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Personality
Gordon Alport defined personality as the;
“Dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustment to the environment”
Personality = temperament + character + intelligence
Basic functions of personality are :
to feel,
to think, and
to perceive, and
to incorporate these into purposeful behaviors.
Regarding BEHAVIOUR:
TemperamentHOW
CharacterWHAT
WHY
Four major temperament traits have been identified:
Harm avoidance از دوریخطرNovelty seeking طلبی تنوعReward dependence نظر به وابستگی دیگران
Persistence مداومت
Ancient four temperaments:
Melancholic (harm avoidance),
Choleric (novelty seeking),
Sanguine (reward dependence), and
Phlegmatic (persistence).
Character
CharacterSelf – directedness
Cooperativeness
Self - transcendence
DSMIV-TR defines personality disorders as:
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual`s culture.
Personality disorder is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:
1. Cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
2. Affectivity (i.e.the range, intensity, liability and appropriateness of emotional response)
3. Interpersonal functioning4. Impulse control
The pattern is stable and of long duration
and its onset can be traced back at least
to adolescence or early adulthood.
It is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
Cluster A (detachment, reward dependence)
Schizoid
Paranoid
schizotypal
Cluster B (impulsivity, novelty seeking)
Borderline
Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Cluster C (fearfulness, harm avoidance)
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive - compulsive
Personality disorders are
ego-syntonic and Alloplastic
Schizoid p.dSocial detachment and restricted
range of expressed emotions
Men> Women
7.5% of general population
may progress to delusional disorder or schizophrenia
Paranoid p.dExcessive suspiciousness and distrust of
others
Men > Women
0.5-2.5% in general population
may progress to delusional disorder
Schizotypal p.d.Social and interpersonal deficit plus
cognitive and perceptual disturbances and eccentric behavior
Sex. Ratio is unknown
3 percent of gen.pop
May progress to schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder
Borderline p.d
Instability of affects , self – image, interpersonal relationships + marked impulsiveness
Female > male
2 percent of g.p.
are at increased risk M.D.D , substance abuse and eating disorder
Antisocial p.d
Disregard for and violation of rights of others
Male > Female
1-3 percent of g.p.
Narcissistic p.d
Sense of grandiosity, need for admiration lack of empathy, chronic intense envy
M>F
1% of g.p.
Histrionic p.d.
Self – dramatization , excessive emotionality and attention seeking
F>M
2-3% of g.p.
Avoidant p.d
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.
F=M 0.5-1 of g.p.
Dependent p.d
Excessive need to be taken care, clinging behavior, submissiveness, fear of separation, interpersonal dependency.
F=M
most frequent of p.d.s
Obsessive – compulsive p.d.
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism mental and interpersonal control.
M>F
1% of g.p.
Treatment:Psychotherapy
pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy:
AggressionLow dose antipsychoticLithiumSSRISAuticonvulsantsB-Blockers
Emotional liabilityLithiumantipsychotics
DepressionAntidepressants
Emotional detachmentAtipical antipsychotics
Anxiety SSRIS
MAOIS
BZDs
B-Blockers
Low dose antipsychotics
Psychotic symptomsAntipsychotics