Hazard and risk mapping – The Arequipa–El Misti case and other threatened citiesPresses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, Territoires, Hors Série n° 1, 2018, p. 105-110

Physical impacts of the CE 1600 Huaynaputina eruption on the local habitat: Geophysical insights

Impacts physiques de l’éruption du volcan Huaynaputina en 1600 sur les constructions locales, découverts

grâce à la prospection géophysiqueA. Finizola*, L. Macedo**, R. Antoine***, J.-C. Thouret****,

E. Delcher*, C.Bacri*****, C. Fauchard***, R. Gusset*, S. Japura**, I. Lazarte**, J. Mariño**, A. Normier******,

D. Ramos**, T. Saintenoy******, L. Thouret*******, J. Del Carpio********, N. Puma********, O. Macedo ********

*Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion, Université de La Réunion, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR 7154 CNRS, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France. **Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (OVI-INGEMMET), Arequipa, Perú.***Centre d’études et d’expertise sur les risques, l’environnement, la mobilité et l’aménagement (CEREMA), Rouen, France.****Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UMR 6524, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), OPGC, IRD, Aubière, France.*****Wings for Science, Paris, France.******Centro de investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto (CIHDE - CONICYT) Arica, Chile & Archéologie des Amériques (ARCHAM - CNRS UMR8096), Maison Archéologie et Ethnologie, Nanterre, France.*******Collaborating with **INGEMMET, Arequipa, Peru and ****UCA, Aubière, France.********Observatorio Vulcanológico del Sur, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (OVS-IGP), Arequipa, Perú.

Résumé : Si l’impact climatique planétaire de l’éruption du Huaynaputina (IEV6) en 1600 est documenté, il n’en va pas de même pour les conséquences régionales sur la population et les constructions. La localisation des villages enterrés par cette éruption n’est pas connue avec précision dans les chroniques espagnoles existantes. La prospection géophysique réalisée en 2015 et 2016 sur différents sites en ruines à moins de 16 km du cratère constitue la première partie du projet Huyruro, dont l’objectif est de mieux comprendre les impacts physiques et socio-économiques de cette grande éruption. Plusieurs méthodes et instruments géophysiques ont été utilisés (drone, géoradar, électro-magnétisme, images thermiques). Cette prospection préliminaire a permis de mettre au point la stratégie à suivre et de choisir les instruments les plus efficaces pour cartographier la zone du village enterré de Calicanto, en précisant son extensión et en localisant les murs des habitations. Cette cartographie est la base des futures études tephro-stratigraphiques et archéologiques. Le projet a pour but final de diffuser les résultats multidisciplinaires et d’aider à créer un musée local.

Resumen: El impacto climático global de la erupción del volcán Huaynaputina (IEV6) en 1600 está bien documentado pero las consecuencias regionales sobre las construcciones y los habitantes están poco conocidas. La localización de varios pue-blos sepultados bajo los depósitos espesos del Huaynaputina no es claramente mencionada en las crónicas españolas. Inves-tigaciones geofísicas realizadas durante el periodo 2015-2016 sobre diferentes sitios de ruinas a menos de 16 km del cráter constituyen la parte inicial de un proyecto denominado “Huayruro”, cuyo objetivo es entender mejor los impactos físicos y socio-económicos de esta erupción. Varios métodos e instrumentos geofísicos fueron utilizados: un drone y modelos numéri-cos de terreno de alta resolución, un geo-radar con imágenes 3D del subsuelo, el magnetismo, las imágenes infra-rojas y el electro-magnetismo. Esta investigación geofísica preliminar ha permitido identificar la futura estratégia y la mejor instru-

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Introduction

The worldwide impact of the February-March CE 1600 Huaynaputina eruption, south Peru, is well doc-umented through the international literature. Traces of this eruption have been identified through peaks of dust inside Peruvian ice cores (e.g., Quelccaya ice cap, 5,670 m a.s.l., south Peru; Thompson et al., 2013) or anomalous sulfate concentration detected in Antarctic ice core (e.g., Central Dronning Maud Land; Thamban et al., 2006).

The worldwide climatic impact of this eruption has been shown using a dendro-chronological analysis of more than 10,000 trees located on the Northern Hemi-sphere (Stoffel et al., 2015). This work has evidenced that the eruption of Huaynaputina induced the largest climatic cooling on Earth (>1.1°C) over the past 500 years, even larger than the climatic cooling induced by the 1815 Tambora eruption (0.8°C).

Many works have reported impacts of Huaynaputi-na eruption in countries far apart: cli-matic impact in Central Spain (Géno-va, 2012), Croatian lands (Kuzic, 2013), North China (Fei and Zhou, 2009), abrupt cooling and epidemics in China and Korea (Fei et al., 2016), and famine in Russia (Verosub and Lippman, 2008).

