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THESIS TITLE:
Integrated nutrient management for growth, yield and quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum).
TREATMENTS:-
T1 = Control
T2 = Blanket recommendation (Farmer’s practice)
T3 = Soil test based inorganic dose
T4 = Only bio-fertiliser
T5 = T3 + F.Y.M (10 t/ha)
T6 = T3 + Vermicompost (5t/ha)
T7 = T3 + FYM (5t/ha) + Vermicompost (2.5t/ha)
T8 = 75% soiltest based dose + B.F (6 kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost T9 = 100 % soiltest based dose + B.F (6 Kg/h) + FYM + Vermicompost
N.B.- (AZO + AZS + PSB) (2 Kg: 2Kg: 2 Kg) in (1:1:1)
DESIGN ALLOTED:- Randomized Block Design
LAY OUT OF PLOTS: - (4.2m)
1 (3.6m)
2 3
4 5 6
7 89
No. of plots = 09
Plot size = 4.2 × 3.6 m2
Total no. of plants = 56× 9 = 504 plants
For 3 replications = 504 × 3 =1512 plants 2003, Volume: 9, Number: 3
Contents
DİLEK, E. F. and H. ÇELEM, Determination of Site Selection Possibilities in the Evaluation of Bodrum Solid Waste Landfill Area Abstract
ÇEVİK, O. and K. YÜREKLİ, Modeling of Yeşilırkmak River's Monthly Flow Series Using Seasonal ARIMA Model Abstract
ELİBOL, O, Effect of Cessation of Turning at 14th and 18th Days of Incubation Period on Hatchability of Eggs from Broiler Breeder Flocks at Different Ages Abstract
SOY, M. and A. GÜNEŞ, Effect of Phosphorus on the Aleviation of Boron Toxicity in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Plant Abstract
ERGÜL, İ. and E. DURSUN, Effect of Wear on Spray Distribution Pattern of Cone Nozzles Made from Different Materials Abstract
GÜNER, M. and M. T. ERKAN, Design of Hydraulic Bucket Elevator Abstract
ATLIHAN, R., E. N. YARDIM, M. S. ÖZGÖKÇE and M. B. KAYDAN, Harmful Insects and Their Natural Enemies in Potato Fields in Van Province Abstract
KUTLAR, İ. and M. A. TOKGÖZ, Relationships Between Water Distribution Uniformity and Design Criteria in Spinkler Irrigation Abstract
ÖZENÇ BENDER, D. and İ. ÖZKAN, Effect of Peat and Perlite Mixed with Soil on Growth of Pepper Plant (Capsicum annuum var. grossum cv. 11B-14) Under Water Stress Abstract
KARADAĞ, Y. Karyotype Analysis of Pisum arvense L. Collected from Tokat Native Vegetation Abstract
COŞKUN, M. B. Determination of Variety Effect of a Simple Cotton Picking Machine on Design Parameters Abstract
CEYLAN, N., İ. ÇİFTÇİ, F. ILDIZ and A. SÖĞÜT, Effects of Enzyme, Growth Promoter, Probiotic and Organic Acid Supplementation to Broiler Diets on Performance and Gut Microflora Abstract
SAKAL, A. and N. AKPINAR, Determination of Landscape Planning Criteria of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park's Kocatepe Section Abstract
ERDAL, İ., M. A. TURAN and S. TABAN, Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Nutrient Contents of Corn Grown in Soils with Different Characters Abstract
KIZIL, S., N. ARSLAN and A. İPEK, A Research on Adaptation of Different Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Lines in Diyarbakır Ecological Conditions Abstract
ÖZTÜRK, F., F. K. SÖNMEZ, Y. E. YILDIRIM, İ. BAYRAMİN, H. APAYDIN and E. KARAŞ, Prediction of Runoff and Sediment Yield by Using AGNPS Model Abstract
TEKELİ, A. S., R. AVCIOĞLU and E. ATEŞ, Changes in Some Morphological and Chemical Properties of Persian Clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) in Relation to Time and Above Abstract
PUL, F. and A. ELİÇİN, Studies on the Determination of the Effect of Some Environmental Factors on Live Weight of Kids at Various Periods by Different Methods Abstract
YÜKSEL, M. Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Soils Formed on Different Height, Climate and Parent Material Abstract
MARASALI, B. and A. AKTEKİN, Comparative Study on Stomatal Density of Grape Cultivars Grown Under Dry and Irrigated Vineyard Conditions Abstract
Abstracts
2003, 9 (3) 255-260Determination of Site Selection Possibilities in the Evaluation of Bodrum Solid Waste Landfill Area (Turkish)
E. Figen DİLEK and Hayran ÇELEMAnkara University, Department of Landscape Architecture-Ankara
To date, just before the beginning of the twenty-first century, household garbage has been collected and disposed without any treatment in an arbitrarily selected area. This process has been applied by the Municipalities. Open dump areas are located in the periphery of the city. Open dumping has been applied without any treatment in an arbitrarily selected area in Bodrum, the most important and famous touristic place in Turkey. The open dump area of Bodrum is located in the forest and at the seaside. At the step of the determination of landfill areas, GIS and RS technologies are used for accurate site selection decisions considering whole natural and cultural data of the area. The open dumping implementations, however, which are considered as the most primitive and environmental damaging method of solid waste management should be given up evidently, meanwhile sanitary landfill area(s) is required both for mitigating the negative effects of open dumping implementations to the environment and also preventing the damages to the tourism resources of research area. It is considered that the usage of the advantageous of those recent technologies at this study will built up an example for whole other type of site selection studies. This method also can be used for site selection and comparison steps of the EIA works.
Key Words : Bodrum, solid waste, landfill, landfill site selection, GIS, RS
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2003, 9 (3) 261-268Modeling of Yeşilırmak River's Monthly Flow Series Using Seasonal ARIMA Model (Turkish)
Osman ÇEVİK1 and Kadri YÜREKLİ2Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Econimic and Administrative Sciences-TokatGaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation -Tokat
This study was made to model monthly flow series measured on Yesilırmak river. 361 forms of ARIMA(p,d,q)(P,D,Q) model were used in modeling monthly flow series. In selecting appropriate model, it was taken into account whether the residuals calculated from ARIMA(p,d,q)(P,D,Q) models were independent. For this reason, Ljung-Box Q(r) statistics and Pr (Probability) values for c2 distribution of these statistics for every model were gotten. If the Pr values of models were higher than 0.05, these models were assumed to be appropriate for monthly flow series. Pr values of seven of models used in this study were higher than 0.05. But, Pr value (0.072) of ARIMA(1,0,0) (0,1,1) model was higher than Pr values of the other models selected. Therefore, it was came to a decision that ARIMA (1,0,0) (0,1,1) model was more suitable in forecasting monthly flows for Yeşilırmak river.
