal Electricity Generation’. The second oneis to be held from 21st to 25th September 1998, and is en-titled ’Industrial Applications of Solar Chemistry’.

The courses are to be of a European dimension, mean-ing that the teaching staff as well as students must comefrom as many different European countries as possible.This is well defined by the rule that stipulates that of themaximum number of 40 students allowed per course, nomore than 1/3 may come from the same country.

Most of the students attending will do so with EC finan-cial assistance covering travel and accommodation ex-penses, as well as 50% of the course fee. These grants areto be given mainly to four target groups of researchers es-tablished by the European Commission:

• young persons,• women,• researchers in less-favored regions and• in industry or assimilated institutions.

The days will be organized as follows: in the morningthere will be two two-hour theoretical classes, and in theafternoon, a practice session at a PSA facility. In addition,two round tables will be held in the late afternoon during


each course. At those round table sessions, it is intendedfor the speakers of the day, the PSA staff and the studentsto exchange ideas, experience and knowledge on the topicof the day.

6.3.1 The PSA CommitmentsRegarding the current ‘Access to Large-Scale Installations’

contract, and in order to guarantee its successful perform-ance, fairness and compliance with Commission objec-tives, the PSA has assumed a series of commitments.

The tightest constraints imposed by them concern theUser Selection process, beginning with the Call for Pro-posals and concluding with the Selection Panel itself.

6.3.1.1 Users Selection ProcessAfter issue of the ‘Call for Proposals’, which must be

widely publicized, its publication in certain scientificmagazines of European diffusion being mandatory, a Se-lection Panel must meet to select the coming year’s Usersfrom the proposals received.

This Panel must be composed of at least 10 experts, sixof whom are not from CIEMAT, and who should remain thesame throughout the program. The Panel must have aEuropean scope.

This aspect of the program has improved this year. In1996 it was noticed that information on this opportunitywas not sufficiently well broadcast outside of Spain andGermany. This year, an intensive ‘Internet’ campaign sentthe text of the ‘Call’ to over 300 institutions and universitydepartments. The information was also published in thePSA’s ‘Web Page’ and was presented in all forums at-tended by a PSA representative.

In the charts (Figs. 6.2 and 6.3) below a comparison ofthe distribution by country and the number of proposalsreceived can be seen.


YEARLY DISTRIBUTION OF PROPOSALS PER COUNTRIES

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

E D I IRL SF A UK F P B GR S N

COUNTRY

PR

OP

OS

AL

S

PROPS95

PROPS96

PROPS97

Fig. 6.2 Yearly Distribution of Proposals per Countries

This has the consequent effect on the distribution ofgroups granted access:

6.3.1.2 Amount of Access CommittedFor the entire three years of the contract, the following

facilities and access time are offered:

• Detox Loop, Solar Furnace, Acurex Field, Solfin :28 Weeks

• Desalination Plant , LECE: 12 Weeks• Dish/Stirling: 11 Weeks• Solar Dryer: 2 Weeks• CESA-1: 8 Weeks

YEARLY DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED PROPOSALS PER COUNTRIES

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

E D I IRL SF A UK F P B GR S N

COUNTRIES

PR

OP

OS

AL

S

SELECT95

SELECT96

SELECT97

Fig. 6.3 Yearly Distribution of Selected Groups by country


‘Access’ means not simply the use of the facility, but alsoall the infrastructural, technical and scientific support thatis normally provided to external users of the PSA.

A minimum of 28 groups of users must be given accessper year, with a minimum of 50 different groups by theend of the program.

Access is limited for Spanish and German groups to amaximum of 15% between them. To meet this require-ment some special care in the Selection processes is nec-essary, as most of the proposals still come from those twocountries. evolution of this parameter over time is shownbelow (Fig. 6.6):

Helioman Loop/CPCNº of Us e rs : 5

DETOXIFICATIONOF WAS TE WATER

CPC FacilityNº of Us e rs : 5

S YNTHESIS OF FINECHEMICALS (SOLFIN)

SOLAR CHEMIS TRY

Sola r FurnaceNº of Us e rs: 5

MATERIALS TREATMENT

Dish Facilitie sNº of Us e rs : 3

DISH/STIRLINGGERATION S YS TEMS

CESA I Tower PlantNº of Us e rs : 2

TOWER P LANTGENERATION S YS TEMS

HIGH FLUX TECHNOLOGIES

USERS DISTRIBUTION PER FACILITIES

Fig. 6.4 Users Distribution per Facility (I)

Acurex FieldNº of Users: 5

ADVANCED CONTROLALGORITHMS

Desalination PlantNº of Users:1

L.E.C.E.Nº of Users: 2

PROCESS HEAT

USERS DISTRIBUTION PER FACILITIES

Fig. 6.5 Users Distribution per Facility (II)


6.3.1.3 Other CommitmentsBesides those related to access and Users, some other

commitments are assumed by PSA program management:

• Participation in the Round Table for European Fa-cilities performing Energy-related Research:

The Commission attempts to bring together thosefacilities participating in the Program under simi-lar topics of research. Preparations of joint-research proposals as well as the exchange of ex-perience in access management are the key pointsof this initiative. The next such Annual Meeting isto be hosted by the PSA in September 1998.

• Preparation of an Annual Progress Report in whichaccess statistics and activities must be described,as well as a bibliography of publications generatedthrough the program, cost statement, and anyother relevant information arising from the pro-gram during the year.

• The Midterm Review: It is foreseen in the contractthat a meeting with DGXII officers must be ar-ranged by PSA management in order to review theprogram degree of progress and to take the neces-sary measures or perform the necessary modifica-tions, if any. This meeting is now fixed to be heldnext September, using the annual meeting of theRound Table.

• The Annual Users Meeting: Every year, before thestart of access activities, a general Users meetingmust be organized at the PSA. The main objectiveof that meeting is to offer the users a first contactwith the facilities and on-site project-leaders. A de-

Statistics of Spanish / German Groups Access

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1996 1997 1998 Estimated

YEAR

AC

CE

SS

/ P

ER

CE

NT

AG

E

Spanish / German

Total Access

Yearly S/G %

Accumulative

Fig. 6.6 Statistics of Access by Spanish / German Groups


tailed explanation on how the program is run isalso given.

6.3.2 Activities in 1997The main activities supported by this contract during

1997, apart from regular User visits to the PSA, were thefollowing:

Second Annual Users Meeting. All 28 groups selectedwere invited to this meeting held at the PSA on February6th and 7th. The main objectives were discussion of theaccess schedule and a first visit to the facility. The PSAand the program itself were presented in general sessions,followed by parallel sessions in which the users met theirproject leaders and other users of the same facility.

Round-Table Meetings. In 1996, the PSA was invited bythe European Commission to attend a series of large-scaleenergy research facility Round Table discussions. During1997 this Round Table activity took the form of a ‘TMR-Concerted Action’, incorporated in the contract. It washeld in Paris, on 12th November, hosted by the CNRS-FAPS. The Commission’s Scientific Officer explained whatDGXII expects from this Concerted Action, as well as someguidelines about the upcoming V Framework Program. Allthe participants presented facility reports and some gen-eral topics for possible cooperation between facilities werediscussed. The next meeting is to be held in Cardiff (UK)in April 1998, and the regular Round Table will be hostedby the PSA in September.

Fig. 6.7 The Annual Users Meeting in February


Third User Selection Panel. The panel met in Almeríaon October 30th to select the users to be given accessduring 1998. On this occasion, as some of the formermembers could not attend the meeting, some experts fromthe Round Table facilities were invited, thus giving them anopportunity for close contact with our facilities. In anycase, the composition respected the proportion of CIEMATmembers stipulated and was kept international.

First Annual Users Workshop. The object of this newactivity was to give the users the opportunity to meet aftertheir test campaigns and present their results for discus-sion. It was held on November 18th and 19th at Aguadulce,a coastal village near Almería. About 40 researchers at-tended the event, which was split in two parallel sessions,one of them on solar chemistry and the other on control ofsolar thermal applications, thus covering all the PSA re-search lines within the program.

All the presentations have been compiled and a book ofthe CIEMAT series has been published.

Back: Table of ContentsBack: 6 Training and Mobility of ResearchersProgram

Previous Chapter: 5 Training and EducationalActivi-tiesNext Chapter: 7 Summary of 1997 Meteo Data


7. Summary of 1997 Meteo Data.........................1197.1 Evaluation of 1997 Meteo Data......................................120

7.1.1 Distribution of Direct Radiation .................................1207.1.2 Global radiation conditions........................................1217.1.3 Temperatures ............................................................1227.1.4 Distribution of Relative Humidity ...............................1237.1.5 Wind Distribution in Tabernas ...................................123


7. Summary of 1997 Meteo DataThe main PSA weather station has a complete set of

sensors for all the important meteorological variablesnormally measured by world meteorological institutes, likewind speed and direction, air temperature, relativehumidity, precipitation and pressures. The PSA followsWMO standards when any new equipment is purchased orsensors calibrated. However, it should be clear that thedata measured by the PSA are not considered officialwithin Meteorological Standards.

The station also measures some variables of specialimportance for the work at the PSA. These are global,direct, diffuse and ultraviolet radiation, inclined global,ultraviolet and UVB radiation and ground temperature arealso registered.

Sensor values are reported every two seconds withextremes and averages every five minutes. Since 1988,about 150 Mbytes have been stored and evaluated forfurther use by projects.

Apart from the PSA station, the Spanish centre, InstitutoNacional de Meteorología, has an independent meteostation at the PSA which is not considered in thissummary.

Andreas Holländer

Miguel Angel Rubio(Doctoral Student)


7.1 Evaluation of 1997 Meteo Data

7.1.1 Distribution of Direct RadiationFig. 7.1 shows that this year’s direct radiation has not

been very high. The direct radiation was highest at the endof winter and during the summer. The peaks at thebeginning of the year are due to the good weather enjoyedin February and March. At the end of the year the weatherworsened as demonstrated by the decrease in directradiation.

During winter, the sky is more transparent in Tabernasdue to the low aerosol levels, which allows a high directradiation as shown is Fig. 7.2. The maximum of 1,021W/m2 was measured on the first of March.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 3 6 9 12 14 17 20 23

daytime

W/m

2 Dir. Rad. 27 July

Dir. Rad. 3 March

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sunhour

Mo

nth

I r radiance

W /m2

900-1000

800-900

700-800

600-700

500-600

400-500

300-400

200-300

100-200

0-100

Fig. 7.1 Hourly averages values of Direct Radiation at PSA

Figure 7.2 Direct Radiation on a cloudless day in winter and summer


In 1997 there were 3,016 hours with an average directradiation over 300 W/m2, which is an important value forsolar thermal energy systems. This value is slightly loweras in previous years, due to the bad weather at the end ofthe year.

7.1.2 Global radiation conditionsFig. 7.3 shows the yearly distribution of global radiation

during the period. The maximum global radiation of over900 W/m2, occasionally over 1,000 W/m2, was reached atmidday in summer and peaking on the first day of June at1,080 W/m2. In February and March, due to the goodweather conditions, over 800 W/m2 were also reached.

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sunhour

Mo

nth

Irradiance

W/m2

1000-1100

900-1000

800-900

700-800

600-700

500-600

400-500

300-400

200-300

100-200

0-100

Figure 7.3 Average hourly and monthly value of Global Radiation


7.1.3 TemperaturesThe diagram in figure 7.4 shows hourly average values

of temperature in 1997. Comparing the behaviour of thetemperature of the air at ground level and the globalradiation the diagram shows that they are stronglycorrelated. The coldest time of the day is the early morningfrom 6 to 8 o’clock a.m., and the hottest is about 4 p.m. inthe afternoon.

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Jan

Mar

May

Jul

Sep

Nov

daytime

Mo

nth

ºC30-33

27-30

24-27

21-24

18-21

15-18

12-15

9-12

6-9

3-6

0-3

Figure 7.4. Monthly and Hourly averages of temperature

The minimum temperature was 2ºC, measured on the7th of January. The maximum was 36.8ºC on the 27th ofJuly. This year the range of temperatures was slightly lowerthan in 1996. The average temperature in 1997 was about17.1ºC almost the same as the year before. The followinggraph shows the month minimums, averages andmaximums.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Month

Temp.ºC

Max.

Aver.

Min.

Fig. 7.5. Extreme and average values of temperature in 1997

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Sep

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In the following figure (Fig. 7.8), the relative frequency of the winddirection is shown. Almost 45% of prevailing winds blow from the Northeastand East and 22% from the Southwest. This pattern has been constant at thePSA since the meteo station was erected, probably because of thedistribution of the surrounding hills.

Direction of the windNorth0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

Wind Frecuency

Figure 7.8 Relative frequency of the direction of the wind


Back: 7 Summary of 1997 Meteo Data

Previous Chapter: 6 Training and Mobility ofResearchers Program

Next Appendix : 1 Project Descriptions

Annual Report ‘97 PSA125

ANNEX 1PROJECTS


Test Engineer: P. Balsa (on site)

Participants: CIEMATCONPHOEBUSEuropean Union DGXIIINETIZSW

Duration: From: December, 1994To: March,1997

Funding: 1 MECU

Source: DG-XIIPartners

Objectives:

The objectives of this project are toanalyze the constraints of Direct SolarSteam Generation in parabolic trough col-lectors and to develop an advanced re-ceiver fulfilling the requirements of thisprocess.

