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LAND PLANTS AND THEIR LAND PLANTS AND THEIR EVOLUTION EVOLUTION
Chapter 19Chapter 19
Characteristics of PlantsCharacteristics of Plants
Multicellular autotrophsMulticellular autotrophsCell wall of celluloseCell wall of celluloseFood stored as starchFood stored as starchEvolved from green algaeEvolved from green algaePrimarily terrestrialPrimarily terrestrial
PROBLEMS OF LIFE ON LANDPROBLEMS OF LIFE ON LANDPROBLEMPROBLEM SOLUTIONSOLUTION
Obtain waterObtain water Roots and root hairsRoots and root hairs
Transport water, Transport water, foodfood
XylemXylem
phloemphloem
Prevent Prevent dessicationdessication
Cutin, drop leaves, Cutin, drop leaves, stomatesstomates
GravityGravity Cell walls, lignin, xylemCell walls, lignin, xylem
Obtain CO2Obtain CO2 StomatesStomates
ReproduceReproduce Pollen—spermPollen—sperm
Protect EmbryoProtect Embryo Seeds, FruitSeeds, Fruit
Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom
Non VascularNon VascularVascularVascular
BryophytesBryophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes
Mosses Mosses
LiverwortsLiverworts
BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTES Mosses and LiverwortsMosses and Liverworts1.1. No vascular tissue (xylem and No vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem)phloem)
2.2. No true roots, stems, flowers No true roots, stems, flowers or leavesor leaves
3.3. Tiny!Tiny!
4.4. Water is required for Water is required for fertilizationfertilization
5.5. Gametophyte generation is Gametophyte generation is dominant.dominant.
MOSS ANATOMYMOSS ANATOMY AntheridiumAntheridium: Reproductive : Reproductive
structure that makes spermstructure that makes sperm
ArchegoniumArchegonium: Reproductive : Reproductive structure that makes eggsstructure that makes eggs
ProtonemaProtonema: A filament that : A filament that grows into a new plantgrows into a new plant
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONSALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
GAMETOPHYTE: plant GAMETOPHYTE: plant generation that produces generation that produces gametesgametes
SPOROPHYTE: Plant generation SPOROPHYTE: Plant generation that produces sporesthat produces spores
Plant Life CyclePlant Life CycleALTERNATION OF GENERATIONSALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
2N n
Diploid haploid
MOSS LIFE CYCLE: MOSS LIFE CYCLE: Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
Antheridia and Antheridia and ArchegoniaArchegonia
Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle
Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle
Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tipFigure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip
MOSS PROTONEMAMOSS PROTONEMA
Haploid or Haploid or diploid?diploid?
Figure 29.16x Moss life cycleFigure 29.16x Moss life cycle
Figure 29.19 Figure 29.19 SphagnumSphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin , or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), closeup of (top), closeup of SphagnumSphagnum (bottom left), (bottom left), Sphagnum Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)"leaf" (bottom right)
Figure 29.19x A peat moss bog in NorwayFigure 29.19x A peat moss bog in Norway
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1)a moss (Layer 1)
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 2)a moss (Layer 2)
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 3)a moss (Layer 3)
LIVERWORT THALLUS (LEAF-LIKE BODY)LIVERWORT THALLUS (LEAF-LIKE BODY)
GEMMAE CUPS: GEMMAE CUPS: ASEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
Female liverworts with archegoniaFemale liverworts with archegonia
This is a female liverwort. This is a female liverwort.
Male liverworts with antheridiaMale liverworts with antheridia
Gemmae Gemmae cupscups
What Sex are these What Sex are these liverworts?liverworts?