Key Words : monthly flows, autocorrelation coefficient, ARIMA model
op
2003, 9 (3) 269-272Effect of Cessation of Turning at 14th and 18th Days of Incubation Period on Hatchability of Eggs from Broiler Breeder Flocks at Different Ages (Turkish)
Okan ELİBOLAnkara University, Department of Animal Science-Ankara
This experiment was intended to investigate the effect of cessation of turning at either 14 or 18 days of age on eggs from breeder hens of different ages. In this experiment totally 7200 hatching eggs were used and eggs were collected from commercial flocks of Ross * Ross 308 within the same company at six different ages ranging from 28 to 53 weeks. There was a significant flock age * turning treatment interaction for late embriyonic mortality and fertile hatchability that indicated that the effect was greater at the older age of breeder hen, i.e. stopping of turning at 14 days had a beneficial effect on the hatchability of the eggs from older flock in comparison to the eggs from the younger flock. Turning beyond 14 days seemed to actually increased the percentage late dead in the eggs from the older flock.
Key Words: turning, hatchability, age of embryo
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2003, 9 (3) 273-277Effect of Phosphorus on the Alleviation of Boron Toxicity in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Plant (Turkish)
Metin SOY and Aydın GÜNEŞAnkara University, Department of Soil Science-Ankara
A greenhouse study was conducted in order to determine the effect of P on alleviating B toxicity in tomato. For this purpose 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 B and 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 P were applied to the pots holding 3000 g soil. Vegetatif and root dry weights, B and P concentration of the young and old part of the plants were determined. According to experimental results, dry weights of vegetatif part and root were decreased at 40 mg kg-1 B level. Boron concentration of the plants (both young and old parts) was higher than the critical toxicity level given for tomato at 40 mg kg-1 applied B level. Increases in B concentration as a result of applied B was decreased by the P treatments and resulting in an increase in dry weight of the tomato plants. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that phosphorus was effective on alleviating the B toxicity in tomato plants.
Key Words: B toxicity, phosphorus, tomato, boron and phosphorus concentration of tomato
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2003, 9 (3) 278-283Effect of Wear on Spray Distribution Pattern of Cone Nozzles Made from Different Materials (Turkish)
İbrahim ERGÜL1 and Ergin DURSUN2Directory of Testing Center of Agricultural Equipment and Mechinory-AnkaraAnkara University, Department of Agricultural Machinery-Ankara
In this study, the effect of nozzle wear on spray pattern delivered by cone pattern nozzles made from different materials were investigated. A test stand was constructed for nozzle wear. Test stand consist mainly of a tank, pump, pressure regulator, pressure gauge and pipes containing nozzles. For nozzle wear tests contucted in laboratory, both a 1 % copper oxychloride suspension and water - kaolin clay mixture containing 60 grams of kaolin clay per liter of water were used. All tests were made at a spray pressure of 6 bar. Spray distrubution patterns of nozzles were determined before and after wear operation. Research results indicated that there was difference between spray distribution pattern of new and worn nozzles. The C.V.s of spray distributions from worn nozzles were found higher than from new nozzles.
Key Words: nozzle wear, cone nozzles, spray distribution pattern
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2003, 9 (3) 284-290Design of Hydraulic Bucket Elevator (Turkish)
Metin GÜNER1 and Mustafa T. ERKAN1Ankara University, Department of Agricultural Machinery-Ankara
The object of this study is to design a bucket elevator and to obtain the design parametres which will control the drive and the brake mechanism of the bucket elevator. In the design, a bucket elevator with 10 m height, which will be used in conveying of wheat, and the hydraulics system parts suitable for this purpose were examined. At the end of the desingning, motor and pump powers, system pressure, flow rate and conveying capacity were found as 3,61 kW, 5 kW, 150 bar, 17 L/min, and 32 t/h, respectively. The models of motor, pump and relief valve were selected as Casappa RBS 125, Casappa PLP 20-20, and Oleostar VOSL 38, respectively.
Key Words: bucket elevator, design, hydraulic
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2003, 9 (3) 291-295Harmful Insects and Their Natural Enemies in Potato Fields in Van Province (Turkish)
Remzi ATLIHAN, E. Necip YARDIM, M. Salih ÖZGÖKÇE and M. Bora KAYDANYüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Plant Protection-Van
This study was carried out to find out the harmful and beneficial insects at the potato fields in Van province and Erciş, Gevaş ve Muradiye counties in 1998-1999. In study, netting and point sampling methods were used. As a result, 49 phytophagous insects belonging to 4 order and 28 beneficial insects belonging to 5 order were determined. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), Agrotis spp (A. ipsilon (Hufnagel) and A. segetum (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Exolygus rugulipennis (Popp.) and Exolygus pratensis (L.) (Heteroptera: Miridae) were found having high population level. Nabis punctatus C., Nabis ferus (L.) (Heteroptera: Nabidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopide) and Adonia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were observed more common and widely distributed among obtained natural enemies.
Key Words: potato pests, natural enemies
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2003, 9 (3) 296-304Relationships Between Water Distribution Uniformity and Design Criteria in Sprinkler Irrigation
(Turkish)
İlknur KUTLAR1 and M. Ali TOKGÖZ2Selçuk University, Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation -KonyaAnkara University, Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation -Ankara
In this study, the alternative sprinkler irrigation systems for different crops were planned and designed for 1000 da (1000mx1000m) of a model area considered in the research and Application Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara. In these systems, cost analysis, water distribution uniformities, annual total costs, and crop yields were determined. Validity of the existing design criteria of sprinkler irrigation systems was found that the most economical solution was not depend on the water distribution uniformity, system design should be done by considering alternative system layouts and crop characteristics. In addition system cost decreased when sprinkler spacings and lateral length were lower. Crop yields decreased due to poor water distribution uniformity.
Key Words: sprinkler irrigation, water distribution uniformity, yield response to water, system cost
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2003, 9 (3) 305-312Effect of Peat and Perlite Mixed with Soil on Growth of Pepper Plant (Capsicum annuum var. grossum cv. 11B-14) Under Water Stress (Turkish)
Damla BENDER ÖZENÇ1 and İlhami ÖZKAN21Blacksea Technical University, Department of Soil Science-Ordu2Ankara University, Department of Soil Science-Ankara
In this study, the effect of peat and perlite mixed with soil on growth of pepper plant (Capsicum annuum var. grossum cv. 11B-14) under water stress were investigated. The effect of peat and perlite mixed with soil at different rates on growth of pepper plants exposed to water stress at the 10th day after seedling transplanting, flowering and fruiting were determined in greenhouse conditions for two years. Peat and perlite mixed with soil were more effective than soil on growth of plants. In according to soil, the plant growth was favoured with soil mixed peat and perlite and particularly the peat produced more favorable media than the perlite for growth of plants. Significant differences were observed in growth of pepper plants exposed to water stress in certain development stage. The results revealed that growth of plant was rather susceptible to water stress in seedling stage, whereas it was more tolerant at flowering and fruit setting.
Key Words: pepper (Capsicum annuum var.grossum cv.11B-14), plant growth, water stress, peat, perlite
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2003, 9 (3) 313-315Karyotype Analysis of Pisum arvense L. Collected from Tokat Native Vegetation (English)
Yaşar KARADAĞGaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops-Tokat
This research was conducted to determine karyotype analysis of Pisum arvense L. occurred in native vegetation of Tokat region. After the seeds were germinated, they were stained by feulgen and karyotype analysis was carried out with obtained cells by using the squash method. The results of the cytological studies that the chromosome numbers of Pisum arvense L. were 2n= 14. Four chromosomes of the Pisum arvense L. were submedian and ten chromosomes were median. In addition, the chromosome length, the arm index and the relative chromosome length in Pisum arvense L. were 4.59-5.93 µ, 0.56-0.91 and 6.38-8.24, respectively.