According to different authors, Huaynaputina volcano erupted in CE 1600: >9.6 km3 DRE (de Silva and Zielinski, 1998) or ~11 km3 DRE of all the erupted deposits (Lavallée et al., 2006), or a bulk volume of 11-14 km3 for the Plinian fallout deposit only (Prival, 2017).

Within a distance of 20 km around the volcano many villages have been buried below one to five meters of erupted deposits. The debated num-ber of the buried villages ranges be-

tween 11 (Thouret et al., 2002) and 17 (Navarro, 1994). However, no archeological study has been made on this topic as yet. One of the main reasons is the poor knowl-edge of the precise location where these settlements were erected.

In order to better understand the regional impacts of the CE 1600 Huaynaputina eruption on the local com-munities, the first research stage is therefore to obtain a precise map of these buried settlements.

The aim of this project during the two first years was to test different geophysical instruments on differ-ent sites in order to assess their ability in identifying buried habitat walls and other constructions.

Geophysical strategy

A first field reconnaissance near the present-day Qui-nistaquillas village, in Moquegua region (south Peru), was made in November 2014, based on a few surface archeo-logical findings (Chávez, 1992; Ticona Monje, 2005).

mentación para cartografiar el área del antiguo pueblo enterrado de Calicanto, localizando con precisión su extensión y los muros de las habitaciones. Este mapeo servirá para los futuros estudios tefro-estratigráficos y arqueológicos. El objetivo final del proyecto es diseminar los resultados del estudio multidisciplinar al público incluyendo la creación de un museo de sitio.

Mots-clés : volcan Huaynaputina, éruption AD 1600, investigation géophysique, impact socio-économique. Palabras-claves: volcán Huaynaputina, erupción EC 1600, investigación geofísica, comunidades, impacto socio-económico.

Fig. 1 – Location on a Google Earth picture of the three sites (including ruins) were geophysical tests were carried out.Source: A. Finizola.

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In October-November 2015 and October-Novem-ber 2016, several geophysical devices were tested in three different sites: Coporaque, Calicanto, and Chim-papampa, 12 km SW, 14.5 km south and 16 km south of the vent, respectively (Fig. 1).

Results

In order to study the topography, extent and depth of the three buried settlements, we have computed high-res-

olution (10 cm pixel) digital elevation models (DEMs) using aerial photographs acquired by a drone (Fig. 2A, Fig. 3). We have measured profiles using one georadar IDS multi-channels with a 200 MHz antenna (Fig. 2C) along 1 m-interval, parallel profiles (Fig. 2B), and we have also exploited magnetic sensors (Figs. 2D, 2E).

The draped layers showing the georadar image section at 1 m in depth and magnetic measurements demonstrate how powerful these tools are in unraveling buried habitat walls (see black and green color, respec-tively, in Figure 4).

Between the three investigated sites (Fig. 1), Cal-icanto is probably the most promising venue for ana-

Fig. 2 – (A) Phantom 3 drone used to obtain high-resolu-tion digital elevation models; (B) Parallel lines with 1 m intervals along which georadar measurements were per-formed; (C) georadar IDS multichannel with a 200 MHz an-tenna; (D) Magnetic permanent station (E), and Magnetic profiling. Source: A. Finizola.

Fig. 3 – High-resolution (10x10 cm pixels) DEMs of the Calicanto area computed on the basis of photographs ac-quired by the Phantom 3 drone. (A) Representation of the color coded altitude range. (B) Aerial photographs were draped on the DEM. The red areas “1”, “2” and “3” corre-spond to the Calicanto sub-sites where geophysical sur-vey was achieved. Source: A. Finizola.

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lyzing buried walls and damaged structures, as well as for delineating the potential extent of the former village. In 2016, the use of an elec-tromagnetic tool (EM31) allowed us to accelerate mapping of areas of interest as, in contrast to the geora-dar, the EM device needs no physi-cal contact between the sensor and the ground surface.

Concluding remarks and outlook

Within the next two years, we will focus our investigation on the Calicanto site. This area will be investigated using a DualEM-421s device with integrated GPS, one of the most recent electro-magnetic tools. This instrument will help better locate the housing walls and better de-lineate the extent of buried villages.

This work is carried out through a large project named “The HUAYRURO project” involving seven tasks: (1) Historical bibliography and local acknowl-edgement, (2) Subsurface geophysics, (3) Tephro-stra-tigraphy, (4) Archoeology, (5) Paleoclimatology, (6) Education, diffusion and public awareness, and (7) one in site-museum. This long-term project seeks to bet-ter acknowledge the Peruvian culture, and to promote tourism in the region of Moquegua in south Peru.

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De Silva S. L., Zielinski G. A. (1998). Global influence of the AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru. Letters to Nature 393, 455-458.

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Fig. 4 – Draped layers of georadar (black and white figure) and mag-netic measurements (color figure) on the sub-site n°3 in Calicanto (see location in Figure 3).Source: A. Finizola.

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