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Kingdom Animaliabull Made of eukaryotic cells without cell walls
bull Multicellular (arranged into tissues except for sponges)
bull Heterotrophic by ingestion (digestion occurs extracellularly in digestive cavity except for sponges)
bull Unique tissues nervous and muscular allow for movement and response to stimuli
bull Embryonic development zygote to blastula to gastrula
Main Phyla bull Phylum Porifera spongesbull Phylm Cnidaria sea anemones corals jellyfishbull Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Phylum Nematoda roundwormsbull Phylum Annelida earthworms leechesbull Phylum Mollusca snails clams octupusbull Phylum Arthropoda insects spiders crabsbull Phylum Echinodermata seastars sea cucumbersbull Phylum Chordata vertebrates sea squirts
Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are relatedBlastula hallow with a single layer of cells
Gastrula results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore)
Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube
Some cells from a third layer of cells
A second cavity forms between the gut and the outside of the animal
Two germ layers (diploblastic)
Three germ layers (triploblastic)
Animals have different types of germ layers
No germ layers
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Main Phyla bull Phylum Porifera spongesbull Phylm Cnidaria sea anemones corals jellyfishbull Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Phylum Nematoda roundwormsbull Phylum Annelida earthworms leechesbull Phylum Mollusca snails clams octupusbull Phylum Arthropoda insects spiders crabsbull Phylum Echinodermata seastars sea cucumbersbull Phylum Chordata vertebrates sea squirts
Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are relatedBlastula hallow with a single layer of cells
Gastrula results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore)
Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube
Some cells from a third layer of cells
A second cavity forms between the gut and the outside of the animal
Two germ layers (diploblastic)
Three germ layers (triploblastic)
Animals have different types of germ layers
No germ layers
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are relatedBlastula hallow with a single layer of cells
Gastrula results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore)
Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube
Some cells from a third layer of cells
A second cavity forms between the gut and the outside of the animal
Two germ layers (diploblastic)
Three germ layers (triploblastic)
Animals have different types of germ layers
No germ layers
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Two germ layers (diploblastic)
Three germ layers (triploblastic)
Animals have different types of germ layers
No germ layers
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Two germ layers (diploblastic)
Three germ layers (triploblastic)
Animals have different types of germ layers
No germ layers
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Animals have different types of symmetry
AsymmetricalRadial Bilateral
Advantages of eachRadialBilateral
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Animals have different types of gutNo gut
Sac like gut (gastrovascular cavity)
Complete like gutAdvantage
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Types of Skeleton found in Animals
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Some triploblastic animals develop a second cavityWhat is it Space (between gut and the skin)surrounded by germ layers and often filled with fluid
Benefits independent movement of body wall from internal organs
more space for complex organs and organ systems
May act as a hydrostatic skeletonand as circulatory system
Types of cavityPseudocoelom cavity is surrounded by _____________________Coelom cavity is surrounded by ___________________________
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Coelom in fish and humans
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Coelom forms during the embryo development
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Porifera Simplest of AnimalsSponges No tissues no symmetryIntracellular digestion no digestive system or cavityCollar cells or choanocytesSupport by spicules or spongin fibers
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights
Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Medication from SpongesThirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges
About 75 of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges F
Furthermore it appears that medicine from sponges helps for example asthma and psoriasis therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research
Eribulin a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer researchers found
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Cnidaria
Man-of-war Hydra
Sea Anemone
Coral
Jellyfish
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum CnidariaTissues
Type of gut
SymmetryRadial
Cnidocytes or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Platyhelminthes Annelida and Nematodawhat traits do they have in common___________________________
what traits are different between them _________________________
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Differences in embryo development between animals
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Body Cavity inside the body bull It is NOT the gutbull What is it
Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid
bull Function - cushions organs preventing injury- the fluid acts like a skeleton- allows internal organs to move
independent from outer body wall
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Types of body cavity
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsbull Worms flat unsegmented bodybull First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry three tissue layers bull Flatworms are acoelomatesbull Flatworms can be free living or parasitic bull The have a nervous system with cephalizationbull They have sac like gut bull Lack respiratory how do they exchange gases
bull Lack circulatory systemshow do they get food and O2to all the cells
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Planaria is a freeliving flatworm
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Tapewormsbull Parasites of vertebrates in the digestive systembull Lack a mouth and digestive tractbull Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex)bull Body has repeating units (proglottids)