Key Words: Pisum arvense L., karyotype, native vegetation, karyogram, idiogram
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2003, 9 (3) 316-319Determination of Variety Effect of a Simple Cotton Picking Machine on Design Parameters (Turkish)
M. Bülent COŞKUNAdnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery-Aydın
This study was made in order to determine how much the type of cotton affects the design parameters such as vacuum pressure, suction speed and break-off force in a simple cotton picking machinery. The vacuum pressure, suction speed and curl break-off forces belonging to the cotton types of DPXxC//BixLa hybrid and Nazilli 84 which is still being developed in accordance with the mechanical harvesting were measured. The statistical relationships between measured design parameters and cotton variety were searched. It was observed that there is no statistical difference between types in aspect of suction speed and values of vacuum pressure where as the types differ in aspect of lock break-off force. The lock break-off force of the type of Nazilli 84 was been found lower than the kind which is still being developed. Although the break-off forces of cotton variety are different it is observed that suction speed of 2 m s-1 in average and a vacuum pressure of -5 kPa is sufficient for the locks to be broken off from the bolls.
Key Words: cotton, vacuum, suction speed, cotton picking machinery
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2003, 9 (3) 320-326Effects of Enzyme, Growth Promoter, Probiotic and Organic Acid Supplementation to Broiler Diets on Performance and Gut Microflora (Turkish)
Necmettin CEYLAN1, İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ1, Faruk ILDIZ2 and Ali SÖĞÜT²Ankara University, Department of Animal Science-AnkaraTurkish Atomic Energy Authority Ankara Nuclear Research Center in Agriculture and Animal Sciences-Ankara
In this research, effects of enzyme, growth promoter, probiotic and mixture of organic acids on performance and gut microflora have been examined in 240 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks. In the experiment, 8 treatments made by supplementation of 3 different additives (Control without additive, growth promoter, probiotic and organic acids and 2 different enzyme levels (0 and 0.1 %) in corn-soy based broiler diets have been examined in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Live weight, weight gain , feed consumption, hot carcass yield, mortality and ileal viscosity values has not been significantly affected by dietary treatments through the experiment. However, feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by supplementation of enzyme in 0-6 weeks period. Feed conversion results are as follow; 1.898 and 1.845 for the groups without enzyme and with enzyme. Gut microorganism numbers determined 6th weeks of age by counting number of aerobic bacteria. total yeast and coliform were found significant (P<0.01) among the groups. The groups received organic acid and arganic acid plus enzyme had lower microorganism numbers than the others (P<0.01) Interaction between type of additives and levels of enzyme was also significant (P<0.01) regarding with microorganism numbers. It could be concluded that enzyme supplementation has improved performance of broilers and also organic acid and organic acid plus enzyme supplementation has decreased the undesired microorganism in the gut while the other treatments had no beneficial efffect in comparison to negative control.
Key Words : enzyme , growth promoter, probiotic, organic acid, broiler performance, gut microflora
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2003, 9 (3) 327-333Determination of Landscape Planning Criteria of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park's Kocatepe Section (Turkish)
Aslı SAKAL1 and Nevin AKPINAR2Ministy of Agriculture and Rural Affairs General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development-AnkaraAnkara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture
In this study, the research area is the Kocatepe Section of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park which has two parts and is situated in Afyon, Kütahya and Uşak provinces. Natural characteristics such as the location, water and soil resources, geological structure and cultural characteristics such as socio-economic
structure, population and historical characteristics have been evaluated and landscape planning criteria were determined. Also the protection, using and familiarization features of the national park's section had been analysed. Depending on the zonning system that used in the USA Valley Forge National Historical Park and according to the landscape planning criteria, various zone studies are realised in the Kocatepe Section of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park. As a result, The research area was classified as Natural Zone, Historical Zone, Park Development Zone and Special Use Zone. According to the charecteristics of these zones, some recommendation for protection, using and familiarization were proposed.
Key Words: national park, Kocatepe Section of Commander-in-Chief Historical National Park, landscape planning criteria
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2003, 9 (3) 334-339Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Nutrient Contents of Corn Grown in Soils with Different Characters (Turkish)
İbrahim ERDAL1, M. Ali TURAN2 and Süleyman TABAN3Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Soil Science-IspartaUludağ University, Department of Soil Science -BursaAnkara University, Department of Soil Science-Ankara
This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of zinc on corn plant growth and plan nutrient content. For this, 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm Zn as Zn-EDTA applied to the soil. According to the result obtained, plant dry matter and Zn content increased but the others decreased generally for all soils.
Key Words: soil properties, zinc, maize, nutrient
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2003, 9 (3) 340-343A Research on Adaptation of Different Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Lines in Diyarbakır Ecological Conditions (Turkish)
Süleyman KIZIL1, Neşet ARSLAN2 and Arif İPEK2Dicle University, Department of Agronomy-DiyarbakırAnkara University, Department of Agronomy -Ankara
This research was conducted at experimental fields of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Dicle in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 growing seasons. The aim of the study was the determination of eight cumin lines to Diyarbakır Ecological conditions. The experiment was established as split plots in randomised blocks design with three replications. In the research; plant height, number of fruitfully branches per plant, number of umbrella per plant, number of seeds per umbrella, seed yield per plant, seed yield, thousand seed weight and essential oil rate were investigated. According to results of this research; plant height, number of fruitfully branches per plant, number of umbrella per plant, number on seed per umbrella, seed yield per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield and essential oil rate varied between 24.20-30.27cm, 6.88-7.96 pieces/plant, 7.80-11.77 pieces/plant, 18.60-21.30 pieces/umbrella, 0.49-0.86 g, 2.90-3.99 g, 56.80-122.80 kg/da and % 1.87-2.37, respectively.
Key Words: cumin, plant height, seed yield, essential oil rate
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2003, 9 (3) 344-351Prediction of Runoff and Sediment Yield by Using AGNPS Model (Turkish)
Fazlı ÖZTÜRK1, F. Kemal SÖNMEZ1 Y. Ersoy YILDIRIM1, İlhami BAYRAMİN2, Halit APAYDIN1 and Ertuğrul KARAŞAnkara University, Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation-AnkaraAnkara University, Department of Soil Science-AnkaraGeneral Directorate of Rural Services, Eskişehir Research Institute-Eskişehir
In this study, runoff depth and sediment quantities were predicted using AGNPS model with the input data for the years of 1994, 1995 and 1996 for Kurukavak creek watershed located within the boundaries of Küçükelmalı, Güde and Bahçesultan villages of Pazaryeri town of Bilecik. The watershed topography, crop cover, soil, land use and climate data were gathered and data were transferred to geographic information system. In the geographic information system the necessary analysis of the data for the AGNPS model were performed. The estimated values were compared to the measured runoff depth. Based on 8 events selected from 15 different storms for the years 1994, 1995 and 1996, effectiveness of the model predictions were determined as 25 %, and determination coefficient was found to be 0.43. Since P value of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test was P:0.98 and Khikare value was c2h = 0.83, it was thought that the model and observation values were homogeneous and belong to same population and model values could represent the observation values.
