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MulticellularMulticellular EukaryotesEukaryotes AutotrophsAutotrophs carry out carry out photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Thick cell walls made Thick cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
Probably evolved from green algaeProbably evolved from green algae Both have cell walls of celluloseBoth have cell walls of cellulose Both have same type of chlorophyllBoth have same type of chlorophyll Both store food as starchBoth store food as starch
1st plants appeared 440 million years 1st plants appeared 440 million years ago (simple structures and no leaves)ago (simple structures and no leaves)
Plants need 5 things to Plants need 5 things to survive:survive:
WaterWater SunlightSunlight MineralsMinerals Gas exchangeGas exchange Transport of water and Transport of water and nutrients through plant nutrients through plant bodybody
CuticleCuticle waxy waxy
waterproof waterproof coatingcoating
Made of lipids Made of lipids (do not dissolve (do not dissolve in water)in water)
Helps prevent Helps prevent water loss from water loss from plantplant
LeavesLeaves Traps light Traps light
energyenergy Grows from a Grows from a
stemstem Where Where
photosynthesphotosynthesis occursis occurs
RootsRoots Absorb water Absorb water
and minerals and minerals from the soilfrom the soil
Helps transport Helps transport nutrients to the nutrients to the stemstem
Helps anchor Helps anchor plant to the plant to the groundground
StemsStems Provides support Provides support
for growthfor growth Contains tissues Contains tissues
that help transport that help transport food, water, and food, water, and other materials other materials throughout the throughout the plantplant
Vascular tissueVascular tissue Tubelike, Tubelike, elongated cellselongated cells
Transports Transports water, food, water, food, and other and other materialsmaterials
Can be food Can be food storage organsstorage organs
SeedsSeeds Contain an Contain an
embryo and embryo and food supplyfood supply
Covered by a Covered by a protective protective coatcoat
Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations
Lives of plants include 2 stagesLives of plants include 2 stages Development of gametes (sex Development of gametes (sex
cells)cells) Haploid cells (n)Haploid cells (n) Gametophyte stageGametophyte stage Antheridium: male structure Antheridium: male structure
where sperm is producedwhere sperm is produced Archegonium: female Archegonium: female
structure where eggs are structure where eggs are producedproduced
FertilizationFertilization Diploid cells (2n)Diploid cells (2n)
Produced by mitosisProduced by mitosis Sporophyte stageSporophyte stage Production of sporesProduction of spores
ParenchymaParenchyma Most abundant Most abundant
cells with thin, cells with thin, flexible cell wallsflexible cell walls
Found throughout Found throughout the plantthe plant
Function in Function in storage and food storage and food productionproduction
CollenchymaCollenchyma Long cells Long cells with unevenly with unevenly thickened cell thickened cell wallswalls
Provide Provide strength and strength and supportsupport
SclerenchymaSclerenchyma Thick, rigid Thick, rigid cellscells
Provide Provide support for support for the plantthe plant
EpidermisEpidermis TissueTissue: group of cells that work together: group of cells that work together Epidermis (Dermal tissue)Epidermis (Dermal tissue): composed of : composed of
flattened parenchymal cellsflattened parenchymal cells Covers and protects the body of plantCovers and protects the body of plant Produce cuticle to protect plant from Produce cuticle to protect plant from
water losswater loss
Stomata:Stomata: Allows evaporation of water by diffusionAllows evaporation of water by diffusion Openings in leaf tissue (pores on underside of Openings in leaf tissue (pores on underside of
leaves)leaves) Control exchange of gasesControl exchange of gases Found on stems and surface of leavesFound on stems and surface of leaves TranspirationTranspiration: loss of water through stomata: loss of water through stomata Controlled by guard cellsControlled by guard cells
Open and close stomataOpen and close stomata CloseClosein presence of less waterin presence of less water OpenOpen in presence of a lot of water in presence of a lot of water
Grouped into divisions Grouped into divisions instead of phylumsinstead of phylums
Plants placed into 2 groupsPlants placed into 2 groupsNon-seed plantsNon-seed plantsSeed plantsSeed plants
Non-Seed PlantsNon-Seed Plants can be vascular or can be vascular or
nonvascularnonvascular Produce hard-Produce hard-
walled reproductive walled reproductive cells called cells called sporesspores
BryophytesBryophytes mosses, liverworts, hornwortsmosses, liverworts, hornworts Life cycles depend on water for Life cycles depend on water for
reproductionreproduction Lack vascular tissue (nonvascular Lack vascular tissue (nonvascular
plants)plants) Low-growing plants: draw up Low-growing plants: draw up
