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Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru), Abrupt Cooling, and Epidemics in China and Korea Jie Fei, 1 David D. Zhang, 2 and Harry F. Lee 2 1 Institute of Chinese Historical Geography, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 2 Department of Geography, e University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Correspondence should be addressed to Jie Fei; [email protected] Received 9 April 2015; Revised 9 July 2015; Accepted 19 August 2015 Academic Editor: Steffen Mischke Copyright © 2016 Jie Fei et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. e 1600 AD Huaynaputina eruption in Peru was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history over the past 2000 years. is study operated on the hypothesis that this event dramatically affected the weather and environment in China and the Korean Peninsula. Over the course of this research the Chinese and Korean historical literatures as well as dendrochronology records were examined. e historical evidence points to the conclusion that the eruption was followed by an abrupt cooling period and epidemic outbreaks in 1601 AD within both China and the Korean Peninsula. ese records manifested themselves in unseasonably cold weather resulting in severe killing frosts in northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601 AD. In southern China (Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Municipality), July was abnormally cold with snow, with an autumn that saw anomalously hot weather. In addition, there was unseasonable snowfall that autumn within Yunnan Province. Widespread disease outbreaks occurred in August, September, and October in northern and southern China. In Korea, the spring and early summer of 1601 AD were unusually cold, and conditions led to further widespread epidemics occurring in August. 1. Introduction Volcanic eruptions eject massive amounts of gas and ash into the stratosphere and troposphere, reducing solar insolation and resulting in climatic and environmental effects [1–8]. Major volcanic eruptions are capable of affecting short-term climatic change on hemispheric and global scales. For example, the 1991 AD Pinatubo eruption (Philip- pines) caused the largest perturbation of the 20th century to the particulate content of the stratosphere; and the radiative influence of the injected particles put an end to several years of globally warm surface temperatures [9, 10]. e 1883 AD Krakatoa eruption (Indonesia) caused dimmed suns and blood red skies in the Northern Hemisphere [11]. Similar disturbances have been reported aſter other major volcanic eruptions, for example, 1815 AD Tambora eruption and the unidentified eruptions in 1452 AD and circa 626 AD [12– 17]. Even 2000 years ago, Plutarch and others surmised that the eruption of Mount Etna in 44 BC dimmed the sun and suggested that the resulting cooling caused crops to fail and even created famine within the Roman Empire and Egypt [6, 18]. Within China, there were dimmed suns, anomalously cold temperatures, crop failures, and famine the following year, in 43 BC, following the 44 BC Etna event [19]. Research on climatic effects using Chinese historical lit- erature, written following major historical volcanic eruptions, has achieved encouraging progress during the past decades. Cao et al. (2012) identified evidence of climatic downturn in China following the 1815 AD Tambora eruption [20]. Fei and Zhou (2006) suggested that abrupt cooling occurred in 939– 941 AD in China following the prolonged 934–939 AD Eldgj´ a eruption, Iceland [21]. e relationship between volcanic eruptions and abrupt cooling is therefore evident, and, recently, increasing atten- tion has focused on the possible cause and effect relationship between volcanic eruptions and precipitation anomalies [22, 23]. It has been suggested that extreme droughts in China could be related to the volcanic eruptions during the past 500 years, because large volcanic eruptions possibly reduced the summer monsoon in East Asia [24, 25]. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Meteorology Volume 2016, Article ID 3217038, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3217038

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Page 1: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Review Article1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru) Abrupt Cooling andEpidemics in China and Korea

Jie Fei1 David D Zhang2 and Harry F Lee2

1 Institute of Chinese Historical Geography Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China2Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong

Correspondence should be addressed to Jie Fei jiefeifudaneducn

Received 9 April 2015 Revised 9 July 2015 Accepted 19 August 2015

Academic Editor Steffen Mischke

Copyright copy 2016 Jie Fei et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The 1600 AD Huaynaputina eruption in Peru was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history over the past 2000 years Thisstudy operated on the hypothesis that this event dramatically affected the weather and environment in China and the KoreanPeninsula Over the course of this research the Chinese and Korean historical literatures as well as dendrochronology records wereexaminedThe historical evidence points to the conclusion that the eruptionwas followed by an abrupt cooling period and epidemicoutbreaks in 1601 AD within both China and the Korean Peninsula These records manifested themselves in unseasonably coldweather resulting in severe killing frosts in northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601 AD In southern China (Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Municipality) July was abnormally cold with snow with an autumn that saw anomalouslyhot weather In addition there was unseasonable snowfall that autumn within Yunnan Province Widespread disease outbreaksoccurred in August September and October in northern and southern China In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 ADwere unusually cold and conditions led to further widespread epidemics occurring in August

1 Introduction

Volcanic eruptions eject massive amounts of gas and ash intothe stratosphere and troposphere reducing solar insolationand resulting in climatic and environmental effects [1ndash8]Major volcanic eruptions are capable of affecting short-termclimatic change on hemispheric and global scales

For example the 1991 AD Pinatubo eruption (Philip-pines) caused the largest perturbation of the 20th century tothe particulate content of the stratosphere and the radiativeinfluence of the injected particles put an end to severalyears of globally warm surface temperatures [9 10] The 1883AD Krakatoa eruption (Indonesia) caused dimmed suns andblood red skies in the Northern Hemisphere [11] Similardisturbances have been reported after other major volcaniceruptions for example 1815 AD Tambora eruption and theunidentified eruptions in 1452 AD and circa 626 AD [12ndash17] Even 2000 years ago Plutarch and others surmised thatthe eruption of Mount Etna in 44 BC dimmed the sun andsuggested that the resulting cooling caused crops to fail and

even created famine within the Roman Empire and Egypt[6 18] Within China there were dimmed suns anomalouslycold temperatures crop failures and famine the followingyear in 43 BC following the 44 BC Etna event [19]

Research on climatic effects using Chinese historical lit-erature written followingmajor historical volcanic eruptionshas achieved encouraging progress during the past decadesCao et al (2012) identified evidence of climatic downturn inChina following the 1815 AD Tambora eruption [20] Fei andZhou (2006) suggested that abrupt cooling occurred in 939ndash941 AD in China following the prolonged 934ndash939 ADEldgjaeruption Iceland [21]

The relationship between volcanic eruptions and abruptcooling is therefore evident and recently increasing atten-tion has focused on the possible cause and effect relationshipbetween volcanic eruptions and precipitation anomalies [2223] It has been suggested that extreme droughts in Chinacould be related to the volcanic eruptions during the past 500years because large volcanic eruptions possibly reduced thesummer monsoon in East Asia [24 25]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2016 Article ID 3217038 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520163217038

2 Advances in Meteorology

The epidemic effects of major volcanic eruptions havealso long intrigued volcanologists [5 26ndash28] Stothers (1999)examined seven major volcanic eruptions during the pasttwo millennia and found that most of them were followedby several years containing epidemics in Europe and theMiddle East [4] The 1783-1784 AD Laki (Lakigiga) eruption(Iceland) caused dense volcanic dry fog and a significant shiftin regional climate systems that are potentially responsible forendemic diseases and high mortality rates seen in Englandand France during that time [29ndash31] However as a wholethe possible epidemic effects of volcanic eruptions during thepast 2000 years have not been discussed in detail and themechanisms of contagion and spread of such epidemics havenot yet been identified

In addition volcanic eruptions result in local diseaseoutbreaks in the vicinity of volcanoes due to poor hygieneand limited access to drinking water which has been con-taminated with volcanic ash and debris An example of thisis following the 1815 AD Tambora volcanic eruption wherepopulations suffering from violent diarrhea were prevalentin the vicinity of the volcano [16] Another was a regionaloutbreak of measles that occurred after the eruptions of MtPinatubo in 1991 AD [27]

2 The 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption Peru

Huaynaputina Volcano (166∘S 709∘W) is located in south-ern Peru South America The eruption in 1600 AD was thelargest volcanic eruption in South America spanning the past2000 years [32ndash36] The eruption started on February 191600 AD and lasted until March [32ndash34 37] The economyof southern Peru was severely disrupted and did not recoverduring most of the 17th century [38 39]

The sustained eruption column was estimated to be 27ndash35 km high during the Plinian phase on February 19-201600 ADThe eruption reached a significantly higher altitudethan the tropopause thus making it capable of affecting theatmospheric environment on a global scale [34]

The eruption produced sim70Mt of global average strato-spheric H

2SO4loading which makes it one of the largest

volcanic eruptions in world history over the past two millen-nia [32 40] For example that of the 1815 Tambora eruptionwas estimated at 60Mt [13] 93ndash118Mt [41] and 108Mt [42]However stratospheric H

2SO4loading of the Huaynaputina

eruption was much higher than those of the 1883 Krakatoa(22Mt [42]) and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions (30Mt [42])

Thevolcanic ash fromHuaynaputina formed awidespreadlobe of sim95000 km2 within the 1-cm isopach [34] Historicalaccounts indicate significant ash fall in Lima (sim850 km northof the volcano) and on a ship 1000 km off the Peruvian coast[32] The fine ash and volcanic glass from the eruption werealso identified in the South Pole ice core in Antarctica andpossibly the GISP2 ice core in Greenland [32 34 43 44]

Signals corresponding to the Huaynaputina eruptionwere identified in a large number of Antarctic and Greenlandice cores thus indicating the potential global influence ofthe eruption Volcanic acidity peaks corresponding to theHuaynaputina eruption were identified in the Greenland icecores of Crete [45 46] GRIP [47] and Summit [48] Excess

SO4

2minus peaks corresponding to the Huaynaputina event werealso identified in the Greenland ice cores of GISP2 [49] andAntarctic ice cores of Law Dome [50] Plateau Remote [51]SP2001 [52] PS1 (near the Amundsen-Scott Base) [43] TalosDome (East Antarctica) [53] and Dome Fuji [54]

It is well known that the other three tropical eruptionsproduced abrupt global cooling [13 16 55] Consideringthe magnitude of the Huaynaputina eruption it shouldhave been capable of producing significant global climaticeffects Previous research has revealed that the Huaynaputinaeruption was followed by abrupt cooling in many regions inthe world [32 36]

A series of dendroclimatology studies have broughtrobust evidence to bear to support dramatic abrupt coolingin 1601 AD Briffa et al (1998) suggested that the sum-mer of 1601 AD has the potential of being the coldest onrecord over the past 600 years according to a synthesis ofdendrochronological data in northern Eurasia and NorthAmerica [55] Scuderi (1990) identified that 1601 AD wasabnormally cold according to the temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies in the Sierra Nevada [56] Jones et al(1995) synthesized a temperature-sensitive network of tree-ring chronologies inNorth America andWestern Europe andsuggested that 1601 AD possessed the summer with the mostdramatic shifts to unseasonably cold weather patterns [57]

Low temperature was shown around 1600 AD in a ring-width record derived from the JunendashAugust Alpine temper-ature proxy over 951ndash1527 AD in the Swiss and AustrianAlps [58] 1601 AD was shown to be extremely cold inthe maximum latewood density data from trees at thirteentemperature-sensitive sites along the northern tree line ofNorth America [59] In the centre of Spain 1601 AD wasthe most unfavourable for tree growth representing theminimum index in the regional chronology [60]

Evidences of dramatic cooling in 1601 AD also exist inthe light ring and frost ring chronologies which recordabnormally low temperature in growing seasons LaMarcheJr and Hirschboeck (1984) identified a very significant frostring in 1601 AD in western USA [61] Filion et al (1986) andYamaguchi et al (1993) identified a significant light ring eventin 1601ADnear Bush Lake Canada [62 63]Hantemirov et al(2004) also identified significant frost and light rings in 1601AD in the Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula in northwesternSiberia [64]

The review of historical records corresponds to a dramaticglobal cooling event from the data collected above andthe historical sources indicate that the summer of 1601 wasunusually cold in England and Italy [65] The winter of 1601was very severe inRussia Latvia andEstonia [36] In Swedenrecord amounts of snow in the winter of 1601 were followedby a rainy spring The resulting harvest was insufficient tofeed the population leading to hunger and disease [66] Feiand Zhou (2009) investigated the possible climatic effects innorthern China following the Huaynaputina eruption It wasdiscovered that killing frost occurred in 1601 AD and resultedin widespread crop failures throughout the region [67]

Here we investigate the possible climatic and epidemiceffects in China and Korea following the 1600 AD PeruvianHuaynaputina eruption After a careful literature survey we

Advances in Meteorology 3

found that significant abrupt cooling and epidemics occurredmainly in 1601 AD in China and Korea

3 Materials and Methods

Our study of the possible climatic and epidemic effects of theHuaynaputina eruption in China and Korea is mainly basedon the available historical literatureThe Chinese and Koreanhistorical texts were examined systematically A few thousandliterary sources were examined though it turned out thatonly a small fraction of the historical record contains usefulinformation

Most of our records were discovered in the Chinesehistorical local gazetteers (Di fang zhi) (Tables 1 2 and 3)This type of historical source material is unique and verysubstantial especially for the history of the Ming (1368ndash1644AD) and Qing (1644ndash1911 AD) dynasties There are a fewthousand extant historical local gazetteers in China [68] Theprinted andor electronic copies are available in the Librariesof FudanUniversity the Libraries of the University of Scienceand Technology of China and the Shanghai Library

Some of the records were found in the historical diaries(Table 1) This type of source is particularly valuable as itcontains first-hand accounts of climatic and epidemic events