Key Words: runoff, erosion, sediment, AGNPS, Kurukavak watershed
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2003, 9 (3) 352-360Changes in Some Morphological and Chemical Properties of Persian Clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) in Relation to Time and Above-Ground Biomass (Turkish)
Ali Servet TEKELİ1, Rıza AVCIOĞLU2 and Ertan ATEŞ1Trakya University, Tekirdağ Department of Agronomy-TekirdağEge University, Department of Agronomy-İzmir
This research was conducted between the years of 1999-2001 in the experimental field of Field Crops Department of Agricultural Faculty in Tekirdag. This experiment was carried out in randomised complete block design with four replications. Demet-82 Persian clover was used as the material in this research. In the study samples were taken at weekly intervals from the emergence to maturity stage for measurements and analyses of plant height, aboveground biomass, number of leaves on main stem, leaf/stem ratio, dry matter, crude protein, crude cellulose, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium ratio. All the parameters were regressed against time and aboveground biomass. All the parameters regressed varied significant (P<0.01) with time and aboveground biomass. Regression graphics and formulas were determined in the study.
Key Words: Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum L., biomass, morphological characters, chemical compositions
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2003, 9 (3) 361-364Studies on the Determination of the Effect of Some Environmental Factors on Live Weight of Kids at Various Periods by Different Methods (Turkish)
Figen PUL1 and Ayhan ELİÇİN 1Ankara University, Department of Animal Science-Ankara
The material of this study consisted of 50 heads of Kilis kids raised at the University of Ankara Faculty of Agriculture. The effects of dam age, birth type and sex of kid on the birth weight, the effects of birth weight in addition to the factors affecting birth weight on the weaning weight and the effects of above all factors on the six months live weight in Kilis kids were investigated. According to the result of; sex of kid and age of dam on the birth weight of kids were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). Effects of sex of kid, dam age, birth type and birth weight on the weaning weight were found to be nonsignificant. Effects of sex of kid, dam age, birth type and birth weight on the six months live weight were found to be nonsignificant, whereas weaning weight on the six months live weight were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01).
Key Words: kid, live weight, environmental factors, least-squares analyses
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2003, 9 (3) 365-369Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Soils Formed on Different Height, Climate and Parent Material (Turkish)
Mahmut YÜKSEL1Ankara University, Department of Soil Science-Ankara
The purpose of this study was to determine physical, chemical properties and minerological composition of the soils derived from different parent materials (magmatic rocks and alluvial materials) around Iğdır province and the Ararat Mount, under different environmental condition and to detect the relation between soil, parent material, climate and minerological composition. Seven soil samples were taken between 850 m-3200 m altitude. Annual average temperature and precipitation of flat land (alluvial soils) has 12.7oC and 225 mm. However, They are 6.1oC and 528 mm for high land. Physical and chemical properties of each soil samples were determined. In addition that, minerological compositions of soils were examined by XRD method. According to analysis results, it was found that climatic is very important factor for weathering and for formation of mineral. Dominant mineral for all soils samples are Plajiyoklas, Opal-CT, Quartz, Klorit. Different amount of smectite also was found in all samples but it was detected that it is higher level in soil taken from flat land than other samples. This situation shows us that weathering is more effective in low land than high land due to climate factor.
Key Words: minerology, X-ray, soil fomation2003, 9 (3) 370-372Comparative Study on Stomatal Density of Grape Cultivars Grown Under Dry and Irrigated Vineyard Conditions (Turkish)
Birhan MARASALI and Aysun AKTEKİNAnkara University, Department of Horticulture-Ankara
In this study, number of stomata per unit leaf area (mm2) and variation of the numbers were determined in 17 grape varieties grown in Ankara, under dry and irrigated vineyard conditions. Stomata transferred nitrocellulose membranes were used for stomata counting. Stomatal density of the cultivars were found significantly different in both conditions. According to the comparison between dry and irrigated vineyard conditions, number of stomata did not appear to be significantly influenced in 9 cultivars (Amasya, Emir, Ergin Çekirdeksizi, Hafızali, Karagevrek, Narince, Razakı, Yalova İncisi ve Perlette) whereas the number varied considerably in the other 8 cultivars (Alicante Bouschet, Gülüzümü, Hasandede, Kalecik karası, Uslu, Cardinal, Pinot noir and Portugieser).
Key Words: Vitis vinifera L., stomatal density, dry conditions, irrigated conditions
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Bell paper(Capsicum annuum var. grossum)
Hungarian Wax, California Wonder and Early Calwonder are the promising varieties. Plant the crop during September-October at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm. The seed rate is 400-600 g/ha. Raising of seedlings, transplanting, irrigation etc. are same as in chilli. FYM at the rate of 25 t/ha and N:P2O5:K2O @ 150:75:50 kg/ha are to be given. The average yield is 12-15 t/ha.
Yield and fruit quality response of sweet pepper to organic and mineral fertilization
Abstract
Sweet pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse under three different cultivation methods (organic, integrated and conventional farming). During the crop cycle, plant growth and especially yield and fruit quality parameters were monitored to determine the effects of the different fertilization strategies. Plant fresh weight and total leaf fresh weight were progressively reduced, relative to the other treatments, in the organic treatment compared with the conventional, and at the end of the crop cycle these parameters were reduced by 32.6 and 35% respectively. This reduction in growth was directly correlated with plant nitrate concentration and, at the end of the study, nitrate concentration was reduced almost completely in the organic treatment. Despite the important effect on growth, no significant differences in total marketable yield were observed between conventional and organic farming, although integrated farming showed the highest yield in the extra and first class fruit categories. Organic farming increased antioxidant activity but reduced both chlorophylls and β-carotene. Fruit firmness, pericarp thickness, pH and total soluble solids content showed higher values with the organic method, but these differences were not significant with respect to the conventional method. Our results show the advantages of the organic fertilization, from both environmental and economic perspectives, if proper dosage is added to the crop and the demonstrated buffer capacity of these plants, with respect to maintaining yield under nutrient depletion at later stages of development, is taken into account
Software Available
Cucurbit Breeding Project
We have published articles describing software that may help in some research areas. Rather than sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope with a disk to obtain the free software, you may prefer to open the text files below and save them into your favorite word processing program. The files can then be modified to fit your data, and run using SAS.
The programs are written for SAS, and are compatible with any computer system that can run SAS (Mac OS, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, OS/2, UNIX, MVS, CMS, VSE, and OpenVMS).