water by osmosis and diffusionwater by osmosis and diffusion Found in moist, shady areasFound in moist, shady areas Small in sizeSmall in size Must have water for reproductionMust have water for reproduction No seeds or flowersNo seeds or flowers
Tracheids/TracheophytesTracheids/Tracheophytes Ferns, club mosses, horsetailsFerns, club mosses, horsetails Seedless, vascular plantsSeedless, vascular plants TracheidsTracheidshollow cells with a thick hollow cells with a thick
cell wallcell wall Allows water to move through a plantAllows water to move through a plant Xylem: carries water from roots up to Xylem: carries water from roots up to
entire plantentire plant Phloem: transports nutrients and Phloem: transports nutrients and
carbohydratescarbohydrates Found in moist habitatsFound in moist habitats No seeds or flowersNo seeds or flowers
Seed PlantsSeed Plants Produce seedsProduce seeds Water not needed for Water not needed for
reproductionreproduction Has vascular tissueHas vascular tissue Divided into 2 groups Divided into 2 groups
Gymnosperms- Gymnosperms- ““Naked SeedsNaked Seeds””
Seeds on surface of cones Seeds on surface of cones (exposed seeds)(exposed seeds)
Ex: conifers (pine, spruce), Ex: conifers (pine, spruce), cycads, ginkgocycads, ginkgo
Reproduce with exposed seedsReproduce with exposed seeds Pollination done through Pollination done through
wind, insects, or small wind, insects, or small animalsanimals
Cones: seed-bearing structuresCones: seed-bearing structures
Angiosperms – Angiosperms – ““Covered SeedsCovered Seeds”” Flowering plants (240,000 Flowering plants (240,000
species)species) Dominant plant lifeDominant plant life Develop Develop flowers flowers unique unique
reproductive organsreproductive organs Effective in successful Effective in successful
pollinationpollination Contain ovaries which Contain ovaries which
surround and protect the seedsurround and protect the seed Attract pollinatorsAttract pollinators
FruitFruit Wall of tissue Wall of tissue
surrounding the seedsurrounding the seed Ripened ovary of a flowerRipened ovary of a flower Used to attract animalsUsed to attract animals
Eat fruit and then Eat fruit and then deposit seeds at great deposit seeds at great distancesdistances
Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms
Monocots vs. dicots:Monocots vs. dicots: named named for # of seed leaves for # of seed leaves (cotyledons)(cotyledons) 1 seed leaf (mono-) vs. 2 1 seed leaf (mono-) vs. 2
seed leaves (di-)seed leaves (di-) MonocotsMonocots corn, wheat, corn, wheat,
lilies, orchids, grasseslilies, orchids, grasses Dicots Dicots roses, clover, roses, clover,
tomatoes, daisiestomatoes, daisies
Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms Herbaceous plants vs. Herbaceous plants vs.
woody plantswoody plants Smooth, nonwoody stems Smooth, nonwoody stems
vs. thick, woody stemsvs. thick, woody stems Herbaceous Herbaceous
dandelions, zinniasdandelions, zinnias Woody Woody trees, shrubs, trees, shrubs,
vinesvines
Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms Plant life spansPlant life spans
AnnualAnnual (1 year) (1 year)Pansies, wheat, cucumbersPansies, wheat, cucumbers
BiennialBiennial (2 years) (2 years)Parsley, celery, carrots, beets, turnipsParsley, celery, carrots, beets, turnips
Perennial Perennial (more than 2 years)(more than 2 years)Peonies, asparagus, grassesPeonies, asparagus, grasses
RootsRoots Absorb water and dissolved nutrientsAbsorb water and dissolved nutrients Anchors plantAnchors plant Root hairsRoot hairs
Extensions of individual cellsExtensions of individual cells Help roots absorb more water and Help roots absorb more water and
nutrientsnutrients Hair-like extensionsHair-like extensions Increase surface area of rootsIncrease surface area of roots TrichomesTrichomes: hairlike projections: hairlike projections
Give stem or leaf a fuzzy appearanceGive stem or leaf a fuzzy appearance Help reduce evaporation of waterHelp reduce evaporation of water
2 Kinds of Roots2 Kinds of Roots TaprootsTaproots Fibrous rootsFibrous roots Root capRoot cap: covers tip : covers tip
of each rootof each root Xylem and phloem Xylem and phloem
are in center of rootare in center of root
StemsStems Support systemSupport system Hold leaves up towards sunlightHold leaves up towards sunlight Produce leaves, branches, and Produce leaves, branches, and
flowersflowers Transport system Transport system carries carries
nutrients between roots and nutrients between roots and leavesleaves
Protects plant against predators Protects plant against predators and diseaseand disease
LeavesLeaves Main photosynthetic organMain photosynthetic organ Helps plant absorb sunlightHelps plant absorb sunlight Mesophyll tissueMesophyll tissue
Where most chloroplasts are foundWhere most chloroplasts are found Where photosynthesis takes placeWhere photosynthesis takes place
Leaf veinsLeaf veins Transport water and inorganic Transport water and inorganic
compounds into the leafcompounds into the leaf Transports organic compounds away Transports organic compounds away
from leaf to other parts of plantfrom leaf to other parts of plant Products of photosynthesis Products of photosynthesis glucose glucose
Chapter 22-25 Review #1:Chapter 22-25 Review #1:1. Bryophytes are plants that lack ____.
