Phylum Arthropoda Ch.7 Marine Bio book/Ch.38 Biology Book

Adam F Sprague &

Mr. Werner the Lobster

Major Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

• _____________ symmetry; metameric body, tagmata of head and trunk; head, thorax, and abdomen; or _______________________ and abdomen;

• ________________________;  primitively, one pair to each somite (_______________), but number often reduced; appendages often modified or specialized;

• __________________________ of cuticle containing __________, lipid, _____________, and often calcium carbonate secreted by underlying epidermis & shed (molted) at intervals;

• ________________ system complex, with exoskeleton for

attachment;  ___________________ for rapid action;  _________ muscles for visceral organs;

Major Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

• ______________ reduced;  most of body cavity consisting of ______________ (sinuses, or spaces, in the tissues) filled with blood;

• Complete _________________ system;  ___________________ modified from appendages & adapted for different methods of feeding;

• _________________ system _______, with dorsal contractile heart, arteries, and hemocoel;

• Respiration by body surface, _______, tracheae (air tubes), or ______________ lungs;

Major Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

• Paired ____________________ glands in some, homologous to metameric nephridial system of annelids;  some with other excretory organs, called ________________________ tubules;

• __________________ system of annelid plan, with dorsal ________ connected by a ring around the gullet to a double nerve chain of ventral _______________;  fusion of ganglia in some species;  well-developed ____________ organs;

• Sexes usually _______________, with paired reproductive organs and ducts;  usually ___________ fertilization; often with _________________________;  parthenogenesis in a few forms.

Subphylum ____________________

• The chelicerate arthropods are characterized by having _________________________ that include a pair of ________________, a pair of _____________________, and ____ pairs of ______________ legs (a pair of chelicerae and five pairs of walking legs in horseshoe crabs).  They have no ___________ and no _____________.  Most chelicerates suck up liquid food from their prey.

Class Arachnida

• __________________ are a numerous and diverse group, with over 50,000 species described so far.  The arachnid tagmata are ____________________

____________________________, which may be distinct (as in spiders) or nearly fused (as in ticks and mites).Examples: Spiders (35,000 species), scorpions, ticks, mites

Class ________________

• Thigh Mouth" - Horseshoe crabs are practically unchanged since the _____________ period, some _______ million years ago.  They have an unsegmented, horseshoe-shaped _____________, and a broad ____________, which has a long spinelike ___________.  On some of the abdominal appendages _________________ are exposed.  Horseshow crabs can swim awkwardly by means of their abdominal plates and can walk on their ____________________.  They feed at night on worms and small ______________ and are harmless to humans.Example: ___________ _________________

Subphylum _______________

• The 30,000 or more species of Crustacea are mainly __________, and are the only arthropod group that is primarily ______________.  

• only arthropods w/ _________________________. • have two pairs of _______________ on head,

followed by a pair of ____________________ on each body segment.  

• All appendages, except perhaps the first antennae, are primitively _________________ (two main branches), and at least some of the appendages of present-day adults show that condition.

Class Branchiopoda

• The ____________________ are very small ________-water crustaceans characterised by their possession of broad leaf-like appendages fringed with bristles, that are used for filter-feeding.

• The best known examples of this group are the water _____ (e.g. __________ sp.) and the fairy shrimp (_________ sp.).

Class ___________________

• The ostracods are small, _____________ crustaceans usually less than _______ in size, which are widespread in nearly all aquatic habitats. Ostracod densities increase in more productive lakes Most ostracods are ___________-feeders, producing a water current and catching small particles in their ____________ appendages

Class ____________________

• The copepods are mostly _______________. They occur in vast numbers, _____________ being present in a cubic __________ of sea water and are important links in many __________________.

• The copepod body is short and ___________________, and as in all crustaceans, is _____________________ comprising a _________, a ________________ and an ______________. The head and thorax are often fused to form a _______________________. There is a long pair of __________________ (A1) and a shorter pair of ________________ (A2) at the front of the body.

