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2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 1
PHOSPHORUS:
STRATEGIES AND
REUSE INITIATIVES
IN SWEDEN
Malmö
27 October 2016
Anna Maria Sundin
Swedish EPA
Disposition
• Phosphorus recovery
• Suggested ordinance on Phosphorus recovery
September 2013
– Environmental goals
– Short summary
– Sludge use in Sweden
– Consequences
– Status October 2016
• Other strategies and reuse initiatives in Sweden
• Final thoughts
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 2
Phosphorus recovery
• Swedish EPA was commissioned by the
governement to look into sustainable recycling of
phosphorus in February 2012
• Purpose:
Promote reuse of phosphorus without causing
harm or inconvenience for human health or
the environment.
• Commissioned delivered in September 2013 as
Report No 6580 on sustainable phosphorus
recovery
The report aimed to serve as a basis for
governement decision making
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 3
Starting points
Naturvårdsv
erketHavs- och vattenmyndigheten 4
• The generation goal’s subparagraph:
- Resource-efficient eco-cycles that are free from
undesirable materials to the extent possible
• Environmental quality objectives:
- A Non-Toxic Environment
- A Good Built Environment
- Zero Eutrophication
- Reduced Climate Impact
Proposal for regulation
• Includes the use of fractions of sewages, biowaste
and compost and where it can be used (farmland,
forest and other land where people normally dwell
like golf courses and parks)
• Stricter threshold values (TV) for heavy metals and
organic contaminats
• Demand for hygiene treatment for all fractions of
sewage regardless of usage
• Demand for Plan for prevention of unwanted
substances (”Upstream work”)
• Proposal for milestone targets
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 5
Sewage sludge use in Sweden 2014
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 6
Agriculture (25%)
Soil production (29%)
Final coverage landfill (24%)
Storage (7%)
Landfill (2%)
Combustion (1%)
Other use (10%)
Not declared (1%)
(SCB 2016)
Substance
in sewage
sludge
Current
TV
Europe
Current
TV
Sweden
Proposed
TV
2015
Proposed
TV
2023
Proposed
TV
2030
Sludge
used in
agri
2015*
mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DMmg/kg
DM
Cadmium 20-40 2 1 0.9 0.8 0.75
Copper 1000-1750 600 600 550 475 341
Mercury 16-25 2,5 1 0,8 0,6 0.52
Chromium - 100 60 45 35 22
Nickel 300-400 50 40 35 30 16.1
Lead 750-1200 100 35 30 25 17,8
Zinc 2500-4000 800 800 750 700 544
Silver - - 5 4 3 -
Dioxin** - - 20 15 10 -
PFOS - - 0.07 0.05 0.02 -
Chloro-
paraffins- - 4 3 2 -
PCB7 - - 0.06 0.05 0.04 -
BDE-209 - - 0.7 0.5 0.5 -
* As reported in the Implementation Questionnaire 2014 on Soil and Sewage
Consequences of the proposal
• Reduced risk for acc of metals and organic contaminats in soil
• Reduced risk of spreading of infectious agents
• Reduced leaching of nutrient materials/eutrophication
• Reduced need to import mineral fertiliser – a source that
eventually can become more expensive and more polluted
• Preventive work will improve sludge quality as well as the effluent
water quality at WWTP
• Increased resource efficiency – higher accepance of sewage- and
waste components
• Risk: profitability of biogas production facilities affected if the
biowaste doesn’t hold the TV
• Risk: less P and other nutrients in sludge recovered – technology
development needed
• The regulation is in progress at the ministry
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The wastewater system is not made for chemicals – nor the nature
Upstream work among waste water
treatment companies
Improve the quality of the sludge
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 10
The Revaq certification system
• Ensures safe recycling of sewage sludge
• Established in 2008
• Operated by:– The Swedish Water and Wastewater Association
– the Federation of Swedish Farmers
– The Swedish Food Federation
– The Swedish Food Retailer´s Federation
• In 2015 approx 40% of the sewage sludge in Sweden was produced at WWTP certified by the Revaq system
• Upstream work, full traceability, stricter metal limits than current Swedish legislation, pathogen control
Alternatives to recover nutrients
12
Recovery of
nutrients from
sewage
Sludge
application
Techniques for
resource
recovery
Source
sorting toilet
systems
Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Strategies for P recovery at some
Swedish WWTP september 2016
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 13
Final thoughts
• Important to reduce the content of unwanted substances in
the society and limit the use of materials that threaten to
cause negative environmental and health effects
• Potential conflict of environmental goals: Non-toxic
environment and Recycling of nutrients
• Phosphorus in sewage fractions and biowaste is part of a
circular economy and should be recovered
• Different pathways to achive this depending on the sludge
quality and technology development
• The regulation is in progress at the ministry
• Guidance on how to closing the loop
2016-11-01
Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 14
2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 15
Thank you!
Anna Maria SundinSwedish EPA
010-698 11 79