ARDISS is being developed with the fi-nancial support of the JOULE-II program.The project coordinator is the CIEMAT In-stitute of Renewable Energies (Madrid) andthe PSA is only provides technical and ex-perimental support. The specific projectobjectives are:

• The design, construction and testing ofthe concentrator/receiver.

• The theoretical and experimental analy-sis of Direct Steam Generation.

• The simulation of the solar power pro-duction system.

And the expected achievements are:

• Based on experimental research in thethermodynamics of direct solar steamgeneration in pipes, establish a basis forthe development of an advanced para-bolic-trough collector for solar powerplants, enabling the thermohydraulicdesign and layout of a test-stand at thePSA.

• The assessment of the theoretical andexperimental performance of the re-ceiver with a second-stage concentratorand its effect on the DSG process.

• Assessment of the electricity productionpotential of the DISS concept and theconcentrator receiver at different elec-tricity loads in different locations andeconomic scenarios.

ARDISS(Advanced Receiver for Direct Solar Steam)

Man Power/Year:

Year Main. Oper. Eng. ProjectRelat.

1996 0.2 0.27 0.1 0.2

1997

PSA Annual Report ’97127

Project Leader: J. Blanco

Test Engineers: S. Malato, B. Milow, C.

Richter

Participants:

• CIEMAT / DLR

• HIDROCEN S.L., Spain

• SETSOL, Energias Renovaveis, Portu-

gal

• Torino University, Italy

• SCHOTT-ROHRGLAS, Germany

• CISE, Italy

• ECOSYSTEM, Spain

• INETI, Portugal

Duration From: 1997To: 2000

Funding: 1.9 million ECU

Source: UE

DGXII/Consortium

Objectives:The main focus and innovations in this

project are specific technological develop-ments in solar photocatalysis. The objec-tive is to develop the solar detoxificationtechnology to a commercial level and makethe photocatalytic treatment of typical per-sistent non-biodegradable contaminants inchlorinated water found in effluents fromchemical production processes feasible by:• Employing a high UV-transmissivity

glass reactor (up to 90 %, 1-mm wallthickness) in the solar UV range (310 to400 nm)

• Upgrading the solar collector design tominimize land required while avoidinglosses from collector shadowing.

• Upgrading and supporting of catalysts• Employing a highly UV-reflective surface

(up to 95 %)• Demonstrating technical and economic

feasibility under real conditions.

Description:C1 and C2 Non-Biodegradable Chlorin-

ated hydrocarbon Solvents (NBCS), such asmethylene chloride, trichloroethylene, tet-rachloroethylene, chloroform and methylchloroform, etc., are difficult to replace be-cause they affect the process reaction andare compatible with most substrate mate-rials. The traditional removal methods usedin industrial process water such as strip-ping, adsorption by activated carbon, bio-logical treatment, thermal or catalytic oxi-dation and chemical oxidation also haveimportant disadvantages or limitations inthe treatment of low concentrations of or-ganic pollutants (from 20 to 50 ppm). In-dustry currently minimizes or eliminatessolvents to cut down on the cost of hazard-ous wastes as well as chemical emissions.Emission Limit Values (ELV) are based onthe Best Available Techniques (BAT), rec-ognized as feasible from a technical andeconomic point of view and reasonably ac-cessible to the operator. As multimediaregulations continue to go into effect, theapproach to environmental managementwhere treatment methods simply transfercontaminants from one medium to anotherbecomes an increasingly unstable option.

BRITE-EURAM III Solardetox Project

Man Power/Year:

Year Eng./Main.

Oper. ProjectRelat.

Students,etc.

1997 0.1 0.1 1.5 1.0

1998 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5


The basic idea of the project is the de-velopment of a Solar Detoxification System,based on a simple, inexpensive and effi-cient non-concentrating solar collectortechnology, such as the compound para-bolic collector or flat collectors with tubularphotoreactors, which seem to be the besttechnological solution. Such static collec-tors can capture the diffuse UV as well asdirect sunlight (the diffuse component mayrepresent up to 50% of the available UVlight, even on a clear day, and the UVavailable on a cloudy day may be no lessthan half that on a clear day). When solarUV radiation is used, the beauty of the So-lar System, which can destroy many of themost “difficult” persistent organic pollut-ants, is its intrinsic simplicity. It is cost-effective, easy to use, and requires a mini-mum capital investment. The technology isalso ecological, as all the components arevery simple, common materials.

The reaction takes place when UV radia-tion photo-excites a semiconductor catalystin the presence of oxygen. Under thesecircumstances, hydroxyl radicals, OHº,which attack oxidizable contaminants, pro-ducing a progressive break-up of moleculesinto carbon dioxide, water and diluted min-eral acids, are generated.

In addition to assessing its capacity fordestruction, the field demonstration at-tempts to identify any pre- or post-processing requirements, potential oper-ating problems, and capital and operatingcosts. As the existing Solar Detoxificationtechnology has derived from the solarthermal technology with only some minormodifications, the state of the art still re-quires specific technological developmentswhich could significantly increase its effi-ciency.

Industrial systems are expected to beavailable within two years after terminationof the project, and typical applications willuse a field of up to a few hundred squaremeters. First market estimates show ahuge potential in a large number of possi-ble applications.

Status and Plans for 1998:The project was approved in 1996 and

formally begun in June, 1997.Main activities planned for the next pe-

riod are the design and construction ofcollector prototypes which will be testedwithin the third 6-month period of the proj-ect. Main decisions defining the necessaryhardware boundary conditions have alreadybeen taken.

Therefore the• collector engineering and design will be

done by CIEMAT, SETSOL and INETI,• specific tests carried out at prototype

systems and standardized conditionswill be defined,

• production of the glass tubes of thecollectors will be manufactured bySCHOTT, manufacturing of prototypeswill be started by SETSOL

• 3 kg of new Cise catalyst will be pro-duced to for the tests.


Project Leader: Manuel Blanco

Participants:CIEMAT, MadridDLR, CologneAICIA, SevillaSevillana de Electricidadm SevillaENDESA, Madrid

Electricidade de Portugal, LisbonABBINABENSA, SevillaBabcock Wilcox Española, MadridPROET, Lisbon

Duration: From: 1997To: 2000

Budget: 41.7 M ECU

Source THERMIE Utilities (Sevillana, Endesa)

Objectives:To integrate Solar Thermal Energy into

an existing oil-coal-gas Power Plant (Cris-tobal Colón ) at Huelva (Spain) using a CRSto boil part of the water, repowering to im-prove the efficiency with and without sunand during low-load periods with an annualfuel savings upwards of 14% and a reduc-tion of CO x, NO x, SO2 emissions to theatmosphere.

Description:The main goal to be achieved in the

Colón Solar is the integration of solarthermal energy into a conventional elec-tricity plant. A new hybrid plant is pro-posed. Central receiver technologies havebeen chosen, as they seem to be the mostpromising technology for large-scale powerplants. In addition, integration into a com-bined cycle enables higher thermodynamicefficiencies. The solar plant produces satu-rated steam for the whole system in aBrayton-Rankine combined cycle.

The solar system considered is a north-field central receiver system with a nominalpower of 21.5 MWt under nominal condi-tions (solar noon and 860 W/m²) and afield of 489 heliostats, each with 70 m² re-flective surface.

The site selected is an old conventionalplant at Polígono Industrial Punta de Sebo(Huelva-South West of Spain). Goodweather conditions, the availability of theland required for the heliostat field andeasy access to fossil fuel supply are severalof the main reasons for this choice.

Status:At the end of 1997, the major parts of

the first phase of the project had been fin-ished and the engineering details had beenspecified. The prototype heliostat has beeninstalled at the PSA (Plataforma Solar deAlmería, Spain) and successful testingnearly completed.

COLÓN SOLARIntegration of Solar Thermal Energy into an existing

oil-coal-gas Power Plant

Man Power/Year:

Year Main. Oper. Eng. ProjectRelated

1997 0.2 0 1 1.7

1998 0.2 0.1 1 1.7


Plans for 1998:The main objective planned for 1998 is

to start building the plant and to demon-strate its feasibility at full scale. So, theprincipal activities for the next year will be:

1. Manufacture2. Erection


Project Leader: E. Zarza

Participants: CIEMATDLRENDESAINABENSAFLAGSOLZSWSIEMENSUNION FENOSAIBERDROLAUMIST

Duration: From January 1996To: June 1998

Funding: 6,35 MECU

Source: DG-XIIPartners

IBERDROLA

Objectives:

The objective of the DISS project is todevelop a new generation of Solar ThermalPower Plants using parabolic-trough collec-tors, producing high pressure steam in theabsorber tubes and thus eliminating the oilcurrently used to transfer heat from thesolar field to the conventional power block.The DISS RD&D project includes not onlythe development of a new technology (Di-rect Solar Steam generation in the ab-sorber tubes), but also the improvement ofthe solar collectors and the overall systemintegration in order to increase the com-petitiveness and efficiency of this type ofsolar power plant.

Description:The nine SEGS plants currently supplying354 MWe peak power to the California gridusing the technology developed by the LUZInternational company since the early 80’srepresent state-of-the-art solar thermalpower plants. LUZ was able to continuallyincrease efficiency while reducing costs.Unfortunately, these efforts were insufficientto withstand the reductions in conventionalfuel costs and tax subsidies and thecompany collapsed. By that time, however,LUZ had identified a number ofimprovements that would have reduced thecost of electricity generation by 30%. Theseimprovements were grouped into threecategories:

1. Solar Collector improvements2. Replacement of oil heat transfer medium

by direct steam generation (DSG) in thecollector absorbers

3. Overall system improvements

In 1989, LUZ began an R+TD programto develop and implement all these im-provements. Unfortunately, this programwas aborted by the collapse of LUZ. Froma technical stand point, the most criticalpart of these improvements is the devel-opment of direct solar steam generation inthe parabolic-trough collectors. This is dueto the two-phase flow (water-steam) in theabsorber tubes of the collectors, which in-volves some technical uncertainties that

DISS-Phase IDIrect Solar Steam in Parabolic Troughs

Man Power/Year:

Year Main Oper. Eng. Proj-ect

Relat.

1997

1998 3 1 3.3 1.5


must be clarified before the implementa-tion of a commercial plant using this tech-nology. Some of these unknown factors are:

− Solar field control− Process stability− Materials and components

Since DISS objectives cover not only de-velopment of the new process (direct solarsteam generation) but also the potentialimprovements identified by LUZ, parallelactivities on system integration and collec-tor improvements will be performed simul-taneously with the design, implementationand operation of the PSA test facility.

Direct steam generation also has a cer-tain number of technical problems that re-quire real-scale experimentation andevaluation for cost assessment. To find thesolutions to these problems, the laboratoryfacilities currently available (HIPRESS,Siemens-KWU, Solel) are insufficient. Aspecific real-scale test facility is required,and this is an essential job for the successof this project. A key point of this project isthe design and implementation of such areal-scale test facility to be erected at thePSA.

Status:The detailed design of the DISS test fa-

cility was 95% completed in 1997, andmost of the equipment has been purchasedby CIEMAT. System implementationstarted in June, 1997, and finalization ofsystem assembly is expected by July,1998. Technical constraints, imposed onthe DISS test facility by the wide operatingflexibility and peculiar working conditionsto be experimentally validated, were stud-ied and solved in 1997, though a delay inproject planning was unavoidable. Part ofthe solar field foundations and the steelBOP building structure were also finishedby the end of 1997.

Samples of ball joints designed andmanufactured for high tempera-ture/pressure have been tested in Almería.The positive results obtained have proventhe technical feasibility of these compo-nents to allow rotation and thermal expan-sion of DSG absorber pipes.

The test stand to be used in futurephases of the project to evaluate compo-nents for parabolic trough collectors underreal solar conditions was implemented atthe PSA. This flexible test stand, called theHTF test facility, is composed of half an LS-3 collector and a complete oil circuit (i.e.,oil pump, oil cooler, oil heater and oil tank)able to operate up to 400°C.

Encouraging results in new selectivecoatings and antireflective films basedon the Sol-Gel technique have been ob-tained by CIEMAT. Also, possible heat-transfer enhancement mechanisms inthe DSG absorber pipes were studiedand the analysis of inner porous coat-ings was started.

Plans for 1998:

The main work planned for the PSA DISStest facility 1998 is:

- finalization of the detailed engineering- Erection- Start up with preliminary trials


Project Leader: M. Stegmann, P. Heller

Test Engineer: W. Reinalter

Participants:

• Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner,Stuttgart

• Solo Kleinmotoren GmbH, Sindelfingen• Klein & Steckl, Stuttgart

Duration: From: Jan. 1995To: Dec. 1998

Funding: 4.5 Mio. Ptas (1997)

Source: PSA Basic Budget

Objectives:

The main objective of the project is todemonstrate the ‘ready for market’ designof the technology. As a third generationDish/Stirling system, these dishes repre-sent a big step toward optimized perform-ance, automatic operation and cost.

Description:

The three systems consist of a 55 m²parabolic concentrator manufactured usingthe ‘stretched membrane’ technology. Theconcentrator tracks the sun with separateazimuth and elevation movement. At thefocal point, a Solo V161 Stirling engineconverts the solar energy into electricity.The system is designed for full automaticoperation according to the current weatherconditions.

