Plant Diversity I

Chapter 29

Introduction to Plants Multicellular, ________, photosynthetic

autotrophs Cell walls made of cellulose More than 290,000 species described Plants colonized land ~

____________________ Evolved from green algae (Charophytes)

Rings of ____________________ Structure of _________________ Formation of ___________ ___________ enzymes

Derived Traits of Land Plants Alteration of generations

Multicellular, dependent embryos

Spores with protective walls

__________________ (organs that produce gametes)

Apical meristem

Alteration of GenerationLife cycle alternates between multicellular haploid ______________ and multicellular diploid ___________

1. Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis

2. Two gametes unite to form diploid zygote

3. Zygote develops into multicellular Sporophyte

4. Sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spore by meiosis

5. Spores develop into multicellular haploid Gametophyte

1.

2.

5.

3.

4.

Multicellular, Dependent Embryos Diploid embryo ______

within tissue of female gametophyte Embryophytes

Nutrients are transferred from parental tissues to embryo through specialized ________

___________ Embryo

Maternal tissue

Spores with Protective Walls

Sporangia: multicellular, spore producing organs on sporophyte

Sporocytes

_______________: polymer in walls of plant spores that makes them tough and resistant to harsh conditions

Multicellular Gametangia

Gametangia: multicellular organs that produce gametes

___________ = female Produces single egg

retained within archegonia

__________ = male Produces many sperm that

are released into the environment

Apical Meristem

Apical meristem: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Regions of plant growth

Adaptations for Terrestrial Life Vascular tissue: tubes made od

cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant _______: water transport ________: nutrient transport

Cuticle: waxy covering on the epidermis of many plant species

________: specialized pores that allow the exchange gases and between the outside air and the plant

Xylem

Phloem

Plant Evolution

Vascular tissue

SeedsFlowers

Plant Phyla (Divisions)

Classification of Seedless PlantsNonvascular, Seedless Plants

Bryophyta Mosses

Hepatophyta Liverworts

Anthocerophyta Hornworts

Vascular, Seedless plants Lycophyta

Club mosses Psilophyta

Whiskferns Spenophyta

Horsetails Pterophyta

Ferns

Characteristics of Seedless, Non-vascular Plants __________ generation

dominant

No ____________________

Rhizoids: tubular or filamentous cells that anchor the thallus

_______: flat vegetative body lacking vascular tissue

Flagellated sperm

Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts Name refers to the liver shaped

gametophyte Hepaticus = liver

Gametophyte dominant

No true leaves, roots or stems ________

Two forms Leafy (80%) Thalloid (20%)

Hepatophyta ReproductionReproduction Sexual

Sporophyte develops on female gametophyte

Asexual ___________

Sporophyte

Phylum Bryophyta Mosses Gametophyte dominant No true leave, roots, or

stems Lack vascular tissue

Traits similar to more derived plants Stomata

Cuticle

Bryophyte Life CycleSexual Reproduction___________: one-cell thick filaments grown from germinated moss spore

Mature gametophyte grows from protonema

Sporophyte ________ on female gametophyte Foot Seta Capsule Peristome

Asexual Reproduction Brood bodies

Ecological Importance of BryophytesColonize harsh environments

Adaptations for harsh conditions _________ UV exposure

Symbiotic relationship with Cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation

Peet moss used as fuel source

Phenolic compounds Carbon sink

Phylum Anthecerophyta Hornworts Gametophyte dominant No true leave, roots, or stems

Lack vascular tissue

Traits similar to more derived plants _______ ______

Sporophyte ________ Symbiotic relationship with

cyanobacteria

Characteristics of Seedless, Vascular Plants Diverged ~ 450 mya

(Ordovician) _________ generation dominant Formation of vascular tissue

Xylem (water) Phloem (nutrients)

______: polymer that strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells

True leaves, roots and stems Have vascular tissue

Sperm with flagella

Types of Sporangia

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants

Some seedless vascular plants

Phylum Lycophyta Club mosses, Spike mosses, and

Quillworts Sporophyte generation dominant True leaves

___________: leaves with single strand of vascular tissue

Sporophylls: leaves that bear sporangia _________: cone-like structure formed by

clusters of sporophylls

True stems and roots Vascular tissue Homosporous and Heterosporous

Microphyll

Stobili

Phylum Pteropyta (Monilophyta)

Fiddleheads

Sori

Ferns ________: large leaves

with branched vascular tissue Fronds

Homosporous _____: clusters of

sporangia located on the underside of sporophyllls

True leaves, roots, and stems Branching roots

Life Cycle of Pterophyta Homosporous Bisexual

gametophyte _________

Phylum Sphenophyta (Monilophyta) Horsetails Homosporous True roots True leaves

_________

True stems _____

Strobili

Microphylls

Strobilus

Phylum Psilophyta (Monilophyta) Whisk ferns Homosporous _______ roots and leaves

Spores

Sporangia