Animal Phyla: Animal Phyla: Porifera & Porifera & CnidariaCnidaria

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Sponges)(Sponges)

Porifera means “pore-Porifera means “pore-bearing”bearing”

Their bodies are perforated Their bodies are perforated with holes that lead to an inner with holes that lead to an inner water chamberwater chamber

They pump water through They pump water through these pores and expel it though these pores and expel it though osculum (large opening at top)osculum (large opening at top)

Anatomy of a SpongeAnatomy of a Sponge

KeyA) OsculumB) PoreC) AmoebocyteD) SpiculeE) ChoanocyteF) FlagellaG) Microfilaments

A

C

B

DE

F

G

DE

E

Image Source:

http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/sponge_color.html

Anatomy of a Sponge Anatomy of a Sponge (Cont.)(Cont.) Collar Cells (Choanocytes)Collar Cells (Choanocytes)

Inner layer of cellsInner layer of cells Contain flagella and microfilamentsContain flagella and microfilaments

Flagella = suck water through poresFlagella = suck water through pores Microfilaments = trap food particlesMicrofilaments = trap food particles

Amoeboid Cells (Amebocytes)Amoeboid Cells (Amebocytes) Middle layerMiddle layer Take up food from choanocytes, digest it, and Take up food from choanocytes, digest it, and

carry nutrients to other cellscarry nutrients to other cells Form spiculesForm spicules

SpiculesSpicules Scaffolding that give sponge shapeScaffolding that give sponge shape Used by scientists to identify different species of Used by scientists to identify different species of

spongessponges

Water Flow in Water Flow in Sponges…Sponges…

PoresPores Internal Cavity Internal Cavity OsculumOsculum

Image Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reese, J.B. (2002). Biology (6th Edition). New York: Benjamin Cummings.

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.)

Asymmetrical (no symmetry)Asymmetrical (no symmetry) Lack true tissuesLack true tissues Represent the Represent the most primitive most primitive

animalsanimals They have been evolving the longest!They have been evolving the longest!

Where do they live? (Habitat)Where do they live? (Habitat)Fresh water and salt waterFresh water and salt water

How big are they? (Size)How big are they? (Size)2 cm to 2 meters2 cm to 2 meters

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.)

What do they eat? (Diet)What do they eat? (Diet)Filter feedersFilter feedersFilter bacteria, protists, and Filter bacteria, protists, and small crustaceans from the small crustaceans from the waterwater

How do they move?How do they move? Mobile only as larvaeMobile only as larvaeSessile (do not move) as adultsSessile (do not move) as adults

Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.) How do they reproduce?How do they reproduce?

AsexuallyAsexually Budding Budding

Produce internal buds called gemmules which Produce internal buds called gemmules which grow into new spongesgrow into new sponges

RegenerationRegeneration Able to regrow missing partsAble to regrow missing parts

SexuallySexually HermaphroditesHermaphrodites

Both male and female sex cells made by Both male and female sex cells made by ameobocytesameobocytes

Sperm released from osculum of one sponge and Sperm released from osculum of one sponge and enters the pores of another sponge– sperm of one enters the pores of another sponge– sperm of one sponge fertilizes the egg of another spongesponge fertilizes the egg of another sponge

Red Barrel SpongeRed Barrel Sponge

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera1.html

Branching SpongeBranching Sponge

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera2.html

Tube SpongeTube Sponge

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera3.html

Indonesian SpongeIndonesian Sponge

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera5.html

Examples of Sponge Examples of Sponge SpiculesSpicules

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera4.html

Life Life Cycle Cycle of a of a

SpongeSponge Sexual Sexual

ReproductioReproductionn Egg and Egg and

sperm meetsperm meet New New

sponge is sponge is notnot identical to identical to parentsparents

Sperm

Larva Released

LarvaDividing Cells

Egg

New Spong

e

Flagella

(movement)

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones,

& Corals)& Corals) Exhibit Radial Exhibit Radial

SymmetrySymmetry 2 Forms2 Forms

PolypPolyp Sessile form Sessile form

(vase shape)(vase shape) MedusaMedusa

Swimming Swimming form (umbrella form (umbrella shape)shape)

2 Body Layers2 Body Layers Epidermis (outer layer) & Epidermis (outer layer) &

Gastrodermis (inner layer)Gastrodermis (inner layer)

MesogleaMesoglea Jelly-like substance in between Jelly-like substance in between inner and outer layerinner and outer layer

Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC)Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC) Empty space where digestion Empty space where digestion takes placetakes place

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)

Anatomy Anatomy of a Jellyfishof a Jellyfish

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.) Cnidocytes and NematocytesCnidocytes and Nematocytes

CnidocytesCnidocytes = =

specialized cells specialized cells

used for defenseused for defense NematocytesNematocytes = =

structures inside structures inside

the cnidocyte that the cnidocyte that

contain stinging filamentscontain stinging filaments The filaments have sharp tips that The filaments have sharp tips that

can inject poison into victimscan inject poison into victims

11stst Nervous System Nervous System

Porifera have no developed Porifera have no developed nervous systemnervous system

Cnidarians have a primitive Cnidarians have a primitive nervous systemnervous system

No brain, but rather a loose No brain, but rather a loose collection of nerves called a nerve collection of nerves called a nerve netnet

Nerves radiate throughout the Nerves radiate throughout the whole bodywhole body

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)

Where do they live? Where do they live? (Habitat)(Habitat)Mostly salt waterMostly salt waterHydra found in fresh waterHydra found in fresh water

How big are they? (Size)How big are they? (Size)Can be up to 6.5 feet in Can be up to 6.5 feet in diameter and have ~100 foot diameter and have ~100 foot long tentacleslong tentacles

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)

What do they eat? How do they What do they eat? How do they eat? eat? Tentacles capture small animals.Tentacles capture small animals.Nematocysts inject poison.Nematocysts inject poison.Tentacles push food into mouthTentacles push food into mouth

How do they move?How do they move? If mobile, move by contraction If mobile, move by contraction and expansion of bodyand expansion of body

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.) How do they reproduce?How do they reproduce?

AsexuallyAsexually Budding & RegenerationBudding & Regeneration

SexuallySexually Adult Adult medusamedusa releases releases spermsperm and and eggseggs into into

the water where external fertilization takes the water where external fertilization takes place place zygotezygote

Zygote forms the Zygote forms the blastulablastula (hollow ball of cells) (hollow ball of cells) and then forms a and then forms a planulaplanula (ciliated larva) (ciliated larva)

PolypPolyp attaches to the ocean floor and develops attaches to the ocean floor and develops mouth and tentaclesmouth and tentacles

Stacks of Stacks of medusaemedusae form and then detach to form and then detach to form individual jellyfishform individual jellyfish

Life Cycle of Life Cycle of JellyfishJellyfish

Young Medusa

Adult Female Medusa Adult Male

Medusa

Sperm

Egg

Blastula

Planula

Polyp

Class: HydrozoaClass: Hydrozoa HydraHydra

Polyp form found in Polyp form found in

ponds and lakesponds and lakes

Portugese Man-of-Portugese Man-of-WarWar Found in tropical oceansFound in tropical oceans Very poisonousVery poisonous

to fish to fish

and and

even even

humanshumans

Image Source: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/portuguese-man-o-war.jpg

Hydra Image Source: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg

Over 200 speciesOver 200 species

Common Common

jellyfish exist as jellyfish exist as

both polyps both polyps

and medusaeand medusae

Class: ScyphozoaClass: Scyphozoa

Image Source: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/jellyfi.html#life

Includes corals and sea Includes corals and sea anemonesanemones

All marineAll marine Medusa stage completely absentMedusa stage completely absent

CoralsCorals Are polyps that live in small coloniesAre polyps that live in small colonies Use nutrients from algae for energyUse nutrients from algae for energy Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef

Largest coral colony on earthLargest coral colony on earth

Sea AnemonesSea Anemones Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles

to feed on small fishto feed on small fish

Class: AnthozoaClass: Anthozoa

Coral Coral PolypsPolyps Polyp Image Source:

http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria2.html

Reef Image Source: http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/categories/raim/images/coral_01.jpg

Coral Coral ReefReef

Sea AnemoneSea Anemone

Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria8.html

Cnetophora are Cnetophora are technically a separate technically a separate phylum from Cnidaria, phylum from Cnidaria, but they are closely but they are closely related.related.

For our purposes, we’ll For our purposes, we’ll group comb jellies with group comb jellies with CnidariaCnidaria

CnetophoraCnetophora Found in deep oceanFound in deep ocean BiolumienscenceBiolumienscence

Cnetophora (Comb Cnetophora (Comb Jellies)Jellies)

Image Source: http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/harbor/graphic/comb%20jelly.jpg

Anatomy Anatomy of a Jellyfishof a Jellyfish