Pioneer

16180339887helliphellip You may think that this is a num-ber just like any other but it is in fact the Golden ra-tio - an irrational number which is equal to (radic5 + 1)2 The Golden ratio Φ can be approximated by a process of successively dividing each term in the Fi-bonacci sequence by the previous term With each successive division the ratio becomes closer and closer to a value of 161803helliphellip

Objects with proportions matching the golden ratio are generally deemed to be aesthetically pleasing and can be observed in nature The golden rectangle is a rectangle where the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side is the golden ratio It can be divided into a square and a second golden rectangle which can be in turn divided into another smaller square and another golden rectan-glehelliphellipBy drawing circular arcs in each square a spiral is formed The seeds in the centre of a sunflower grow in an identical spiral pattern which allows them to fit together neatly with no gaps Not only is the golden ratio an irrational number meaning it can-not be expressed as a fraction it is as far as you can get from being near any fraction This prevents the seeds from stacking up in lines which would lead to gaps in the pattern Sea shells also follow this golden ratio based spiral pattern Many buildings and works of art have the golden ratio in them such as the Parthenon in Greece though it is not known if it was intention-ally designed that way

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

The life-cycles of stars All of us have at one point learned about the elements in the periodic table ndash the building blocks of life ndash but where do these particles actually come from To find the answer we must look deep into space ndash fur-ther than the Milky Way and into the most far flung corners of the universe Stars are all fusion reactors In their fiery furnaces hydrogen is fused together to make helium the simplest element in the peri-odic table However to make heavier elements the tempera-ture needs to be a lot higher ndash 15 million degrees Celsius (the tem-perature of the suns core) is simply not hot enough In our solar system these temperatures can be only be reached when the sun dies Although stars seem like unchanging things they are constantly fighting a fierce battle against their energy pushing out and the force of gravity pushing in making them very volatile and unpredictable objects Stars like our sun can only burn as long as they have a sup-ply of hydrogen When that sup-ply runs out they become red giants As the core begins to col-lapse under its own gravity it heats up making the stars outer

So the star becomes a solid ball with all the elements stacked on top of each other Then due to gravity the star falls in on itself and explodes sending these newly made elements into space some of which will travel to planet Earth Unlike our star these high mass stars do not become white dwarves but become neutron stars (which are extremely compact and dense) or black holes that can sometimes form the centre of whole galaxies So let us go back to our initial ques-tion where do elements come from The answer is the depths of interstel-lar space and that ultimately means that for you and me to exist a star must have died to provide the ele-ments that make up our bodies Al-though that could be seen in a nega-tive way I think it is fantastic to be part of such a magnificent cycle of death and rebirth

layers expand When this happens to our sun it will expand so much that it will reach out to planet earth After the core collapses only the shell will re-main However this core collapse causes the temperature to rise enough to make elements like carbon and oxy-gen which are essential for life on earth Then that too collapses and the star will become a white dwarf which shines with only a tiny fraction of the stars original brightness This white dwarf will eventually become so faint that it fails to emit any light at all mak-ing it a black dwarf This is the future for our sun but our search for the other heavier elements takes us to a different type of star a high mass star In these gigantic stars the fusion proc-ess does not stop where our suns does Because of its huge mass the high mass star expands and contracts many times and each time a different element is made through nuclear reactions nitro-gen magnesium and so on up to iron which is one of the heaviest elements

WHERE DO ELEMENTS COME FROM

Emma Green 10F

(above) A high mass star is different to our own sun with its fusion process long enough to create heavier elements

HYDROGEN FUEL - THE FACTS

NATURErsquoS X-FACTOR - GOLDEN RATIO EXPLAINED

5 THINGS YOU DIDNrsquoT

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

SCAREDY CAT THE SCIENCE OF PHOBIAS

YOUR NAME SMELLS LIKE

STRAWBERRIES ldquo ldquo

7 page 3 page 4

more articles inside

Our sun will eventually become a Red Giant

CONTENTS The πoneer - Issue 4 11072011mdashpage 2

REGULAR

Five things you didnrsquot know about sleep

NEWS 2 EDITORIAL 3 COMPETITIONS

3 ENRICHMENT WEBSITES READING LISTS

CovermdashWHERE DO ELEMENTS COME FROM

FEATURES 3 ARE YOU A SCAREDY-CAT 4 YOUR NAME TASTES LIKE STRAWBERRIESmdashsynaesthesia revealed 5 ARACHNOPHOBIA 6-7 HYDROGEN FUEL 7-8 NATURErsquoS X FACTOR

