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PhoeniciansPhoenicians
History of LebanonHistory of Lebanon 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic WarriorsWarriors
Fertile Crescent broke into small Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdomskingdoms
New people moved into the regionsNew people moved into the regions
2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic WarriorsWarriors
Fertile Crescent broke into small Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdomskingdoms
New people moved into the regionsNew people moved into the regions
Phoenician LocationPhoenician Location PPresent day resent day LebanonLebanon
33.50º North33.50º North 35.50º East35.50º East
Popular cities: Popular cities: TyreTyre ByblosByblos SidonSidon
PPresent day resent day LebanonLebanon 33.50º North33.50º North 35.50º East35.50º East
Popular cities: Popular cities: TyreTyre ByblosByblos SidonSidon
GeographyGeography
Narrow coastal Narrow coastal planesplanes
Beeka Valley Beeka Valley separatesseparates
Borders Israel & Borders Israel & SyriaSyria
Narrow coastal Narrow coastal planesplanes
Beeka Valley Beeka Valley separatesseparates
Borders Israel & Borders Israel & SyriaSyria
ClimateClimate
MediterraneanMediterranean Mild to coolMild to cool Wet wintersWet winters Dry, hot summersDry, hot summers
Mountains Mountains heavy heavy rain & snowrain & snow
MediterraneanMediterranean Mild to coolMild to cool Wet wintersWet winters Dry, hot summersDry, hot summers
Mountains Mountains heavy heavy rain & snowrain & snow
ResourcesResources
Snails - most Snails - most valuable dyevaluable dye 60,000 snails to 1 60,000 snails to 1 poundpound
Cedar trees- hard, Cedar trees- hard, usable woodusable wood
Snails - most Snails - most valuable dyevaluable dye 60,000 snails to 1 60,000 snails to 1 poundpound
Cedar trees- hard, Cedar trees- hard, usable woodusable wood
Wealth from TradeWealth from Trade Purple dyePurple dye Cedar treesCedar trees
Purple dyePurple dye Cedar treesCedar trees
Relying on TradeRelying on Trade
Cedar is other valuable Cedar is other valuable resourceresource
Relied on TradeRelied on Trade Traded goods from other landsTraded goods from other lands
Own colonies tooOwn colonies too Competed with other city-Competed with other city-statesstates
Interacted through tradeInteracted through trade
Cedar is other valuable Cedar is other valuable resourceresource
Relied on TradeRelied on Trade Traded goods from other landsTraded goods from other lands
Own colonies tooOwn colonies too Competed with other city-Competed with other city-statesstates
Interacted through tradeInteracted through trade
Excellence in SailingExcellence in Sailing
Desired tradeDesired trade Traveled Mediterranean CoastsTraveled Mediterranean Coasts Narrow, single sailed vessels Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oarswith longs oars
Desired tradeDesired trade Traveled Mediterranean CoastsTraveled Mediterranean Coasts Narrow, single sailed vessels Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oarswith longs oars
ColoniesColonies 1100-700 BCE, founded trading 1100-700 BCE, founded trading coloniescolonies
300 cities in Africa’s Med. 300 cities in Africa’s Med. CoastCoast Carthage was greatestCarthage was greatest
1100-700 BCE, founded trading 1100-700 BCE, founded trading coloniescolonies
300 cities in Africa’s Med. 300 cities in Africa’s Med. CoastCoast Carthage was greatestCarthage was greatest
The AlphabetThe Alphabet Only 22 symbolsOnly 22 symbols First appeared around 900 BCEFirst appeared around 900 BCE Passed on to other citiesPassed on to other cities Many common people could Many common people could mastermaster
Literacy became widespreadLiteracy became widespread
Only 22 symbolsOnly 22 symbols First appeared around 900 BCEFirst appeared around 900 BCE Passed on to other citiesPassed on to other cities Many common people could Many common people could mastermaster
Literacy became widespreadLiteracy became widespread
CultureCulture
Shared & collected ideas
Purple dye for royalty
Based on trade & ships
Alphabet
Shared & collected ideas
Purple dye for royalty
Based on trade & ships
Alphabet
Technology & ToolsTechnology & Tools
Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars
Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians
Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory
Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars
Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians
Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory
Peace and WarPeace and War
Peaceful society Focused on trade
Peaceful society Focused on trade
Law & OrderLaw & Order
Hierarchy Status “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”
Alphabet & Laws
Hierarchy Status “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”
Alphabet & Laws
Social StatusSocial Status
King + Priests Wealthy Commoners
Free Commoners Slaves Typical Social Status
King + Priests Wealthy Commoners
Free Commoners Slaves Typical Social Status
SummarySummary Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area
Invented alphabet Started the importance of sailing
Created the royal purple color
Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area
Invented alphabet Started the importance of sailing
Created the royal purple color
Fun FactsFun Facts
Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands
Traded- anything and everything believed valuable
“Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”
Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands
Traded- anything and everything believed valuable
“Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”
LocationLocation Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan
It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea
Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel
Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan
It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea
Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel
Important citiesImportant cities
Arvad Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Caesarea
Arvad Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Caesarea
Tripoli Baalbek Carthage
Tripoli Baalbek Carthage
GovernmentGovernment Individual city-states
Each city-state had an independent government
The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power
Individual city-states
Each city-state had an independent government
The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power
religionreligion They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states
Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life
They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states
Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life
The men had control over the family
Men could sell their wives or the children to pay off debts
Women were held high in the family
Only priests and scribes could read and write
Economic systemEconomic system They had a trade-based economy
Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island
Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive
They had a trade-based economy
Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island
Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive
Economic systemEconomic system They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast
They also traded: Wine Glass Timber Olive oil Precious metals
They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast
They also traded: Wine Glass Timber Olive oil Precious metals
Social classesSocial classes
Cultural DevelopmentCultural Development Spoke a Semitic language
A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization
Were skilled architects
Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples
Spoke a Semitic language
A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization
Were skilled architects
Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples
City StructureCity Structure Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast
Temple was the center of the city
Built buildings up to 6 stories high
Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast
Temple was the center of the city
Built buildings up to 6 stories high
Rights of slavesRights of slaves Laws protected slaves from mistreatment
Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom
A freed slave could reach high office in the community
Laws protected slaves from mistreatment
Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom
A freed slave could reach high office in the community
Rights of womenRights of women No evidence of polygamy In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions
Had fundamental rights Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs
No evidence of polygamy In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions
Had fundamental rights Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs
TechnologyTechnology The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: shipbuilding pottery iron-working literature alphabet
The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: shipbuilding pottery iron-working literature alphabet
Phoenician alphabetPhoenician alphabet First appeared around 900 B.C.
Made an alphabet with 22 symbols
The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols
First appeared around 900 B.C.
Made an alphabet with 22 symbols
The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols
Human-environment interactions
Human-environment interactions Phoenicia’s location on the
coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions
Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items
Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions
Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items
Phoenicians were never interested in conquest
They focused on autonomy and trade
Became the naval and trading power in the region
cooperationcooperation The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks
Established strategic commercial trading outposts
They chose peace over war but were defensive
The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks
Established strategic commercial trading outposts
They chose peace over war but were defensive
They were successively conquered by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans
The rise of Greece destroyed Phoenicia’s eastern Mediterranean trade routes
conflictconflict The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power
Phoenicians retreated to Carthage
There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars
The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power
Phoenicians retreated to Carthage
There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars
Fall of Phoenicia Fall of Phoenicia
The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.
Over time all of the city states were conquered
Phoenicia and its culture disappeared
It later became Syria
The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.
Over time all of the city states were conquered
Phoenicia and its culture disappeared
It later became Syria
Summary Summary They failed to use all of their elements of national power
They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders
They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations
They failed to use all of their elements of national power
They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders
They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations
TechnologyTechnology
The Alphabet, Bireme, and Glass
The Alphabet, Bireme, and Glass
The AlphabetThe Alphabet
First used Cuneiform Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE
Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading
First used Cuneiform Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE
Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading
BiremeBireme
Ships important to Phoenician society
Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme
1st appeared in 8th century BCE
Ships important to Phoenician society
Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme
1st appeared in 8th century BCE
GlassGlass
Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally
Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically
Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule
Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally
Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically
Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule
EconomyEconomy
Maritime Trade, Trade Empire, Exports
Maritime Trade, Trade Empire, Exports
Maritime TradeMaritime Trade
Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports
Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage
Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports
Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage
Trade EmpireTrade Empire
Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE
Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this
Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE
Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this
ExportsExports
Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells
Trading Partners with Greece Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder
Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells
Trading Partners with Greece Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder
Human-Environment Interaction
Human-Environment Interaction
The Sea, DyesThe Sea, Dyes
The SeaThe Sea
• The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea
• Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region
• The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea
• Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region
DyesDyes
The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees
Blues- African indigos Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells
The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees
Blues- African indigos Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells
Important Individuals Important
Individuals
The Kings of the Phoenicians
The Kings of the Phoenicians
The Kings of the PhoeniciansThe Kings of the Phoenicians Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire
Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire
Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas
Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire
Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire
Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas
Kings (cont.)Kings (cont.)
Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians
Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire
Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean
Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians
Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire
Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean
Social Instiutions Social Instiutions
Religion and Sciences, Government
Religion and Sciences, Government
Religion and SciencesReligion and Sciences
The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods
They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.
They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s
The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods
They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.
They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s
GovernmentGovernment
The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:
First came the kings Followed by the temple and the priests
And finally the councils of elders
The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:
First came the kings Followed by the temple and the priests
And finally the councils of elders
ConflictsConflicts
Early Wars, The Punic Wars
Early Wars, The Punic Wars
Early WarsEarly Wars
Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade
In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean
The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE ,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE
Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade
In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean
The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE ,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE
Early WarsEarly Wars
The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt
Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE
The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia
The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt
Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE
The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia
The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE
In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state
Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE
In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state
Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars
The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars
The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE
The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE
The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE
The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE
The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE
The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE
BibliographyBibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://phoenicia.org/cities.html http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938/histcult.html
http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm
http://store.fantazpets.com/images/puzzles/boats/phoenician.jpg
http://www.oldandsold.com/a1photos/grecian_urns_articles15_pottery_rs.jpg
http://www.unrv.com/provinces/syria.php http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860355.html
Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians Heath, D.C. World History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://phoenicia.org/cities.html http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938/histcult.html
http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm
http://store.fantazpets.com/images/puzzles/boats/phoenician.jpg
http://www.oldandsold.com/a1photos/grecian_urns_articles15_pottery_rs.jpg
http://www.unrv.com/provinces/syria.php http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860355.html
Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians Heath, D.C. World History
BibliographyBibliography Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?"
National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature2/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com>.
"Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov. 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov. 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html>.
“Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield 2000.
Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept. 1996. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://www.phoenicia.org/>.
Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature2/?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com>.
"Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov. 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov. 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html>.
“Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield 2000.
Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept. 1996. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://www.phoenicia.org/>.