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Flukesbull Parasites of vertebrates (fish humans livestockbull Leaf like in shapebull Some attack a single host
while others require two or more hosts
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Nematoda RoundwormsCylindrical worms with unsegmented bodyBody covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth)
molted 4 times during growth
Body wall has only longitudinal musclesFound in virtually all habitats (poles deserts hot springs)Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
AscarisAscaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humansIt is estimated that 25 of the worlds population is infected with this nematode
Host swallows embryonated eggs juveniles hatch and burrow through intestinal wallCarried through the heart to the lungs coughed up and swallowed they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Vinegar eelVinegar eelsFeed on bacteria and fungi found innonpasteurized vinegar
They are raised by aquarists who use them to feed newly hatched fish
Make your own mount with slowing agentSketch and describe
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Research on Celegans has yield a map of how a cell functions where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function The inset details a small part of the network
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Annelida segmented wormsCylindrical worms with segmented body
Ventral nervous systemClosed circulatory systemHydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layersSetae (bristles)
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growthBurrow through the soil aerating it
Parapodia
Setae
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
LeechMostly freshwaterPredators adapted for fluid feedingAnterior and posterior suckersSetae absent
Parapodia
Setae
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
radula
Phylum Mollusca mollusksClass Polyplacophora chitonsClass Bivalvia clams scallops oysters musselsClass Cephalopoda squids nautilus octopusClass Gastropoda snails slugs nudibranchs (video)
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Station 8a Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for food
Oysters Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment
Clam chowder
This is the fast food of Belgium mussels and fries
Escargot garden snails as a delicacy
Fried calamari rings of the squidrsquos mantel
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Station 8b Importance of MollusksAbundant 30 years ago abalone once supported huge commercial and sport
fisheries Due to overfishing and disease todayrsquos abalone face extinctionmdashthe white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species To protect abalone strict fishing laws have been enacted For example laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing and sport fishermen may take only red abalonemdashwith a limit of three animals per day and a total of 24 animals a year Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishingmdashbe sure to check them out if yoursquore thinking of diving for abalone In the US commercial fishing for abalone has ceased
Some mollusks are endangered today
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Station 8c Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration
Pearls from oysters Jewelry made of mother of pearl the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus
Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8
For each identify the class that it belongs
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Station 8d Importance of MollusksSome mollusks are do crop amp garden damage
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Station 8e Importance of MollusksSome snails serve as intermediate hosts
for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Types of Skeletons found in Animals
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Segmentation
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Arthropoda jointed appendagesAbundance There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity 23 species is an arthropod
Secrete to their success-Segmented body with appendages
segments fused and appendages became specialized
-Exoskeleton structural support protection prevention from water losslevers for muscle attachment and movement
-Metamorphosis radical change in form between larva and adult
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Molting and Metamorphosis
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Crayfish crabs shrimps barnacle roly-poly (5-7 pairs of legs)
Class Arachnida spiders scorpions ticks mites (4 pairs of legs)
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class ChilopodaCentipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs one pairsegment)Class DiplopodaMillipedes
(more than 10 pairs of legs two pairsseg)
Class InsectaInsects flies grasshoppers butterflies beetles silverfish and others
(3 pairs)
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are used by humans for food
Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula
Grasshopper tacos are eaten in MexicoLobster are eaten in US
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of arthropodsMany insects are important for agriculture
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of arthropods
Use this information to answer some of the questions on station
Some insects are used in medicine
Tiny surgeons Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of arthropodsSome arthropods are vectors of human disease
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of arthropodsMany arthropods are recyclers of organic material
Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar
Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Echinoderms have an endoskeleton water vascular system and tube feet
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Echinodermsrsquo bilateralSymmetry is evident duringthe larva stage
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Echinoderm diversitysea stars sea cucumbers sea urchins brittle stars
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo
development The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in