The climatological and epidemiological records in Koreawere discovered in the Annals of the Choson Dynasty (alsoknown as Choson Wangjo Sillok) (Table 3) which comprises25 parts and 1893 volumes and covers 472 years (1392ndash1863 AD) of the history of the Choson Dynasty (1392ndash1910AD) The annals are in classical Chinese and adopt theChinese lunar calendar The compilations were commencedat a specific time following shortly after a kingrsquos death bythe Office for Annals Compilation of Korea Therefore theAnnals of the ChosonDynasty are highly reliableTheAnnalsof the King Seonjo (Seonjo Sillok) are a part of this record Itcomprises 263 volumes and covers the reign of King Seonjo(r 1567ndash1608 AD)

In addition European and American historical recordsof climatic and epidemic events were also examined most ofthese were carried over from relevant previous studies

Dendrochronology recordswere examined extensively inorder to give a general scenario of the climatic effects aroundthe world

Volcanic related signals in ice cores in Greenland andAntarctica were examined carefully in order to verify thepotential global influence of the eruption

4 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Southern China

The year of 1601 AD witnessed anomalous summer andautumn seasons in southern China It was cold in thesummer and abnormally hot in the autumn Following thecold summer and hot autumn widespread disease broke out(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 1 2 3 and 4)

The contemporary record of the abnormal weather in thesummer and autumn of 1601 AD was found in a book titledNotes on Experience (Jian wen za ji) (Figure 1) The book isactually a diary and it was finished in circa AD 1610 by Le Li

a retired scholar and official (Le Li Jian wen za jiThis bookwas written in circa 1610 AD Here ldquoLerdquo is the given nameand ldquoLirdquo is the surname Similarly hereinafter) Le Li lived inWuzhen (a town in Tongxiang County Zhejiang Province)after retirement thus the location of most of the events inthe book was Wuzhen including the record of the abnormalweather in 1601 AD

This record is seen as the most original record of theepidemic and abnormal weather of 1601 AD whereas similardescriptions of the event are also found in the local gazetteersof a few regions of Zhejiang Province These regions includeHangzhou and Huzhou Prefectures (modern Hangzhou andHuzhou Cities) and Tongxiang County and Nanxun Town(modern Nanxun County of Huzhou City) (Table 1)

However the descriptions in the Gazetteer of ShidaiCounty (modern Shitai County Anhui Province) and Gazet-teer of Songjiang Prefecture (modern Songjiang CountyShanghai Municipality) are different from that of the Noteson Experience and should be independent from it It is alsoworth noting that these two literatures were written a fewdecades later than the Notes on Experience (Table 1)

The spatial scale of the epidemics proved to be evenlarger than anticipatedWe identified a plethora of records onepidemic outbreaks in 1601 AD in Anhui Zhejiang FujianJiangxi Hunan and Guizhou Provinces of southern China(Figure 2) Some records indicated that the epidemics wererelated to drought and famine whereas the causal link withabrupt cooling caused by the Huaynaputina event is not veryclear (Table 1)

Separate from the above evidence records were alsofound which described abrupt cooling which occurred inKunming City (Yunnan Province) There was an abnormalsnowfall in the autumn of 1601 AD in the area (ChengxunFan and Jiwen Wang General Gazetteer of Yunnan Province(Yunnan tong zhi) (1691) Vol 28)

5 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Northern China

51 Historical Records Our previous research has suggestedthat there were severe killing frosts in the Shanxi and HebeiProvinces in the summer and early autumn of 1601 AD(Fei and Zhou 2009) [67] Here we further supplementedour material with the records from Shaanxi Gansu andQinghai Provinces and discovered that epidemics occurredin Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in 1601-1602 AD (Figures1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4) The epidemics in Shanxi andShaanxi Provinces were possibly caused by a combinationof killing frosts and drought Supporting this information isthe appearance of severe killing frosts and great epidemicsin northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601 AD(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4)

It is noteworthy that killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in northern China were the result ofoutbreaks of cold waves that usually cover a large areaIn some counties with records of epidemics but withoutrecords of frost disasters (eg Yangqu Qingxu Counties andShanxi Province) it is highly probable that frost disasters also

4 Advances in Meteorology

Table1Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinsouthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

nSource

daggerlowast

Wuzhen

Hangzho

uHuzho

uTo

ngxiangandNanxu

nZh

ejiang

Province

WanliRe

ignPerio

d29th

year

(February31601

ADndashJanuary

221602AD)itwas

chillyin

the6

thmon

th(Ju

ne30ndashJuly281601A

D)Peop

letook

ondo

ublelayeredand

cotto

nclo

thesItw

assaid

thattherew

asah

eavy

snow

inthem

ountains

oftheF

uyang

Cou

ntyandthec

ountysheriff

took

atankof

snow

andsubm

itted

itto

thep

rovince

governorItw

asalso

said

thattherew

assig

nificantsno

wfallin

them

ountains

ofHangzho

uPrefectureItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust271601

AD)and

was

stillho

tinthe8

-9th

mon

ths(Au

gust28ndashO

ctob

er251601A

D)Peop

leeven

soaked

inwater

inordertokeep

coolM

osto

fthe

families

wereh

itby

epidem

ics

LeLiN

otes

onEx

perie

nce(Jia

nwe

nza

ji)(circ

a1610)

Similarrecords

arefou

ndin

localgazetteersinclu

ding

AYu

nZh

engetalGazetteer

oftheH

angzho

uPrefecture

(Hangzhoufu

zhi)(1779)V

ol56

BYu

anhanZo

ngandSh

ichang

Guo

Gazetteer

ofthe

Huzho

uPrefecture

(Huzhoufu

zhi)(1874)V

ol44

CCh

enYan

Gazetteer

oftheT

ongxiang

Cou

nty

(Tongxiang

xian

zhi)(1887)V

ol20

DRizhen

WangGazetteer

oftheN

anxu

nTo

wn

(Nan

xunzhen

zhi)(1859)V

ol19

daggerlowast

ShidaiCou

nty(m

odernSh

itai

Cou

ntyAnh

uiProvince)

29th

year

(ofthe

WanliRe

ignPerio

d)inthe6

thmon

thof

thissummer

(June

30ndashJuly281601A

D)itwas

very

coldA

llthep

eopletoo

kon

cotto

ncoatsSn

owfell

andpiledup

inther

emotem

ountainsItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust

271601A

D)a

ndwas

still

hotinthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

Mosto

fthe

peop

lefellill

intheW

uandYu

eareas

(inclu

ding

Zhejiang

Province

Shangh

aiMun

icipalityand

southern

Jiang

suProvince)a

ndthea

reas

tothen

orth

and

southof

theY

angtze

River

Zizhuang

YaoandTiyuan

Zhou

Gazetteer

oftheS

hidai

Cou

nty(Shidaixianzhi)(1675)V

ol2

dagger

Song

jiang

coun

tyShang

hai

Mun

icipality

Xincho

uyear

(ie

the2

9thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d)6thmon

th17thday(Ju

ly161601A

D)itpo

ured

alld

ayandalln

ightA

flood

destroyedthec

rops

inthe

northern

area

ofthec

ountyItsudd

enlyturned

freezingcoldItw

assaid

thattherew

asmorethanon

echi(1chiasymp

03m

)ofsno

win

Fuyang

Cou

ntyHangzho

uPrefecture

Yuegon

gFang

andJiruCh

enG

azetteer

ofthe

Song

jiang

Prefecture

(Songjiang

fuzhi)(1630)V

ol47

dagger

Kunm

ingYu

nnan

9thmon

th(September2

6ndashOctob

er251601A

D)therew

asah

eavy

snow

fall

Chengxun

FanandJiw

enWangGeneralGazetteer

ofYu

nnan

Province

(Yun

nantong

zhi)(1691)V

ol28

lowast

NinggangJiang

xiAgreatepidemicN

early

halfof

thep

eoplew

erek

illed

Yuda

ChenG

azetteer

ofYo

ngning

Cou

nty(Yongning

xian

zhi)(1683)V

ol1

lowast

Xing

guoJiang

xiAgreatd

roug

htandepidem

ic

ShangyuanZh

angGazetteer

oftheL

ianzhu

iCou

nty

(Lianshu

izhilin

)(1711)Vo

l15

lowast

Shicheng

Jiang

xiAgreatepidemic

YaojingGuo

Gazetteer

ofSh

icheng

Cou

nty(Shicheng

xian

zhi)(166

0)V

ol8

lowast

DayuJiang

xiTh

erew

asag

reatepidem

icin

thisyear

Yinchang

ChenG

azetteer

oftheD

ayuCou

nty(D

ayu

xian

zhi)(1874)V

ol24

lowast

Nankang

Jiang

xi4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)ag

reatepidem

ic

ZiyunQiuG

azetteer

oftheN

ankang

Cou

nty(N

ankang

xian

zhi)(1936)V

ol10

lowast

LianchengFu

jian

Agreatepidemic

ShijinDuGazetteer

oftheL

iancheng

Cou

nty

(Liancheng

xian

zhi)(166

6)V

ol1

lowast

Xinh

uaH

unan

Whenautumncametherew

ered

roug

htandepidem

ic

Xiaolong

YuandWenzhuYang

Gazetteer

ofthe

Xinh

uaCou

nty(Xinhu

axian

zhi)(166

8)V

ol11

lowast

Guizhou

Province

4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)no

rain5th

mon

th(Ju

ne1ndashJune

29th1601A

D)

agreatfamine7thmon

th(Ju

ly29thndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)ag

reatepidem

ic

ShenjiCao

andXu

nPan

GeneralGazetteer

ofGuizhou

Province

(Guizhou

tong

zhi)(1673)V

ol27

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table2Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinno

rthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

daggerlowast

XincaiH

enan

Sincethe

9thdayof

the1stmon

th(ofthe

29th

year

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

dFebruary

111601

AD)itsnow

edheavily

for4

0daysand

them

elted

snow

destroyed

thew

heatTh

efollowingepidem

ickilledinnu

merablepeop

leandallthe

farm

land

swered

eserted

Hon

gxianTanandMinfu

LuG

azetteer

oftheX

incaiC

ounty(Xincai

xian

zhi)(1691)V

ol7

daggerlowast

Dingxiang

Shanx

i

Itdidno

trainin

summer

andautumn

Therew

asan

epidem

icthatkillednu

merou

speop

leEv

enfamily

mem

bersandrelativ

esdidno

tdaretohave

intim

atep

hysic

alcontactw

itheach

otherTh

erew

asad

roug

htandafrostdisaste

rthatcausedcrop

failu

reand

prices

ofcrop

srosetoextraordinarylevels

Shijion

gWangandHanyuan

NiuG

azetteer

oftheD

ingxiang

Cou

nty

(Dingxiang

xian

zhi)(1712)V

ol7

daggerlowast

LishiShanxi

Afro

stcompletely

destroyedthec

rops

(29thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d1601

AD)Agreatepidemiccameinthes

pringof

the3

0thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ign

Perio

d(1602AD)a

ndkilledag

reatnu

mbero

fpeople

DaoyiWangGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)

(1611)V

ol16

dagger

Huairsquoan

Hebei

Therew

asas

nowin

thes

ummer

Dakun

Yang

andJizengQian

AGazetteer

oftheH

uairsquoanCou

nty

(Hua

irsquoanxian

zhi)(1741)V

ol22

dagger

Xuanhu

aHebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TanCh

enA

Gazetteer

oftheX

uanh

uaCou

nty(Xua

nhua

xian

zhi)

(1711)V

ol5

dagger

Chicheng

Hebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TunZh

angAGazetteer

oftheL

ongm

enCou

nty(Longm

enxian

zhi)

(1712)V

ol2

dagger

YuxianH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Ying

LiA

Gazetteer

oftheY

uPrefecture

(Yuzhou

zhi)(1659)V

ol1

dagger

Yang

yuanH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Chon

gguo

ZhangAGazetteer

oftheX

iningCou

nty(Xiningx

ianzhi)

(1712)V

ol1

dagger

Laiyuan

Shanxi

Afro

sttotally

destr

oyed

thec

rops

Shizhi

LiuandWenyaoZh

aoA

Gazetteer

oftheG

uangchangCou

nty

(Gua

ngchangx

ianzhi)(1630)

dagger

Guang

lingShanxi

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Huand

ouLi

andWud

ingWangAGazetteer

oftheG

uang

lingCou

nty

(Gua

nglin

gxianzhi)(1685)V

ol1

dagger

Xinzho

uShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August28ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

Renlon

gZh

ouandGusui

Dou

AGazetteer

oftheX

inPrefecture

(Xin

zhou

zhi)(1747)V

ol4

dagger

JingleSh

anxi

Awindandfro

stdestroyedthec

ropon

the2

5thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

21601

AD)Th

erew

asag

reatfamineandpeop

leeven

resorted

tocann

ibalism

Tu

changHuang

AGazetteer

oftheJingleC

ounty(Jinglexian

zhi)

(1695)V

ol4

dagger

Baod

eShanxi

Akilling

frostcompletely

destr

oyed

thec

rops

onthe2

6thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

31601

AD)Th

emarketsin

thec

itywerec

losedforn

ined

aysPeop

lefled

away

andsold

theirc

hildren

Therew

erev

ictim

sofstarvationeveryw

herePeople

wereinsuch

aweakenedsta

tethey

even

didno

tcarea

bout

thed

eathso

fmem

bers

oftheiro

wnfamily

KechangWangandMenggao

Yin

AGazetteer

oftheB

aode

Prefecture

(Baode

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol3

dagger

ShenchiShanxi

Afro

stdestr

oyed

thec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)A

greatfam

ineo

ccurredin

theJinglea

ndSh

enchicou

nties

ChangqingCu

ietalAGazetteer

oftheS

henchi

Cou

nty(Shenchixian

zhi)(1880)V

ol9

dagger

Zuoq

uan

Shanxi

Afro

stkilledthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

TianxiYang

andWeitaiH

ouA

Gazetteer

oftheL

iaoPrefecture

(Liao

zhou

zhi)(1673)Vo

l7

dagger

Linx

ian

Shanxi

Therew

asab

itter

early

froston

the9

thdayof

the8

thmon

th(September5

1601

AD)Th

ecrops

wered

estro

yedTh

erew

asag

reatfaminePeop

leatetreeb

arks

and

grassroo

ts

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

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[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geology Advances in