SASGene 1.2 (updated 3 March 1999) o SASGene is a SAS computer program for gene segregation and linkage
analysis Consists of 3 files written in the SAS macro language and one file
with an example Requires SAS version 6 or higher
Does single gene goodness-of-fit testing, and analysis of gene linkage relationships
Calculates Chi-square, probability value and two-locus-combined phase for all gene pairs in segregation for the F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 generations
o SASGene developers Jinsheng S. Liu (Visiting Scientist (China), Horticultural Science) Todd C. Wehner (Professor, Horticultural Science) Sandy B. Donaghy (SAS Consultant, Statistics)
o Text versions of the SASGene files (SASGene 1.2 is the same as 1.1, except that linkage.sas was modified to correct a typographic error in the formula for calculating the SE for the F2 in coupling phase)
ReadMe File Startup SAS Convert SAS SGene SAS Linkage SAS Example Data
o Reference: Liu, J. S., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 1997. SASGene: A SAS computer program for genetic analysis of gene segregation and linkage. J. Hered. 88: 253-254.
PathSAS 1.0 (updated 16 Jan 1998) o PathSAS is a SAS computer program for path analysis
Consists of 3 files written in the SAS macro language and one file with an example; also includes the Jackboot program
Requires SAS version 6 or higher o PathSAS developers
Christopher S. Cramer (Graduate Research Assistant, Horticultural Science)
Todd C. Wehner (Professor, Horticultural Science) Sandy B. Donaghy (SAS Consultant, Statistics)
o Corrections needed for SAS 8 and later Change the variable name, intercep, to intercept. In the old version of
SAS, variable names could only be 8 characters and SAS used the name intercep when it output datasets from PROC REG. In version 8, they changed the name of the variable to intercept since 9 characters are permitted.
o Text versions of the PathSAS files ReadMe File Startup SAS PathSAS SAS Jackboot SAS Example Data
o Reference: Cramer, C. S., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 1999. PATHSAS: a SAS computer program for path coefficient analysis of quantitative data. J. Hered. 90: 260-262.
SASQuant 1.3 (updated 12 August 2008) o SASQuant is a SAS computer program for analysis of quantitative genetic
data
Consists of 2 files written in the SAS macro language and one file with an example
Requires SAS version 8 or higher Does quantitative genetic analysis of phenotypic data for populations
(families) consisting of 6 generations (parents, F1, F2, BC1 to each parent)
Estimates genetic effects (Wright, Hayman mean separation analysis), generation variances, heritabilities, gain from selection, and number of effective factors
o SASQuant developers Gabriele Gusmini (Graduate Assistant (Italy), Horticultural Science) Todd C. Wehner (Professor, Horticultural Science) Sandy B. Donaghy (SAS Consultant, Statistics)
o Files for the SASQuant files Dist SAS Estim SAS Example Data
o Reference: Gusmini, G., T. C. Wehner, and S. B. Donaghy. 2007. SASQuant: A SAS software program to estimate genetic effects and heritabilities of quantitative traits in populations consisting of 6 related generations. J. Hered. 98: 345-350.
Effect of organic manures and integrated nutrient management on yield potential of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) varieties and on soil properties Authors: Gopinath K. Appireddy a; Supradip Saha a; Banshi L. Mina a; Samaresh Kundu a; Govindan Selvakumar a; Hari S. Gupta a Affiliation: a Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research), Almora, IndiaDOI: 10.1080/03650340701836808 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Previously published as: Archivfür Acker und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde (0365-0340) until 1991 Article Requests:
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2005 and 2006 at Almora (Indian Himalayas) to evaluate the comparative performance of five varieties of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and changes in soil properties under organic and integrated nutrient management (INM) systems. The number of fruits plant-1 and fruit yield was significantly higher under INM compared with organic nutrient supply. The
yield reduction in the latter was 22.1% in 2005 and 21.7% in 2006 compared with INM. Among the bell pepper varieties, 'US Agri 181' produced significantly higher fruit yield (25.42 mg ha-1 in 2005 and 28.82 mg ha-1 in 2006) compared with other varieties. The soil pH, organic carbon, and microbial activities in terms of urease, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were higher in the plots treated with organic manures alone compared to INM. The latter, however, recorded higher N, P, and K contents in soil. The gross margin and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio were higher under INM compared with organic nutrient supply. 'US Agri 181' gave the highest net returns followed by 'Aishwarya' and 'California Wonder'. However, the latter recorded the highest B:C ratio (9.2) compared with other varieties. We conclude that at least 25-50% price premium for organic bell pepper may be required to offset the higher cost of cultivation and low yields under organic production system. Among the bell pepper varieties, 'US Agri 181' was the best variety as it yielded highest followed by 'Aishwarya'. Keywords: bell pepper; varieties; organic manures; integrated nutrient management; soil enzymes; fruit yield
Title of Thesis : Effect of various cultural practices including weed control under different fertility levels on fruit yield and quality of bell
5. Abstract of Thesis :
The investigations entitled “Effect of various cultural practices including weed control under different fertility levels on fruit yield and quality in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the University during 1986 and 1987. Two set of experiments were laid. In the first experiment treatments comprised of four weed management practices, three row spacings and four fertility levels, keeping weed management practices in main plots, row spacings in sub plots and fertility levels in sub plots in split split plot replicated thrice. In experiment second the trial was laid out under randomized block design in three replications with fifteen treatments viz. 1) Fluchloralin 1.00 kg/ha 2) Fluchloralin 1.50 kg/ha 3) Pendimethalin 1.00 kg/ha 4) Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha 5) Oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha 6) Oxyfluorfen 0.20 kg/ha 7) Fluchloralin + Pendimethalin 1.00 + 1.00 kg/ha 8) Fluchloralin + Oxyfluorfen 1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 9) Pendimethalin + Oxyfluorfen 1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 10) Fluchloralin + Pendimethalin + Oxyfluorfen 1.00 + 1.00 + 0.15 kg/ha 11) Fluchloralin 1.00 kg/ha + 30 DAT 12) Pendimethalin 1.00 kg/ha + 30 DAT 13) Oxyfluorfen 0.15 kg/ha + 30 DAT 14) Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT 15) and weedy check.
The results revealed that there was a significant reduction in the density of monocot, dicot and sedges weed species as well as fresh and dry weidths with the decrease in row spacing at all the stages of crop growth during both the years. Application of 150 kg N, 120 kg P2O5 and 75 kg K2O at 30 cm row spacing resulted in longer duration of marketable fruits, more number of fruits per plant and maximum yield of quality fruits.
It was also observed that days to first and last pickings of marketable green fruits, number of fruits per plant, duration of marketable fruits, size, early and total fruit yield were favoured by chemical weed control and two hand weedings over weedy check. Pre-
plant application of pendimethalin at 1.00 kg/ha + oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha or fluchloralin at 1.00 kg/ha + pendimethalin at 1.00 kg/ha + oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha gave higher fruit yield and high net returns.
Capsicum annuum
Name results from northern latitude growers treating this species as an "annual" growing plant, (even thought the plant is a perennial). It has two non-pungent (non-hot) forms; the Bell, and the Wax and the Pimento peppers, as well as the hot form;
the Jalapeno and the NuMex, that are present throughout much of the world. Evidence suggests that Capsicum annuum originally appeared in northern Latin
America. They are believed to have been grown domestically in the Mexico area from around 2,500 B.C. As a result of the travels of Christopher Columbus, Capsicum
annuum seeds were taken from the area and planted back in the then colonies of Spain and Portugal. Pronounced 'ANN-you-um'.