REGULARS 6 FIVE THINGS - you didnrsquot know about sleep

Synaesthesiamdasha neurological condition explained

Welcome to the fourth issue of lsquoThe πoneerrsquo and the final one for this 2010-2011 school year we have progressed a lot since our very first issue and we hope to continue to pipe into our newspaper the very best content from our talented pupils and contributors for the next following year For this issue we have many features based on the science of the mind with boggling tales of synaesthesia phobias and interesting facts regarding sleep Be sure to check out all our enrichment material compiled together by Erin Nolan (the new STEM prefect) which includes websites future competitions and camps to be aware of and reading lists for particular professions in science if you want to get ahead If there are any opportunities or help you can offer us as student staff or parentmdashwe will gladly welcome it so please do get in touch Enjoy this issue and look forward to many more

Carol Wong 12Z editor

EDITORIAL

Want to contact us SCHOOL Heath Road Bebington Wirral CH63 3AF Tel 0151 644 8282 Fax 0151 643 1332 Editorial contacts Mrs Crawford EditormdashCarol Wong 12Z Graphical designmdashErin Nolan 12S

COVER FEATURE

Are you a scaredy-cat Phobias explored

CONTENTS pages

The cloning of humans is on most of the lists of things to worry about from Science along with behaviour control genetic engineering transplanted heads computer poetry and the

unrestrained growth of plastic flowers

O T H E R I N T E R E S T I N G

P O I N T S

Britainrsquos first Hydrogen

Fuel station was opened

at Birmingham University

on 17th April 2008

University of Liverpools

Materials Science and En-

gineering department are

currently researching into the

use of nanoparticles of Silicon

oxide powder as a catalyst for

the Photo-catalytic water

splitting process instead of

the TiO2 plates

Photo-catalytic water-splitting is the name of the process which allows scientists to obtain hy-drogen from a water molecule by breaking its bonds Currently Uni-versities around the world are re-searching in the use of oxide semi-conductors that can be used in this process These catalysts work in the presence of Ultra-violet radiation from the sun or the catalysts can be used to activate the production of hydrogen from carbohydrate com-pounds made from plants and carbon dioxide

Titanium oxide plates are be-ing used in this reaction process

Also scientists believe that the use of powers such as Silicon oxide could be used in the future on a greater scale to increase the yield of hydrogen the reaction produces

HYDROGEN FUEL How do we obtain hydrogen

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

More hydrogen means more renew-able fuel

With the current oil crisis it is

becoming more and more important

for the UK to switch from non-

renewable energy sources to some-

thing more environmentally friendly

and cost effective

Hydrogen fuel will be useful to use in

public transportation At the mo-

ment hydrogen fuel cells are being

used in some public buses in main

cities like London and Birmingham

Cars are also being constantly im-

proved to adapt to the hydrogen fuel

Other vehicles that could use hydro-

gen fuel include rockets bicycles

motorbikes scooters and aeroplanes

Hydrogen fuel is the ideal fuel as it

is abundant (as is water) and eco-

friendly However an effective way

of storing transporting and obtain-

ing Hydrogen needs to be developed

before our society can take advan-

tage of Hydrogen fuel

Juhi Gupta 12

We all know that Hydrogen fuel is a clean alternative to the use of fossil fuels However have you ever considered how Hydrogen is actually obtained

Hydrogen fuel is known to be a difficult gas to transport as it is flammable which has proven to be a big disadvantage for it so far However its use has more bene-fits than that of non-renewable fuels and possibly more than other renewable resources

One way of receiving Hydro-gen would be to use displace-ment reactions at certain condi-tions to displace metals out of metal hydride compounds This would directly produce hydrogen Metal hydrides can store hydrogen safely and therefore solves the problem of transporting a flamma-ble gas

Another way Hydrogen can be obtained for fuel is by splitting a water molecule H2O into its con-stituents elements

QUOTE OF THE MONTHQUOTE OF THE MONTHQUOTE OF THE MONTH - LEWIS THOMAS

SCIENCE amp FACTS The πoneer - Issue 4 11072011mdashpage 6

Who does not know them Eight legs possessing animals which with their often dark colour contrast ex-tremely with the bright colour of our bathroom walls where they are sitting on and which appear unex-pected and cause fierce reactions in every third woman and every fifth man world wide throughout all cul-tures The spiders Arachnophobia or the irra-tional fear of spiders is the most common example of an animal based phobia Those who suffer from arachnophobia know that their fear of spiders is not necessary and that they are aware of the eco-logical value of spiders but they are unable to act on their knowledge They have a subconscious link be-tween spiders and the motor ldquoflightrdquo response Why Most species of spiders are harmless to humans especially here in the UK where no poisonous spiders dwell However statements like ldquoItrsquos only a spider it canrsquot hurt yourdquo or the more popular ldquoTheyrsquore more afraid of you than you are of themrdquo mean nothing to arachno-phobes Indeed those statements