Status:

The new systems were put into opera-tion and first qualification testing wasdone. About 1000 hours of operationshould be accumulated by the end of theyear.

Plans for 1998:

Qualification testing will be continuedand new improved components will be in-stalled.

Man Power/Year:


1997 0.1 0.8 0.1 1.4

1998 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.4

DISTAL II(Dish Stirling Almería)


Test Engineer: J. Blanco

Participants/Project Consortium:

• Ciemat-PSA• Asociación Empresarial para la Pro-

tección de las Plantas (AEPLA), Ma-drid.

• Ibacplast S.A., Almería.• Ecosystem S.A., Barcelona.• Diputación Prov. de Almería• Council of Adra, Almería.• Council of Almería.• Council of Berja, Almería• Council of Dalías, Almería• Council of El Ejido, Almería• Council of La Mojonera, Almería• Council of Níjar, Almería• Council of Roquetas de Mar, Almería• Council of Vícar, Almería

Duration From: 1995To 1998

Funding: 0,8 million Pts. (in 1997)

Source: Consortium

Objectives:Feasibility study for a solar detoxifica-

tion plant for the treatment of wastewaterfrom the industrial washing of plastic her-bicide containers

Description:Agriculture activities in the Mediter-

ranean area clearly represent a very im-portant sector of the economy. Moreo-ver, in the last decade, this has signifi-cantly increased with the expansion ofgreenhouses and intensive agriculturaltechniques. As its productivity andeconomic importance have risen, thesector has also become more complexwith associated problems that stronglythreaten the environment. This is par-ticularly reflected in the contaminationof water by the extensive use of chemi-cals and pesticides, and their removalis a pressing ecological problem. Suchpersistent organic chemical contami-nants include pesticides, solvents, de-tergents and a variety of industrialchemicals which, due to the combina-tion of their chemical stability, resis-tance to biodegradation and sufficientwater solubility, penetrate deep intothe soil to groundwater.

The Spanish province of Almería is aperfect example of important economicgrowth during the last 15-20 years, chieflydue to large numbers of greenhouses, forwhich it has an excellent climate andwhich, unfortunately, is also accompaniedby intensive use of a wide variety of pesti-cides. One aspect of this is an increasingproblem of empty plastic herbicide con-tainers (in Almería alone, around 1.5 mil-lion of these containers per year), whichare usually burnt or buried. Recently, aparallel rise in environmental conscious-ness is concerned about their recycling.However the recycling process includeswashing the shredded plastic containers,which contaminates the water used withrelatively small amounts of highly toxicpersistent compounds at concentrations ofseveral hundred mg/l total organic carboncontent.

El Ejido Solar Detox Project

Man Power/Year:

Year Eng./Main.

Oper. ProjectRelat.

Students,etc.

1997 0.2 0.2 0,5 0.2

1998


Solar photocatalytic detoxification withTiO2 would appear to provide a very prom-ising and economical solution to this prob-lem, which has no clear alternative solutionsince the biological purification of waterpolluted by organic micropollutants is quiteinefficient at low substrate levels. Solarphotocatalytic detoxification, however, us-ing the interaction between ultraviolet ra-diation and the semiconductor catalyst, ti-tanium dioxide (TiO2) to promote a strongoxidation reaction, mineralizes low to me-dium concentrations of organics present inwater, making it reusable.

Its strong potential for the industrial de-struction of toxic organics in water hasbeen widely demonstrated in recent re-search. The most energetic part of the so-lar spectrum, the ultraviolet wavelengthunder 400 nm, photoexcites the semicon-ductor catalyst in the presence of oxygen,promoting a strong oxidation reaction andhydroxyl radicals (OHo), which attack oxidi-zable contaminants, are generated, pro-gressively breaking up the molecules intocarbon dioxide, water and dilute mineralacids. The most commonly used catalyst,TiO2, is the semiconductor titanium diox-ide, a non-toxic, cheap and abundant prod-uct commonly used in the manufacture ofpaint. In principle, the process is able tooxidize almost any chemical substance.

The PSA, has promoted the formation ofa consortium of municipalities and privatecompanies to set up a complete pesticidecontainer recycling process in which thewater needed is treated and reused. Thisincludes detoxification

testing of waste water samples, and thedesign and construction of a solar detoxifi-cation plant at the recycling center.

Status:Phase I was concluded at the beginning

of 1997 and Phase II is currently understudy. In this second part of the El EjidoSolar Detox Project a new Solar Photo-catalytic Facility is going to be built on thebottle-recycling site to test real wastewaterat Pilot Plant level.

The wastewater treatment plant and theplastic recycling plant are going to be con-nected in series during this period in orderto obtain more realistic results. With theinformation obtained during Phase II thedimensions of the installations could bepredicted. This pilot plant is to be enlargedto definitive size at the end of this phase.This is possible due to the modularity ofthis kind of Solar facility. By adding morecollectors and related equipment, the FirstSolar Photocatalytic Detoxification Plantcan be put into operation.


Project Engineers: P. Heller, R. Monterreal

Participants:

Ciemat (Design and control GM100)

§ Pujol Muntala (drive mecanism GM100)§ JUPASA (construction and erection

GM100)§ L&C Steinmüller (Design and construc-

tion ASM150)§ Schlaich Bergermann und Partner (De-

sign ASM150)§ Fichtner Development Engineering

(control ASM150)PSA (Tests and Evaluation)

Duration: From: Jan. 1996

To: Dec. 1997

Funding: 4.7 Million Ptas (1997)


Objectives

Test and comparison of two new largearea

Description:

Within the “Heliostat Technology Pro-gram”, two large heliostats were investi-gated from 1994 to 1997:§ GM100, with 100 m² mirror area, 32

rectangular metal-glass facets§ ASM150, with 150 m² mirror area, cir-

cular stretched membrane

The 100-m² GM-100 and the 150-m²ASM-150 both comply with Phoebus powertower specifications. After erection, theiroptical quality, energy consumption, wind-load behavior and costs were compared.

Status:In 1997, measurements demonstrated

the very high optical quality of the ASM-150, a still acceptable quality for the GM-100 and a reasonable energy consumptionof both during operation. A new cantingprocedure developed at the PSA helpedadjust the GM-100 facets with greater pre-cision. The costs of both heliostats are onthe order of US$200-270 per m² for a 30MW power plant.

The project was finished with the finalinternal report describing both heliostatsand the results of their comparison.

Plans for 1998:Having completed the project in 1997,

the heliostats will be operated for demon-stration purposes only.

Heliostat Technology Program(ASM-150, GM-100)

Man Power/Year:

Year Main. Oper Eng. ProjectRelat.

1997 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2

1998




Participants:

CIEMAT, MadridDLR-TT, StuttgartIKE, SwedenIntersol, SwedenSchlaich, Bergermann und Partner,Stuttgart


Funding: 295 Mio. Ptas (total project)27 Mio Ptas (PSA)

Source: PSA Basic BudgetCEC-DGXII

Objectives:The objective of this project is to de-

velop an advanced hybrid heat pipe re-ceiver for Dish/Stirling systems including alow emission burner for propane gas and todemonstrate the maturity of the technol-ogy. Additional tasks are the developmentof a cost effective manufacturing methodfor porous structures and a study about themarket potential for hybrid Dish/Stirlingsystems in Marroc.

Description:The hybrid receiver contains three im-

portant zones connected via heat pipe: firstthe surface which is heated by the concen-trated sunlight, second the surface which isheated by the flame from the burner andthird the surface which is cooled by theworking gas of the Stirling engine. The heatis transferred from 1) and 2) to 3) usingvapor sodium as exchange fluid (heat pipeprinciple). The receiver can be operated insolar-only, fossil-only and parallel mode.

Status:The design of the receiver is terminated

and most parts are completed so that theheat pipe can be assembled, filled andtested in early 1998. After laboratory test-ing of the receivers they will be packagedwith a SOLO V161 engine and shipped toPSA.

Plans for 1998:The preparation of the test site (DISTAL

II test facility) will be completed. As soonas the new packages will arrive they will beput into operation and will be evaluated.

HYHPIRE(Advanced Hybrid Heatpipe Receiver)

Man Power/Year:


1997 0 0 0 0.4

1998 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4


Test Engineer: S. Malato

Participants:

• INETI (Biomass Dept.), Portugal.

• Technische Univ. of Wien. Institut für

Physikalische Chemie, Austria

• Naias Scientific Analytical Laboratoires,

Greece.

• A. Pereira da Silva Lda. Portugal.

Duration From: 1998To: 2000

Funding: 0,94 million ECU (total

budget)

Source: UE DGXII

Objective:Our objective is the development of the

best (e.g. cheapest) possibility of utilizingsolar photochemical detoxification ofwastewater for the mineralization of recal-citrant phenolic contaminants typicallyfound in the soluble organic fraction of ol-ive mill wastewater (OMW) on a pilot-plantscale. The basic idea is that Advanced Oxi-dation Processes can be used to pretreatolive mill waste waters (OMW), since thetoxic aromatic compounds are preferablymineralized by AOPs.

Description:The efficiency of four different photo-

chemical reactors using solar irradiationcaptured by simple, inexpensive and effi-cient non-concentrating solar collectortechnology for the detoxification of olivemill wastewater (OMW) by oxidative photo-catalysis will be compared with regard toboth technical and economic aspects, andthose selected will be installed in a smallpilot plant under the real industrial condi-tions found in two factories, one in Portugaland another in Greece. At the end of theproject, the treatment systems will be eco-nomically assessed considering the rela-tionship between process cost, degree ofdetoxification achieved and final destina-tion.

This project is part of the developmentof a new process to convert olive millwastewater into fertilizer. The same proc-ess can be used for fish-processing waste-water thus eliminating a major problem ofsuch small and medium industries.

One common problem of the AOPs isthe high electrical demand of ozonizers orUV-lamps. Therefore the total costs ofthese processes are usually high. A verypromising possibility for cost reductionwould be the application of solar irradiationto the photochemical processes. This isonly possible for the Photo-Fenton reactionand TiO2, because O3 and H2O2 alone donot absorb λ>300nm light, which is themain precondition for the use of sunlight.

In summary, the energy efficiency (withsunlight) and the innocuousness of thechemicals applied may be said to make

LAGAR Project

Man Power/Year:

Year Eng./

Main.

Oper

.

Project

Relat.

Students,

etc.

1997

1998 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2


Photo-Fenton with TiO2 the ideal methodfor wastewater treatment.

Status:

The Project was approved in 1997 andwill formally begin in 1998.


Test Engineer: M. J. Jiménez

Participants: CIEMATDLR

EU DGXIIUniv. Politécnica de MadridUniv. Politécnica de Cataluña

Duration: Continuous CIEMAT action since

1987

Funding:

Source: CIEMATDLREUIndustryUniversity

Objectives:• Testing of construction materials and

passive solar components or tech-niques using real-scale outdoor testcells to asses the reliability of theseelements for saving energy in build-ings.

• Study of the thermal transfer processin passive solar energy applications aswell as climatic resources for use innatural air conditioning techniques.

• Establishment of standard testing andquality procedures for the integrationof the LECE Laboratory into the ENACnetwork.

• Participation in studies on the integra-tion of solar active energy systems(photovoltaic tiles, solar collectors,etc.) into buildings.

• Market survey of passive solar compo-nents and buildings materials suitablefor energy optimization in buildingsand publication of passive solar tech-niques.

Description:The laboratory consists of four fully

equipped quasi-adiabatic test cells, atracking bench, and control room with twodata acquisition systems.

Strong thermal insulation enables in-door cells environment response to be as-signed exclusively to the test component.The test sequence and data treatment fol-low a carefully designed procedure to in-crease accuracy and obtain the maximuminformation. The LECE participated in theEU PASSYS II Program in 1992 and 1993.Besides it has participated and is partici-pating in CIEMAT initiatives for third par-ties, such as the Junta de Andalucía, Uni-versidad Politecnica de Madrid, Universi-dad Politecnica de Cataluña or the BuildingMaterial Manufactures Association.

Status:After some modifications and improve-

ments, the LECE Laboratory is fullyequipped to perform any outdoor energy

LECE(Laboratorio de Ensayos Energeticos para Componentes de la

Edificacion)

Man Power/Year:


Techn.

1997 1 0.2 6 2

1998 1.8 0.2 6 2


testing of construction components. As acomplement to these facilities, the LECE isdeveloping the area of the translucid com-ponent energy studies (Transmitance, re-flectance, TSET) in order to provide com-plete outdoor energy assessment of anybuilding component.

Plans for 1998:In 1998 three main projects under the

JOULE program will be undertaken, theROOSOL project, for passive cooling tech-nique, the PV-Hybrid project, for the carac-terization of photovoltaic modules andAPISCO which studies the application ofplants for the thermal quality improvementin buildings.

There is also one agreement with thePolytechnic University of Cataluña to char-acterize four types of special bricks andone agreement with the Polytechnic Uni-versity of Madrid to contribute in the regu-lations for this type of laboratories.

The LECE will also be in constant reno-vation to adapt itself to the new marketdemand, one of the field in which we planto take this task is the area of the translu-cid components energy studies


Project Manager: Andreas Holländer

Participants: Cenergia Energy ConsultantsCIEMATCNR-IERENCRESDLRSINTEFSwedish Ntnl. Testing & Res.

Inst.SWN Stadtwerke Neum.