Botany
Flowers solitary at each node (occasionally fasciculate). Pedicels usually declining at anthesis. Corolla milky white (occasionally purple), without diffuse spots at base of lobes; corolla lobes usually straight. Calyx of mature fruit without annular constriction at junction with pedicel (though sometimes irregularly wrinkled); veins often prolonged into short teeth. Fruit flesh usually firm (soft in certain cultivars). Seeds straw-coloured. Chromosome number 2n=24, with two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, e.g. Hungarian Wax, commercial bell peppers.
School of HorticultureEventsPest Management LabBotany Lab
Scientific Name: Capsicum annuum var. annuum Grossum GroupCommon Name: sweet bell pepper
Family Name: SolanaceaePlant Type: Greenhouse produce plant
Key ID Features: -Kwantlen Plant ID Course(s): HORT 1246
Habit: UprightOrigin: South AmericaForm: Climbing
Texture: Medium – coarseLandscape Uses: Herb
Mature Size: Spread: 0.3 - 0.6m Height: 2 - 3m
Growth Rate: Hardiness Zone:
Exposure: Full SunSoil:
Water Use: Moderate
Click to view imagesAdditional Info:
Leaf Morphology: Form: Simple
Arrangement: Alternate Texture / venation: Soft flexible
Surfaces: GlabrousCompound leaf: n/aLeaf Colour in
Summer: Dark-green
Leaf Colour in Fall: Simple Leaf Blade
Terms:
Shapes: Ovate Apices: Acute Bases: Obtuse
Margins: Entire
Click to view images
Additional Info:
Inflorescence Type: Flowers solitaryFlower Morphology: Number of Petals: 5
Corolla Shape: Rotate/stellate Ovary Position: n/a
Flower (petal) Colour: WhiteFlower Scent:
Flower Time at Peak:
Click to view imagesAdditional Info:
Fruit Type: Berry (true), ShowyFruit Colour: Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
Fruiting Time:
Click to view imagesAdditional Info:
Bark Morphology: n/aBark Color: n/a
Additional Info:
Bud Type: n/a
Leaf Scar Shape: n/aOrgan Modifications:
Click to view images
Click to view images
Propagation: SeedPlant Care:
Optimal temperature for growth: Light level:
Other: Pests: Aphids, Caterpillar or looper, Mildew powdery or
downy, Mites, Thrips, Virus, Whitefly
PLANT DATABASE :
Sweet Peppers(Capsicum annuum var. annuum Grossum Group)
In 2005 the Royal Horticultural Society, as part of acontinuing assessment of new and established cultivars forcultivation in an unheated plastic tunnel, held a trial ofsweet peppers. RHS vegetable trials are conducted as part ofour charitable mission to inform, educate and inspire allgardeners, with good, reliable cultivars identified by theAward of Garden Merit after a period of trial.ObjectivesThe trial aimed to compare and evaluate a range of sweetpepper cultivars, including those with long fruits, to raiseawareness of the variety of shapes and colours availableand to demonstrate the cultivation of this crop in anunheated plastic tunnel. The Vegetable TrialsSubcommittee assessed the entries and outstandingcultivars for garden use were given the Award of GardenMerit. Entries were also described and photographed toprovide a lasting record in the RHS Herbarium at Wisley.EntriesThere were 55 entries in the trial, submitted by variousseed companies in the UK, Europe and USA.
BackgroundA member of the Solanaceae family, Capsicum originated inSouth America and is believed to have emerged in the areabordering southern Brazil and Bolivia. Grown domesticallyin the Mexico area from around 2,500 BC, the travels ofChristopher Columbus resulted in peppers being
RHS Trial of Sweet Peppers RHS Plants Trials and Awardsintroduced to Spain and then widely to other parts of theworld including India. There are records of them beingknown in Britain in 1548. With their comparatively shortgrowing season, peppers from the Capsicum annuum var.annuum Grossum Group were found to grow well in theMediterranean climate and because of their crisp textureand mild, sweet flavour they became one of the staples of‘traditional’ recipes in that area.Sweet peppers and chillies are both derived from the samespecies, Capsicum annuum (the name from the Latin capsa,meaning box, in reference to their squarish shape) and
most species of Capsicum contain capsaicin, a chemicalthat can produce a strong burning sensation in the mouth.The amount of capsaicin in peppers is highly variable and,dependent on genetics, results in peppers with variedamounts of perceived heat. In the sweet peppers (Capsicumannuum var. annuum Grossum Group) the gene is recessive,so the fruits do not contain capsaicin. In this form thegroup has become an important ‘green’ vegetable cropglobally, especially in temperate regions.Classified as a berry, the fruit of a pepper plant is found incolours ranging from green, yellow, red, purple, black,brown, white and orange and in a variety of shapesincluding round, blocky or long. The fruits are commonlyeaten when green, although still immature at this stage, aswell as when they have matured, changed colour and aresweeter. The green fruits found in the supermarkets will befully developed fruits that are not yet ripe, usually fromcultivars that would ripen to red, as the ripe orange andyellow fruits can be sold at a higher price. There are a fewcultivars that have been raised to be sweeter while stillunripe such as ‘Staygreen’, but although they have beenbred to remain green from August to October, they wouldeventually ripen to red given suitable conditionsThis is the html version of the file http://www.insinet.net/rjabs/125-128.pdf.Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
Page 1Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(2): 125-128, 2005© 2005, INSInet PublicationCorresponding Author:Mateen ul Hassan Khan, House No. 366 A chur harpal Peshawar Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 46000.125
Influence of Different Irrigation Intervals on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper(Capsicum Annuum Grossum Group)Mateen ul Hassan Khan, Tahir Hussain Chattha and Nadia Saleem121
Dept of Horticulture, University of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi1
Dept of Soil Science, University of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi2
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals on bell pepper (Capsicum annum Grossumgroup) a study was carried out in the Research Area, Department of Horticulture, University of Arid Agriculture,Rawalpindi, during 2002. Treatments used were control, irrigation after 3 days interval, 6 days interval, and9 days interval Results revealed that Maximum seedling survival percentage 93 % was observed in plots with3 days of irrigation interval followed by 85% in treatments with 6 days interval. It was observed that themaximum plant height (cm), Number of leaves plantG and leaf area (cm ) were significantly higher in plants12
where irrigation applied after 3 days of intervals than other treatments. Regarding the reproductive parametersof bell pepper maximum number of flower per plant, number of fruit per plant and fruit weight per plant observedwith 3 days of irrigation intervals. As follow up the crop growth and production of fruit it is also found the plotwhere irrigation applied after 3 days of intervals gave highest yield. It is concluded that 3 days of irrigationinterval is a better irrigation interval as compared to other treatments applied for the plant growth and fruit yieldunder the climatic conditions of Rawalpindi.Key words: Bell Pepper, Irrigation intervals, Yield, and Economic ComparisonINTRODUCTION
water balance, fruit quality and fruit production .Bell pepper (Capsicum annum Grossum group)growth of every crop especially it reduces the wiltingbelongs to the family Solanaceae, which is an importantwhich caused 60- 80% crop loss. But some time excessivegroup of vegetables cultivated extensively in Pakistan andwater or frequent flooding for longer periods of time affectalso widely cultivated in almost every country of thethe yield of the crop . At present, there is need toworld. Bell pepper is summer crop and its total cultivatedimprove vegetable production and derive ways througharea under production in Pakistan is about 91800 hectare,which maximum benefits can be obtained from the limitedwith total production of 115 (000 tonnes) . It thrives bestavailable water resources. In this regard under Rawalpindi[4]