Page 2: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

2 Advances in Meteorology

The epidemic effects of major volcanic eruptions havealso long intrigued volcanologists [5 26ndash28] Stothers (1999)examined seven major volcanic eruptions during the pasttwo millennia and found that most of them were followedby several years containing epidemics in Europe and theMiddle East [4] The 1783-1784 AD Laki (Lakigiga) eruption(Iceland) caused dense volcanic dry fog and a significant shiftin regional climate systems that are potentially responsible forendemic diseases and high mortality rates seen in Englandand France during that time [29ndash31] However as a wholethe possible epidemic effects of volcanic eruptions during thepast 2000 years have not been discussed in detail and themechanisms of contagion and spread of such epidemics havenot yet been identified

In addition volcanic eruptions result in local diseaseoutbreaks in the vicinity of volcanoes due to poor hygieneand limited access to drinking water which has been con-taminated with volcanic ash and debris An example of thisis following the 1815 AD Tambora volcanic eruption wherepopulations suffering from violent diarrhea were prevalentin the vicinity of the volcano [16] Another was a regionaloutbreak of measles that occurred after the eruptions of MtPinatubo in 1991 AD [27]

2 The 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption Peru

Huaynaputina Volcano (166∘S 709∘W) is located in south-ern Peru South America The eruption in 1600 AD was thelargest volcanic eruption in South America spanning the past2000 years [32ndash36] The eruption started on February 191600 AD and lasted until March [32ndash34 37] The economyof southern Peru was severely disrupted and did not recoverduring most of the 17th century [38 39]

The sustained eruption column was estimated to be 27ndash35 km high during the Plinian phase on February 19-201600 ADThe eruption reached a significantly higher altitudethan the tropopause thus making it capable of affecting theatmospheric environment on a global scale [34]

The eruption produced sim70Mt of global average strato-spheric H

2SO4loading which makes it one of the largest

volcanic eruptions in world history over the past two millen-nia [32 40] For example that of the 1815 Tambora eruptionwas estimated at 60Mt [13] 93ndash118Mt [41] and 108Mt [42]However stratospheric H

2SO4loading of the Huaynaputina

eruption was much higher than those of the 1883 Krakatoa(22Mt [42]) and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions (30Mt [42])

Thevolcanic ash fromHuaynaputina formed awidespreadlobe of sim95000 km2 within the 1-cm isopach [34] Historicalaccounts indicate significant ash fall in Lima (sim850 km northof the volcano) and on a ship 1000 km off the Peruvian coast[32] The fine ash and volcanic glass from the eruption werealso identified in the South Pole ice core in Antarctica andpossibly the GISP2 ice core in Greenland [32 34 43 44]

Signals corresponding to the Huaynaputina eruptionwere identified in a large number of Antarctic and Greenlandice cores thus indicating the potential global influence ofthe eruption Volcanic acidity peaks corresponding to theHuaynaputina eruption were identified in the Greenland icecores of Crete [45 46] GRIP [47] and Summit [48] Excess

SO4

2minus peaks corresponding to the Huaynaputina event werealso identified in the Greenland ice cores of GISP2 [49] andAntarctic ice cores of Law Dome [50] Plateau Remote [51]SP2001 [52] PS1 (near the Amundsen-Scott Base) [43] TalosDome (East Antarctica) [53] and Dome Fuji [54]

It is well known that the other three tropical eruptionsproduced abrupt global cooling [13 16 55] Consideringthe magnitude of the Huaynaputina eruption it shouldhave been capable of producing significant global climaticeffects Previous research has revealed that the Huaynaputinaeruption was followed by abrupt cooling in many regions inthe world [32 36]

A series of dendroclimatology studies have broughtrobust evidence to bear to support dramatic abrupt coolingin 1601 AD Briffa et al (1998) suggested that the sum-mer of 1601 AD has the potential of being the coldest onrecord over the past 600 years according to a synthesis ofdendrochronological data in northern Eurasia and NorthAmerica [55] Scuderi (1990) identified that 1601 AD wasabnormally cold according to the temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies in the Sierra Nevada [56] Jones et al(1995) synthesized a temperature-sensitive network of tree-ring chronologies inNorth America andWestern Europe andsuggested that 1601 AD possessed the summer with the mostdramatic shifts to unseasonably cold weather patterns [57]

Low temperature was shown around 1600 AD in a ring-width record derived from the JunendashAugust Alpine temper-ature proxy over 951ndash1527 AD in the Swiss and AustrianAlps [58] 1601 AD was shown to be extremely cold inthe maximum latewood density data from trees at thirteentemperature-sensitive sites along the northern tree line ofNorth America [59] In the centre of Spain 1601 AD wasthe most unfavourable for tree growth representing theminimum index in the regional chronology [60]

Evidences of dramatic cooling in 1601 AD also exist inthe light ring and frost ring chronologies which recordabnormally low temperature in growing seasons LaMarcheJr and Hirschboeck (1984) identified a very significant frostring in 1601 AD in western USA [61] Filion et al (1986) andYamaguchi et al (1993) identified a significant light ring eventin 1601ADnear Bush Lake Canada [62 63]Hantemirov et al(2004) also identified significant frost and light rings in 1601AD in the Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula in northwesternSiberia [64]

The review of historical records corresponds to a dramaticglobal cooling event from the data collected above andthe historical sources indicate that the summer of 1601 wasunusually cold in England and Italy [65] The winter of 1601was very severe inRussia Latvia andEstonia [36] In Swedenrecord amounts of snow in the winter of 1601 were followedby a rainy spring The resulting harvest was insufficient tofeed the population leading to hunger and disease [66] Feiand Zhou (2009) investigated the possible climatic effects innorthern China following the Huaynaputina eruption It wasdiscovered that killing frost occurred in 1601 AD and resultedin widespread crop failures throughout the region [67]

Here we investigate the possible climatic and epidemiceffects in China and Korea following the 1600 AD PeruvianHuaynaputina eruption After a careful literature survey we

Advances in Meteorology 3

found that significant abrupt cooling and epidemics occurredmainly in 1601 AD in China and Korea

3 Materials and Methods

Our study of the possible climatic and epidemic effects of theHuaynaputina eruption in China and Korea is mainly basedon the available historical literatureThe Chinese and Koreanhistorical texts were examined systematically A few thousandliterary sources were examined though it turned out thatonly a small fraction of the historical record contains usefulinformation

Most of our records were discovered in the Chinesehistorical local gazetteers (Di fang zhi) (Tables 1 2 and 3)This type of historical source material is unique and verysubstantial especially for the history of the Ming (1368ndash1644AD) and Qing (1644ndash1911 AD) dynasties There are a fewthousand extant historical local gazetteers in China [68] Theprinted andor electronic copies are available in the Librariesof FudanUniversity the Libraries of the University of Scienceand Technology of China and the Shanghai Library

Some of the records were found in the historical diaries(Table 1) This type of source is particularly valuable as itcontains first-hand accounts of climatic and epidemic events

The climatological and epidemiological records in Koreawere discovered in the Annals of the Choson Dynasty (alsoknown as Choson Wangjo Sillok) (Table 3) which comprises25 parts and 1893 volumes and covers 472 years (1392ndash1863 AD) of the history of the Choson Dynasty (1392ndash1910AD) The annals are in classical Chinese and adopt theChinese lunar calendar The compilations were commencedat a specific time following shortly after a kingrsquos death bythe Office for Annals Compilation of Korea Therefore theAnnals of the ChosonDynasty are highly reliableTheAnnalsof the King Seonjo (Seonjo Sillok) are a part of this record Itcomprises 263 volumes and covers the reign of King Seonjo(r 1567ndash1608 AD)

In addition European and American historical recordsof climatic and epidemic events were also examined most ofthese were carried over from relevant previous studies

Dendrochronology recordswere examined extensively inorder to give a general scenario of the climatic effects aroundthe world

Volcanic related signals in ice cores in Greenland andAntarctica were examined carefully in order to verify thepotential global influence of the eruption

4 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Southern China

The year of 1601 AD witnessed anomalous summer andautumn seasons in southern China It was cold in thesummer and abnormally hot in the autumn Following thecold summer and hot autumn widespread disease broke out(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 1 2 3 and 4)

The contemporary record of the abnormal weather in thesummer and autumn of 1601 AD was found in a book titledNotes on Experience (Jian wen za ji) (Figure 1) The book isactually a diary and it was finished in circa AD 1610 by Le Li

a retired scholar and official (Le Li Jian wen za jiThis bookwas written in circa 1610 AD Here ldquoLerdquo is the given nameand ldquoLirdquo is the surname Similarly hereinafter) Le Li lived inWuzhen (a town in Tongxiang County Zhejiang Province)after retirement thus the location of most of the events inthe book was Wuzhen including the record of the abnormalweather in 1601 AD

This record is seen as the most original record of theepidemic and abnormal weather of 1601 AD whereas similardescriptions of the event are also found in the local gazetteersof a few regions of Zhejiang Province These regions includeHangzhou and Huzhou Prefectures (modern Hangzhou andHuzhou Cities) and Tongxiang County and Nanxun Town(modern Nanxun County of Huzhou City) (Table 1)

However the descriptions in the Gazetteer of ShidaiCounty (modern Shitai County Anhui Province) and Gazet-teer of Songjiang Prefecture (modern Songjiang CountyShanghai Municipality) are different from that of the Noteson Experience and should be independent from it It is alsoworth noting that these two literatures were written a fewdecades later than the Notes on Experience (Table 1)

The spatial scale of the epidemics proved to be evenlarger than anticipatedWe identified a plethora of records onepidemic outbreaks in 1601 AD in Anhui Zhejiang FujianJiangxi Hunan and Guizhou Provinces of southern China(Figure 2) Some records indicated that the epidemics wererelated to drought and famine whereas the causal link withabrupt cooling caused by the Huaynaputina event is not veryclear (Table 1)

Separate from the above evidence records were alsofound which described abrupt cooling which occurred inKunming City (Yunnan Province) There was an abnormalsnowfall in the autumn of 1601 AD in the area (ChengxunFan and Jiwen Wang General Gazetteer of Yunnan Province(Yunnan tong zhi) (1691) Vol 28)

5 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Northern China

51 Historical Records Our previous research has suggestedthat there were severe killing frosts in the Shanxi and HebeiProvinces in the summer and early autumn of 1601 AD(Fei and Zhou 2009) [67] Here we further supplementedour material with the records from Shaanxi Gansu andQinghai Provinces and discovered that epidemics occurredin Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in 1601-1602 AD (Figures1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4) The epidemics in Shanxi andShaanxi Provinces were possibly caused by a combinationof killing frosts and drought Supporting this information isthe appearance of severe killing frosts and great epidemicsin northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601 AD(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4)

It is noteworthy that killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in northern China were the result ofoutbreaks of cold waves that usually cover a large areaIn some counties with records of epidemics but withoutrecords of frost disasters (eg Yangqu Qingxu Counties andShanxi Province) it is highly probable that frost disasters also

4 Advances in Meteorology

Table1Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinsouthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

nSource

daggerlowast

Wuzhen

Hangzho

uHuzho

uTo

ngxiangandNanxu

nZh

ejiang

Province

WanliRe

ignPerio

d29th

year

(February31601

ADndashJanuary

221602AD)itwas

chillyin

the6

thmon

th(Ju

ne30ndashJuly281601A

D)Peop

letook

ondo

ublelayeredand

cotto

nclo

thesItw

assaid

thattherew

asah

eavy

snow

inthem

ountains

oftheF

uyang

Cou

ntyandthec

ountysheriff

took

atankof

snow

andsubm

itted

itto

thep

rovince

governorItw

asalso

said

thattherew

assig

nificantsno

wfallin

them

ountains

ofHangzho

uPrefectureItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust271601

AD)and

was

stillho

tinthe8

-9th

mon

ths(Au

gust28ndashO

ctob

er251601A

D)Peop

leeven

soaked

inwater

inordertokeep

coolM

osto

fthe

families

wereh

itby

epidem

ics

LeLiN

otes

onEx

perie

nce(Jia

nwe

nza

ji)(circ

a1610)

Similarrecords

arefou

ndin

localgazetteersinclu

ding

AYu

nZh

engetalGazetteer

oftheH

angzho

uPrefecture

(Hangzhoufu

zhi)(1779)V

ol56

BYu

anhanZo

ngandSh

ichang

Guo

Gazetteer

ofthe

Huzho

uPrefecture

(Huzhoufu

zhi)(1874)V

ol44

CCh

enYan

Gazetteer

oftheT

ongxiang

Cou

nty

(Tongxiang

xian

zhi)(1887)V

ol20

DRizhen

WangGazetteer

oftheN

anxu

nTo

wn

(Nan

xunzhen

zhi)(1859)V

ol19

daggerlowast

ShidaiCou

nty(m

odernSh

itai

Cou

ntyAnh

uiProvince)