GmbHThe Municipality of BallerupUniv. of Almeria

Duration: From: 1996 To: 2000

Funding: 1.608 MECU

Source: EU DGXII

Objectives:

The overall aim of the MEDUCA projectis to demonstrate that energy-efficient edu-cational buildings, where the requirementsfor an attractive and healthy indoor envi-ronment are fulfilled, can be designed andbuilt. This is to be achieved through newconstruction and refurbishment combiningconventional and innovative technologies.The aim is to create educational buildings,which stand out as models of optimized in-tegrated energy efficient design for newschools to be build or refurbished in thecity/region where they are located, andwhich can also serve as the basis for thedevelopment of improved standards for thistype of buildings in Europe. Specifically itis the aim that the penetration of an inte-grated quality technological approach toenergy efficient design of educationalbuildings as standard practice at local leveland in the countries of the proposers willbe the result of this co-operation.

Description:

The project will be implemented in theUniversity of Almería. This University issituated a 100 meters away from the seashore. The peak average temperatures onthe area are of 28ºC. The lowest averagetemperature is of 16ºC. The humidity levelsare around 60% of relative humidity in thesummer.

The project consists on the refurbish-ment of four buildings by construction, ontop of the patio they constitute, an atria.The aim is the climatization of the patioand the buildings that conform it. Thebuildings that will be used in the projectare not surrounded by any other sun lightobstacles that could project any shade intothe atrium. The dimensions of the patio area floor of 400 m2, with a height of 12 me-ters. There are four doors, of approxi-mately 2 x 2 m, that give entrance to thepatio and that will be used as access forthe air currents needed for the refrigera-tion phase, as well as for air-recirculationopenings and heat re-distribution areas

MEDUCAModel Educational Buildings for Integrated Energy Efficient De-

sign

Man Power/Year:


Techn.

1997 0 0 0.1 0.1 0

1998 0 0 0.1 0.1 0


during the winter. There are also a numberof windows that will be used to recirculatethe air and hence climatise to a certain de-gree the buildings.

The Atrium will be constructed on ametal skeleton. To complete the neededshading and to increment the solar chim-ney effect (see point 3) special glazingswith selective solar spectrum coatings willbe used in the atrium.

In winter, ventilators driven by photovol-taic energy, will recirculate hot air accu-mulated close to the atrium toward the bot-tom of the patio. Also will be used to thisend the calculated cross ventilation cur-rents, generated naturally by the pressuredifference, created by the temperature dif-ference, of the patio with respect to thebuildings and the outside.

Status:

During 1997 the PV installations andthe refrigeration unit were designed. Theprocurement of equipment will be done atthe beginning of 1998.

Plans for 1998:

Finalize system installation and startupof operation and evaluation.


Test Engineer: P. Balsa (on site)

Participants: CIEMATDLR

Duration: From: 1995To: 1998

Funding: German Ministry projectct

Source: DLRCIEMAT

Objectives:

Development and testing of advancedparabolic trough receivers to:

• reduce losses at higher temperatures• reduce thermomechanical loads due to

cyclic and uneven heating (“bowing”)

to increase the potential of parabolic troughcollectors with thermal oil or direct steamgeneration.

Description:

A number of new receiver concepts willbe evaluated by analytical and numericalmethods to select promising configurationsto be built and tested. These conceptscomprise:

• secondary concentrators• linear cavities• heat pipe• multiple pipes

and combinations there of. The experimentswill be used to validate the designassumptions and to serve as a basis forfurther development and optimization.

Tests were performed as planned at thePSA´s ARDISS test loop facility. During1996, three PAREX prototypes PAREX 00b,PAREX 001 and PAREX 002 were evaluated.

Since up-scaling of promising concepts toa commercial size collector (LS-3) isdesirable, the 400ºC HTF oil loop, consistingof half an LS-3 collector, will be used toperform the second test campaign of similarlarger-sized prototypes at the PSA.

PAREX


Project Leader: R. Buck, DLR

Project Engineer PSA: P. Heller, E. Lüpfert

Participants: DLR Stuttgart


Funding: 99.000 ECU (PSA 1997)2.8 million ECU total project

Source: BMBF, Germany

DLR, Germany

Objectives:

The aim of the REFOS project is todemonstrate the feasibility of the modularpressurized volumetric receiver conceptwith modules having a nominal power rat-ing of 350 kW each. This modular receiverconcept enables power scale-up as re-quired.

Description:The project includes design, construc-

tion and testing of 3 modular pressurizedreceiver units, each with a secondary infront. The receiver modules will be testedat up to 1 MWth power under representativeoperating conditions (air inlet/outlet tem-peratures: 400°C / 800°C; pressure 15barabs).

Status:• Test site at 60-m-level on CESA-1 pre-

pared with new cooling cycle and radia-tion protection shield

• Structure, secondary concentrator andcalorimeter mounted

• Equipment, measurement devices anddata acquisition ready to operate

Plans for 1998:

• Test campaign for secondary concen-trator output power and performancefor different aiming-point strategies

• Erection of first closed receiver module• Test campaign for first receiver module• Evaluation and reporting

REFOS Project(Volumetric receiver for solar-hybrid gas-turbine and

combined-cycle systems)

Man Power/Year:

Year Main. Oper. Eng. ProjectRe-

lated

1997 1 0.5 1 2

1998 1 1 2 2


Test Engineer: Frank Schillig

Participants: DLR, SunLab (USA)

Duration: From: January, 1997

To: December, 1998

Funding: None

Source: Not Applicable

Objectives:Development of a software tool for the

technical and economical evaluation ofsolar thermal power projects. This tool isdirected to users that are not familiar withsolar thermal technologies introducing theuser to the technology and providing in-formation on the various technical and fi-nancial aspects. Furthermore, it is intendedto develop a standardised tool to be usedwidely amongst the engineers and scien-tists who are involved in solar thermalpower project development.

Description:The core of SolWin is a detailed cash

flow model, so that all important projectparameters, such as the Internal Rate ofReturn (IRR) and the levelized electricitycosts (LEC), and the financial viability ofsolar thermal power projects may be ex-amined. Further intermediate results aretechnical performance data, environmentalbenefits and resource consumption of thepower project. In addition, it also enablessensitivity analysis and the optimization oftechnical and economic parameters.

Status:In 1997, database access and software

file and project management structurewere programmed. Moreover, a graphic in-terface for displaying data and simulationresults has been completed. A unit trans-former to facilitate the use of different uni-tary systems (SI and US) was imple-mented. The economic and cash flowmodel for project financing was developed.a model for power tower projects was alsodeveloped and programmed.

Plans for 1998:Trough and dish plant cash flow models

will be implemented in 1998. Within thescope of a scientist exchange program be-tween PSA and SunLab (USA), two guestscientists from Sunlab will stay at the PSAfor approximately 3 months each to helpwith development, in particular, trough andthe dish performance models. Further-

SolWin(A performance and financing tool for solar thermal power plants)

Man Power/Year:

Year Mai Op. Eng ProjectRelat.

Stu-dents,etc.

1997 0.1 2

1998 0.1 2


more, the final design of the user interfacewill be completed.


Test Engineer: Frank Schillig

Participants:

• DLR, Cologne

• PILKINGTON Solar International, Co-

logne

• FICHTNER (consulting engineers),

Stuttgart

• EUCOMSA, Sevilla

• CRES, Athens

• OADYK, Chania (Crete)

• PREUSSEN ELEKTRA, Hannover (Ger-

many)

• ENEL , Rome

• PPC (Greek Public Power), Athens

Duration: From: January, 1997To: December, 1998

Funding: 2.7 MECU

Source: CEC-DGXVII, Partners

Objectives:The objective of the EU project,

THESEUS, is the implementation of thefirst large-scale (50-MWe nominal capacity)European parabolic trough power plant onCrete, to be designed, licensed and erectedwithin 4 years, starting beginning of 1997.

Description:The proposed THESEUS project consists

of a nominal 52-MWe-net solar power plantwith an advanced parabolic trough collec-tor field as the primary heat source. Theproject site is expected to be in the Fran-gokastelló area on the southern coast ofwestern Crete in the county of Sfakia. TheTHESEUS solar thermal power plant iscomprised of a moderate-pressure (100bar), low-temperature (371 °C) Rankinereheat-steam cycle electric generating sys-tem with a nominal power of 52 MWel, us-ing solar thermal energy as its primaryheat source. The solar field energy sourceis supplemented by an LNG-fired boiler tosupply steam during conditions of low solarinsolation

Status:In 1997, significant work was performed

on the political and regulatory frameworkrequired for project implementation. Fur-ther work concentrated on site and engi-neering preparatory to conceptual plantdesign. Collector cost estimates were re-fined and a preliminary economic analysis,based on rate structures reflecting the Cre-tan power system time-of-use preferencewas also carried out. Thorough researchhas been done on the potential ownershipstructure in light of the latest interpretationof the law and liberalization of the Greekpower system which is progressing well.

Plans for 1998:The following elements of the project are

to be completed within the next sixmonths:

• Final decision on site location,

THESEUS(50 MWe THErmal Solar EUropean Power Station at

Frangokastello, Crete)

Man Power/Year:


Stu-dents,etc.

1997 0.9 1

1998 0.9 1


• Completion of conceptual plant designfor power block and BOP, site analysis,solar field structural design and draw-ings and civil engineering design,

• ownership structures and related legalnegotiations and clarifications.

The following tasks already initiated will becontinued:

• preparation and submission of site ap-proval application,

• preparation and submission of envi-ronmental impact assessment

• request for bids for major equipment,detailed cost estimate and economicanalysis,

• formation of supply consortium,• execution proposed dissemination

strategy,• completion of environmental and social

impact studies.


Project Manager: Diego Martínez

Participants: Commission of the European

Communities-DG XII

Duration: From:January, 1996

To: December, 1998

Funding: 264 Million Pts.

Source: CEC-DGXII

Objectives:

TMR is an initiative of the CEC-DGXII,which has four activities:

1. Research Networks2. Access to Large-Scale Facilities3. Training through Research4. Accompanying Measures

The PSA currently has a contract for ac-tivity number 2, ‘Access to Large-Scale Fa-cilities’.

The aim of the program is to promote,through the stimulation of training and themobility of researchers, a quantitative andqualitative increase in human resourceswithin the European Community.

The essential objective of the LSF activ-ity is to provide research teams with accessto large facilities important for high-qualityresearch. This activity is intended to be ofparticular significance to researchersworking in regions of the Community wheresuch facilities do not exist.

The objectives of the program coincidewith those of the PSA by contributing to thedissemination of the use of a wide range ofindustrial solar thermal technology applica-tions, from electricity generation to passivearchitecture, throughout Europe.

Description:Under the above mentioned contract,

the PSA offers access to the following facili-ties free of charge:

• Detox Loop, Solar Furnace, Acurex Fieldand Solfin : 28 Weeks within the threeyears

• Desalination Plant and LECE: 12 Weeks• Dish/Stirling: 11 Weeks• Solar Dryer: 2 Weeks• CESA-1: 8 Weeks

Access includes all infrastructure, logis-tic, technical and scientific support that isnormally provided to external users of thefacility.

A minimum of 50 different groups willbenefit by the end of this contract, with aminimum of 28 groups to be given accessper year.

TMR(Training & Mobility of Researchers Program)

Man Power/Year:


1997 - - - 0.8

1998 - - - 0.8


One of the contract requirements is thatthe PSA widely publicize the access so of-fered.

Users are selected annually, after pub-lishing a ‘Call for Proposals’ followed by anapplication period. A Selection Panel con-sisting of 10 experts, at least 6 of whomare not from CIEMAT, meets in October toselect the users for the following year.

Two types of access are offered:

• Access-to-Research: The researchgroup is expected to bring its own re-search proposal to be performed at oneof the facilities above, with the supportof the corresponding PSA project leadertypically for two weeks to two months.

• Access-for-Training: This option is ad-dressed to individual users who receivea comprehensive overview of all the in-dustrial applications of solar energy cur-rently under development at the PSAand have the oppor-tunity to take part inongoing projects. Typical duration isbetween three and six months.

Status:The program is now in its third year at

PSA. By the end of 1998, 50 differentgroups will have participated.

Plans for 1998:In addition to the ‘Access to Research’

activity, four researchers were accepted inthe last ‘Selection Panel’ meeting for ‘Ac-cess for Training’.

A ‘TMR Users Workshop’ similar to theone held in 1997, but with wider scope andlonger duration, is planned for 1998.

Under activity number 4, ‘Accompany-ing Measures’, the organization of a Sum-mer School will also be undertaken in1998. This ‘Summer School’ will be com-posed of two week-long courses, one in Julydevoted to electricity generation and thesecond in September, concerning solarchemistry.

The ‘TMR Concerted Action’ Round Ta-ble for energy research facilities will alsobe holding meetings and perhaps, in 1998,joint research activities.


Test Engineer: P. Balsa

Users 1997:

University of Ulster (UK)

Heliostat Ltd. (Gr)

Duration: From: 1996 to 1998

Funding Source: CEC DGXII: Training andMobility of Researchers Program.

Objectives:

The shortage of drinking water affectsmany countries in the third world, whichalso lack conventional energy resources.The desalination plant market has greatlyincreased during recent decades. Manyplants have been installed worldwide,achieving a total daily production capacityof 13x106 m3 of desalted water in 1989(this is taking into account only thoseplants with a capacity equal to or greaterthan 100 m3/day).