make sufferers feel dismissed or as though they are being silly There are many theories as to the reasons of why spiders even harmless ones are feared Often this fear may have been caused by an incident earlier in life that was frightening The mind can create a phobia based on an instant of panic For example the girl afraid of spiders may have had one crawl on her when she was a baby This led to the girl fearing spi-ders later on in her life Also with a disorder as com-mon as arachnophobia learnt be-haviour is a significant contributor Children copy those around them and if their parents freak out at the sight of a eight legged creature chil-dren may respond likewise Nik Speakman says ldquoYou learn arachno-phobia ndash thatrsquos the main reason for it being so common Children have heard the mother scream which puts them in a heightened state then they see the spiderrdquo T h e other theory was one brought forth by evolutionary psychologists who favour the belief that instinctive fears became hard-wired in our bi-ology through genes or other in-

heritance during the time (The Stone Age) and place (the African jungle and Savannah) of our devel-opment into the Homo sapiens we are today It would seem that natu-ral selection might have favoured people that stayed away from the venomous poisonous spiders that posed a fatal threat during those times Arachnophobia may have been a survival technique for our ancestors which stayed in our genes through evolution However other psychologists counter argue this theory pointing out that many other animals were more likely to pose a threat to an-cient humankind such as tigers but the phobias of those animals arenrsquot that common Therefore those psy-chologists feel that arachnophobia stems from the cultural beliefs about the nature of spiders The other explanation thatrsquos often given for arachnophobia the sudden appearance of spiders their strange body form and that they often appear very close to the body of humans (in the bath room in the bed where we usually feel safe and comfortable and at other places in our houses) Also the quick and un-predictable movements of spiders we meet involuntarily can be a rea-son for fear and disgust So Spiders They seem to fas-cinate yet repulse at the same time and there are many reasons as to why In the end arachnophobia is a very real fear that should not be underestimated

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Phobias are the most common type of anxiety disorder In the UK an estimated 10 million people have phobias They can affect anyone re-gardless of age sex and social back-ground Simple phobias are fears about specific objects animals situations or activities these types of phobias usually start during early childhood but often disappear as you get older Complex phobias tend to be more disabling than simple phobias because they are often associated

with a deep-rooted fear or anxiety about a particular circumstance or situation Complex phobias usually start later in life they can continue for many years There are hundreds of phobias out there with some increasingly weird and strange ones The most common phobia is arachnophobia (fear of spiders) followed by Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes) These kinds of fars are thought to be evolutional for example being scared of poisonous spiders could

help to keep you alive and survive The fear may become instinctual Other fears may be learnt after a particular event or incident So if you saw a friend get stung by bee when you were little you could learn to be scared of bees Itrsquos a form of classical conditioning and was demonstrated in a famous experi-ment with a baby known as little Al-bert many years ago by BFSkinner So if you have any strange phobias they could be a result of a childhood experience or you could have an instinctual phobia that has helped mankind survive for genera-tions Abi Kewin 12

ARE YOU A SCAREDY CAT

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

When you are not too busy having fun on holiday catching some sunshinemdashhave a look at the interesting science websites available to you - wwwmathcentreacuk Website of PDF files and videos very useful as a supplementary resource to A level (+) maths - httpresearchmicrosoftcomappstoolstuvaindexhtml Microsoft Researchrsquos Project Tuva explores core scientific concepts and theories through presenting timeless videos (make sure you have a browser with Silverlight eg Internet explorer) - wwwaskabiologistorguk - wwwbnaorguk British neuroscience associationmdashdefinitely a website worth having a look at if yoursquore interested in the hu-man mind - wwwpracticalchemistryorg - wwwpracticalbiologyorg - wwwpracticalphysicsorg - wwwgetaheadwithstemorguk (mainly aimed towards year 9) - wwwplanet-sciencecom (geared towards year 7 and 8) - wwwfuturemorphorg This website is designed to show you just some of the amazing and unex-pected places that studying science technology engineering and maths can take you - wwwsocietyofbiologyorg - wwwilluminuscedu Illumins mission is to illustrate the many ways engineering benefits and impacts our daily existence an Ameri-can online magazine well worth hav-ing a look at

READING LISTS

Look out when you come back in Septem-ber for more STEM reading lists coming to the library For extra eager people check out Oxford Universityrsquos website for more