29th

year

(ofthe

WanliRe

ignPerio

d)inthe6

thmon

thof

thissummer

(June

30ndashJuly281601A

D)itwas

very

coldA

llthep

eopletoo

kon

cotto

ncoatsSn

owfell

andpiledup

inther

emotem

ountainsItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust

271601A

D)a

ndwas

still

hotinthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

Mosto

fthe

peop

lefellill

intheW

uandYu

eareas

(inclu

ding

Zhejiang

Province

Shangh

aiMun

icipalityand

southern

Jiang

suProvince)a

ndthea

reas

tothen

orth

and

southof

theY

angtze

River

Zizhuang

YaoandTiyuan

Zhou

Gazetteer

oftheS

hidai

Cou

nty(Shidaixianzhi)(1675)V

ol2

dagger

Song

jiang

coun

tyShang

hai

Mun

icipality

Xincho

uyear

(ie

the2

9thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d)6thmon

th17thday(Ju

ly161601A

D)itpo

ured

alld

ayandalln

ightA

flood

destroyedthec

rops

inthe

northern

area

ofthec

ountyItsudd

enlyturned

freezingcoldItw

assaid

thattherew

asmorethanon

echi(1chiasymp

03m

)ofsno

win

Fuyang

Cou

ntyHangzho

uPrefecture

Yuegon

gFang

andJiruCh

enG

azetteer

ofthe

Song

jiang

Prefecture

(Songjiang

fuzhi)(1630)V

ol47

dagger

Kunm

ingYu

nnan

9thmon

th(September2

6ndashOctob

er251601A

D)therew

asah

eavy

snow

fall

Chengxun

FanandJiw

enWangGeneralGazetteer

ofYu

nnan

Province

(Yun

nantong

zhi)(1691)V

ol28

lowast

NinggangJiang

xiAgreatepidemicN

early

halfof

thep

eoplew

erek

illed

Yuda

ChenG

azetteer

ofYo

ngning

Cou

nty(Yongning

xian

zhi)(1683)V

ol1

lowast

Xing

guoJiang

xiAgreatd

roug

htandepidem

ic

ShangyuanZh

angGazetteer

oftheL

ianzhu

iCou

nty

(Lianshu

izhilin

)(1711)Vo

l15

lowast

Shicheng

Jiang

xiAgreatepidemic

YaojingGuo

Gazetteer

ofSh

icheng

Cou

nty(Shicheng

xian

zhi)(166

0)V

ol8

lowast

DayuJiang

xiTh

erew

asag

reatepidem

icin

thisyear

Yinchang

ChenG

azetteer

oftheD

ayuCou

nty(D

ayu

xian

zhi)(1874)V

ol24

lowast

Nankang

Jiang

xi4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)ag

reatepidem

ic

ZiyunQiuG

azetteer

oftheN

ankang

Cou

nty(N

ankang

xian

zhi)(1936)V

ol10

lowast

LianchengFu

jian

Agreatepidemic

ShijinDuGazetteer

oftheL

iancheng

Cou

nty

(Liancheng

xian

zhi)(166

6)V

ol1

lowast

Xinh

uaH

unan

Whenautumncametherew

ered

roug

htandepidem

ic

Xiaolong

YuandWenzhuYang

Gazetteer

ofthe

Xinh

uaCou

nty(Xinhu

axian

zhi)(166

8)V

ol11

lowast

Guizhou

Province

4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)no

rain5th

mon

th(Ju

ne1ndashJune

29th1601A

D)

agreatfamine7thmon

th(Ju

ly29thndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)ag

reatepidem

ic

ShenjiCao

andXu

nPan

GeneralGazetteer

ofGuizhou

Province

(Guizhou

tong

zhi)(1673)V

ol27

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table2Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinno

rthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

daggerlowast

XincaiH

enan

Sincethe

9thdayof

the1stmon

th(ofthe

29th

year

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

dFebruary

111601

AD)itsnow

edheavily

for4

0daysand

them

elted

snow

destroyed

thew

heatTh

efollowingepidem

ickilledinnu

merablepeop

leandallthe

farm

land

swered

eserted

Hon

gxianTanandMinfu

LuG

azetteer

oftheX

incaiC

ounty(Xincai

xian

zhi)(1691)V

ol7

daggerlowast

Dingxiang

Shanx

i

Itdidno

trainin

summer

andautumn

Therew

asan

epidem

icthatkillednu

merou

speop

leEv

enfamily

mem

bersandrelativ

esdidno

tdaretohave

intim

atep

hysic

alcontactw

itheach

otherTh

erew

asad

roug

htandafrostdisaste

rthatcausedcrop

failu

reand

prices

ofcrop

srosetoextraordinarylevels

Shijion

gWangandHanyuan

NiuG

azetteer

oftheD

ingxiang

Cou

nty

(Dingxiang

xian

zhi)(1712)V

ol7

daggerlowast

LishiShanxi

Afro

stcompletely

destroyedthec

rops

(29thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d1601

AD)Agreatepidemiccameinthes

pringof

the3

0thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ign

Perio

d(1602AD)a

ndkilledag

reatnu

mbero

fpeople

DaoyiWangGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)

(1611)V

ol16

dagger

Huairsquoan

Hebei

Therew

asas

nowin

thes

ummer

Dakun

Yang

andJizengQian

AGazetteer

oftheH

uairsquoanCou

nty

(Hua

irsquoanxian

zhi)(1741)V

ol22

dagger

Xuanhu

aHebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TanCh

enA

Gazetteer

oftheX

uanh

uaCou

nty(Xua

nhua

xian

zhi)

(1711)V

ol5

dagger

Chicheng

Hebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TunZh

angAGazetteer

oftheL

ongm

enCou

nty(Longm

enxian

zhi)

(1712)V

ol2

dagger

YuxianH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Ying

LiA

Gazetteer

oftheY

uPrefecture

(Yuzhou

zhi)(1659)V

ol1

dagger

Yang

yuanH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Chon

gguo

ZhangAGazetteer

oftheX

iningCou

nty(Xiningx

ianzhi)

(1712)V

ol1

dagger

Laiyuan

Shanxi

Afro

sttotally

destr

oyed

thec

rops

Shizhi

LiuandWenyaoZh

aoA

Gazetteer

oftheG

uangchangCou

nty

(Gua

ngchangx

ianzhi)(1630)

dagger

Guang

lingShanxi

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Huand

ouLi

andWud

ingWangAGazetteer

oftheG

uang

lingCou

nty

(Gua

nglin

gxianzhi)(1685)V

ol1

dagger

Xinzho

uShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August28ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

Renlon

gZh

ouandGusui

Dou

AGazetteer

oftheX

inPrefecture

(Xin

zhou

zhi)(1747)V

ol4

dagger

JingleSh

anxi

Awindandfro

stdestroyedthec

ropon

the2

5thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

21601

AD)Th

erew

asag

reatfamineandpeop

leeven

resorted

tocann

ibalism

Tu

changHuang

AGazetteer

oftheJingleC

ounty(Jinglexian

zhi)

(1695)V

ol4

dagger

Baod

eShanxi

Akilling

frostcompletely

destr

oyed

thec

rops

onthe2

6thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

31601

AD)Th

emarketsin

thec

itywerec

losedforn

ined

aysPeop

lefled

away

andsold

theirc

hildren

Therew

erev

ictim

sofstarvationeveryw

herePeople

wereinsuch

aweakenedsta

tethey

even

didno

tcarea

bout

thed

eathso

fmem

bers

oftheiro

wnfamily

KechangWangandMenggao

Yin

AGazetteer

oftheB

aode

Prefecture

(Baode

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol3

dagger

ShenchiShanxi

Afro

stdestr

oyed

thec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)A

greatfam

ineo

ccurredin

theJinglea

ndSh

enchicou

nties

ChangqingCu

ietalAGazetteer

oftheS

henchi

Cou

nty(Shenchixian

zhi)(1880)V

ol9

dagger

Zuoq

uan

Shanxi

Afro

stkilledthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

TianxiYang

andWeitaiH

ouA

Gazetteer

oftheL

iaoPrefecture

(Liao

zhou

zhi)(1673)Vo

l7

dagger

Linx

ian

Shanxi

Therew

asab

itter

early

froston

the9

thdayof

the8

thmon

th(September5

1601

AD)Th

ecrops

wered

estro

yedTh

erew

asag

reatfaminePeop

leatetreeb

arks

and

grassroo

ts

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

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[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Page 3: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Advances in Meteorology 3

found that significant abrupt cooling and epidemics occurredmainly in 1601 AD in China and Korea

3 Materials and Methods

Our study of the possible climatic and epidemic effects of theHuaynaputina eruption in China and Korea is mainly basedon the available historical literatureThe Chinese and Koreanhistorical texts were examined systematically A few thousandliterary sources were examined though it turned out thatonly a small fraction of the historical record contains usefulinformation

Most of our records were discovered in the Chinesehistorical local gazetteers (Di fang zhi) (Tables 1 2 and 3)This type of historical source material is unique and verysubstantial especially for the history of the Ming (1368ndash1644AD) and Qing (1644ndash1911 AD) dynasties There are a fewthousand extant historical local gazetteers in China [68] Theprinted andor electronic copies are available in the Librariesof FudanUniversity the Libraries of the University of Scienceand Technology of China and the Shanghai Library

Some of the records were found in the historical diaries(Table 1) This type of source is particularly valuable as itcontains first-hand accounts of climatic and epidemic events

The climatological and epidemiological records in Koreawere discovered in the Annals of the Choson Dynasty (alsoknown as Choson Wangjo Sillok) (Table 3) which comprises25 parts and 1893 volumes and covers 472 years (1392ndash1863 AD) of the history of the Choson Dynasty (1392ndash1910AD) The annals are in classical Chinese and adopt theChinese lunar calendar The compilations were commencedat a specific time following shortly after a kingrsquos death bythe Office for Annals Compilation of Korea Therefore theAnnals of the ChosonDynasty are highly reliableTheAnnalsof the King Seonjo (Seonjo Sillok) are a part of this record Itcomprises 263 volumes and covers the reign of King Seonjo(r 1567ndash1608 AD)

In addition European and American historical recordsof climatic and epidemic events were also examined most ofthese were carried over from relevant previous studies

Dendrochronology recordswere examined extensively inorder to give a general scenario of the climatic effects aroundthe world

Volcanic related signals in ice cores in Greenland andAntarctica were examined carefully in order to verify thepotential global influence of the eruption

4 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Southern China

The year of 1601 AD witnessed anomalous summer andautumn seasons in southern China It was cold in thesummer and abnormally hot in the autumn Following thecold summer and hot autumn widespread disease broke out(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 1 2 3 and 4)

The contemporary record of the abnormal weather in thesummer and autumn of 1601 AD was found in a book titledNotes on Experience (Jian wen za ji) (Figure 1) The book isactually a diary and it was finished in circa AD 1610 by Le Li

a retired scholar and official (Le Li Jian wen za jiThis bookwas written in circa 1610 AD Here ldquoLerdquo is the given nameand ldquoLirdquo is the surname Similarly hereinafter) Le Li lived inWuzhen (a town in Tongxiang County Zhejiang Province)after retirement thus the location of most of the events inthe book was Wuzhen including the record of the abnormalweather in 1601 AD

This record is seen as the most original record of theepidemic and abnormal weather of 1601 AD whereas similardescriptions of the event are also found in the local gazetteersof a few regions of Zhejiang Province These regions includeHangzhou and Huzhou Prefectures (modern Hangzhou andHuzhou Cities) and Tongxiang County and Nanxun Town(modern Nanxun County of Huzhou City) (Table 1)

However the descriptions in the Gazetteer of ShidaiCounty (modern Shitai County Anhui Province) and Gazet-teer of Songjiang Prefecture (modern Songjiang CountyShanghai Municipality) are different from that of the Noteson Experience and should be independent from it It is alsoworth noting that these two literatures were written a fewdecades later than the Notes on Experience (Table 1)

The spatial scale of the epidemics proved to be evenlarger than anticipatedWe identified a plethora of records onepidemic outbreaks in 1601 AD in Anhui Zhejiang FujianJiangxi Hunan and Guizhou Provinces of southern China(Figure 2) Some records indicated that the epidemics wererelated to drought and famine whereas the causal link withabrupt cooling caused by the Huaynaputina event is not veryclear (Table 1)

Separate from the above evidence records were alsofound which described abrupt cooling which occurred inKunming City (Yunnan Province) There was an abnormalsnowfall in the autumn of 1601 AD in the area (ChengxunFan and Jiwen Wang General Gazetteer of Yunnan Province(Yunnan tong zhi) (1691) Vol 28)

5 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in 1601 ADin Northern China

51 Historical Records Our previous research has suggestedthat there were severe killing frosts in the Shanxi and HebeiProvinces in the summer and early autumn of 1601 AD(Fei and Zhou 2009) [67] Here we further supplementedour material with the records from Shaanxi Gansu andQinghai Provinces and discovered that epidemics occurredin Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in 1601-1602 AD (Figures1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4) The epidemics in Shanxi andShaanxi Provinces were possibly caused by a combinationof killing frosts and drought Supporting this information isthe appearance of severe killing frosts and great epidemicsin northern China in the summer and autumn of 1601 AD(Figures 1 2 and 3 Tables 2 and 4)

It is noteworthy that killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in northern China were the result ofoutbreaks of cold waves that usually cover a large areaIn some counties with records of epidemics but withoutrecords of frost disasters (eg Yangqu Qingxu Counties andShanxi Province) it is highly probable that frost disasters also