For the above mentioned reasons thesolar desalination plant was included in theTMR proposal in order to promote solardesalination among European Countries.

Description:

The solar collector test bed supplyingheat to the PSA desalination plant waschecked by Heliostat Ltd. They consider itof even better quality than the one cur-rently installed in Greece for testing the in-novative solar collector designed by He-liostat.

University of Ulster analyzed the fullsolar desalination plant energy chain. Thisstudy demonstrated the low pollutantemissions level of the plant in comparisonwith conventional ones.

TMR Desalination


Test Engineer: S. Malato

Participants:

• INETI (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia

e Tecnologia Industrial), Portugal.

• ISFH (Institut für Solarenergieforschung

GmbH Hannover), Germany.

• TUW (Institut für Physikalische Chemie.

Technische Universität Wien), Austria.

• CNRS (Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Photo-

catalyse, Catalyse et Environement),

France

• Other EU Institutions for the next

years

Duration From: 1996To 1998


Source: UE DGXII / PSA

Objectives:

1. Determine the best conditions for deg-radation of organic substances by SolarPhotocatalysis.

2. Optimize the change of scale from labo-ratory to pilot plant.

3. Train UE research groups in solar pho-tocatalysis.

Description:The photocatalytic degradation of or-

ganic compounds with illuminated TiO2 isvery well documented in the literature. Theillumination of TiO2 (band-gap energy, EG =3.2 eV) in water with less than 387-nm-wavelength light generates excess electronsin the conduction band (e-

CB) and positive"holes" (h+

VB) in the valence band:

TiO h E e hG CB VB2 + ≥ → +− +υ ( )

•OH radicals are extremely reactive andreadily attack organic molecules degradingthem to CO2 and H2O (and inorganic ionswhen the organic molecule contains otheratoms).

Due to environmental concerns and rea-sonable expectations for this process’s tech-nical and economic feasibility causing a ris-ing interest in Solar Detoxification research,the PSA and other UE research groups withlong experience in basic research, but lack-ing pre-industrial development, are carryingout R&D programs on Solar Water Detoxifi-cation. The aim of this Project is to go fromlaboratory to pilot scale developing effectivesystems to destroy toxic compounds in in-dustrial wastes by means of solar radiation.This step is essential to make practical ap-plications feasible, which seems attainablein the near future thanks to its technical andeconomic attractiveness for sunny locations.

Two different PSA facilities are used inthis project: medium concentrating sys-tems (parabolic collectors, PTC) and lowconcentrating systems (compound para-bolic collectors). In both cases, a slurry ofcontaminated water and catalyst (titaniumdioxide, TiO2) is prepared in tanks and fedinto the photoreactor. The systems areoperated in a discontinuous manner by re-circulating the slurry solution through anintermediate tank with a centrifugal pump.

TMR Detoxification Project

Man Power/Year:

Year Eng./Main.

Oper. ProjectRelat.

Students,etc.

1997 0.2 0.5 1 0.2

1998 0.2 0.5 1 0.2


High flow rates are used because of theslow kinetics of degradation, and a com-plete-mixture regime is assumed (that is,the contaminant concentration is the sameeverywhere in the system at any giventime). Under these experimental condi-tions, photodegradation of all the experi-mental mixtures is sufficient to evaluatefeasibility of the data treatment. Threesensors for UV-light measurements areused, one for global UV over the horizontalsurface installed normal to the earth’s sur-face, a second for global UV over a 37º-inclined surface installed on the CPC sup-port frame and the other for direct UV (In-ternational Light-SED 400), mounted on asun-tracking platform. Global and directUV irradiance are measured throughout theexperiments, permitting the evaluation ofhour-dependent incident radiation, clouds,atmospheric turbulence and other envi-ronmental variations.

Parabolic Collectors. This photochemi-cal reactor consists of a 12-module Helio-man-type system (Man, Germany) with atotal reflective surface of 29.1 m2. De-pending on system configuration, it is pos-sible to calculate the residence time (tR) asthe relationship between the total volumeof water in the reactor (VT), the volume ofthe glass tubes (VR) and reaction time (t):tR = VR t VT

-1. The reaction time is the dif-ference in time between the initial sample(initial concentration of the pollutant, t = 0)and samples collected during the experi-ment (t > 0).

CPC Collectors. The present configura-tion of the PSA CPC field has 6 modules(total reflective surface 8.9 m2) connectedin series and mounted on a fixed platforminclined 37o to maximize performance (thePSA is located at latitude +37o). Each CPCmodule (Industrial

Solar Technology Corporation, Denver) is1.22 m wide and 1.22 m long (See Figure1) and consists of eight parallel CPC reflec-tors (152 mm wide) with UV-transparenttubular receivers (I.D. 48 mm). The accep-tance angle for the CPC is 60 degrees ei-ther side of normal incidence. Polishedaluminum is used as the reflective materialbecause it is highly reflective in the UVrange (0.829-300 nm, 0.861-325 nm,0.834-350 nm, 0.810-375 nm and 0.890-400 nm) and fluoropolymer is used for thetube receivers because it is inert and hasexcellent UV stability and transmissivity(0.735-300 nm, 0.765-325 nm, 0.780-350nm, 0.822-375 nm and 0.846-400 nm).The 6 modules are connected in series sothat the water flows directly from one tothe other and finally to the tank. A cen-trifugal pump then returns the water to thecollectors. At the beginning of the experi-ments, with collectors covered, all thechemicals are added to the tank and mixeduntil constant concentration is achievedthroughout the system. Then the cover isremoved and samples are collected at pre-determined times. The residence time (tR)is calculated by the procedure explainedabove.

Status:

Activities during 1996 have been cen-tered on solar degradation of different or-ganic compounds with TiO2 and a Photo-Fenton reagent. 4 different UE researchgroups have been at PSA for 1 month each.The future plan of work is focused on threegoals, testing different catalysts, solar col-lector comparison and the training of re-searchers.


Test Engineer: P. Balsa

Users 1997:

• INTEGRAL Gmbh (Ger• INESC, Lisboa (P)• Univ. of Oulu (Fi)• Univ. of Firenze (It)

• Univ of Ruhr-Bochum (Ger)


Funding Source: CEC DGXII: Training and

Mobility of Researchers Programs.

Objectives:The main objective of this project is the

development and testing of advanced con-trol algorithms for use in solar powerplants, providing European research groupswith the experimental facilities needed to:

• Perform an in-depth study of the diffi-culties involved in improving controldesign schemes for parabolic-troughsolar collector fields.

• Test and validate their theoretical ap-proaches concerning new advancedcontrol algorithms improving controlsystem performance, response speed,robustness and rejection of distur-bance.

Description:Solar power plants deliver thermal en-

ergy in the form of sensible heat in a fluid(liquid or gas) which is heated to a desir-able temperature. Since the primary en-ergy (solar radiation) varies, without propercontrol, the temperature of the output fluidalso changes.

Parabolic-trough collectors have provento be an efficient way to meet the require-ments of these industrial processes. Goodcontrol performance using PI and PID con-trollers could only be achieved by accept-ing a slow speed of response and, conse-quently, long settling times, restrictingtheir range of application as an energysource. It became evident that improvedcontrol schemes for parabolic-trough solarcollector fields is a requirement to open awider field of application for these systems.

The PSA’s DCS facilities and the flexibleand reliable control software provide a veryvaluable versatile testbed which has beenused by several research groups for thispurpose, experimentally testing differentcontrol systems in these facilities.

TMR Control




Participants in 1997:

Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner,Stuttgart

Duration: From: Jan. 1997

To: Dec. 1997

Funding:


CEC-DGXII

Objectives:Within the EU Program ‘Training and

Mobility of researcher (TMR)’ the PSA of-fers access to the Dish/Stirling test site(DISTAL I).

Description:

The DISTAL I test facility consists ofthree SBP Dish/Stirling systems withan nominal output of 9 kWel. The para-bolic concentrators with an diameter of7.5 m use a ‘polar’ tracking system tofollow the sun during the day. To thefocal point a SOLO V160 Stirling engineis attached. The facility is equippedwith a extensive measurement system.Status:

The three Dish/Stirling units now havebeen operated for about 29.000 hours onthe sun (about 3.500 hours within 1997).In 1997 the tracking accuracy of thedish/Stirling system was subject of evalua-tion of an enginieer of SBP during a oneweek stay supported by this EU program.

Plans for 1998:

Three users have applied for a stayat the DISTAL test site.

TMR DISTAL

Man Power/Year:


1997 0.1 0.2 0 0.2

1998 0.1 0.2 0 0.2


Test Engineer: C. Richter

Participants:

• CNRS-ICSN (Institut de Chimie desSubstances Naturelles), France.

• Department of Organic Chemistry,University of Pavia, Italy

• Department of Chemistry, University ofReading, England

• Department of Organic Chemistry,Univ. Complutense, Madrid, Spain

• Chemistry Department, Dublin CityUniversity, Ireland

Duration From: 1996

To: 1998


Source: UE DGXII / PSA

Objectives:

1. Train UE research groups in solar pho-

tochemical synthesis.

2. Identify photochemical synthesis with

potential for further upscaling

3. Determine best chemical conditions for

solar photochemical synthesis of fine

chemicals

4. Optimize the change of scale from labo-

ratory to pilot plant.

Description:

In recent years growing effort has beenspent to apply solar radiation directly tothe photochemical synthesis of fine chemi-cals with present or future market poten-tial. Due to their selectivity, photochemicalreactions frequently allow a clean pathwayto the target compounds and this advan-tage can be increased considerably by di-rect application of a renewable energysource like the sun, if the spectral absorp-tion characteristics of the reaction systemare suitable.

A good many photochemical reactionsof interest for synthesis fall within the UV-range, 300 - 400 nm, where the solar spec-trum offers only low density photon flux.One possible approach to improving UV-range performance is non-concentratingcollector systems, e.g., CPCs, capable ofcollecting more UV-photons per aperturearea during a year than concentrating sys-tems. These considerations led to the in-stallation in September, 1996, of a CPCcollector as the SOLFIN photoreactor.

The photochemical receiver/reactor in-stalled consists of a CPC-collector withaluminium reflectors and Duran glass-tubes with an optical concentration factorof 1, total aperture 2 m2 and an irradiatedvolume of up to 10 l. It is connected bypolyethylene and corrugated Teflon tubingin a closed loop with an overall volume of10 - 20 l to a gear pump, process cooler,solvent supply vessel, gas supply and in-strumentation to monitor temperature,pressure and flow within the loop.

In 1997, an additional small test loopwas added to the Solfin facility to allow

TMR Solfin Project

Man Power/Year:

Year Eng./Main.

Oper. ProjectRelat.

Students,etc.

1997 0.2 0.3 1 0.2

1998 0.2 0.3 1 0.2


preliminary tests with a low total volume ofreaction mixtures. The photoreactor is a 1-m-long by 0.2-m-wide CPC mirror with anoptical concentration of 2. A 32-mm-ODLiebig-type glass cooler is mounted in itsline of focus. The reaction mixture is cir-culated by a small centrifugal pump mag-netically coupled through the outer com-partment of the cooler and thus irradiated.The cooling water is circulated through theinner compartment of the cooler. The totalvolume of the circuit is 1 L, including the250 ml glass bottle with bottom inlets forinert or reactive gases and a samplingoutlet. All components are interconnectedby flexible corrugated PTFE tubes.

The Solfin facility is used by variousEuropean research groups with fundingfrom the EU TMR

Program to test the feasibility of their syn-thetic reactions under these conditions.Thus a great variety of synthetic reactionsare tested and promising candidates forfurther optimization can be identified. Atthe same time young graduate researchchemists from these institutes learn aboutthe feasibility of direct application of solarradiation for photochemical synthesis, inaccordance with the guidelines of thefunding EU.Program for Training and Mo-bility of Researchers.


Test Engineers: P. Heller, A. Valverde

Participants:

• L&C Steinmüller (Design, fabrication,assembly of new absorber elements)

• University of Seville (Automatic Aim-ing-Point Strategy)

• PSA (Tests in Cesa-1, Evaluation)


Funding: 2.2 Mio Ptas (1997)


Objectives:• Test and evaluate the 22 new absorber

elements• Reconnect the TSA receiver system to

the grid

Description:At the end of 1996, 22 absorber ele-

ments were replaced with a new enhanceddesign and additional thermocouples weremounted for their evaluation. It had to beshown that the temperatures in the gap be-tween the elements do not effect the effi-ciency of the receiver due to improper de-sign. A 100-h test at moderate tempera-tures was performed to identify problemzones on the elements.

Status:The tests could be finished in 1997. The

measurements of the gap temperature be-tween the new elements showed the in-tended behavior. The gaps closed with ris-ing receiver temperature according theirdesign. The temperature distribution re-ceived by measurement with the IR cameraand thermocouples showed the potential ofimprovement by enhancing the manufac-turing process of the wire mesh.

In June the TSA system was recon-nected to the grid and is producing electricenergy whenever the concurrent projects inthe Cesa-1 tower allow for.

Plans for 1998:Keep the TSA operational to demon-

strate the reliability, the easy handling andthe future potential of that system ready formarket entry. The system will continue tobe operated in grid connected mode.