ENGINEERING

1 Engineering A Beginners Guide Natasha McCarthy 2The New Science of Strong Materi-als - or Why You Dont Fall Through the Floor JE Gordon 3Cats Paws and Catapults Me-chanical Worlds of Nature and Peo-ple Steven Vogel 4The Geckos Foot How Scientists are Taking a Leaf from Natures Book Peter Forbes

COMPUTER SCIENCE

1 The Pattern on the Stone The Simple Ideas That Make Computers Work Daniel Hillis (explains the basic concepts of the computer in everyday language) 2 The New Turing Omnibus A Kee Dewdney 3The Pleasures of Counting Tom Koumlrner (It puts Maths into the context of how it is used to solve real-world problems)

MATERIALS SCIENCE OR MATERIALS ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

1Bright Earth The Invention of Colour P Ball 2 Made to Measure New Materials for the 21st Century P Ball 3 Where Stuff Comes From H Molotch 4 The Material World R Cotterill 5 Materials for Engineering JW Martin

CHEMISTRY

1 MoleculesmdashP W Atkins 2 A passion for SciencemdashLewis Wol-pert and Alison Richards (renowned scientists offer vivid personal por-traits in science) 3Counting the EonsmdashIsaac Asimov 4 On being the right size and other essaysmdashJBS Haldane

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

With the summer ready and waiting maybe

you can prepare yourself for a few science

competitions and camps

1 Earthwatch institutersquos bluewater

young environmentalist

wwwearthwatchorgeuropebluewater

2 Smallpiece trust residential courses

(all years)

wwwsmallpiecetrustorguk

3 Villiers Park Residential Course and

masterclasses

wwwvilliersparkorguk

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

year 9-10 summer astronaut training

5 AXA Ambition Awards

wwwambitionaxaawardscom

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

Juhi Gupta and the Engineering Educa-tion Scheme Team have both got into the finals of the National Science and Engineering Competition (NSEC) after their presentations at the North West Big Bang Fair in Liverpoolrsquos World Museum on Tuesday 5th July and will be attending the event in Birmingham next March If you follow the Big Bang Fair on F a c e b o o k a t h t t p wwwfacebookcomTheBigBang4U then you can find out about some of the other projects and events from the NSEC throughout the country as well as enter their recent competition to win copies of Brian Coxrsquos Wonders of the Universe The Atlantis shuttle launched and has successfully docked with the ISS on 8th July 2011 It was the last of NASArsquos shuttle program and for more facts and the video of the launch visit httpprofengcomeditors-pickspace-shuttles-last-launch or find NASArsquos channel on Youtube For those that missed out on the ac-tion year 7s enjoyed their activities week doing fun science (although all STEM is fun really) with the help of many year 12s Thanks to all who participated hope you all found it in-teresting and enjoyable

ldquoDerek tastes like ear-waxrdquo at first may seem like a strange statement but this is actu-

ally the title of a recent Horizon documentary explaining the inter-esting facts about the neurologically-based condition synaesthe-sia Have you ever had that weird sensa-tion when you hear a noise and involuntar-ily see an image as a result Or perhaps you visually imagine the days of the week or numbers in your head Or maybe in much rarer cases your taste buds might be stimulated by an image or sound If you canrsquot put yourself into any of these categories donrsquot worry as these are all effects of the condition known as synaesthe-sia and it is estimated that the proportion of people that have sy-naesthesia range from about 1 in 200 to 1 in 100 000 people So what actually is synaes-thesia Well the word synaesthe-sia is derived from the Greek words lsquosynrsquo and lsquoaisthesisrsquo which when joined together literally means lsquojoined perceptionrsquo The condition is when a personrsquos senses become mixed up in their head and as a result one sense can stimulate another without the need for a second external stimu-lus In technical terms it is when one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic experiences in a second sensory or cognitive path-way So for example a person may hear a sound and automati-cally see a colour and this joint perception can happen with any combination of the senses The important thing to remember

though is that synaesthesia is in-voluntary so a synaesthete cannot choose when they want their senses to mix it just happens There are many different forms of synaesthesia (some of which are explained in the table

at the bottom of the page) The most com-mon form of the condi-tion is grapheme-colour synaesthesia Like many forms of synaesthesia it has its advantages tests on patients suspected to be synaesthetes show some surprising re-sults on the effect sy-naesthesia can have on learning identifying and memorising One simple test was to sit patients in front of a

screen that showed an array of black numbers as shown below

The majority of these numbers were 5rsquos however some were the number 2 The challenge was to pick out the shape that the 2rsquos made as quickly as possible Be-cause of the similarity between the 2rsquos and the 5rsquos to a non-synaesthete the task was difficult and took a long time However for synaesthetes with grapheme-colour synaesthesia the task was extremely simple because to them