4 Advances in Meteorology

Table1Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinsouthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

nSource

daggerlowast

Wuzhen

Hangzho

uHuzho

uTo

ngxiangandNanxu

nZh

ejiang

Province

WanliRe

ignPerio

d29th

year

(February31601

ADndashJanuary

221602AD)itwas

chillyin

the6

thmon

th(Ju

ne30ndashJuly281601A

D)Peop

letook

ondo

ublelayeredand

cotto

nclo

thesItw

assaid

thattherew

asah

eavy

snow

inthem

ountains

oftheF

uyang

Cou

ntyandthec

ountysheriff

took

atankof

snow

andsubm

itted

itto

thep

rovince

governorItw

asalso

said

thattherew

assig

nificantsno

wfallin

them

ountains

ofHangzho

uPrefectureItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust271601

AD)and

was

stillho

tinthe8

-9th

mon

ths(Au

gust28ndashO

ctob

er251601A

D)Peop

leeven

soaked

inwater

inordertokeep

coolM

osto

fthe

families

wereh

itby

epidem

ics

LeLiN

otes

onEx

perie

nce(Jia

nwe

nza

ji)(circ

a1610)

Similarrecords

arefou

ndin

localgazetteersinclu

ding

AYu

nZh

engetalGazetteer

oftheH

angzho

uPrefecture

(Hangzhoufu

zhi)(1779)V

ol56

BYu

anhanZo

ngandSh

ichang

Guo

Gazetteer

ofthe

Huzho

uPrefecture

(Huzhoufu

zhi)(1874)V

ol44

CCh

enYan

Gazetteer

oftheT

ongxiang

Cou

nty

(Tongxiang

xian

zhi)(1887)V

ol20

DRizhen

WangGazetteer

oftheN

anxu

nTo

wn

(Nan

xunzhen

zhi)(1859)V

ol19

daggerlowast

ShidaiCou

nty(m

odernSh

itai

Cou

ntyAnh

uiProvince)

29th

year

(ofthe

WanliRe

ignPerio

d)inthe6

thmon

thof

thissummer

(June

30ndashJuly281601A

D)itwas

very

coldA

llthep

eopletoo

kon

cotto

ncoatsSn

owfell

andpiledup

inther

emotem

ountainsItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust

271601A

D)a

ndwas

still

hotinthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

Mosto

fthe

peop

lefellill

intheW

uandYu

eareas

(inclu

ding

Zhejiang

Province

Shangh

aiMun

icipalityand

southern

Jiang

suProvince)a

ndthea

reas

tothen

orth

and

southof

theY

angtze

River

Zizhuang

YaoandTiyuan

Zhou

Gazetteer

oftheS

hidai

Cou

nty(Shidaixianzhi)(1675)V

ol2

dagger

Song

jiang

coun

tyShang

hai

Mun

icipality

Xincho

uyear

(ie

the2

9thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d)6thmon

th17thday(Ju

ly161601A

D)itpo

ured

alld

ayandalln

ightA

flood

destroyedthec

rops

inthe

northern

area

ofthec

ountyItsudd

enlyturned

freezingcoldItw

assaid

thattherew

asmorethanon

echi(1chiasymp

03m

)ofsno

win

Fuyang

Cou

ntyHangzho

uPrefecture

Yuegon

gFang

andJiruCh

enG

azetteer

ofthe

Song

jiang

Prefecture

(Songjiang

fuzhi)(1630)V

ol47

dagger

Kunm

ingYu

nnan

9thmon

th(September2

6ndashOctob

er251601A

D)therew

asah

eavy

snow

fall

Chengxun

FanandJiw

enWangGeneralGazetteer

ofYu

nnan

Province

(Yun

nantong

zhi)(1691)V

ol28

lowast

NinggangJiang

xiAgreatepidemicN

early

halfof

thep

eoplew

erek

illed

Yuda

ChenG

azetteer

ofYo

ngning

Cou

nty(Yongning

xian

zhi)(1683)V

ol1

lowast

Xing

guoJiang

xiAgreatd

roug

htandepidem

ic

ShangyuanZh

angGazetteer

oftheL

ianzhu

iCou

nty

(Lianshu

izhilin

)(1711)Vo

l15

lowast

Shicheng

Jiang

xiAgreatepidemic

YaojingGuo

Gazetteer

ofSh

icheng

Cou

nty(Shicheng

xian

zhi)(166

0)V

ol8

lowast

DayuJiang

xiTh

erew

asag

reatepidem

icin

thisyear

Yinchang

ChenG

azetteer

oftheD

ayuCou

nty(D

ayu

xian

zhi)(1874)V

ol24

lowast

Nankang

Jiang

xi4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)ag

reatepidem

ic

ZiyunQiuG

azetteer

oftheN

ankang

Cou

nty(N

ankang

xian

zhi)(1936)V

ol10

lowast

LianchengFu

jian

Agreatepidemic

ShijinDuGazetteer

oftheL

iancheng

Cou

nty

(Liancheng

xian

zhi)(166

6)V

ol1

lowast

Xinh

uaH

unan

Whenautumncametherew

ered

roug

htandepidem

ic

Xiaolong

YuandWenzhuYang

Gazetteer

ofthe

Xinh

uaCou

nty(Xinhu

axian

zhi)(166

8)V

ol11

lowast

Guizhou

Province

4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)no

rain5th

mon

th(Ju

ne1ndashJune

29th1601A

D)

agreatfamine7thmon

th(Ju

ly29thndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)ag

reatepidem

ic

ShenjiCao

andXu

nPan

GeneralGazetteer

ofGuizhou

Province

(Guizhou

tong

zhi)(1673)V

ol27

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table2Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinno

rthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

daggerlowast

XincaiH

enan

Sincethe

9thdayof

the1stmon

th(ofthe

29th

year

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

dFebruary

111601

AD)itsnow

edheavily

for4

0daysand

them

elted

snow

destroyed

thew

heatTh

efollowingepidem

ickilledinnu

merablepeop

leandallthe

farm

land

swered

eserted

Hon

gxianTanandMinfu

LuG

azetteer

oftheX

incaiC

ounty(Xincai

xian

zhi)(1691)V

ol7

daggerlowast

Dingxiang

Shanx

i

Itdidno

trainin

summer

andautumn

Therew

asan

epidem

icthatkillednu

merou

speop

leEv

enfamily

mem

bersandrelativ

esdidno

tdaretohave

intim

atep

hysic

alcontactw

itheach

otherTh

erew

asad

roug

htandafrostdisaste

rthatcausedcrop

failu

reand

prices

ofcrop

srosetoextraordinarylevels

Shijion

gWangandHanyuan

NiuG

azetteer

oftheD

ingxiang

Cou

nty

(Dingxiang

xian

zhi)(1712)V

ol7

daggerlowast

LishiShanxi

Afro

stcompletely

destroyedthec

rops

(29thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d1601

AD)Agreatepidemiccameinthes

pringof

the3

0thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ign

Perio

d(1602AD)a

ndkilledag

reatnu

mbero

fpeople

DaoyiWangGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)

(1611)V

ol16

dagger

Huairsquoan

Hebei

Therew

asas

nowin

thes

ummer

Dakun

Yang

andJizengQian

AGazetteer

oftheH

uairsquoanCou

nty

(Hua

irsquoanxian

zhi)(1741)V

ol22

dagger

Xuanhu

aHebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TanCh

enA

Gazetteer

oftheX

uanh

uaCou

nty(Xua

nhua

xian

zhi)

(1711)V

ol5

dagger

Chicheng

Hebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TunZh

angAGazetteer

oftheL

ongm

enCou

nty(Longm

enxian

zhi)

(1712)V

ol2

dagger

YuxianH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Ying

LiA

Gazetteer

oftheY

uPrefecture

(Yuzhou

zhi)(1659)V

ol1

dagger

Yang

yuanH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Chon

gguo

ZhangAGazetteer

oftheX

iningCou

nty(Xiningx

ianzhi)

(1712)V

ol1

dagger

Laiyuan

Shanxi

Afro

sttotally

destr

oyed

thec

rops

Shizhi

LiuandWenyaoZh

aoA

Gazetteer

oftheG

uangchangCou

nty

(Gua

ngchangx

ianzhi)(1630)

dagger

Guang

lingShanxi

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Huand

ouLi

andWud

ingWangAGazetteer

oftheG

uang

lingCou

nty

(Gua

nglin

gxianzhi)(1685)V

ol1

dagger

Xinzho

uShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August28ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

Renlon

gZh

ouandGusui

Dou

AGazetteer

oftheX

inPrefecture

(Xin

zhou

zhi)(1747)V

ol4

dagger

JingleSh

anxi

Awindandfro

stdestroyedthec

ropon

the2

5thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

21601

AD)Th

erew

asag

reatfamineandpeop

leeven

resorted

tocann

ibalism

Tu

changHuang

AGazetteer

oftheJingleC

ounty(Jinglexian

zhi)

(1695)V

ol4

dagger

Baod

eShanxi

Akilling

frostcompletely

destr

oyed

thec

rops

onthe2

6thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

31601

AD)Th

emarketsin

thec

itywerec

losedforn

ined

aysPeop

lefled

away

andsold

theirc

hildren

Therew

erev

ictim

sofstarvationeveryw

herePeople

wereinsuch

aweakenedsta

tethey

even

didno

tcarea

bout

thed

eathso

fmem

bers

oftheiro

wnfamily

KechangWangandMenggao

Yin

AGazetteer

oftheB

aode

Prefecture

(Baode

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol3

dagger

ShenchiShanxi

Afro

stdestr

oyed

thec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)A

greatfam

ineo

ccurredin

theJinglea

ndSh

enchicou

nties

ChangqingCu

ietalAGazetteer

oftheS

henchi

Cou

nty(Shenchixian

zhi)(1880)V

ol9

dagger

Zuoq

uan

Shanxi

Afro

stkilledthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

TianxiYang

andWeitaiH

ouA

Gazetteer

oftheL

iaoPrefecture

(Liao

zhou

zhi)(1673)Vo

l7

dagger

Linx

ian

Shanxi

Therew

asab

itter

early

froston

the9

thdayof

the8

thmon

th(September5

1601

AD)Th

ecrops

wered

estro

yedTh

erew

asag

reatfaminePeop

leatetreeb

arks

and

grassroo

ts

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

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[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

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Page 4: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

4 Advances in Meteorology

Table1Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinsouthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

nSource

daggerlowast

Wuzhen

Hangzho

uHuzho

uTo

ngxiangandNanxu

nZh

ejiang

Province

WanliRe

ignPerio

d29th

year

(February31601

ADndashJanuary

221602AD)itwas

chillyin

the6

thmon

th(Ju

ne30ndashJuly281601A

D)Peop

letook

ondo

ublelayeredand

cotto

nclo

thesItw

assaid

thattherew

asah

eavy

snow

inthem

ountains

oftheF

uyang

Cou

ntyandthec

ountysheriff

took

atankof

snow

andsubm

itted

itto

thep

rovince

governorItw

asalso

said

thattherew

assig

nificantsno

wfallin

them

ountains

ofHangzho

uPrefectureItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust271601

AD)and

was

stillho

tinthe8

-9th

mon

ths(Au

gust28ndashO

ctob

er251601A

D)Peop

leeven

soaked

inwater

inordertokeep

coolM

osto

fthe

families

wereh

itby

epidem

ics

LeLiN

otes

onEx

perie

nce(Jia

nwe

nza

ji)(circ

a1610)

Similarrecords

arefou

ndin

localgazetteersinclu

ding

AYu

nZh

engetalGazetteer

oftheH

angzho

uPrefecture

(Hangzhoufu

zhi)(1779)V

ol56

BYu

anhanZo

ngandSh

ichang

Guo

Gazetteer

ofthe

Huzho

uPrefecture

(Huzhoufu

zhi)(1874)V

ol44

CCh

enYan

Gazetteer

oftheT

ongxiang

Cou

nty

(Tongxiang

xian

zhi)(1887)V

ol20

DRizhen

WangGazetteer

oftheN

anxu

nTo

wn

(Nan

xunzhen

zhi)(1859)V

ol19

daggerlowast

ShidaiCou

nty(m

odernSh

itai

Cou

ntyAnh

uiProvince)