Back: Appendix 1. Project Descriptions

Next Appendix : 2 List of Collaborating

Institutions and Companies

TSAPhoebus Technology Program Solar Air Receiver

Man Power/Year:


1997 0.6 0.4 0 0.2

1998 0.5 0.2 0 0.2


APPENDIX 2

LIST OF COLLABORATINGINSTITUTIONS

AND COMPANIES


LOW TEMPERATUREAREA

Belgian Building ResearchInstitute Test Centre (BBRI)AV. P. Holoffe,21B-1342 LimeletteBelgium

ConphoebusZona IndustrialeCasella PostaleI-95030 Piano d’Arci(Catania)Italy

Departamento de Tecnologíade la Edificación de la EUAT dela UPMEscuela Universitaria deArquitectura TécnicaAvenida Juan de Herrera, 6E-8040 MadridSpain

Joint Research Centre IspraInstitute for SystemEngineering and Informatics(JRC)Bldg. 45I-21020 Ispra (VA)Italy

Hunter Douglas, S.A.Avenida de la Justicia 4828100 Alcobendas (Madrid)Spain

ITEMA de la UniversidadPolitécnica de CataluñaCarretera Nacional 150 Km14.508220 TERRASSA(BARCELONA)Spain

Pilkington Solar InternationalMühlengasse 7D-50667 KölnGermany

TNO Building and ConstructionResearchDept. of Indoor EnvironmentP.O. Box 292600 AA DelftThe Netherlands

UMSICHT Institute forEnvironmental, Safety and

Energy TechnologyOsterfelder Strasse3D-46047 OberhausenGermany

University of PatrasDepartment of PhysicsSolar Energy Laboratory26500 PatrasGreece

PARABOLIC TROUGHAREA

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V.Inst. forTechn.Thermodynamics(DLR EN-TT)Pfaffenwaldring 38-40D-70569 StuttgartGermany

Escuela Superior IngenierosIndustrialesDpto. de AutomáticaProf. Eduardo FernandezCamachoAvda. Reina Mercedes s/n41012 SevillaSpain

Pilkington Solar InternationalGmbHMühlengasse, 7D-50667 KölnGermany

Siemens AG Power GenerationDept. NT31Freyeslebenstr. 1D-91058 ErlangenGermany

SOLELHar-HotzvimP.O.B. 45033Jerusalem 91450Israel

UMISTDepartment of ElectricalEngineering and ElectronicsAtt.: Dr. F. M. HughesP.O.Box 88Manchester M60 1QDUnited Kingdom


ZSWAttn.: Frank LippkeHessbrühlstr. 21 cD-70565 StuttgartGermany

CENTRAL RECEIVERSAREA

L&C Steinmüller GmbHFabrikstrasse 151641GummersbachGermany

INABENSAInstalaciones Abengoa SAC/Manuel Velasco Pando,No.741007 SevillaSpain

Universidad SevillaC/Reina Mercedes, s/n41012 SevillaSpain

Max-Planck-Institut für PhysikFöhringer Ring 680805 MünchenGermany

Center for Renewable EnergySystems (CRES)19th km Marathonos Avenue19009 PikermiGreece

OADIG1866 Square & Kriari73135 ChaniaGreece

ENELVia Volta 120093 Cologno MonzItaly

Fichtner GmbH&KoKGSarweystrasse 370191 StuttgartGermany

Sevillana de Electricidad, S.A.Avda.de la Borbolla, 541004 SevillaSpain

ENDESAPríncipe de Vergara, 18728002 MadridSpain

Electricidad de Portugal, S.A.(EDP)Av. Estados Unidos daAmérica, 551700 LisboaPortugal

ABB STAL AB612 82 FinspongSwedenAICIAC/Dr. Antonio Cortés Lladó, 641004 SevillaSpain

Babcock & Wilcox Española,S.A. (BWE)Alameda de Recalde, 2748009 BilbaoSpain

PARABOLIC DISH AREA

Schlaich Bergermann undPartner (SBP)Hohenzollernstr. 170178 StuttgartGermany

SOLO Kleinmotoren GmbHPostfach 60 01 5271050 SindelfingenGermany

L&C Steinmüller GmbHFabrikstrasse 151641GummersbachGermany

Intersol CorporationPL 416 Marbak30594 HalmstadSweden

Institut für SolareEnergieversorgungstechnik(ISET)Königstor 5934119 KasselGermany

HTC Technologie-CentrumSchwerte GmbHIm Heiligen Feld 1758239 SchwerteGermany


SOLAR CHEMISTRY AREA

1. DETOXIFICATION

AEPLAD. Luis Roy PargeAlmagro, 44 - 3º28010 MadridSpain

Ayuntamiento de AdraConcejalía de AgriculturaPuerta del Mar, 304770 Adra (Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de AlmeríaUnidad de DesarrolloEconómicoPlaza de la Constitución s/n04003 AlmeríaSpain

Ayuntamiento de BerjaConcejalía de AgriculturaD. José M. Villegas CabreraPlaza de la Constitución, 104760 Berja (Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de DalíasConcejalía de AgriculturaD. Francisco Criado GallegosPlaza Ayuntamiento, 104750 Dalías (Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de El EjidoArea de AgriculturaD. Antonio EscobarC/ Cervantes, 12204700 El Ejido (Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de La MojoneraConcejalía de AgriculturaPlaza de la Constitución, 604740 La Mojonera (Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de RoquetasConcejalía de AgriculturaD. Nicolás PimentelPlaza de la Constitución, 104740 Roquetas de Mar(Almeria)Spain

Ayuntamiento de VicarConcejalía de AgriculturaD. Antonio OsorioAvda. Andalucía, 34

04738 Vicar (Almeria)Spain

CNRS/Ecole Centrale de LyonPhotocatalyse, Catalyse etEnvironementDr. P. PichatB.P. 16369131 Ecully CedexFrance

Diputación ProvincialArea de Fomento,Infraestructura, MedioAmbienteD. Gonzalo Bermejo/D. Jorge AnguloHnos. Machado, 27 Edf. B04004 AlmeriaSpain

EcosystemD. Martin Vincent08392 Llavaneras(Barcelona)Spain

INETIDr. Joao Farinha MendesAzhinhaga dos Lameiros aEstrada do Paço do Lumiar1699 Lisboa CodexPortugal

Institut fürSolarenergieforschung GmbH(ISFH)Sokelanstrasse, 5D-HannoverGermany

Technische Universität Wien(TUW)Institut für PhysikalischeChemieDr. R. BauerGetreidemarkt 9/156A-1060 WienAustria

Universidad de AlmeríaDept. Ing. Química, Dept.Física AplicadaCañada de San Urbano04120 La Cañada (Almeria)Spain


Universidad de BarcelonaFacultad de QuímicaDept. de Ingeniería QuímicaDr. Jaime GiménezC/Martí i Franqués, 108028 BarcelonaSpain

2. SOLARDETOX PROJECT(BRITE-EURAM)

CISEDr. Mirella MusciCasella Postale 1208120134 MilanoItaly

HIDROCENCamino del Valle, 12Pol. Ind. Finanzauto28500 Arganda del Rey,MadridSpain

INETIMr. Joao Farihna MendesEstrada do Paço do Luminar1699 Lisboa CodexPortugal

Schott Rohrglas GmbHErich-Schott-StrassePostfach 118095660 MitterteichGermany

SETSOLMr. Joao Correira de OliveiraCapa RotaManique de Cima2710 SintraPortugal

UNITODipartimento di ChimicaAnalíticaUniversità degli Studi di TorinoProf. Claudio Minerovia P. Giuria 510125 TorinoItaly

3. SOLFIN

Dipartimento di ChimicaOrganica dell’Universita diPaviaProf. Angelo AlbiniViale Tarematti, 1027100 PaviaItalia

CNRSInstitut de Chimie desSubstances NaturellesAve. De la Terrasse91198 Gif sur Yvette CedexFrancia

Institut für OrganischeKatalyseforschung an derUniversität Rostock e.V.Dr. Gunther ÖhmeBuchbinderstraße, 5-6D-18055 RostockAlemania

TMR USERS

1. PROCESS HEAT

Integral Energietechnik GmbHP.O. 1910D-24909 FlensburgGermany

UMSICHT.- Institut fürUmwelt Sicherheits undEnergietechnikOsterfelder Straβe, 3D-46047 OberhausenGermany

UMSICHT- Institut für UmweltSicherheits und EnergietechnikMr. Thore LohmannKerkwege, 2D-44787 BochumGermany

Univ. of Athens.- Department ofApplied PhysicsDr. A.I. DounisSp. Davari, 1819400.- KoropiGreece

Univ. of PatrasDepartment of Physics,Dr. IoanisTripanagnostopoulosGR 26500 PatrasGreece

Heliostat Ltd.Mr. Christos Korres10-12 Kifissias Ave.Agora Center Bldg. 1, Suite1015125 MaroussiAthensGreece


2. CONTROL

INESCProf. Joao Miranda LemosRua Alves Redol, 9Apartado 130691000 Lisboa CodexPortugal

Ruhr Universität BochumFakultät für ElektrotechnikUniversitätsstraße 150D-44780 BochumGermany

Univ. de FirenzeProf. Edoardo MoscaVia de Santa Marta, 3I-50139 FirenzeItaly

Univ. of OuluDept. of Process EngineeringControl Engineering LaboratoryMr. Esko JuusoLinnanmaaSF-90570 OuluFinland

Univ. of OuluDept. of Process EngineeringControl Engineering LaboratoryDr. Kauko LeiviskäLinnanmaa90570 OuluFinland

Univ. de SevillaEscuela Superior de IngenierosDpto. de Ingeniería deSistemas y AutomáticaProf. Eduardo FernándezCamachoIsla de la CartujaAvda. del Descubrimiento,s/n.-41012 SevillaSpain

University of UlsterFaculty of Engineering, Schoolof the Built EnvironmentProf. Brian NortonNewtownabbey CountyAntrim BT37 0QBNorthern Ireland

3. HIGH FLUX TECHNOLOGY

Helsinki Univ. of TechnologyProcessing and Heat Treatmentof Materials

Mr. Klas AnderssonVuorimiehentie 2ASF-02150 ESPOOFinland

Instituto Nacional deEngenharia e TecnologiaIndustrial (INETI)Dr. João Farinha MendesAzinhaga dos Lameiros aEstrada do Paço do Lumiar1699 Lisboa CodexPortugal

Instituto Superior TécnicoDepto. Engenharia MaterialsDr. Luis Guerra RosaAvda. Rovisco Pais1096 LISBOA CODEXPortugal

L&C Steinmüller GmbHTA 2067Postfach 100855D-51641 GummersbachGermany

Materials Ireland, ForbairtCeramics Research UnitMs. Aoibhe O’RiordanGlasnevin9 DublinIreland

Schlaich Bergermann undPartnerMr. Wolfgang SchielHohenzollernstr. 1D-70178 StuttgartGermany

4. SOLAR CHEMISTRY

CNRS/Ecole Centrale de Lyon.Photocatalyse, Catalyse etEnvironementDr. Jean Marie HerrmannB.P. 16369131 Ecully CedexFrance

CNRS/Institut de Chimie desSubstances NaturellesDr. Charles GiannottiAve. De la Terrasse91198 Gif sur Yvette CedexFrance

CNRS/Institut de Chimie desSubstances NaturellesMs. Isabelle TexierAve. De la Terrasse


91198 Gif sur Yvette CedexFrance

Dipartimento di ChimicaOrganicadell’Universita di PaviaProf. Angelo AlbiniViale Tarematti, 1027100 PaviaItaly

Dublin City UniversitySchool of Chemical SciencesProf. Albert PrattDublin, 9Ireland

Institut fürSolarenergieforschung GmbHHannoverSokelanstraße 5D-30165 HannoverGermany

Technische Universität WienInstitut für PhysikalischeChemieGetreidemarkt 9/156A-1060 WienAustria

Univ. de BarcelonaDepartamento de IngenieríaQuímica, Facultad de QuímicaDr. Jaime Giménez Farrerasc/Martí i Franquès, 1.-08028.- BarcelonaSpain

Univ. Complutense de MadridFacultad de Ciencias QuimicasDepto. Química OrgánicaProf. Diego ArmestoCiudad Universitaria28040 MadridSpain

Univ. de PoitiersFaculté des Sciences, Catalyseen Chimie OrganiqueDr. Octav Enea40, avenue du RecteurPineau,86022 Poitiers CedexFrance

Univ. of Reading, Departmentof ChemistryProf. Andrew GilbertWhiteknights,PO Box 224,ReadingBerkshire, RG6 2ADUnited Kingdom

Back: Table of ContentsBack: Appendix 2. List of CollaboratingInstitutions and Companies

Previous Appendix: 1 Project DescriptionsNext Appendix : 3 List of Publications


APPENDIX 3

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS


Plataforma Solar de AlmeríaPublications, 1997

Internal Reports[1] Ariza Camacho, M.J. and Ballestrín Bolea, J.M., Receptores solares de Agua-Vapor;

Memoria, Proyecto Colón Solar, PSA, December, 1997.[2] Calatrava, B., Resumen meteorológico 1996, PSA Internal report R01/97, March, 1997.[3] Camacho, J.A., Image database with Microsoft network, R03/97, PSA Internal report

R03/97, February, 1997.[4] Camacho, J.A., Informe annual, 1996 with Microsoft network, R03/97, PSA Internal report

R04/97, June, 1997.[5] Evaluation of the present condition of the tracking in elevation direction at the ARDISS test

facility, PSA Internal report R05/97, June, 1997.[6] León, J., Volumetric Flow meter Contrasting, PSA Internal report R02/97, May, 1997.[7] León, J., Oil drying of the heat transfer loop, LS-3 Collector, PSA Internal report R08/97,

September, 1997.[8] Monterreal, R. and Heller, P., “Large Area Heliostat Comparison at PSA”, November, 1997

(R09/98-RM).[9] Valenzuela, L., Example of module regulation software package for the ACUREX field, PSA

Internal report R06/97, June, 1997.[10] Valenzuela, L., Desarrollo y verificación de controladores PID en serie con un controlador

por adelanto para la regulacion del campo ACUREX, PSA Internal report R07/97, July,1997.

