Quiz

1. What does “porifera” mean?

2. Class Hexactinellida's skeletal structure is made out of

what material?

3. Characterized as large openings where water comes out

4. Cells responsible for the circulating of water inside the

organism.

5. Give two ways in which Porifera reproduce asexually.

Bonus: What is the scientific name of the ping pong tree

sponge?

Parazoa no true tissues

Eumetazoa

Multicellularity

Radiata

Bilateria

Phylum Porifera – The “Hole-y” Sponges

• “pore bearers”

• With tiny openings all over their bodies

• ~9,000 extant spp., mostly marine

Xestospongia (red barrel sponge) branching sponge tube sponges

Form and Function in Poriferans BODY PLAN

• Asymmetrical

Indonesian sponge

Acanthella (elephant ear sponge)

Euplectella (Venus flower basket)

Form and Function in Poriferans BODY PLAN

• large, cylindrical H2O pump

• Body wall around spongocoel

• Body wall = 2 layers of cells + gelatinous mesohyl

• Spongocoel = large central cavity

• Water flow: poresspongocoelosculum

Form and Function in Poriferans BODY PLAN

• Simple body skeleton

• Spicules

• Spike-shaped structure

• Made of CaCO3 or SiO2

• Used to classify sponges

Form and Function in Poriferans BODY PLAN

• Cellular level of organization w/ few specialized cells (no true tissues)

• Choanocytes/collar cells

• w/ flagella that move steady current of H2O

• Similar to choanoflagellates (protozoans)

Form and Function in Poriferans BODY PLAN

• Porocytes

• Form pores throughout the body wall

• Amoebocytes: migrate through the mesohyl

• Make spicules

• Digest food

• Transport food throughout the sponge

• Transport sperm to egg

Form and Function in Poriferans FEEDING

• Filter feeders/suspension feeders

• Filter plankton from water

• Intracellular digestion

• Choanocytes trap food particles

• Choanocytes digest food/pass it to amoebocytes

• Amoebocytes digest food/transport food throughout sponge

Form and Function in Poriferans RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, EXCRETION

• Relies on H2O current w/in spongocoel

• Diffusion

• O2: H2O cells

• CO2 & wastes: cells H2O

Form and Function in Poriferans REPRODUCTION

• Asexual

– Budding + regeneration

– Gemmules: packets of several cell types

• Can survive harsh conditions

Form and Function in Poriferans REPRODUCTION

• Sexual

– Hermaphroditic: amoebocytes produce both sperm and egg cells

– Cross-fertilization: sperm and egg produced at different times

– Internal fertilization: eggs fertilized inside sponge’s body

– Sperm+egg zygote free-swimming, flagellated larva

Phylum Porifera | Class Hexactinellida Glass Sponges

• Spicules made of SiO2

Staurocalyptus

Phylum Porifera | Class Calcarea Calcareous Sponges

• Spicules made of CaCO3

Clathrina

Phylum Porifera | Class Demospongiae Demosponges

• With spongin fibers; some with SiO2 spicules

Microciona Petrosia Pseudoceratina

Image Sources

• Animalia phylogenetic tree – http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalclassification/Polygenetic/phylogenetictree/phylogenetictree.htm

• red barrel sponge, tube sponge, branching sponge, Indonesian sponge, spicules – http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera.html

• elephant ear sponge - http://oceanandair.coas.oregonstate.edu/images/userimages/StudentsInTheField/elephantear_239x367.jpg

• Venus flower basket - http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~nhi708/treasure/venus/venus.gif • sponge anatomy - http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/33-03-SpongeAnatomy-L.gif • spicules - http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgnov02/needles5002.jpg • choanoflagellates - http://monado.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/choanoflagellate.jpg,

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ec&Ev_Distance_learning/MultiCelled/choanoflagellate.jpg • gemmules - http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs/gemmule-hatch.jpg • sponges -

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/david_behrens/875334.rsDscn1329.jpg/view.html

• Staurocalyptus, Microciona - http://tolweb.org/Porifera/ • calcareous sponges - http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/calcarea_186.jpg,

http://students.ncwc.edu/bio101/invertebrates/wewokella.gif • demosponges - http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/DAMPIER/explore_sponge_demosponge.asp