29th

year

(ofthe

WanliRe

ignPerio

d)inthe6

thmon

thof

thissummer

(June

30ndashJuly281601A

D)itwas

very

coldA

llthep

eopletoo

kon

cotto

ncoatsSn

owfell

andpiledup

inther

emotem

ountainsItturnedho

tinthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust

271601A

D)a

ndwas

still

hotinthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

Mosto

fthe

peop

lefellill

intheW

uandYu

eareas

(inclu

ding

Zhejiang

Province

Shangh

aiMun

icipalityand

southern

Jiang

suProvince)a

ndthea

reas

tothen

orth

and

southof

theY

angtze

River

Zizhuang

YaoandTiyuan

Zhou

Gazetteer

oftheS

hidai

Cou

nty(Shidaixianzhi)(1675)V

ol2

dagger

Song

jiang

coun

tyShang

hai

Mun

icipality

Xincho

uyear

(ie

the2

9thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d)6thmon

th17thday(Ju

ly161601A

D)itpo

ured

alld

ayandalln

ightA

flood

destroyedthec

rops

inthe

northern

area

ofthec

ountyItsudd

enlyturned

freezingcoldItw

assaid

thattherew

asmorethanon

echi(1chiasymp

03m

)ofsno

win

Fuyang

Cou

ntyHangzho

uPrefecture

Yuegon

gFang

andJiruCh

enG

azetteer

ofthe

Song

jiang

Prefecture

(Songjiang

fuzhi)(1630)V

ol47

dagger

Kunm

ingYu

nnan

9thmon

th(September2

6ndashOctob

er251601A

D)therew

asah

eavy

snow

fall

Chengxun

FanandJiw

enWangGeneralGazetteer

ofYu

nnan

Province

(Yun

nantong

zhi)(1691)V

ol28

lowast

NinggangJiang

xiAgreatepidemicN

early

halfof

thep

eoplew

erek

illed

Yuda

ChenG

azetteer

ofYo

ngning

Cou

nty(Yongning

xian

zhi)(1683)V

ol1

lowast

Xing

guoJiang

xiAgreatd

roug

htandepidem

ic

ShangyuanZh

angGazetteer

oftheL

ianzhu

iCou

nty

(Lianshu

izhilin

)(1711)Vo

l15

lowast

Shicheng

Jiang

xiAgreatepidemic

YaojingGuo

Gazetteer

ofSh

icheng

Cou

nty(Shicheng

xian

zhi)(166

0)V

ol8

lowast

DayuJiang

xiTh

erew

asag

reatepidem

icin

thisyear

Yinchang

ChenG

azetteer

oftheD

ayuCou

nty(D

ayu

xian

zhi)(1874)V

ol24

lowast

Nankang

Jiang

xi4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)ag

reatepidem

ic

ZiyunQiuG

azetteer

oftheN

ankang

Cou

nty(N

ankang

xian

zhi)(1936)V

ol10

lowast

LianchengFu

jian

Agreatepidemic

ShijinDuGazetteer

oftheL

iancheng

Cou

nty

(Liancheng

xian

zhi)(166

6)V

ol1

lowast

Xinh

uaH

unan

Whenautumncametherew

ered

roug

htandepidem

ic

Xiaolong

YuandWenzhuYang

Gazetteer

ofthe

Xinh

uaCou

nty(Xinhu

axian

zhi)(166

8)V

ol11

lowast

Guizhou

Province

4thmon

th(M

ay2ndashMay

311601A

D)no

rain5th

mon

th(Ju

ne1ndashJune

29th1601A

D)

agreatfamine7thmon

th(Ju

ly29thndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)ag

reatepidem

ic

ShenjiCao

andXu

nPan

GeneralGazetteer

ofGuizhou

Province

(Guizhou

tong

zhi)(1673)V

ol27

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table2Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinno

rthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

daggerlowast

XincaiH

enan

Sincethe

9thdayof

the1stmon

th(ofthe

29th

year

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

dFebruary

111601

AD)itsnow

edheavily

for4

0daysand

them

elted

snow

destroyed

thew

heatTh

efollowingepidem

ickilledinnu

merablepeop

leandallthe

farm

land

swered

eserted

Hon

gxianTanandMinfu

LuG

azetteer

oftheX

incaiC

ounty(Xincai

xian

zhi)(1691)V

ol7

daggerlowast

Dingxiang

Shanx

i

Itdidno

trainin

summer

andautumn

Therew

asan

epidem

icthatkillednu

merou

speop

leEv

enfamily

mem

bersandrelativ

esdidno

tdaretohave

intim

atep

hysic

alcontactw

itheach

otherTh

erew

asad

roug

htandafrostdisaste

rthatcausedcrop

failu

reand

prices

ofcrop

srosetoextraordinarylevels

Shijion

gWangandHanyuan

NiuG

azetteer

oftheD

ingxiang

Cou

nty

(Dingxiang

xian

zhi)(1712)V

ol7

daggerlowast

LishiShanxi

Afro

stcompletely

destroyedthec

rops

(29thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d1601

AD)Agreatepidemiccameinthes

pringof

the3

0thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ign

Perio

d(1602AD)a

ndkilledag

reatnu

mbero

fpeople

DaoyiWangGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)

(1611)V

ol16

dagger

Huairsquoan

Hebei

Therew

asas

nowin

thes

ummer

Dakun

Yang

andJizengQian

AGazetteer

oftheH

uairsquoanCou

nty

(Hua

irsquoanxian

zhi)(1741)V

ol22

dagger

Xuanhu

aHebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TanCh

enA

Gazetteer

oftheX

uanh

uaCou

nty(Xua

nhua

xian

zhi)

(1711)V

ol5

dagger

Chicheng

Hebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TunZh

angAGazetteer

oftheL

ongm

enCou

nty(Longm

enxian

zhi)

(1712)V

ol2

dagger

YuxianH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Ying

LiA

Gazetteer

oftheY

uPrefecture

(Yuzhou

zhi)(1659)V

ol1

dagger

Yang

yuanH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Chon

gguo

ZhangAGazetteer

oftheX

iningCou

nty(Xiningx

ianzhi)

(1712)V

ol1

dagger

Laiyuan

Shanxi

Afro

sttotally

destr

oyed

thec

rops

Shizhi

LiuandWenyaoZh

aoA

Gazetteer

oftheG

uangchangCou

nty

(Gua

ngchangx

ianzhi)(1630)

dagger

Guang

lingShanxi

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Huand

ouLi

andWud

ingWangAGazetteer

oftheG

uang

lingCou

nty

(Gua

nglin

gxianzhi)(1685)V

ol1

dagger

Xinzho

uShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August28ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

Renlon

gZh

ouandGusui

Dou

AGazetteer

oftheX

inPrefecture

(Xin

zhou

zhi)(1747)V

ol4

dagger

JingleSh

anxi

Awindandfro

stdestroyedthec

ropon

the2

5thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

21601

AD)Th

erew

asag

reatfamineandpeop

leeven

resorted

tocann

ibalism

Tu

changHuang

AGazetteer

oftheJingleC

ounty(Jinglexian

zhi)

(1695)V

ol4

dagger

Baod

eShanxi

Akilling

frostcompletely

destr

oyed

thec

rops

onthe2

6thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

31601

AD)Th

emarketsin

thec

itywerec

losedforn

ined

aysPeop

lefled

away

andsold

theirc

hildren

Therew

erev

ictim

sofstarvationeveryw

herePeople

wereinsuch

aweakenedsta

tethey

even

didno

tcarea

bout

thed

eathso

fmem

bers

oftheiro

wnfamily

KechangWangandMenggao

Yin

AGazetteer

oftheB

aode

Prefecture

(Baode

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol3

dagger

ShenchiShanxi

Afro

stdestr

oyed

thec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)A

greatfam

ineo

ccurredin

theJinglea

ndSh

enchicou

nties

ChangqingCu

ietalAGazetteer

oftheS

henchi

Cou

nty(Shenchixian

zhi)(1880)V

ol9

dagger

Zuoq

uan

Shanxi

Afro

stkilledthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

TianxiYang

andWeitaiH

ouA

Gazetteer

oftheL

iaoPrefecture

(Liao

zhou

zhi)(1673)Vo

l7

dagger

Linx

ian

Shanxi

Therew

asab

itter

early

froston

the9

thdayof

the8

thmon

th(September5

1601

AD)Th

ecrops

wered

estro

yedTh

erew

asag

reatfaminePeop

leatetreeb

arks

and

grassroo

ts

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

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Mining

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Journal of

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Page 5: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Advances in Meteorology 5

Table2Historicalrecordso

fthe

abrupt

coolingandepidem

icsinno

rthern

Chinain1601

AD

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

daggerlowast

XincaiH

enan

Sincethe

9thdayof

the1stmon

th(ofthe

29th

year

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

dFebruary

111601

AD)itsnow

edheavily

for4

0daysand

them

elted

snow

destroyed

thew

heatTh

efollowingepidem

ickilledinnu

merablepeop

leandallthe

farm

land

swered

eserted

Hon

gxianTanandMinfu

LuG

azetteer

oftheX

incaiC

ounty(Xincai

xian

zhi)(1691)V

ol7

daggerlowast

Dingxiang

Shanx

i

Itdidno

trainin

summer

andautumn

Therew

asan

epidem

icthatkillednu

merou

speop

leEv

enfamily

mem

bersandrelativ

esdidno

tdaretohave

intim

atep

hysic

alcontactw

itheach

otherTh

erew

asad

roug

htandafrostdisaste

rthatcausedcrop

failu

reand

prices

ofcrop

srosetoextraordinarylevels

Shijion

gWangandHanyuan

NiuG

azetteer

oftheD

ingxiang

Cou

nty

(Dingxiang

xian

zhi)(1712)V

ol7

daggerlowast

LishiShanxi

Afro

stcompletely

destroyedthec

rops

(29thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ignPerio

d1601

AD)Agreatepidemiccameinthes

pringof

the3

0thyear

oftheW

anliRe

ign

Perio

d(1602AD)a

ndkilledag

reatnu

mbero

fpeople

DaoyiWangGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)

(1611)V

ol16

dagger

Huairsquoan

Hebei

Therew

asas

nowin

thes

ummer

Dakun

Yang

andJizengQian

AGazetteer

oftheH

uairsquoanCou

nty

(Hua

irsquoanxian

zhi)(1741)V

ol22

dagger

Xuanhu

aHebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TanCh

enA

Gazetteer

oftheX

uanh

uaCou

nty(Xua

nhua

xian

zhi)

(1711)V

ol5

dagger

Chicheng

Hebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

TunZh

angAGazetteer

oftheL

ongm

enCou

nty(Longm

enxian

zhi)

(1712)V

ol2

dagger

YuxianH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Ying

LiA

Gazetteer

oftheY

uPrefecture

(Yuzhou

zhi)(1659)V

ol1

dagger

Yang

yuanH

ebei

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Chon

gguo

ZhangAGazetteer

oftheX

iningCou

nty(Xiningx

ianzhi)

(1712)V

ol1

dagger

Laiyuan

Shanxi

Afro

sttotally

destr

oyed

thec

rops

Shizhi

LiuandWenyaoZh

aoA

Gazetteer

oftheG

uangchangCou

nty

(Gua

ngchangx

ianzhi)(1630)

dagger

Guang

lingShanxi

Therew

asafrostin

thes

ummer

Huand

ouLi

andWud

ingWangAGazetteer

oftheG

uang

lingCou

nty

(Gua

nglin

gxianzhi)(1685)V

ol1

dagger

Xinzho

uShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August28ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

Renlon

gZh

ouandGusui

Dou

AGazetteer

oftheX

inPrefecture

(Xin

zhou

zhi)(1747)V

ol4

dagger

JingleSh

anxi

Awindandfro

stdestroyedthec

ropon

the2

5thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

21601

AD)Th

erew

asag

reatfamineandpeop

leeven

resorted

tocann

ibalism

Tu

changHuang

AGazetteer

oftheJingleC

ounty(Jinglexian

zhi)

(1695)V

ol4

dagger

Baod

eShanxi

Akilling

frostcompletely

destr

oyed

thec

rops

onthe2

6thdayof

the7

thmon

th(August2

31601

AD)Th

emarketsin

thec

itywerec

losedforn

ined

aysPeop

lefled

away

andsold

theirc

hildren

Therew

erev

ictim

sofstarvationeveryw

herePeople

wereinsuch

aweakenedsta

tethey

even

didno

tcarea

bout

thed

eathso

fmem

bers

oftheiro

wnfamily

KechangWangandMenggao

Yin

AGazetteer

oftheB

aode

Prefecture

(Baode

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol3

dagger

ShenchiShanxi

Afro

stdestr

oyed

thec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

7th1601

AD)A

greatfam

ineo

ccurredin

theJinglea

ndSh

enchicou

nties

ChangqingCu

ietalAGazetteer

oftheS

henchi

Cou

nty(Shenchixian

zhi)(1880)V

ol9

dagger

Zuoq

uan

Shanxi

Afro

stkilledthec

rops

inthe8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

51601

AD)

TianxiYang

andWeitaiH

ouA

Gazetteer

oftheL

iaoPrefecture

(Liao

zhou

zhi)(1673)Vo

l7

dagger

Linx

ian

Shanxi

Therew

asab

itter

early

froston

the9

thdayof

the8

thmon

th(September5

1601

AD)Th

ecrops

wered

estro

yedTh

erew

asag

reatfaminePeop

leatetreeb

arks

and

grassroo

ts

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

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Geology Advances in

Page 6: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

6 Advances in Meteorology

Table2Con

tinued

Cou

ntyprovince

Descriptio

n1Source

dagger

LishiShanxi

Afro

stdestroyedcrop

sinYo

ngning

Cou

ntyTh

erew

asag

reatfamine

DaoyiWangetalAGazetteer

oftheF

enzhou

Prefecture

(Fenzhou

fuzhi)(1611)V

ol16

dagger

XixianShanx

i

Duringthelastten

days

ofthe10thmon

th(N

ovem

ber15ndashNovem

ber2

41601

AD)

itsnow

edheavilyTh

esno

wwas

threec

hideepItw

asconsidered

tobe

apropitio

usom

enTh

erew

asafrostin

the8

thmon

th(August2

8ndashSeptem

ber2

5th1601

AD)

thatredu

cedtheh

arvest

YikaiQ

ian

AGazetteer

oftheX

iPrefecture(Xi

zhou

zhi)(1710)V

ol24

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inautumn

Jicon

gTan

Gazetteer

oftheY

ansuiF

ort(Yansui

zhen

zhi)(1673)V

ol5

dagger

Yulin

Shaanxi

Therew

eres

uccessives

nowandhaileventsin

the8

thmon

th(August

28ndashS

eptember2

51601

AD)andthec

rops

weretotallydestroyed

Ting

yuZh

angandZh

aonanQiCon

tinuatio

nof

Com

prehensiv

eStudy

ofDocum

ents(Xuwe

nxiantong

kao)

(1767)V

ol223

dagger

MizhiShaanxi

Afro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthe7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Yangqi

NingGazetteer

ofMizhi

Cou

nty(M

izhixian

zhi)(1681)V

ol1

dagger

Yanrsquoa

nShaanx

iAfro

stdestroyedthec

rops

inthea

utum

nHui

Hon

gRe

visedGazetteer

ofYanrsquoa

nPrefecture

(ChongxiuYanrsquoa

nfu

zhi)(1802)V

ol6

dagger

Ningxian

Gansu

Therew

asafrostin

the7

thmon

th(Ju

ly29ndashA

ugust2

71601

AD)