[11] Zarza, E. “Project DISS: Minutes of the third DISS Project Committee (Cologne, March 5th,1997)”. DISS project report: DISS-Min-QA-10, edited by the PSA in March, 1997

[12] Zarza, E. “Project DISS: Minutes of the third Working Group Meting (Seville, January 27-28th, 1997)”. DISS report: DISS-Min-QA-09, edited by the PSA in February, 1997.

[13] Zarza, E. “Project DISS: Minutes of the fourth DISS Project Committee (Almería,November 7th, 1997)”. DISS project report: DISS-Min-QA-13, edited by the PSA inNovember, 1997

[14] Zarza, E. “Project DISS: Minutes of the fifth Working Group Meting (Almeía, October 20-21, 1997)”. DISS report: DISS-Min-QA-12, edited by the PSA in November, 1997.

[15] Zarza, E.; Hennecke, K. “Project DISS: Minutes of the fourth Working Group Meting(Cologne, June 11-12, 1997)”. DISS report: DISS-Min-QA-11, edited by the PSA in June,1997.

Technical reports[16] Blanco, J.; Malato, S.; Richter, C.; Maldonado, M.I.; Vincent, M. “Aplicación de la

Tecnología de Detoxificación Solar dentro del Proceso de Reciclado de Envases Plásticosde Productos Fitosanitarios”. Feasibility study carried out at the Plataforma Solar deAlmería (Agreement of 12.12.95). PSA, 1997.

[17] León, J., Monterreal, R., Aranda, J., Setup, test campaign and operational experiences.Final report of a 0.5 MWt molten salt receiver at the PSA, TR-02/97, September, 1997.

[18] Martínez, D. “ TMR Programme at PSA. Annual Report 1996 “, TR-05/97-DM, February,1997

[19] Zarza, E., et al., “DISS Project: Second Periodic Report”. Project DISS Technical reportedited for the CEC-DGXII in July, 1996.

[20] Cordeiro, P., Kolb, G., Epstein, M., Geyer, M., Blanco, M., START Mission to Brazil, IEASolarPACES START Report 3/97, 1997.

[21] Geyer, M., Kistner, R., START Mission to Jordan, IEA SolarPACES START Report 02/97,August, 1997.


[22] Geyer, M., Solar Thermal Power Generating Options for the Islamic Republic of Iran, FinalReport on the GEF Renewable Energy Reconnaissance Mission, October November 1 to 20,1997.

Presentations in Congresses[23] Agüera, A.; Almansa, E.; Malato, S.; Blanco, J.; Fernández Alba, A.; “Photochemical

Oxidation of Imidacloprid in Water by Photocatalysis with TiO2.GC-ITMS Study of the By-products Formed”. 6th Intern. Symp. on Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides.Amsterdam, Holland. 4th-6th June, 1997.

[24] Agüera, A.; Fernández-Alba, A.; Almansa, E.; Malato, S.; Maldonado, I. “Solar TiO2

Photocatalitic Degradation of Imidacloprid in Water. GC-ITMS Study of by-productsproduced”. 8th Symposium on Handling of Environmental and Biological Samples inChromatography and 26th Scientific Meeting of the Group of Chromatography and RelatedTechniques of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry. PP-58. Almerimar, El Ejido (Almería),26-29 October, 1997.

[25] Blanco, J., Malato, S.; Carmona, F.; Martínez, F. “Tratamiento de efluentes industrialesmediante detoxificación solar”. Simposio sobre Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente enel Sureste Peninsular. Investigación y Aprovechamiento. Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería.García-Rosell, L. y Navarro Flores, A. (eds). Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. ISBN 84-8108-121-3. pp. 29-48 (1997).

[26] Blanco, J., Malato, S., Maldonado, M.I., Richter, C., Oportunidades para laComercialización de la Tecnología de Detoxificación Solar Energía Solar e Qualidade deVida. De Oliveira, E.; Maldonado, E.; Guedes, M. (eds.). Actas de VIII Congreso Ibérico deEnergía Solar. ISES pp. 649-654. May, 1997.

[27] Blanco, J.; Malato, S.; Maldonado, M.I.; Richter, C. “Solar Detoxification: a feasiblecommercial application in the near future”. International Symposium on Solar Chemistry.Paul Scherrer Institut. Villingen, Suiza. 6-8 October, 1997.

[28] Borrell, L., Giménez, J. and Curcó D., ‘Mathematical and computational models for theestimation of the amount of radiation absorbed by TiO2 and CsS as photocatalysts’, Thefourth International Conference on Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Water and AirRemediation and the Third International Conference on TiO2 photocatalytic Purification andTreatment of Water and Air, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1997.

[29] Camacho, E.F., Berenguel, M., Rubio, F.R., Arahal M.R. and Ortega, M.G., Researchactivities performed by the control group of the Universidad de Sevilla with applications tothe Acurex field of the Plataforma Solar de Almería, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November,1997.

[30] Cermenati, L., Richter C. and A. Albini, Solar Light Induced Carbon-Carbon BondFormation, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[31] Covell, C. and Gilbert, A., The sunlight-initiated (2π + 2π) Cycloaddition of Ethenes to 1,4Naphthoquinones: A Synthon for Targeted Fine Chemicals,

[32] Cruz Fernandes, J., Guerra Rosa, L. and Shohoji, N., Synthesis of Refractory Carbides inthe PSA Solar Furnace: recent achievements and future trends, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce,November, 1997.

[33] Dietz, B. and Kunkel, R., Behaviour Of A Household Absorption Refrigerator Adapted ToAutonomous Solar Operation, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[34] Disdier, J., Guillard, C., Herrmann, J.M., Pichat, P., Malato, S. and Blanco, J., TiO2-basedsolar photocatalytic detoxification of water containing organic pollutants. Extrapolation oflaboratory experiments and efficiency of different industrial TiO2 catalysis, TMR Workshop,Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[35] Egan, O. and Costello, B. Under the direction of Pratt, A., Solfin reactor: Heterocycles viasolar irradiation, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[36] Enea, O. Malato, S. Maldonado, M.I. ‘Photoelectrochemical Reactors for HeliomanModules Proceedings. TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[37] Enea, O., Blanco, J., Malato, S., Maldonado, M.I., Photoelectrochemical experiments undervarious Solar Light Concentration Ratios. Proceedings 9th International Symposium on SolarThermal Concentrating Technologies, Odeillo, France, June, 1998.


[38] Fallmann, H., Bauer, R., Malato, S., Blanco, J., Abwasserreinigung mit Sonnenlicht an derPlataforma Solar de Almería (Poster), Hauptversammlung der GDCh/GÖCH und 100-Jahrfeierder GÖCH, Vienna, 7.-11. September 1997.

[39] Fallmann, H., Krutzler, T., Bauer, R., Malato, S., Blanco J., Solar Photo-Fenton Treatmentof Model and Real Wastewaters, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November 1997.

[40] Farinha Mendes, J., Collares-Pereira, M., Martinez, D. Rodriguez, J. and D. Alarcón Padilla,Design and testing of a second stage concentrator for the solar furnace of PlataformaSolar de Almería, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November 1997.

[41] Geyer, M., Solar Power for Fossil Fuel Conservation and Emission Reduction in ThermalPower Plants, Power-Gen Europe, Conference Proceedings, Vol. 7, Madrid, June 17-19,1997.

[42] Geyer, M., Blanco, M. Mediterranean Technology Transfer and Solar BusinessOpportunities at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. ISES 1997 Solar World Congress 1997.Agosto, 24-29 1997, Taejon, Korea.

[43] Geyer, M., Holländer, A., Gesicherte Leistung mit Solarenergie? Integration vonSolarthermie in GuD-Kraftwerke, 2. Kasseler Symposium Energietechnik, 16.-17. October,1997.

[44] Giannotti, C. and Richter C., Decatungstate photocatalyzed oxidation of adamantane andcyclohexane using solar UV-radiation, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November 1997.

[45] Giménez, J., Curcó, D., Borrell, L. and Queral, M.A., ‘Progress in the scaling up ofphotocatalytic processes’, The fourth International Conference on Advanced OxidationTechnologies for Water and Air Remediation and the Third International Conference on TiO2

photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1997.[46] Gimenez, J.; Curco, D.; Fava, X.; Malato, S.; Blanco, J.; “Solar Detoxification by

Photocatalysis: Trying the Scale-up”. International Symposium on Solar Chemistry, Poster 17.Paul Scherrer Institut. Villingen, Switzerland, 6-8 October, 1997.

[47] Giménez, J. and Gutierrez, J.M. ‘Chemical Engineering and new tools in product’s lifecycle analysis’, The first European Congress on Chemical Engineering, Florence, Italy, 1997.

[48] Heller, B., Wagler, P., Richter, C., Fischer, C. and Oehme, G., The Solar Driven Synthesis ofFine Chemicals in Presence of Catalytic Amounts of Co(I) Complexes, Int. Symp. on SolarChemistry, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland, October 6-8, 1997.

[49] Heller, B., Wagler, P., Richter, C., Fischer, C., Oehme, G., Selektivitaetssteuerung bei derphotokatalysierten Pyridinsynthese, 15. Vortragstagung, GDCh, Fachgruppe Photochemie,November 19.-21, 1997, Cologne, Germany.

[50] Herrmann, J.M.; Disdier, J.; Pichat, P.; Malato, S.; Blanco, J. “Destruction de PesticidesContenus dans L’eau par Photocatalyse Heterogene dans un Photoreacteur-Pilote Solaire”.Societé Française de Chimie. Réunion du Groupe de Photochemie. Paris, France. 22nd May1997.

[51] Juuso, E.K. and Balsa, P., Multilevel linguistic equation controller applied to a 1 Mwt solarcollector field, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[52] Leftheriotis, G., Papaefthimiou, S., Souliotis, M., Tripanagnostopoulos, Y. and Yianoulis,P., Temperature fields for double glazing units under partial shading, TMR Workshop,Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[53] Malato, S.; Blanco, J. “Procesos fotocatalíticos para la destrucción de contaminantesorgánicos en agua”. Simposio sobre Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente en el SurestePeninsular. Investigación y Aprovechamiento. Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería. García-Rosell, L. y Navarro Flores, A. (eds). Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. ISBN 84-8108-121-3. pp. 46-62 (1997).

[54] Malato, S.; Blanco, J.; Braun, B.; Richter, C. “Application of Solar DetoxificationTechnology to the Treatment of Industrial non biodegradable persistent chlorinated watercontaminants”. 1st Annual TRAWMAR (Targeted Research Action on Waste Minimisation AndRecycling) Workshop. Birmingham, 14th-16th May. 1997.

[55] Marques, P.A.S.S.; Rosa, M.F.; Mendes, F.; Collares-Pereira, M.; Blanco, J.; Malato, S.“Deacontaminaçao de Efluentes por Fotacatálise”. Energía Solar e Qualidade de Vida. VIIICongreso Ibérico de Energía Solar. International Solar Energy Society. Oporto (Portugal),26-28 May, 1997, de Oliveira, E.; Maldonado, E.; Guedes, M. (eds.); pp. 641-648.


[56] Martínez, D.; Rodríguez, J. “Tratamiento Superficial de Materiales mediante Luz SolarConcentrada: una Opción mediante Energías Renovables“. 1ª Reunión Iberoamericana deSíntesis y Procesamiento de Materiales por Láser, Madrid, 26-29 May, 1998.

[57] Martínez, D.; Rodríguez, J. “Surface Treatment by Concentrated Solar Energy: the SolarFurnace at Plataforma Solar de Almería“. 11th International Conference on SurfaceModification Technologies, Paris, September 8-10, 1997.

[58] Milow, B., Trieb, F., Nitsch, J., Solarthermische Stromproduktion - Nur eine ferne Vision?Einführung solarthermischer Kraftwerke auf dem Weltenergiemarkt - eine Chance für dieArbeitsmarkt- und Klimapolitik Deutschlands, Vortrag auf dem Forschungsforum Leipzig,16.-20. September, 1997.

[59] Milow, B. , Advanced MED Solar Desalination Plants, Vortrag auf dem EU-Workshop“Promotion of Renewable Energies” bei ITER, Teneriffa, 14. Mai 1997.

[60] Neciarini, G.and Mosca E., Supervised Multicontrollers for temperature regulation of adistributed collector field, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[61] Norton, B. and Eames, P.C. Full-Energy-Chain environmental impact of solar desalination,TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[62] Rato, D. Borrelli, E. Mosca, J.M. Lemos, P. Balsa, ‘MUSMAR based switching control of asolar collector field’, Proceedings European Control Conference, Brussels, July, 1997.