in warm climate, where frost is not a problem duringconditions, there is a need to standardize productiongrowing seasons. In general it requires temperaturetechnology under local climatic and edaphic conditions soranging 25-35 C. It requires well drained silt or clay loam,that the farmers of the area can get maximum benefits fromo
where water logged and alkaline soils are not suitable forthe crop production with limited irrigation resources. byits production. Bell pepper plant requires large quantity ofrealizing the effect of different irrigation intervals onreadily available soil nutrients with optimum soil moisturegrowth and yield of bell pepper, the study is carried outandfavorable climatic conditions. Unfavorablewith following objective; (i) to evaluate the yield potentialtemperature and water supply are main causes of bud,of bell pepper under different irrigation intervals.flower and fruit drop . Fertilizer requirements for Bell[11]
pepper depend on different soil condition, about 400MATERIALS AND METHODSpounds per acre of 20 percent super phosphate will besufficient for better crop production .Field experiment was carried out in the Research Area[7]
Like environmental and topographical factors,of the Department of Horticulture, University of Aridirrigation is an important factor, which effects the yieldAgriculture,Rawalpindi, during 2001-2002. The experimentand quality of bell pepper. Irrigation frequencies orwas laid out using Randomized Complete Block Designdifferent irrigation intervals have beneficial effects on(RCBD) with factorial arrangements. Bell pepper crop was[5]
Irrigation plays important role in maintain sustainable[3]
Page 2Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 1(2): 125-128, 2005126Table 1: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Crop Experimental SoilSoil CharacteristicsUnitValueTexture---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sand%55Silt
%32Clay%13---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Textural ClassSandy loam----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pH7.8---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EcdSmG0.33e1
Nitrogen g100gG0.131
Available Phosphorusmg kgG4.501
Potassiummg kgG1181
Organic Matterg100gG0.831
evaluated for the growth and yield under differentRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONtreatments of irrigation intervals: control (no irrigation),irrigation after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days intervals. For nurseryInfluence of tretments on vegetative growth: Dataraising, bell pepper seeds were sown on early February,regarding to different plant growth parameters2002in raised bed. A field plot measuringrepresented in table 2. It was evident from the results thatapproximately 80 m2 was prepared, in this plot sub3 days of irrigation interval had significantly effectedplot measuring 2 x 2 m were raised and seedling of bellmaximum seedling survival percentage (85.57%), Plantpepper were transplanted by keeping plant to plantheight (98.26 cm), Number of leaves plantG (171.63) anddistance 30 cm and row to row distance at 60 cm.leaf area (63.05 cm ). While minimum plant growthRecommended NPK were applied to all treatments in theobserved in plots with treatment control (no irrigation)form of Urea, Di Ammonium phosphate and Sulphate ofand irrigation at 12 days intervals. Olalla and ValeroPotash, at the time of field preparation. Physical andreported that bell pepper seedling survival percentage andchemical characteristics of experimental soil such asplant height increased with decrease of irrigation intervalpH, ECe, organic matter, NPK were calculated andand vice versa. Results are also in accordance in case of[9]
presented in Table 1. The experiment repeated thrice withnumber of leaves plantG and leaf area (cm ) withall the treatments.Channabasavanna and Setty . According to them bellCrop data: Simple randomization of each plot was done todays of irrigation interval and also increased their leafselect five plants and following plant parameters werearea. The results clearly indicated those treatments other
recordedi.e. Seedling Survival Percentage, Plantthan 3 day of intervals causing more stress to the plantsheight (cm), Number of Leaves plantG ,Leaf area (cm ),which lead to the reduction in plant height, number of12
Number of Days to Flowering, Number of Flower PlantG ,leaves, leaf area and less production of chlorophyll .1
Number of fruit PlantG , Fruit Weight PlantG (g), and11
Total Yield (kg haG ). Influence of tretments on reproductive growth: Data1
Economic comparison: Benefit cost ratio for eachpresented in table 3. It was clear from the results that 3treatment was evaluated. Income calculated on the basisdays of irrigation interval had significantly influenced theof current local market price of Bell pepper at Rawalpindinumber of days to flowering, number of flowers plantGand number of fruit plantG . Steiner and AkintohihasStatistical analysis: The data collected for variousthe irrigation interval up to 5 days, due to more nutrientsvariables were subjected to statistical analysis usinguptake and higher photosynthesis rates. Irrigation is mostAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The meansimportant at the time of flower and fruit production. Aswere compared by applying Least Significant Differencedata in table 3 indicated that minimum days to flowering(LSD) at test5% according toSteel and Torrie .taken by control (no irrigation) and 12 days of intervals [12]12[8]1 2[2]
pepper produced more number of leaves per plant with 4[1]
regarding to different reproductive growth parameters1
during 2002.1[13]
observed that total plant biomass increased with reducing
Page 3Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 1(2): 125-128, 2005127Table 2: Influence of Irrigation intervals on different growth parameters of bell pepperTreatmentsSeedling Survival percentagePlant height (cm)Number of Leaves plantGLeaf area (cm )12
Control (no irrigation)27.99 de49.45 d99.63 d 55.79 c---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 3 days intervals85.57 a98.26 a171.63 a 63.05 a---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 6 days intervals78.90 b
90.21 b160.04 b 59.78a---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 9 days intervals60.75 c88.81bc145.71 c57.93b---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 12days intervals30.89 d50.09 d101.21 d55.23cTable 3: Influence of Irrigation intervals on different yield parameters of bell pepperTreatmentsNumber of DaysNumber of flower Number of FruitsFruit WeightYield (kg haG )1
to Floweringper Plantper Plantper Plant (kg)Control (no irrigation)23.21 c17.13 d10.75 d.98 d22990 d---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 3 days intervals30.88 a36.39 a32.78 a6.79 a90860 a---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 6 days intervals26.16 b29.92 b 24.90 b4.85 b79056 b---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 9 days intervals25.03 b24.93 c19.70 c2.35 c51890 c---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 12days intervals23.98 c18.34 d12.43 d1.09 d24971 dTable 4: Influence of cost benefit ratio for bell pepper crop Treatments Total Income (Rs haG )Total Expenditure (Rs haG )Cost Benefit Ratio11
Control (no irrigation)31124235001.32---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 3 days intervals70630
