Arthropoda BeracunBagus Hermansyah

ORDO SCORPIONIDA

Characteristic

Scorpion are nocturnal and feed on insects and other arthropods

Attack man accidentally There are two general types of venoms:

(1) produces a local reaction with only mild or with no systemic effect, (2) neurotoxin and its effect can be lethal

Scorpion venoms contain in differing amount depending on the species; neurotoxins, hemolysins, hemorrhagins, leukolysins, agglutinins, coagulants, enzymes, lecithin, cholesterin, a cardiac toxin, and a vascular toxin

Mortality 25% in children, 0,25-1,8% in adult

Morphology

The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma). The abdomen consists of the mesosoma and the metasoma.

Cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called the

prosoma, is the scorpion's “head”, comprising the carapace, eyes, chelicerae (mouth parts), pedipalps (claws) and four pairs of walking legs

Metasoma The metasoma, the scorpion's tail,

comprises six segments (the first tail segment looks like a last mesosoman segment), the last containing the scorpion's anus and bearing the telson (the sting). The telson, in turn, consists of the vesicle, which holds a pair of venom glands, and the hypodermic aculeus, the venom-injecting barb.

Symptoms of scorpion’s bite

Sharp pain, numbness, throbbing, drowsiness and an itching sensation in the mouth, nose & throat

Initially there is a hypersalivasi together with a sensation of a ball of hair in the throat

The tongue is sluggish & the muscles of the jaw are contracted

Disorder of movement in the arms and legs

Lately, rapid rise in temperature, reduction of salivary secretion

Toxic effect on the myocardium

Diagnosis One pointed penetration Lymphadenitis Ascending motor paralysis

Theraphy Local pain xylocain Antivenin Ligature - cryotheraphy

SPIDERS

Morphology Spider anatomy:

(1) four pairs of legs(2) cephalothorax(3) opisthosoma

Prosoma is joined to the opisthoma by a narrow pedicel

Chelicerae have hook-like movable digit which carry the ducts of poison gland

Nervous system blue

Digestive & excretory system green

Circulatory system red

Respiratory system pink

Reproductive system yellow

1 Fang (chelicera)

2 Venom gland

3 Brain

4 Pumping stomach

5 Forward aorta branch

6 Digestive cecum

7 Heart

8 Midgut

9 Malphigian tubules

10 Cloacal chamber

11 Rear aorta

12 Spinneret

13 Silk gland

14 Trachea

15 Ovary (female)

16 Book lung

17 Nerve cord

18 Legs

19 Pedipalp

Characteristic

The vast majority of spiders are completely harmless

Arachnidisme is a condition caused by a bite of spiders belonging to the genus Lactrodectus

Lactrodectus mactans (black widow spider) is the most toxic spesies

Lactrodectus venom is neurotoin ( 15x Cobra)

Local symptom

A slight local swelling around two tiny red spot

Gangren (by Loxosceles), in children can evoke severe systemic reaction like haemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

Theraphy The pain from Lactrodectus may be

relieved by relaxing the muscle spasm with iv injections of calcium salts or magnesium sulphate

Lactrodectus antivenin Ligature – cryotheraphy For necrotic arachnidism : antihistamin

i.m or i.c, ACTH and corticosteroid Spesific antivenin

CHILOPODA

Characteristic

Centipedes (from Latin prefix centi-, "hundred", and Latin pes,pedis, "foot")

They are elongated metameric animals with one pair of legs per body segment.

A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage

Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite. Although a bite to an adult human may only be painful, those with allergies that are similar to that of bee stings and small children are at greater risk. Smaller centipedes usually do not puncture human skin, while larger centipedes may cause anaphylactic shocks.

Scolopendra gigantea

DIPLOPODA

Characteristic Millipedes (Class Diplopoda, previously

also known as Chilognatha) are arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind the head which does not have any appendages at all, and the next few which only have one pair of legs).

Each segment that has two pairs of legs is a result of two single segments fused together as one.

Most millipedes have very elongated cylindrical bodies, although some are flattened dorso-ventrally, while pill millipedes are shorter and can roll into a ball, like a pillbug.

Millipedes are detritivores and slow moving.

Most millipedes eat decaying leaves and other dead plant matter, moisturising the food with secretions and then scraping it in with the jaws.