a. a haploid generation c. vascular tissue
b. cell walls d. chlorophyll
2. The function of the xylem is to ____.
a. carry water c. carry out photosynthesis
b. carry nutrients and carbohydrates d. store minerals
3. Plants rely on phloem tissue for the transport of _____.
a. chlorophyll c. nutrients and carbohydrates
b. water d. sperm and egg cells
FlowersFlowers
reproductive organsreproductive organs Composed of 4 types of specialized Composed of 4 types of specialized
leavesleaves
SepalsSepals Outermost circle of Outermost circle of
floral partsfloral parts GreenGreen Closely resemble Closely resemble
leavesleaves Protect flower while Protect flower while
it is developing it is developing (under petals)(under petals)
PetalsPetals Brightly coloredBrightly colored Found inside the Found inside the
sepalssepals Attract insects and Attract insects and
other pollinatorsother pollinators
StamensStamens Male reproductive Male reproductive
partsparts Anther and Anther and
filamentfilament Anther: Anther:
produces pollen produces pollen (contains sperm)(contains sperm)
CarpelsCarpels (sometimes called a (sometimes called a
pistil)pistil) Female Female
reproductive reproductive partsparts
Ovary, stigma, styleOvary, stigma, style Ovary: has ovule Ovary: has ovule
(contains egg)(contains egg)
PollenPollen: male : male reproductive cell or reproductive cell or gametegamete
PollinationPollination: transfer : transfer of pollen from the of pollen from the male reproductive male reproductive structure to the structure to the female reproductive female reproductive structurestructure
Seed and Fruit DevelopmentSeed and Fruit Development FruitFruit: ripened ovary: ripened ovary
Contains seed Contains seed enclosed inside an enclosed inside an ovary wallovary wall
Ex: peas, corn, Ex: peas, corn, beans, rice, beans, rice, cucumberscucumbers
Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal AnimalsAnimals
Seeds covered in Seeds covered in tough coatingtough coating Can pass Can pass
through through digestive tractdigestive tract
Sprouts in fecesSprouts in feces Wind and waterWind and water
Usually lightweightUsually lightweight
DormancyDormancy Embryo is alive Embryo is alive
but not growingbut not growing Seed germinationSeed germination
Early growth stage Early growth stage of an embryoof an embryo
Seeds absorb Seeds absorb water to crack water to crack open seed coatopen seed coat
Chapter 22-25 Review #2:Chapter 22-25 Review #2:1. What is the thick wall of tissue that surrounds a
seed called? a. fruit b. cotyledon c. sporangia d. protonema
2. An embryo is alive but not growing during ___.a. vegetative reproduction c. germination
b. dormancy d. pollination
3. The early stage of growth in which a seed absorbs water, causing the seed coat to crack open is called _________.a. dormancy c. germination
b. grafting d. dispersal
Hormones and Plant GrowthHormones and Plant Growth MeristemMeristem: regions of : regions of
tissue that can produce tissue that can produce cells that will develop cells that will develop into specialized tissueinto specialized tissue Source of plant Source of plant
growthgrowth Plants grow in response Plants grow in response
to environmental factorsto environmental factors Light, moisture, Light, moisture,
temperature, gravitytemperature, gravity
Plant HormonesPlant Hormones Substances produced in one part of plant that Substances produced in one part of plant that
affects another partaffects another part Controls patterns of growth and development Controls patterns of growth and development
and responses to environmental conditionsand responses to environmental conditions AuxinsAuxins: stimulate cell elongation and cell : stimulate cell elongation and cell
divisiondivision Cytokinins:Cytokinins: stimulate cell division stimulate cell division GibberellinsGibberellins: stimulate an increase in size: stimulate an increase in size EthyleneEthylene: stimulates fruit to ripen: stimulates fruit to ripen
Plant ResponsesPlant Responses TropismsTropisms: responses of : responses of
plants to external plants to external environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli
GravitropismGravitropism: response : response of a plant to force of of a plant to force of gravitygravity Shoots grow out of Shoots grow out of
the soilthe soil Roots grow into the Roots grow into the
soilsoil
PhototropismPhototropism: : response of a response of a plant to lightplant to light
ThigmotropismThigmotropism: : response of response of plants to touchplants to touch
Nastic MovementNastic Movement movement of a movement of a
plant not based on plant not based on the direction of a the direction of a stimulusstimulus ExEx: Venus : Venus
flytrapflytrap
PhotoperiodismPhotoperiodism response of plants to difference in response of plants to difference in
the amount of light and dark the amount of light and dark periods in a dayperiods in a day
Plant AdaptationsPlant Adaptations Aquatic plantsAquatic plants: have tissues with large : have tissues with large
air-filled spaces to allow oxygen to air-filled spaces to allow oxygen to diffusediffuse
Salt-tolerant plantsSalt-tolerant plants: leaves with : leaves with specialized cells that pump salt out of specialized cells that pump salt out of leavesleaves
Desert plantsDesert plants: extensive roots, reduced : extensive roots, reduced leaves, thick stems to store water, and leaves, thick stems to store water, and dormant seedsdormant seeds
Plant AdaptationsPlant Adaptations Carnivorous plantsCarnivorous plants: leaves to trap : leaves to trap
and digest insectsand digest insects ParasitesParasites: ex. Mistletoe: ex. Mistletoe Chemical defensesChemical defenses: can be poisonous: can be poisonous