308002.29---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 6 days intervals50630297001.70---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 9 days intervals42817279001.53---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Irrigation after 12days intervals33353265001.35
respectively. The plants under any kind of stressedcost ratio i.e. 2.29. While minimum benefit cost ratio 1.3conditions tends to shortened their life span and try toand 1.35 was obtained from treatments with no irrigationcomplete their life cycle in hasten which causes theinterval and 12 days of irrigation interval respectively. Theminimum days to flowering and fruiting of plants .economic importance of water used can be worked out for[10]
Influence on yield: Results pertaining to yield of bellcommercial plant production. However, the use ofpepper kg haG were presented in Table 3. Significantirrigation intervals for better growth and higher yield1
differences among the treatments were noticed for yield.could be economically attractive to reduce the droughtMaximum total fruit weight plantG was obtained with 3stressed conditions in water limiting areas. 1
days of irrigation intervals whereas; the minimum fruitweight plantG was weighed with control treatments.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS1
Maximum yield was obtained with 3 days of irrigationintervals; minimum yield was obtained with controlWe are obliged to the Department of Horticulturetreatments. This might be due to better survivalUniversity of arid agriculture, Rawalpindi for supportingpercentage, greater number of fruit plantG and total fruitthis experimental work. Thanks are also extended to Dean1
weight plantG resulting in greater yield. The results areFaculty of Crop and Food Science and Chairman of1
correlated with the findings of Mohammad and Gamie ,Department for encouraging and giving financial support.[6]
who observed that bell pepper have different potential oftotal biomass production and they behave differentially atREFERENCESvariable moisture status. Economic comparison: Data pertaining to economic2001. Improving vegetable transplants using soilcomparison is presented in table 4. In plots where 3 dayssolarization. 7th Conf. Agric. Dev. Res. Fac. Agric.of irrigation interval were applied, gave maximum benefitAin Shams Uni. Cairo. 15(1): 12-14.specific situation prior to the large scale adoption for1. Abdullah, M.M.F., S.A. El-Hadad and M.M. Satour,
Page 4Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 1(2): 125-128, 20051282. Channabasavanna, A.S. and R.A. Setty, 2000. Effect9. Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeny, 1982.of different irrigation intervals on sweet pepper.Methods of soil analysis. Part©II. Chemical andSouth-Indian-Hort. 39(5): 296-29.Microbiological properties 2nd ed. Amer. Soc. Agron.3. Gajera. M.S., R.P.S. Ahlawat and R.B. Ardeshna,Inc. Soil Sci. Sco. Amer. Inc. Madison, Wisconsin,1998. Effect of irrigation schedule, tillage depth andUSA.mulch on growth and yield of winter pea. Indian. J.10. Ponce, M.T., S.G. Selles, E.R. Frreyra, J.M. Peralla,Agronomy.43(4): 689-693.([CAB. Abstracts.A.S. Moyan and R.P. Ainrichsen, 1996. Metabolic1998/08-2000/04)indicators of water deficit as a possible criterion for4. Govt. of Pak, 2001. Agric. Statistics of Pak. Ministryevaluation of irrigation management analysis inof Food and Agriculture, Islamabad. P. 71-72.sweet pepper. Agricultrua-Terncia-Santiago. 56(1):5. Jamiez, R.E., Vielma, F. Rada and N.C. Garcia, 2000.57-63.Effect of irrigation frequency on water and carbon11. Rajic, M., M. Skoric, D. Stojilikovic and K.S.relation in three cultivars of sweet pepper. Scientia-Chartzoulakis, 1997. Calculation of irrigation waterHorticultruae. 81(3): 301-308. requirements for sweet pepper and beans.6. Mohamed, K.A. and A.A. Gamie, 2000. Studies onProceedings of the second international symposiumsome Egyptian onion varieties under Upper Egypton irrigation of Horticultural Sci. 119(5): 936-939.conditions II- effect of irrigation regimes on yield and12. Steel, R.G.D. and J.R. Torrie, 1980. Principles andsome bulb quality characters of onion varieties.Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill BookAssiut J. Agric. Sci. 31(5): 115-127.International Company, Singapore. pp. 172-177.7. Nayerabi, S.A.F. and A.H.M. Ahmed, 2001. The13. Steiner, J.J. and D.C. Akintohi, 1998. Effect ofCommercial Vegetable of Pakistan Tropical Sci. 41(2):irrigation interval on harvest maturity of onion bulb95 – 99.size. Hort. Sci. 21(3): 1220-1221.8. Olalla, F. and J.A. Valero, 1994. Growth andproduction of bell pepper under different irrigationintervals.Research-Series-Arkansas-Agri. Expt.
Station.466: 92-95. (CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/04)ABSTRACTS :-
. English Title: Effect of spacing, N and P on growth and yield of sweet pepper cv. California Wonder. Personal Authors: Maya, P., Natarajan, S., Thamburaj, S.Author Affiliation: Horticultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore-641 003, India.Editors: No editors
Document Title : South Indian Horticulture, 1997 (Vol. 45) (No. 1/2) 16-18
Abstract: In field trials at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, plants of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) cv. California Wonder at spacings of 60 × 30, 60 × 45 or 60 × 60 cm were supplied with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N/ha and 0, 50 or 100 kg P/ha. Plant height, dry matter production and yield per hectare were highest at the closest spacing of 60 × 30 cm, while number of branches per plant and yield per plant were highest at 60 × 60 cm. Fruit yield and plant growth generally increased as N and P application rates increased. The highest yield (12.13 t/ha) was achieved with a plant spacing of 60 × 30 cm and with N and P application rates of 150 and 100 kg/ha, respectively.
PERFORMANCE OF SWEET PEPPER VARIETIES UNDER SEMI-CLIMATE CONTROLLED GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS OF NORTHERN INDIAAuthors: B. Singh, M. Kumar
Keywords:
sweet pepper, performance, greenhouse, coloured fruits, yield, quality
Abstract: Sweet pepper has become the third important crop for its greenhouse cultivation due to increasing demand of the coloured fruits in the upmarkets of big cities. But selection of suitable varieties for greenhouse sweet pepper cultivation is the first step for its successful and economical cultivation. Therefore, thirteen varieties of sweet pepper viz., Mazurka, Fiesta, NVH 6-8 (all European varieties), HA-1038, HA-1195, HA-1931, HA-1972 (all Israeli), Flamingo (USA) and Orobelle, Nun-3020, Nun-3019, Tanvi, California Supreme (all Indian varieties) were evaluated for their coloured fruit yield and quality under semi-climate controlled greenhouse conditions, where only the cooling system was operative. The trial was conducted during year 2002-2003 and the crop was grown over a period of 9-10 months. Variety Nun-3020 (yellow fruited) produced highest fruit yield (420.10 q/ha) followed by variety Mazurka (416.20 q/ha). Maximum size and quality of fruits was also recorded in variety Nun-3020 and variety Nun 3019 (red coloured fruits) during the study. Variety Nun-3020 produced maximum fruit weight (230.0 gram/fruit) and maximum fruits of first quality with three to four lobbed fruits followed by variety Nun-3019 which produced average fruit weight of 210.0 gram/fruit with three to four lobbed fruits. Although variety Flamingo produced fruit yield of 405.20 q/ha, the fruits were not of good quality as they were conical in shape which was not acceptable to the
The common green bell pepper is a form of Capsicum annuum that lacks the spicy chemical capsaicin. The fruit wall, composed of parenchyma cells, is consumed. Water beads up on the surface of the fruit, which is coated with thick wax (cuticle).
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