Hymenoptera (WASPS, BEES, AND ANTS)

Hymenoptera: Most important venomous

insect known to humans More fatalities result from

stings by these insects. Three major subgroups:

Apidae includes honeybee and bumblebee

Vespidae includes yellow jackets, hornets and wasps

Formicidae ants Most of all allergic reaction

reported yearly occur from vespid stings.

Apids are usually docile, stinging only when provoked.

Female bee is capable of stinging only once. (Male bees have no stinger).

Vespid have ability to perform multiple stings.

Africanized honeybees

Known as killer bees

Now found in Texas, Arizona, California, and most of the temperate southeastern and southwestern states.

Attack from these bees massive stinging resulting in multisystem damage and death from severe venom toxicity.

Hymenoptera Venom

Contain several components. Histamine is only a minor component within

the venom. 50% of the venom consist of Melittin. Melittin is a known membrane-active

polpeptide that can cause degranulation of basophils and mast cells.

Yellow jackets venom is perhaps the most potent sensitizer.

Hymenoptera Venom: Local Reaction Toxic Reaction

Urticarial lesion contiguous with the sting site.

Severe local reaction may involve one or more neighboring joints.

If the sting involve the mouth or throat, it can produce airway obstruction.

Multiple stings (Africanized bees) can lead to systemic toxic reaction.

Symptoms may resemble anaphylaxis, but these pts can also develop N/V/D.

They may also have HA, fever, drowsiness, involuntary muscle spasms, edema without urticaria, and convulsions.

Complication Renal / Hepatic failure, DIC, and Death

Hymenoptera Venom: Anaphylactic Reaction

Can occur from a single sting or multiple stings.

May range from mild to fatal and death within minutes.

There is no correlation between the systemic reaction and the number of stings.

Hymenoptera Venom: Delayed Reaction

Delayed reaction appearing 5 – 14 days after the sting consists of serum sickness-like signs and symptoms.

Pts can develop fever, malaise, HA, urticaria, lymphadenopathy, and polyarthritis.

This reaction is believed to be immune complex-mediated.

Hymenoptera Venom: Treatment

Immediate removal of the bee stinger from the wound, is the important principle rather than the method of removal.

Wash the sting site with soap and water to decrease risk of infection.

Intermittently apply ice to the site to limit local reaction and delay absorption of venom.

Oral antihistamines and analgesic may limit discomfort, pruritis, and decrease local reaction.

If pts develop symptoms of anaphylaxis then most important agent to give is Epinepherine.

Epinepherine 0.3 to 0.5mg (0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1000 conc.) in adults and 0.01 mg/kg in children (never more than 0.3 mg) given IM

Hymenoptera Venom: Treatment

Other treatment should include: Diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg IV, IM or PO

H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine 50 mg IV)

Methylprednisolone 125 mg

Use Beta agonist nebulization if pt has evidence of bronchospasm

IVF, oxygen, cardiac monitor, pulse ox.

Persistent hypotension after multiple IVF bolus may require Dopamine or Epinepherine drip

Hymenoptera Venom: Disposition

Pts who develop severe systemic reactions should be admitted monitored for potential cardiac, bleeding, renal or neurologic complications.

Skin tests and RASTs (radioallergosorbent test) are not reliable in determining which patients are at risk in developing future systemic reactions.

Hymenoptera Venom: Disposition

Every patient who has had a systemic reaction should be provided with an insect sting kit containing premeasured epinepherine and be carefully instructed in its use. The physician should stress that the patient must inject the epinepherine at the first sign of a systemic reaction.

Ants (Formicidae)

5 known species of fire ants (Solenopsis) (S. aurea, S. geminata, S. xyloni,

S. invicta, and S. richteri) Fire ants swarm when provoked

and they may attack in numbers. Fire ants sting simultaneously in

response to an alarm pheromone released

A Solenopsis xyloni major worker surrounded by minor workers

Ants (Formicidae)

Fire ants sting result in a papule that becomes a sterile pustule in 6 to 24 hrs.

Pustule can lead to localized necrosis scarring secondary infection.

Systemic reaction (urticaria / angioedema) can also occur.

Treatment includes:

local wound care.

Usual treatment for anaphylaxis should be initiated if there is evidence of systemic reaction.