embryology The sea urchin particularly Arbacia punctulata is the source of textbook descriptions of the egg the embryo and their early development At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard living cell for physiological biochemical and cytological workmdashresulting of course in overfishing and in 1945 the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population
Fill out the chart
Sea urchin spawningStages of sea urchin embryo development
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs (roe) either raw or briefly cooked Sea
urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine and it is called uni in Japanese sushi cuisine It is also a traditional food in Chile known as an erizo Apart from domestic consumption Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac
Fill out the chart
Uni sea urchin roe in sushi Showing gonads ldquoroerdquo of a sea urchin
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine It is highly valued for its
supposed medicinal properties The flesh of the animal is cleaned in a process that takes several days Trepang is often purchased dried and rehydrated before use The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture In Japanese cuisine Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted salted and cured It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia China Japan and Indonesia
Fill out the chart
Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
What Phylum do they belong to
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Chordata animals with a chordUnique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development- notochord (support rod replaced by backbone)- nerve cord (spinal cord)- pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear)- post-anal tail (extension beyond anus later reduced)
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Advantages of each feature -Vertebrae
-Jaws
Move on to land
-Lungs-Legs-Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization)-Feathers and hair (and endothermy)
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Phylum Chordata chordatesSubphylum Urochordata tunicatesSubphylum Cephalochordata lanceletsSubphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
Class Agnatha jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish)Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)Class Osteichthyes bony fishes Class Amphibia amphibians (frogs toads and salamanders)Class Reptilia reptiles (turtles snakes lizards crocodiles)Class Aves birdsClass Mammalia mammals
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicatesLarva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord nerve cord and postanal tail present during _________Pharyngeal slits present in ________
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Subphylum Cephalochordata lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife- All for characteristics persist throughout life-Marine buried in sand and filter feed
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Subphylum Vertebrata animals with vertebrae- 4 characteristics present in embryonic states- Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Agnatha lampreys and hagfish- Lack jaws and paired appendages- Cartilaginous skeleton- Notochord present - Skin without scalesLampreys sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue
Hagfish mouth with tentacles
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Evolution of jawsThe evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions
Jaws are modified gill arches Advantage of jaws
Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Chondrichthyes sharks rays and skates - Cartilaginous skeleton- Lack operculum swim bladder and lungs- Skin is covered by tooth like scales
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Move on to land lungs and weight bearing appendages bull Lungs and swim bladders form during development as an out pocket of the
gutWhich came first
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Amphibia Frogs toads salamanders- Undrego metamorphosis
- Characteristics of a land animal
- Characteristics of a aquatic animal
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Amniotic Egg reproductive freedom from water
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Repitlia snakes lizars alligators turtles- Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin - Internal fertilization - Amniotic egg
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Aves Bird- Feathers - Skeleton modified for flight
Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles- Endothermic- Amniotic egg - Internal fertilization
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Mammalia mammalsMonotremes Platypus and Echidna
Marsupials kangaroo koala opossums
Placentals
What are the characteristics of a mammal
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Placentals- Placenta is a modified egg
The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid
The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cordproviding a connection through which food reaches the fetus and wastes are removed
Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion which breaks as labor begins
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Class Mammalia
Monotherms
Marsupials
Placental
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Important Chordates
Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect
And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimerrsquos
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Important ChordatesPoison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Important ChordatesDiabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit
Published April 30 2005WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes the most common form of the affliction
The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta known chemically as exenatide the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
Important ChordatesMice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs to test the safety of proposed drugs and in basic research
Over the past century various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms and revolutionized the scientific world Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice Like humans mice can have diseases such as cancer arteriosclerosis hypertension and diabetes Also diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimerrsquos disease can be induced in mice Therefore studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism
