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The Roots of Our DemocracyFirst GovernmentBabylonians develop system of government-write Hammurabis codeThe Bible:Hebrews are freed from slavery by Cyrus the GreatHebrew prophets developed the idea of all people being equal, created in the image of God.The idea caring for the weaker members of society.Wrote Torah, discussing issues of human worth and equality

Greeks and RomansThe ancient Greeks and Romans were the first civilizations in history to create governments based on DemocracyDEMOS = PEOPLEKRATIA = RULEAthens created a direct democracy in 508 B.C.Rome later developed an indirect democratic system.

RomansRomans write down constitutional principles on Twelve TabletsCatholic Church redefines power and authority

The Magna CartaBritish DocumentKing John forced to recognize his power was limited by the BaronsFirst step toward limited government

John ruled England from 1199 to 1216. He faced the following problems:He quarrelled with the Pope about how to run the Church. John went to war twice against the French king. He lost almost all the land that his father had gained in France! John raised taxes in England to pay for the wars. This upset his BARONS! He ordered them to pay far more tax than earlier kings had done!How did Barons strike back?In 1214 many barons rebelled against John. In 1215 the barons forced John to grant a charter, which was the first time anyone had expected an English king to obey a set of rules.

King JohnThe Magna CartaI, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law.So I agree:1.Not to imprison nobles without trial2.That trials must be in courts; not held in secret by me3.To have fair taxation for the nobles4.To let freemen travel wherever they like5.Not to interfere in Church matters6.Not to seize crops without paying for them. and lot more things too!!ErasmusIt was his lifelong conviction that what was needed to regenerate Europe was sound learning applied frankly and fearlessly to the administration of public affairs in Church and State.Wrote In Praise of FollyBelieved strongly in human rights, equality, and human freedom"laid the egg that Luther hatchedContemporary of Martin Luther and Machiavelli

Martin LutherLuther leads reformation of Catholic Church, nailed 95 Theses to door of the church in Wittenburg, GermanyHis letter to the Pope entitled Freedom of a Christian, which is what finally got him excommunicated (thrown out of the Church), stated that "there is no basic difference in status and dignity ... between laymen and priests, princes and bishops, religious and secular. Before God all are equal.John CalvinTheologian, pastor and political reformer during Protestant ReformationCalvin takes reformation furtherFounded Geneva, Switzerland, to be a self-governing theocracyBelieved in public education, support for the poor, predestination, free will, individual responsibility and equalityCalvinists in France called Huguenots, in Scotland called Presbyterians, in England and the American colonies called Puritans

The Mayflower Compact was the first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by English Calvinist colonists (Puritans), later known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. They were a separatist group seeking freedom of religion to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church. It was signed on November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's one hundred and two passengers, in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod

The Mayflower CompactMeanwhile, back in ENGLAND, English Revolution is starting. The Petition of Right sets out specific liberties that the king is prohibited from infringing. It was passed by Parliament in May 1628, in response to abuses by the King, and agreed to by Charles Itaxes can be levied only by Parliamentmartial law cant be imposed in time of peaceprisoners may challenge their imprisonment through the writ of habeas corpus. ban on the housing of troops is reflected in the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Petition of RightThe Bill of RightsPassed by Parliament in December 1689, signed by William and Mary, protected English Citizens, it defined certain rights to which subjects and permanent residents of a constitutional monarchy were thought to be entitled in the late 17th century.1. subjects' right to petition the monarch2. the right to bear arms3. restates requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in parliament

The Great Awakening 1730-1740

15Reasons for The Great AwakeningGave colonists a shared national religious experiencePreachers felt that people needed to be concerned with inner emotions as opposed to outward religious behaviorPeople in New England could read and interrupt the Bible on their own

16George WhitefieldPuritan Minister who used raw emotional sermons to reach all classes of colonistsPreached that good works and godly lives would bring you salvation

17Jonathan Edwards a Puritan Minister terrified listeners with his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

18Outcomes of the Great AwakeningBirth of deep religious convictions in the coloniesNew churches built to accommodate new membersColleges founded to train new ministers

19Outcomes of the Great AwakeningEncouraged ideas of equality and right to challenge authorityBirth of charity and charitable organizationsSpread of ideas of self-government

20The EnlightenmentA movement in the 1700s that rejected traditional ways of life and looked for a more rational and scientific way to explain the world we live inIt was an emphasis on the sciences and reason to explain things

21Enlightenment ArgumentsGenerally we are good and our environment influences usThe use of science and reason could answer lifes mysteriesScience and reason could also answer mans questions concerning government and himself

22Outcomes of the EnlightenmentGreat surge of literacy in the coloniesNewspapers and book publications increase Schools are synonymous with new towns and villages Deism, God is the great clock maker

23Outcomes of the EnlightenmentPeople are born with natural rightsGovernment has an obligation to protect those natural rightsKings have no right to govern people, people empower government

24John Locke 1632-1704Life, Liberty and PropertyThe right to alter or abolishBaron de Montesquieu 1712-1778separation of powersJean-Jacques Rousseau 1689-1755Social contractConsent of the governedVoltaire 1694-1778freedomSamuel Adams-InstigatorBorn in Boston, MassachusettsEducated at HarvardEnters politics after he fails in his business ventureServes in both the 1st and 2nd Continental CongressesA leading political organizer against the British in the coloniesHe is a leader in the Boston Tea Party and of the Sons of Liberty

26Samuel AdamsAt the Boston Massacre it is believed that he played a major hand in inciting the Sons of Liberty to antagonize British troopsHe will sign the Declaration of Independence

27Benjamin Franklin-DiplomatBorn in Boston, Massachusetts leaves school to help father in his business as a soapmakerPrinter in Philadelphia and later an editor for the Pennsylvania Gazette

28Benjamin FranklinWrites Poor Richards Almanac which becomes popular for its American proverbsScientist, writer, businessmen, statesman, publisher, represented American Enlightenment and inventorResponsible for helping get the French to join the colonies against the British29Thomas Jefferson-WriterA Virginia plantation ownerHe will write many political pamphlets that criticize British policies in the coloniesServed in the Virginia House of Burgesses several terms

30Thomas JeffersonHe will attend both Continental CongressesHe will write the Declaration of Independence in 1776He is the third President

31John Adams-ThinkerEducated at HarvardDelegate from Massachusetts to the Continental CongressOn the Declaration writing committee with Thomas JeffersonNot a popular leader like his second cousin, Samuel Adams. Instead, his influence emerged through his work as a constitutional lawyer and his intense analysis of historical examplesThe second President of the United States (17971801)

George Washington-SymbolWe can call George Washington the Poster Child of the Revolution.Commander in Chief of the Continental Army1st President of the United StatesPresided over Committee to write ConstitutionThomas Paine-AdvertiserEnglish Quaker who arrives in the colonies in 1775Writes Common Sense in 1776 , a political pamphlet that criticizes the British monarch, supports colonial rebellion and justifies starting a new government

34Thomas PaineCommon Sense will push colonies to rebel Writes American Crisis, which inspires colonial soldiers to continue fighting against the British

35James Madison-OrganizerHaving been instrumental in the drafting of the Constitution, he is called Father of the Constitution.Wrote the Bill of Rights4th President