Benzhi

ZhaoN

ewGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyangPrefecture

(Xinxiu

Qingyangfuzhi)(1761)V

ol37

lowast

Yangqu

Shanx

iTh

erew

eree

pidemicsa

ndgreatfam

ines

inthe2

9thand30th

yearso

fthe

Wanli

ReignPerio

d(ie

1601-1602AD)

Mengxiong

DaiFangtaiLi

andFang

fanLiG

azetteer

oftheY

angqu

Cou

nty(Yangquxian

zhi)(1682)V

ol1

lowast

QingxuSh

anxi

Therew

erea

greatd

roug

htandresulting

epidem

ic

Xunx

iang

WangandXiaozunWangGazetteer

oftheQ

ingyuanTo

wn

(Qingyua

nxiangz

hi)(1882)Vo

l16

lowast

Linyou

Shaanxi

Therew

ered

roug

htandepidem

icou

tbreaksin1601

ADin

Linyou

Cou

nty

RuweiWuandYu

antaiL

iuG

azetteer

oftheL

inyouCou

nty(Linyouxian

zhi)(1657)V

ol1

dagger

Cou

ntiesw

ithabrupt

coolinglowast

Cou

ntiesw

ithepidem

ics

1

Ifaw

eather

eventisrecordedin

twoor

morelocalgazette

ersthem

osto

riginalor

them

ostd

etailedon

eisg

iven

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

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[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

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[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

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Journal of

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International Journal of

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OceanographyInternational Journal of

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Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

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MineralogyInternational Journal of

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ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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Geology Advances in

Page 7: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Advances in Meteorology 7

Table 3 Historical records of the abrupt cooling and epidemics in Korea in 1601 AD

Location Description Source

daggerKangwonPrefecture Korea

The Magistrate of the Gangneung City (Gangneung Bu a city of the KangwonPrefecture ie Kangwon Do) Si Sin reported that chilly wind was always blowingand the weather was always gloomy and hazy since the late spring The seedlingsrotted and faded awayIt rained and snowed on the 5th day of this month (May 6 1601 AD) Themountains and plains were in white This is really abnormal as it is summer now(The date of this report was Jiawu day 4th month 34th year Seonjo Reign Periodie May 28 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

daggerHwanghaePrefecture Korea

The Governor of the Hwanghae Prefecture (Hwanghae Do) I-Mun Seong reportedthat there were severe droughts in all of the counties from the spring to summer Itshined one moment and rained the next and the chilly wind always blewThe wheatfailed to flower and the rice failed to grow The paddy fields were very dry andcould not be ploughed In the seeded fields the seeds did not sprout We reallyworried about the farm work (The date of this report was Bingshen day 4th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie May 30 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 136

lowastNear Seoul Korea

King Seonjo said that it was very hot and wet these days and numerous people fellill We should take good care of ourselves so that the patients would recover and nolonger feel miserable (The record does not mention the location It should refer tothe entire Korean Peninsula or at least the vicinity of the capital Seoul because thisrecord is an order of the king) (The date of this report was Renyin day 7th month34th year Seonjo Reign Period ie August 4 1601 AD)

Annals of KingSeonjo Vol 139

daggerCounties with abrupt cooling lowastCounties with epidemics

Table 4 Temporal distribution and weather background of the epidemics in China and Korea in 1601 AD

County province Weather background TimeXincai Henan Cold Springlowast (February 3ndashMay 1 1601 AD)Nankang Jiangxi na 4th month (May 2ndashMay 31 1601 AD)Korea (State) Abnormally hot and wet 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Guizhou (Province) Drought 7th month (July 29ndashAugust 27 1601 AD)Shitai Anhui Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7-8th month (July 29ndashSeptember 1601 AD)Wuzhen Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Hangzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Huzhou Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Tongxiang Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Nanxun Zhejiang Abnormally cold and then abnormally hot 7ndash9th month (July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xinhua Hunan na Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Dingxiang Shanxi Drought Autumn (7thndash9th month ie July 29ndashOctober 25 1601 AD)Xingguo Jiangxi Drought naQingxu Shanxi Drought naLinyou Shaanxi Drought naYangqu Shanxi na nalowastIn Chinese and Korean historical literatures particularly histories chronicles and gazetteers spring refers to the 1stndash3rdmonths of the Chinese lunar calendarand summer autumn and winter refer to the 4thndash6th 7thndash9th and 10thndash12th months respectively

occurred in these counties if there were killing frosts in thesurrounding areas

In addition we identified a record of disease outbreaksin early 1601 AD In the early spring of 1601 AD excessivesnows hit Xincai County (Henan Province) and resulted inthe outbreak and rapid spread of disease (Tables 2 and 4Figures 1 and 2)

The epidemics ended in 1601 AD in China except inthe Lishi County (Shanxi Province Table 2) where diseaseoutbreakswere reported again in the spring of 1602ADThere

were no further signs or data of widespread abrupt coolingand epidemics after 1602 AD

52 Dendrochronology Records on the Northeast TibetanPlateau Past dendrochronological analyses were shown tobe an exceptional source of information for tracking potentialperiods of dramatic or abrupt cooling and abnormal weatherpatterns In addition a few rigidly dated tree ring chronolo-gies have been developed which reveal past temperaturechanges on the northeast Tibetan Plateau China (Figure 1)

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 8: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

8 Advances in Meteorology

Shitai

Xincai

262524

2322

21

20

GangneungHwanghae

Kunming

1918

17 16151413

1211

10

9

876

5

43

21Sunan

WulanDulan

Abrupt cooling in spring summer and autumnSites of tree ring chronologies

Abbreviations

(1) Baode

(2) Linxian

(3) Lishi

(4) Xixian

(5) Shenchi

(6) Jingle

(7) Xinzhou

(8) Dingxiang

(9) Zuoquan

(10) Huairsquoan

(11) Yangyuan

(12) Guangling

(13) Chicheng

(14) Xuanhua

(15) Yuxian

(16) Laiyuan

(17) Yulin

(18) Mizhi

(19) Yanrsquoan

(20) Ningxian

(21) Nanxun

(22) Huzhou

(23) Hangzhou

(24) Songjiang

(25) Wuzhen

(26) Tongxiang

Figure 1 Abrupt cooling in 1601 AD in China and Korea Dots denote records of abrupt cooling and epidemics and different dots denotedifferent seasons Squares denote sites of relevant tree ring chronologies

Liu et al (2005) reconstructed the winter half-year (priorDecember to current April) temperature change history ofSunanCounty (99∘561015840E 38∘261015840N)GansuProvince northeastTibetan Plateau [69] Zhu et al (2008) established a treering width chronology at Wulan County (98∘401015840E 37∘031015840N)Qinghai Province thus reconstructing the winter half-year(prior September to current April) temperature change his-tory over the past 1000 years in this region [70] Liu etal (2009 2011) established a new chronology of annualtemperature change over the past 2485 years at Dulan andWulan Counties (98-99∘E 36-37∘N) Qinghai Province eastTibetan Plateau [71 72]

However 1601-1602ADwas not abnormally cold or warmin these three chronological records

6 Abrupt Cooling and Epidemics in Korea

After a careful literature survey we identified a total of threerecords on abnormal weather and disease outbreaks in Koreain 1601 AD (Tables 3 and 4 Figures 1 and 2) Accordinglythe spring and early summer of 1601 AD were anomalouslygloomy and cold The middle summer was hot and wet witha resulting epidemic ensuing in the prevalent conditions ofthe time

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 9: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Advances in Meteorology 9

HUNANJIANGXI

ANHUI

YUNNAN

GANSU

XinhuaNinggang

Dayu

Shicheng

HZ HangzhouXG Xingguo

LianchengNankang

Shitai

Xincai

WuzhenHuzhouNanxun

Tongxiang

SeoulYangqu

Linyou

Qingxu

SHAANXI

KOREA

QINGHAI

SHANGHAI

FUJIANXG

HZ

GUIZHOU

HEBEI

SHANXI

HENAN

ZHEJIANG

Figure 2 Epidemics in 1601 AD in China and Korea Capitalized place names are Korea and provinces of China

0

2

4

6

8

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Southern ChinaNorthern ChinaKorea

Epidemics

Figure 3 Seasonal variation of the number of records of epidemicin 1601 AD in southern China northern China and Korea

7 Discussion

According to the records with detailed dates we identify avery interesting phenomenon in many areas of China andKorea that is most of the epidemics occurred in the summerand autumn (Table 4 Figure 3)The areas include the KoreanPeninsula and the provinces of Zhejiang Anhui ShanxiGuizhou andHunan inChina (Figure 2)The epidemicswererecorded simultaneouslywith the abnormalweather patterns

thus indicating a weather background and a possible causallink

However if the epidemics were related to the anomalousweather background why did the epidemics break out almostsimultaneously in different weather backgrounds (Table 4Figure 3) In Korea the background was abnormally hotand wet weather In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces thebackgroundwas an abnormally cold July and a hot autumn InGuizhou and Shanxi Provinces the background was drought(Table 4) In Hunan province the weather background wasunidentified (Table 4)

With regard to the spatial distribution for the spreadof endemic diseases it is interesting that Korea Zhejiangand Anhui Provinces Shanxi Province Guizhou and HunanProvince are thousands of kilometres apart from each other(Figure 2) The epidemics in these four regions shouldbe independent of one another That is to say weatherbackgrounds were different and regions were independenthowever the records correlate multiple epidemics breakingout almost simultaneously across these regions

It may seem to be overreaching to directly attributethe potential cause of these disease outbreaks to the 1600AD Huaynaputina eruption However because the eruptionreduced solar insolation and resulted in global abrupt cool-ing it is not reasonable to exclude it as one of the major

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 10: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

10 Advances in Meteorology

causes of the epidemics in China and Korea in AugustSeptember and October 1600 AD In other words whileinvestigating the possible causes of the epidemics the effectsof the Huaynaputina eruption should not be neglected

8 Conclusion

Historical records on the abrupt cooling and epidemics in1601 AD in China and Korea were investigated and its causalrelationship with the 1600 AD Peruvian Huaynaputina erup-tion is discussed We suggest that abrupt cooling occurredin 1601 AD in China and Korea following the Huaynaputinaeruption Near thereafter widespread epidemics occurred inthe summer and autumn of 1601 AD in China and Korea

There were severe killing frosts in the summer andautumn of 1601 AD in Shanxi Hebei Shaanxi and GansuProvinces of northernChina as well as an unseasonable snowin that summer in Hebei Province

In Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces and Shanghai Munic-ipality in southern China July of 1601 AD was abnor-mally cold with unseasonable snows differentiated fromAugust September and October which were abnormally hotThere were widespread epidemics following this anomalousweather Simultaneously disease outbreaks also occurred inGuizhou and Hunan Provinces

In Korea the spring and early summer of 1601 AD wereabnormally cold however middle summer was hot and wetwhich was followed by epidemics

It is worth further discussion that widespread epidemicsoccurred almost simultaneously in Korea and the Chineseprovinces of Zhejiang Anhui Guizhou Hunan and ShanxiApparently the weather background of the epidemics wasdifferent however we suppose that the Huaynaputina erup-tion possesses a major burden of responsibility for theseconcurrent epidemic outbreaks

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no41202125) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant noKLSLRC-KF-13-DX-4) Special thanks are due to ProfessorClive Oppenheimer and the anonymous reviewers for theconstructive comments and suggestions

References

[1] H H Lamb ldquoVolcanic dust in the atmosphere with a chronol-ogy and assessment of its meteorological significancerdquo Philo-sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A vol 266pp 425ndash533 1970

[2] PMKelly andC B Sear ldquoClimatic impact of explosive volcaniceruptionsrdquo Nature vol 311 no 5988 pp 740ndash743 1984

[3] C B Sear P M Kelly P D Jones and C M Goodess ldquoGlobalsurface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptionsrdquoNature vol 330 no 6146 pp 365ndash367 1987

[4] R B Stothers ldquoVolcanic dry fogs climate cooling and plaguepandemics in Europe and the Middle Eastrdquo Climatic Changevol 42 no 4 pp 713ndash723 1999

[5] D K Chester M Degg A M Duncan and J E Guest ldquoTheincreasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptionsa global surveyrdquo Environmental Hazards vol 2 no 3 pp 89ndash103 2000

[6] A Robock ldquoVolcanic eruptions and climaterdquo Reviews of Geo-physics vol 38 no 2 pp 191ndash219 2000

[7] G A Zielinski ldquoUse of paleo-records in determining variabil-ity within the volcanism-climate systemrdquo Quaternary ScienceReviews vol 19 no 1ndash5 pp 417ndash438 2000

[8] W S Atwell ldquoVolcanism and short-term climatic change inEast Asian and World history c 1200ndash1699rdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 12 no 1 pp 29ndash98 2001

[9] M P McCormick L W Thomason and C R Trepte ldquoAtmo-spheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruptionrdquo Nature vol 373no 6513 pp 399ndash404 1995

[10] A Robock ldquoPinatubo eruption the climatic aftermathrdquo Sciencevol 295 no 5558 pp 1242ndash1244 2002

[11] S Self and M R Rampino ldquoThe 1883 eruption of KrakataurdquoNature vol 294 no 5843 pp 699ndash704 1981

[12] R B Stothers and M R Rampino ldquoVolcanic eruptions in theMediterranean before AD 630 fromwritten and archaeologicalsourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 88 no 8 pp6357ndash6371 1983

