PIDGIN AND CREOLEPIDGIN AND CREOLE

A pidgin is a language having no native A pidgin is a language having no native speaker.speaker.A pidgin develops as a means of A pidgin develops as a means of communication between people who do communication between people who do not have a common language.not have a common language.A pidgin exists when 2 groups with A pidgin exists when 2 groups with different languages communicating in a different languages communicating in a situation where there is also a situation where there is also a dominant language.dominant language.

WHERE DOES A PIDGIN HAPPENWHERE DOES A PIDGIN HAPPEN

► A pidgin happens in plantationA pidgin happens in plantation► Plantation : slaves A Plantation : slaves A ↔ slaves B↔ slaves B

--------- Boss’s lang. ---- --------- Boss’s lang. ---- slaves’language : Substrateslaves’language : Substrate Boss’slanguage : Superstrate Boss’slanguage : Superstrate Colonialized countriesColonialized countriesTraders – between traders who used a colonial Traders – between traders who used a colonial

language, such as Portuguese, or Spanish, language, such as Portuguese, or Spanish, or English and the Indians that they were or English and the Indians that they were trading with trading with

THE WORD PIDGINTHE WORD PIDGIN

Hebrew ‘pidjom’ means hate or exchange.Hebrew ‘pidjom’ means hate or exchange. Chinese “pei + tChinese “pei + tšin” --- ‘paying money’šin” --- ‘paying money’ It is used for specific purpose : tradeIt is used for specific purpose : trade Pidgin languages are created from the Pidgin languages are created from the

combined efforts of people who speak combined efforts of people who speak different languages.different languages.

In Pidgin: Superstrate provides more In Pidgin: Superstrate provides more vocab., while the substrate contributes vocab., while the substrate contributes the grammar of the developing pidgin.the grammar of the developing pidgin.

Pidgin leads to Pidgin leads to misunderstandingmisunderstanding

A Papua New Guinean stumbled against a A Papua New Guinean stumbled against a white woman coming out of the theatre. white woman coming out of the theatre. When questioned what had happened, the When questioned what had happened, the Papua New Guinean replied :”Mi putim han Papua New Guinean replied :”Mi putim han long baksait bilong misis.”( I touched the long baksait bilong misis.”( I touched the woman’s back with my hand). woman’s back with my hand).

The answer cost him half a tooth, his job, The answer cost him half a tooth, his job, and 3 months in prison. This is due to the and 3 months in prison. This is due to the confusion between ‘baksait’ meaning confusion between ‘baksait’ meaning ‘back’ and English backside. ‘back’ and English backside.

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A PIDGIN LANGUAGEA PIDGIN LANGUAGE

1. It is used in restricted domains and 1. It is used in restricted domains and functions.functions.

2. It has a simplified structure compared 2. It has a simplified structure compared to the source languages.to the source languages.

3. It has generally low prestige and 3. It has generally low prestige and attracts negative attitudes, especially attracts negative attitudes, especially from outsiders.from outsiders.

CREOLECREOLE

A Creole is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new A Creole is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. ( it has acquired native speakers) --- ex. generation of speakers. ( it has acquired native speakers) --- ex. Tok Pisin.Tok Pisin.

Atchison (1994) creoles arise when pidgins become mother Atchison (1994) creoles arise when pidgins become mother tongues.tongues.

Pidginization : simplification of a language : Pidginization : simplification of a language : reduction in morphology (word structure), syntax, reduction in morphology (word structure), syntax,

pronunciation, extensive borrowing of words from local mother pronunciation, extensive borrowing of words from local mother tongue.tongue.

CREOLIZATION: expansion of morphology and syntax: -regulation of CREOLIZATION: expansion of morphology and syntax: -regulation of the phonologythe phonology

- increase functions- increase functions - increase vocab.- increase vocab.

Ex. Hawaian Pidgin English, Hawaian Creole English. Ex. Hawaian Pidgin English, Hawaian Creole English.

Example of Australian Rope River Example of Australian Rope River CreoleCreole

• (1) im megim ginu ‘he makes a canue’

• (2) im bin megim ginu ‘he made a canue’

• (3) im megimbad ginu ‘he is making a canue’

• (4) im bin megimbad ginu ‘he was making a canue’

Tok Pisin at different stagesTok Pisin at different stages

►(a) baimbai yu go(a) baimbai yu go ‘you will go’‘you will go’►(b) bambai yu go ‘you will go’(b) bambai yu go ‘you will go’►(c) bai yu go ‘you will go’(c) bai yu go ‘you will go’►(d) yu bai go ‘you will go’(d) yu bai go ‘you will go’►(e) yu b(e) yu bəgo ‘you will go’əgo ‘you will go’

Tok Pisin vs English

TP Eng TP Eng

bik big bikim To enlarge

daun low daunim To lower

nogut bad nogut im

To spoil, to damage

Tok Pisin vs EnglishTok Pisin vs English

TPTP EnglishEnglish

grasgras grassgrass

mausgrassmausgrass moustachemoustache

gras belong fesgras belong fes beardbeard

gras belong hedgras belong hed …….…….

gras antap long ai eyebrowgras antap long ai eyebrow

gras nogutgras nogut weedweed