[63] Rato, L. Silva, R.N. Lemos, J.M. and Coito, F.J., INESC Research on Adaptive Control ofthe ACUREX Field. From Predictive to Switching Techniques, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce,November, 1997.

[64] Richter, C., Giannotti, C. and Cermenati, L.; Albini, A., Blanco, J. and Malato, S. ‘Solarphotochemical synthesis of fine chemicals with low concentrating collector systems’ XVIIIInternational Conference on Photochemistry, Warsaw, Poland, 1997.

[65] Romero, E., Blanco, J.; Sánchez, B.; Vidal, A.; Malato, S.; Cardona A.; Garcia M., “SolarDriven Photocatalytic Degradation of Water and Air Pollutants: Challenges andPerspectives”. International Symposium on Solar Chemistry. Paul Scherrer Institut.Villingen, Swizerland. 6-8 October, 1997.

[66] Schlaich Bergermann und Partner, Dish - Stirling Systems: A new solar thermaltechnology for decentralised power generation, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November,1997.

[67] Texier, I., Giannotti, C., Malato and S. Richter, C., Solar photodegradation of pesticides inwater by sodium decatungstate, TMR Workshop, Aguadulce, November, 1997.

[68] Zarza, E; Ajona, J.I.; Hennecke, K.: “Project DISS: Development of a New Generation ofSolar Thermal Power Stations”. Power-GEN’97 Conference, Madrid (Spain), June 17-19,1997.

[69] Zarza, E; Geyer, M.; Ajona, J.I.; Hennecke, K.: “Project DISS: Development of a NewGeneration of Solar Thermal Power Stations”. 1997 ISES Solar World Congress, Taejon(Korea), August 24-31, 1997.

Courses and Seminars[70] Balsa, P.” Operacion Mantenimiento y Control de Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos. Lecture

given on May 22, 1997, in the course entitled: Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos: Tecnología yAplicaciones, organized by the Instituto de Estudios de la Energía and held at CIEMAT(Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

[71] Blanco, J. “Aplicaciones Químicas de la Radiación Solar”. Lecture given on May 22, 1997,in the course entitled: Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos: Tecnología y Aplicaciones, organized bythe Instituto de Estudios de la Energía and held at CIEMAT (Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

[72] Blanco, J. “Detoxificación Solar de Efluentes Líquidos. Aplicaciones Industriales”. Lecturegiven on May 22, 1997, in the course entitled: Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos: Tecnología yAplicaciones, organized by the Instituto de Estudios de la Energía and held at CIEMAT(Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

[73] Blanco, J. “Detoxificación Solar de Efluentes Líquidos. Aplicaciones Industriales”.Universidad de Alcalá. Seminar on Photochemistry, Módulo de Aplicaciones Industriales.Madrid, June 20-23,1997.


[74] Blanco, M., “Activities of the Plataforma Solar de Almería,”, Renewable Energy andCogeneration in Spain, J. Nieves, Director and M. Blanco, Co-Director, Summer School of theUniversidad Complutense in Aguadulce (Almería), July 7-11, 1997.

[75] Blanco, M., “El Futuro de la Energía Solar Térmica: la Plataforma Solar de Almería, Seminariosobre Desarrollos Tecnológicos en el Campo de la Energía, Universidad Internacional MenéndezPelayo, Santander, del 7 al 11 de julio 1997.

[76] Martínez, D. “ Tecnología y aplicaciones de hornos solares”. Lecture given in the courseentitled: Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos: Tecnología y Aplicaciones, organized by the Instituto deEstudios de la Energía and held at CIEMAT (Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

[77] Zarza, E. “Aplicación de los Sistemas Solares con Colectores Cilindro Parabólicos a laDesalinización del Agua de Mar”. Lecture given on May 22, 1997, in the course entitled:Sistemas Solares Fototérmicos: Tecnología y Aplicaciones, organized by the Instituto de Estudiosde la Energía and held at CIEMAT (Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

[78] Zarza, E. “Generación Directa de Vapor: Próximo paso tecnológico en los sistemas concilindro-parabólicos”. Lecture given on May 23, 1997, in the course entitled: Sistemas SolaresFototérmicos: Tecnología y Aplicaciones, organized by the Instituto de Estudios de la Energíaand held at CIEMAT (Madrid), May 19-23, 1997.

Books[79] Becker, M. and Böhmer, M. (eds.), Richter,C,. Concentrating and a non-Concentrating

Photoreactor System for Solar Detoxification, Proceedings of 8th Int. Symp. on SolarThermal Concentrating Technologies, Cologne, Germany, October 1996, ISBN 3-7880-7616-X. pp. 1521-1526. C.F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1997.

[80] Blanco, J., Malato, S., Richter, C., Solar Detoxification Plant for a Hazardous Plastic BottleRecycling Plant in El Ejido: Feasibility Study, Proceedings of 8th Int. Symp. on SolarThermal Concentrating Technologies, Cologne, Germany, October, 1996. Becker, M. andBöhmer, M. (eds.). ISBN 3-7880-7616-X. pp. 1451-470. C.F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg,Germany, 1997

[81] Blanco, M., López, A., Milow, B., Plataforma Solar de Almería - Annual Technical Report1996, TR-01/97, ISBN 84-7834-316-4, Almería, June 1997.

Theses[82] Finkenwerth, O., Realisation and evaluation of flux density measurements on a dish-

Stirling-unit with parabolic concentrator, Diploma thesis PSA and Fh Offenburg, 1997[83] Haberfelner, G., Heller, P., Vossen, P., Entwicklung und Implementierung einer

Benutzeroberfläche für eine Heliostatensteureung eines Solarturmkraftwerks unterBerücksichtigung softwareergonomischer Gesichtspunkte, Plataforma Solar de Almería,August, 1997.

[84] Hartmann, S., Vermessung eines ASM150-Heliostaten auf der Plataforma Solar deAlmería, Diploma thesis PSA and University of Darmstadt, 1997

[85] Reinalter, W., Aufbau, Programmierung und Validierung eines Systems zurStrahlungsflußmessung in Solarkonzentratoren, Diplomarbeit am Institut fürEnergietechnik, Prof. Khartchenko, TU Berlin, abril, 1997

[86] Vorwerg, N., Heller, P., Spinnler, M., Blumenberg, J., Theoretische und experimentelleUntersuchung des Verhaltens von 22 modifizierten Absorberelementen einesvolumetrischen Strahlungsempfängers, DA 97/11, Technische Universität München,September, 1997.

Dissertations[87] Malato, S. “Descomposición de Pentaclorofenol en Agua mediante Fotocatálisis Solar”.

Universidad de Almería. February, 1997.


International Journals[88] Cermenati, L., Pichat, P., Guillard, C. and Albini, A., Probing the TiO2 photocatalytic

mechanisms in water purification by use of quinoline, photo-fenton generates OHº radicalsand superoxide dismutase, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 2650, 1997.

[89] Coito, F., Lemos, J.M., Silva, R.N., Mosca, E., Adaptive Control of a solar energy plant:exploiting accessible disturbances’, International Journal of Adaptive Control and SignalProcessing, Vol. 11, pp.327-342, 1997.

[90] Giannotti, C. and Richter, C., Aerobic photolysis of saturated C-H bond with decatungstateanion, mechanism and products, Trends in Photochemistry & Photobiology, 4, 1997, pp. 43 -54

[91] Giménez, D. Curcó and P. Marco, ‘Reactor modelling in the photocatalytic oxidation ofwastewater’, Water Sci. Tech., 35(4), pp. 207-213, 1997.

[92] Herrmann, J.M., Solar photocatalytic detoxification of used waters in Plataforma Solar deAlmería, Appl. Catal. B: Environmental. News Brief, (1997), 12, pN2.

[93] Malato, S., Blanco, J., Richter, C., Curcó, D. and Giménez, J., Low-concentrating CPCcollectors for photocatalytic water detoxification. Comparison with a mediumconcentrating solar collector Water Sci. Tech. 35(4), 157-164, 1997.

[94] Mas, D., Pichat P. and Guillard, C., Intermediate products and reductive reaction pathwaysin the TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in water, Res. Chem.Intermed. 23, 275, 1997.

[95] Renzi, C., Guillard, C., Herrmann, J.M., Pichat, P. and Baldi, G., Effects of methanol,formamide, acetone and acetate ions on phenol disappearancerate and aromatic productsin UV-irradiated TiO2 aqueous suspensions. Chemosphere 1997, 35, 819.

[96] Sobczynsky, A., (Poznam Univ. of Economics), Giménez, J. and Cervera-March, S.,‘Photodecomposition of phenol in a flow rector: Absorption and Kinetics’, Monatshefte fürChemie (in press).

National Journals[97] Blanco, M., Reflexiones sobre el papel de la Plataforma Solar de Almería en la I+DD solar,

Tecno Ambiente, no. 76, pp. 19, October, 1997.

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Previous Appendix: 2 List of CollaboratingInstitutions and CompaniesNext Appendix : 4 Project Contact Persons andPSA World Wide Web Pages


APPENDIX 4CONTACTS


Plataforma Solar de Almería Postal Address

CIEMAT Plataforma Solar DLR Plataforma SolarApartado 22 Apartado 649E-04200 Tabernas (Almería) E-04080 AlmeríaSpain SpainTel.: +34-950-387900 Tel.: +34-950-387900Fax.:+34-950-365300 Fax.:+34-950-365300

Directorate

Dr. Manuel Blanco Muriel Dr. Michael GeyerCIEMAT-PSA Director DLR-PSA DirectorTel.: + 34-950-387914 Tel.: + 34-950-387915Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Deborah Fuldauer Gabriele HofmannSecretary - CIEMAT PSA Directorate Secretary - DLR DirectorateTel.: + 34-950-387914 Tel.: + 34-950-387915Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Project Development & Monitoring

Bernhard Milow Andrés Jesús López RuedaHead of Project Development Assistant to Directorate & MonitoringTel.: + 34-950-387917 Tel.: + 34-950-387912Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Low Temperature

María José Jiménez Taboada Juan de Dios Guzmán DomínguezLow Temperature Area HeadTel.: + 34-950-387922 Tel.: + 34-950-387952Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Parabolic Trough

Eduardo Zarza Moya Pedro Balsa EscalanteParabolic Trough Area Head Advanced Control ProjectsTel.: + 34-950-387931 Tel.: + 34-950-387934Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Montesinos CarreteroSecretaryTel.: + 34-950387932Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected]

Central Receiver

Peter Heller Dr. Eckhard LüpfertCentral Receiver Area Head Project Leader REFOSTel.: + 34-950-387949 Tel.: + 34-950-387906Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]


Frank Schillig Jesús Ballestrín BoleaProject Leader THESEUS COLON SOLARTel.: + 34-950-387906 Tel.: + 34-950-387956Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dish / Stirling

Peter Heller Wolfgang ReinalterDish / Stirling Area Head Dish TechnologyTel.: + 34-950-387949 Tel.: + 34-950-387930Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Francisco Manuel Martín MarínDish TechnologyTel.: + 34-950-387930Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected]

Solar Chemistry

Julián Blanco Gálvez Dr. Christoph RichterSolar Chemistry Area Head Solar ChemistryTel.: + 34-950-387939 Tel.: + 34-950-387948Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Sixto Malato Rodríguez Barbara MilowSolar Chemistry Solar ChemistryTel.: + 34-950-387940 Tel.: + 34-950-387948Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: E-mail:

Material Treatment

Diego Martínez Plaza Cruz Mª López BonillaMaterial Treatment Area Head Administrative AuxiliaryTel.: + 34-950-387950 Tel.: + 34-950-387951Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Operation and Maintenance

José Antonio Rodríguez Povedano Antonio Valverde CantónHead of Operation and Maintenance Responsible of OperationTel.: + 34-950-387933 Tel.: + 34-950-387945Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Javier León Alonso José Rrodríguez GarcíaOperation CRS/DCS Operation HCFTel.: + 34-950-387937 Tel.: + 34-950-387938Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

José Manuel Molina VillalbaResponsible of Maintenance


Tel.: + 34-950-387942Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected]

Engineering

Andreas Holländer Rosario Domech SchernusHead of Engineering SecretaryTel.: + 34-950-387935 Tel.: + 34-950-387936Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Juan Antonio Camacho Martínez Jaime Aranda LópezComputer Network / System Manager Computer SystemsTel.: + 34-950-387923 - 24 Tel.: + 34-950-387923 - 24Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Ginés García Navajas Bernabe Calatrava LópezInstrumentation Civil EngineeringTel.: + 34-950-387925 Tel.: + 34-950-387946Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dieter Weyers Rafael Monterreal EspinosaMechanics and Electricity Flux MeasurementsTel.: + 34-950-387947 Tel.: + 34-950-387921Fax: + 34-950-365015 Fax: + 34-950-365015E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Administration

Rafael de Haro Carreño Carmelo Quero FerrerHead of Administration PurchasesTel.: + 34-950-387918 Tel.: + 34-950-387919Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mª Dolores Jara Carrascosa Manuel Sánchez ClementePayments StoresTel.: + 34-950-387919 Tel.: + 34-950-387926Fax: + 34-950-365300 Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected] E-mail:

Jesús Torrecillas MorenoHuman ResourcesTel.: + 34-950-387912Fax: + 34-950-365300E-mail: [email protected]

Back: Table of ContentsBack: Appendix 4. Project Contact Personsand PSA World Wide Web Pages

Previous Appendix: 3 List of Publications

Documents

plataforma solar de almería annual technical report 1997