[13] R B Stothers ldquoThe great Tambora eruption in 1815 and itsaftermathrdquo Science vol 224 no 4654 pp 1191ndash1198 1984

[14] R B Stothers ldquoCloudy and clear stratospheres before AD 1000inferred from written sourcesrdquo Journal of Geophysical Researchvol 107 no D23 article 4718 2002

[15] K D Pang ldquoClimatic impact of the mid-fifteenth centuryKuwae caldera formation as reconstructed from historical andproxy datardquo Eos vol 74 p 106 1993

[16] C Oppenheimer ldquoClimatic environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption Tamboravolcano (Indonesia) 1815rdquo Progress in Physical Geography vol27 no 2 pp 230ndash259 2003

[17] J B Witter and S Self ldquoThe Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption ofAD 1452 potential magnitude and volatile releaserdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 3 pp 301ndash318 2007

[18] P Y Forsyth ldquoIn the wake of Etna 44 BCrdquo Classical Antiquityvol 7 no 1 pp 49ndash57 1988

[19] P J Bicknell ldquoBlue suns the son of heaven and the chronologyof the volcanic veil of the 40s BCrdquoTheAncient History Bulletinvol 7 pp 2ndash11 1993

[20] S Cao Y Li and B Yang ldquoMt tambora climatic changes andChinarsquos decline in the nineteenth centuryrdquo Journal of WorldHistory vol 23 no 3 pp 587ndash607 2012

[21] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in Chinaof Icelandrsquos Eldgja eruption inferred from historical sourcesrdquoClimatic Change vol 76 no 3-4 pp 443ndash457 2006

[22] C F Mass and D A Portman ldquoMajor volcanic eruptions andclimate a critical assessmentrdquo Journal of Climate vol 2 no 6pp 566ndash593 1989

[23] M E Mann M A Cane S E Zebiak and A ClementldquoVolcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past1000 yearsrdquo Journal of Climate vol 18 no 3 pp 447ndash456 2005

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 11: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Advances in Meteorology 11

[24] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao andW Gong ldquoCharacteristics ofanomalous precipitation events over eastern China during thepast five centuriesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 31 no 4 pp 463ndash476 2008

[25] C Shen W-C Wang Z Hao and W Gong ldquoExceptionaldrought events over eastern China During the last five cen-turiesrdquo Climatic Change vol 85 no 3-4 pp 453ndash471 2007

[26] A Hansell and C Oppenheimer ldquoHealth hazards from volcanicgases a systematic literature reviewrdquo Archives of EnvironmentalHealth vol 59 no 12 pp 628ndash639 2004

[27] N Floret J-F Viel F Mauny B Hoen and R Piarroux ldquoNeg-ligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disastersrdquo EmergingInfectious Diseases vol 12 no 4 pp 543ndash548 2006

[28] C J Horwell and P J Baxter ldquoThe respiratory health hazards ofvolcanic ash a review for volcanic risk mitigationrdquo Bulletin ofVolcanology vol 69 no 1 pp 1ndash24 2006

[29] C S Witham and C Oppenheimer ldquoMortality in England dur-ing the 1783ndash4 Laki Craters eruptionrdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 67 no 1 pp 15ndash26 2004

[30] J Grattan ldquoPollution and paradigms lessons from Icelandicvolcanism for continental flood basalt studiesrdquo Lithos vol 79no 3-4 pp 343ndash353 2005

[31] J Grattan R Rabartin S Self and TThordarson ldquoVolcanic airpollution and mortality in France 1783ndash1784rdquo Comptes RendusGeoscience vol 337 no 7 pp 641ndash651 2005 (French)

[32] S L de Silva and G A Zielinski ldquoGlobal influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Perurdquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 455ndash458 1998

[33] J-C Thouret J Davila and J-P Eissen ldquoLargest explosiveeruption in historical times in the Andes at Huaynaputinavolcano AD 1600 southern Perurdquo Geology vol 27 no 5 pp435ndash438 1999

[34] J-C Thouret E Juvigne A Gourgaud P Boivin and J DavilaldquoReconstruction of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption basedon the correlation of geologic evidence with early Spanishchroniclesrdquo Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Researchvol 115 no 3-4 pp 529ndash570 2002

[35] Y Lavallee S L De Silva G Salas and J M Byrnes ldquoExplosivevolcanism (VEI 6) without caldera formation insight fromHuaynaputina volcano southern Perurdquo Bulletin of Volcanologyvol 68 no 4 pp 333ndash348 2006

[36] K Verosub and J Lippman ldquoGlobal impacts of the 1600eruption of Perursquos huaynaputina volcanordquo Eos vol 89 no 15pp 141ndash143 2008

[37] N K Adams S L De Silva S Self et al ldquoThe physical vol-canology of the 1600 eruption ofHuaynaputina southern PerurdquoBulletin of Volcanology vol 62 no 8 pp 493ndash518 2001

[38] S L De Silva J Alzueta and G Salas ldquoThe socioeconomicconsequences of the 1600 AD eruption of Huaynaputinardquoin Volcanic Hazards and Human Antiquity G Heiken andF McCoy Eds Special Paper 345 of the Geological Societyof America pp 15ndash24 The Geological Society of AmericaBoulder Colo USA 2000

[39] R Navarro Oviedo L A Jara J-C Thouret C Siebe and JDavila ldquoThe AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina as describedin early Spanish gazetteersrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Geologica delPeru vol 90 pp 121ndash132 2000

[40] F Costa B Scaillet and A Gourgaud ldquoMassive atmo-spheric sulfur loading of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruptionand implications for petrologic sulfur estimatesrdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 30 no 2 p 1068 2003

[41] S Self R Gertisser T Thordarson M R Rampino and J AWolff ldquoMagma volume volatile emissions and stratosphericaerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tamborardquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 31 no 20 Article ID L20608 2004

[42] C Gao L Oman A Robock and G L Stenchikov ldquoAtmo-spheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice coresaccounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic depositionrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol 112 no 9Article ID D09109 2007

[43] R J Delmas S Kirchner J M Palais and J-R Petit ldquo1000 Yearsof explosive volcanism recorded at the South Polerdquo Tellus vol44 no 4 pp 335ndash350 1992

[44] J M Palais S Kirchner and R J Delmas ldquoIdentification ofsome global volcanic horizons bymajor element analysis of fineash in Antarctic icerdquo Annals of Glaciology vol 14 pp 216ndash2201990

[45] C U Hammer H B Clausen and W Dansgaard ldquoGreenlandice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climaticimpactrdquo Nature vol 288 no 5788 pp 230ndash235 1980

[46] T J Crowley T A Criste and N R Smith ldquoReassessment ofCrete (Greenland) ice core acidityvolcanism link to climatechangerdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 20 no 3 pp 209ndash2121993

[47] H B Clausen C U Hammer S Hvidberg et al ldquoA comparisonof the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from theGreenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice coresrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 102 no 12 pp 26707ndash26723 1997

[48] S J Johnsen H B Clausen W Dansgaard et al ldquoIrregularglacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice corerdquoNature vol 359 no 6393 pp 311ndash313 1992

[49] G A Zielinski P A Mayewski L D Meeker et al ldquoRecord ofvolcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice coreand implications for the volcano-climate systemrdquo Science vol264 no 5161 pp 948ndash952 1994

[50] A S Palmer TD vanOmmenMA J CurranVMorgan JMSouney and P A Mayewski ldquoHigh-precision dating of volcanicevents (AD 1301-1995) using ice cores from Law DomeAntarcticardquo Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres vol106 no 22 pp 28089ndash28095 2001

[51] J Cole-Dai E Mosley-Thompson S P Wight and L GThompson ldquoA 4100-year record of explosive volcanism froman East Antarctica ice corerdquo Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres vol 105 no 19 pp 24431ndash24441 2000

[52] D Budner and J Cole-Dai ldquoThe number and magnitudeof large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865AD quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice corerdquoGeophysical Monograph vol 139 pp 165ndash176 2003

[53] B Stenni M Proposito R Gragnani et al ldquoEight centuriesof volcanic signal and climate change at Talos Dome (EastAntarctica)rdquo Journal of Geophysical Research vol 107 no 9 p4076 2002

[54] M Igarashi Y Nakai Y Motizuki K Takahashi H Motoyamaand K Makishima ldquoDating of the Dome Fuji shallow ice corebased on a record of volcanic eruptions from AD 1260 to AD2001rdquo Polar Science vol 5 no 4 pp 411ndash420 2011

[55] K R Briffa P D Jonesrsquo F H Schweingruber and T J OsbornldquoInfluence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemispheresummer temperature over the past 600 yearsrdquo Nature vol 393no 6684 pp 450ndash455 1998

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 12: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

12 Advances in Meteorology

[56] L A Scuderi ldquoTree-ring evidence for climatically effective vol-canic eruptionsrdquo Quaternary Research vol 34 no 1 pp 67ndash851990

[57] P D Jones K R Briffa and F H Schweingruber ldquoTree-ringevidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic erup-tionsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 22 no 11 pp 1333ndash13361995

[58] U Buntgen J Esper D C Frank K Nicolussi and MSchmidhalter ldquoA 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summertemperaturesrdquo Climate Dynamics vol 25 no 2-3 pp 141ndash1532005

[59] R D DrsquoArrigo and G C Jacoby ldquoNorthern North Americantree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after majorvolcanic eventsrdquo Climatic Change vol 41 no 1 pp 1ndash15 1999

[60] M Genova ldquoExtreme pointer years in tree-ring records ofCentral Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruptionof the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru 1600 AD)rdquo Climate of thePast vol 8 no 2 pp 751ndash764 2012

[61] V C LaMarche Jr andKKHirschboeck ldquoFrost rings in trees asrecords of major volcanic eruptionsrdquo Nature vol 307 no 5947pp 121ndash126 1984

[62] L Filion S Payette L Gauthier and Y Boutin ldquoLight rings insubarctic conifers as a dendrochronological toolrdquo QuaternaryResearch vol 26 no 2 pp 272ndash279 1986

[63] D K Yamaguchi L Filion and M Savage ldquoRelationship oftemperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline andimplications for climate reconstructionrdquo Quaternary Researchvol 39 no 2 pp 256ndash262 1993

[64] R M Hantemirov L A Gorlanova and S G ShiyatovldquoExtreme temperature events in summer in northwest SiberiasinceAD742 inferred from tree ringsrdquoPalaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology vol 209 no 1ndash4 pp 155ndash164 2004

[65] D M Pyle ldquoHow did the summer gordquo Nature vol 393 no6684 pp 415ndash417 1998

[66] G Utterstrom ldquoClimatic fluctuations and population prob-lems in early modern historyrdquo Scandinavian Economic HistoryReview vol 3 pp 26ndash41 1955

[67] J Fei and J Zhou ldquoThe possible climatic impact in North Chinaof the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption Perurdquo InternationalJournal of Climatology vol 29 no 6 pp 927ndash933 2009

[68] Beijing Astronomical Observatory and Chinese Academy ofSciences A Joint Catalogue of the Chinese Local ChroniclesThe Chinese Press (Zhonghua Shuju) Beijing China 1985(Chinese)

[69] X Liu D Qin X Shao T Chen and J Ren ldquoTemperaturevariations recovered from tree-rings in the middle QilianMountain over the last millenniumrdquo Science in China Series DEarth Sciences vol 48 no 4 pp 521ndash529 2005

[70] H Zhu Y Zheng X Shao X Liu Y Xu and E Liang ldquoMil-lennial temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths ofQilian juniper from Wulan Qinghai Province Chinardquo ChineseScience Bulletin vol 53 no 24 pp 3914ndash3920 2008

[71] Y Liu Z An H W Linderholm et al ldquoAnnual temperaturesduring the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern tibetan plateauinferred from tree ringsrdquo Science in China Series D EarthSciences vol 52 no 3 pp 348ndash359 2009

[72] Y Liu Q Cai H Song Z An and H W Linderholm ldquoAmpli-tudes rates periodicities and causes of temperature variationsin the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateaurdquo Chinese Science Bulletin vol 56no 28-29 pp 2986ndash2994 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in

Page 13: Review Article 1600 AD Huaynaputina Eruption (Peru ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2016/3217038.pdf · Epidemics in China and Korea JieFei, 1 DavidD.Zhang, 2 andHarryF.Lee

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EarthquakesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MineralogyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geological ResearchJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Geology Advances in


Krakatau Eruption

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Iceland eruption

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Eruption and eruption disorderspdwg-ng.org/materials/Eruption and eruption disorders.pdfThis may be 1year when there is crowding. Eruption of the permanent teeth - 3 • Variation

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History of Epidemics and Plagues-newuhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/histepi.pdf · 1 History of Epidemics and Plagues Introduction Definitions Types of Epidemics Coevolution Plague Syphilis

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Epidemics and Pandemics

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Highlights1 - Prevent Epidemics

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Pedia Eruption

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Modelling epidemics on networks with cliques · AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELING EPIDEMICS Epidemics on regular tree graphs Epidemics on networks with cliques FURTHER THOUGHTS THE PLAN

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Forecasting Epidemics Through Nonparametric Estimation of ...chowell.lab.asu.edu/publication_pdfs/forecasting_nonparametric.pdfForecasting Epidemics Through Nonparametric Estimation

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Drug Eruption

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Modelling epidemics on networks with cliquesmath.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/... · AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELING EPIDEMICS Epidemics on regular tree graphs Epidemics

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The end of civilization and the new beginning. The Eruption The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption,

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Homeopathy in Epidemics

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Lesson 9.2: Epidemics

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Merapi Eruption

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Art & Photos