Class __________________

• The branchiurans are ________________ crustaceans which are temporary __________________ on _____. Like most parasites many features have become reduced; the _________ are sessile, the ______________ are very small, the _______________ is small and unsegmented and there are _____ ______. S

Class ___________________• The cirripedes

(__________________) are the only _______________ group of crustaceans & they differ morphologically from other crustaceans. The cirripedes are totally __________, most being free living while others are _____________ or parasites on larger animals, such as ______, whales and turtles.

• There are two types of free-living barnacles, the _____________ and the __________________ . The stalked form is considered to be the more _____________. In both groups there has been a tendency towards reduction in the number of external __________________ plates which surround the body.

Class Cirripedia

• Barnacles are _______________________. The penis is projected from the body into the _____________ of a nearby barnacle. Because barnacles are so tightly packed they can accomplish ______________ fertilization despite their ______________ habitat. The free-living _______________ larva ___________ several times to become a _________ larva, so-called because its body is enclosed in a bivalve shell and it resembles the ostracod, Cypris sp.

Class Cirripedia

• The ___________ larva is the settling stage. It cements itself to the _____________ using its ____________ (A1), rotates its body to the adult position and then secretes a series of _______________ ______________ , which enclose the body.

Class ____________________

• The Malacostraca include about __________ of all crustacean species, and contains all the larger forms, such as __________________ , ___________ , ____________ and ____________    

Their body comprises:

• head (______________) with a pair of antennules (A1) and antennae (A2) and mouthparts,

• ______________ (8 segments and

• ________________ (6 segments).All thoracic segments and most abdominal segments have a pair of ______________ , which are primitively biramous. __________ occur on or close to the bases of the thoracic appendages

The three main orders of malacostracans

• ____________________________

• ____________________________

• ____________________________

Order _________________

• The Isopoda are a large group of mainly _____________ crustaceans, though some live in fresh water, and a few, like the _____________ are terrestrial.

• Woodlice are the only large group of crustaceans which are fully ______________. Isopods are characterised by their ____________________* flattened bodies and their lack of a ____________.

Order __________________

• The Amphipoda show some similarity to the ___________, but there are important differences between the groups. One obvious difference is that they show _____________ rather than dorsoventral* flattening of the body.

Order ___________________

• Decapods are distinguished in having the first ____________ thoracic appendages included in the mouthparts (_____________), the remaining ___ being legs. The first pair of legs are often large, heavy and pincered; they are called _____________. The head and thorax are fused to form a _____________________.

• The decapods can be divided into two groups, those which swim, including the _____________ , and those which crawl, including the __________, and ________.

Subphylum _______________

• The appendages of uniramian arthropods are ___________________.  This subphylum includes the ___________ and the ___________ (centipedes and millipedes). The myriapods have evolved a pattern of two ____________ (head and trunk) with paired appendages on most or all trunk somites.  

• Uniramian arthropod heads resemble the crustacean head but have only one pair of antennae, instead of two.  They also have mandibles and two pairs of maxillae (one pair in millipedes).  

• ___________________ exchange is by body surface and tracheal systems, although juveniles, if aquatic, may have gills.

Class Chilopoda

• Lip Feet" - _________________ are active predators with a preference for moist places such as under logs or stones, where they feed on earthworms, insects, etc.  Their bodies are somewhat flattened dorsoventrally and they may contain from a few to 177 somites.  Each somite, except the one behind the head and the last two, bears one pair of appendages.

Class Diplopoda

• "Two Feet" - ____________________ have cylindrical bodies made up of 25 to 100 segments. The four thoracic segments bear only one pair of legs each, but the abdominal segments each have two pairs. Millipedes are less active than centipedes and are generally _________________, living on decayed plant and animal matter and sometimes living plants.

Class _________________

• The insects are the ____________________________ of all the groups of arthropods.

• ________________________________________________________________________________  

• Insects differ from other arthropods in having ____________________________________ and usually two pairs of wings on the thoracic region of the body, although some have one pair of wings, or none.  

• In size, insects range from less than 1 mm to 20 cm in length, the majority being less than 2.5 cm long.  

• The insect tagmata are ___________________________.  The head usually bears a pair of relatively large _________________ eyes, a pair of antennae, and usually three ____________.