the numbers 2 and 5 are perceived as different colours This difference in colour allowed the synaesthetes to easily identify that the shape was a triangle because they only had to look

at the difference in colour between the two numbers Number form synaesthesia also puts people who have it at an advan-tage They use a simple visual way of counting and seeing the numbers theyrsquore working with In many cases it allows them to easily carry out many calculations much more quickly than a non-synaesthete Above shows one of the weird and wonderful numbers lines that is perceived by a number form synaesthete As wersquove already said synaes-thesia has a lot of up-sides to it and it seems to be almost a miracle condi-tion that very few people have How-ever unluckily for some synaesthetes synaesthesia can also come in some more unpleasant forms Generally the condition goes unnoticed by many and becomes a way of life rather than a convenience However as mentioned earlier the documentary lsquoDerek Tastes of Earwaxrsquo explains how for James Wannerton a Lexical-Gustatory synaesthete each

YOUR NAME TASTES LIKE STRAWBERRIES

Grapheme-Colour Letters or numbers are perceived as a certain colour

Number Form Numbers months of the year andor days of the week have particular points in space and so are visually seen in the mind as having spatial dimensions

Lexical-Gustatory Words that are heard stimulate the taste sense

Visual Motion-Sound Hearing sounds as a result of visual motion and flicker

SCIENCE amp FACTS The πoneer - Issue 4 11072011mdashpage 4 page 5 5TYDKASLEEP

day is a battle for him Every word he hears corresponds to a taste Many of these tastes are unpleasant one of which being earwax which he tastes when he hears the name Derek but he explains that itrsquos not the taste that makes it unpleasant but the fact that it is a strong flavour His synaesthesia also sometimes sets a battle between real fla-vours and the ones triggered by the words he hears Eating and chatting at the same time prove difficult as he is turned physi-cally sick by the repulsive tastes as he eats his food For a long time synaes-thetes were not taken seriously but evidence from tests (one mentioned earlier) are beginning to unravel the facts of the bizarre yet fascinating condition that seems to affect people in so many different ways But per-haps a more interesting aspect of the condition is that people who have it find it difficult to grasp the fact that other people do not experience the same sensory overlap Another synaesthete from lsquoDerek Tastes of Earwaxrsquo says lsquoI imagined everybody would be exactly the same until I spoke to school friends about it when I was about ten and they said yoursquore imagining itrsquo This just shows how normal the con-dition seems to people who have it yet how strange it seems to the people who donrsquot As breakthroughs in neu-roscience and psychology con-tinue we are able to understand better human actions and be-haviour and conditions like sy-naesthesia are opening new win-dows into our understanding of the learning process of humans and how our memory and senses work perhaps in the near future we will be able to use these new breakthroughs and ideas to our advantage improving the way we learn and take on new infor-mation

Jenny Cook 12

1 11 days without sleep

In 1965 Randy Gardner a 17-year-old high school student stayed awake

for 264 hours (about 11 days) After four days he

began hallucinating and thought he was a famous black footballer 2 Cool down to drop off

To fall asleep our body temperature needs to drop body tempera-ture and the brains sleep-wake cycle are closely linked Thats why on hot summer nights it is more difficult to drift off

3 How long do you take to fall asleep

If you take less than five minutes to fall asleep at night it indicates

sleep deprivation The ideal time is between 10 and 15 minutes so youre still tired enough to sleep deeply

but not so exhausted you feel sleepy in the daytime

4 Cows only dream lying down

Cows can sleep both standing up and lying down but

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep the phase where

dreams occur only happens when cows are lying down

5 12 of people dream in black and white

So 88 of people dream in colour A higher per-centage of people did dream in black and white before the invention of colour television

Lauren Dixon 12

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

Jenny Cook 12

Lauren Dixon 12

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

ARACHNOPHOBIA

Dharsha Ganapathy

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

WEBSITES

READING LISTS

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

GET READING THIS

SUMMER

COMPETITIONS

(all years)

masterclasses

4 Space school uk

httpspaceschoolcouk

11-18years old

SUMMER OF STEM

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

REGULAR

EDITORIAL

COVER FEATURE

CONTENTS pages

P O I N T S

on 17th April 2008

the TiO2 plates

Uses of Hydrogen

SCIENCE amp FACTS

and cost effective

Juhi Gupta 12

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

Yu She 12

SCIENCE amp FACTS

HAVE YOU MET

Issue 4 11072011

Emma Green 10F

KNOW ABOUT SLEEP

7 page 3 page 4

test pioneerpdf

PIONEER_Issue_4

Documents

Pioneer