Content

Perception Meaning Characteristics of perception Sensation versus Perception Nature and Importance of Perception Sub-process of Perception Perception selectivity and organization Social Perception Distortion in Perception

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Attribution Meaning Attribution theory

Distinctiveness Consensus consistency

Attribution error

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PERCEPTIONWhat you see here?

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What you see here?

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Meaning of Perception

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Meaning of Perception

“Perception may be define as the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting or attaching meaning to events happening in environment.”

People often see the same phenomenon differently both within organization and outside the organization.

Situations remaining the same, causes have been assigned differently by different group of persons.

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Features of Perception

Perception is the Intellectual Process

It is the psychological process; and

It is the subjective process

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Sensation v/s Perception

Sensation is based on reality, perception is based on abstract.

Sensation is for understanding situation where as perception is to understand mind of person.

Sensation remain same at all person, where as perception differs.

Perception is more complex and much broader than sensation.

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Nature & importance of Perception

Perception is a very complex cognitive process that yields unique picture of the world.

In the organizational behaviour employee's perception thought of as a 'filter'. Because perception is largely learned and no one has the same learning and experience. So same situation may produce different reaction and behaviours.

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Sub process of perception

1. Situation

Person

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Perceptual selectivity

Attention Factors in Selectivity Intensity Size Contrast Repetition Motion Novelty and familiarity

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Intensity The intensity principle state that the more intense the

external stimulus, the more likely it is to be perceived. A loud noise, strong odor, will be noticed more than soft

sound, weak odor. Size

This principle says that the larger the object, the more likely it will be perceived.

e.g. Professor or manager

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Contrast The contrast principle state that external stimuli that

stand out against the background or that are not what people are expecting will receive their attention.

e.g. Sign of danger

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Repetition Repeated external stimulus is more attention getting than

a single once. Motion

It refers that people will pay more attention to moving objects in their field of vision than they will do stationary objects.

Novelty and familiarity Novel or Familiar external situation can serve as an

attention getter. e.g. Job rotation

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Perceptual organization

Figure ground Perceived objects stand out as separable from their

general background.

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What is this???

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This is the Perception

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Perceptual grouping Tendency to group several stimuli together into a

recognizable pattern. Certain formalities in grouping

Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity

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Perceptual Constancy It gives a person a sense of stability in a changing world. Permits the individual to have some constancy in a

tremendously variable and highly complex world. The size, shape, color, brightness and location of an

object are fairly constant regardless of the information received by the sense.

It should be pointed out that perceptual constancy results from patterns cues.

If constancy were not at work, the world would be very chaotic and disorganized for the individual.

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Perceptual Context It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects,

events, situation, and other persons in the environment.

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Social Perception

Social perception is directly concerned with how one individual perceives others individuals: how we get to know others.

Perceiver's characteristics Needs and Motives Self-conception Past experience Psychological or emotional state Other personality aspects

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Perceived Characteristics of stimuli Size Intensity Repetition Novelty Status Appearance Contrast Motion

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Distortion in Perception

Personality Mental set Attribution First impression Halo effect Stereotype Person perceived Situational factor

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Initial perception about this video.

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ATTRIBUTION

Introduction Attribution refers simply to how people explain the

cause of another's or their own behaviour.

It is cognitive process by which people draw conclusion about the factors that influence or make sense of one another's behaviour.

Attribution refers that the person tries to explain why something happened or someone behaved in a particular way.

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Cont... There are two general types of attributions that

people make:-

1) Dispositional attribution 2) Situational attributions

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Attribution theory

Attribution theory is concerned with the relationship between personal, social perception and interpersonal behaviour.

Assumption in attribution theories are:-1. We seek to make sense of our world.2. We often attribute people’s actions either to internal

or external causes.3. We do so in fairly logical ways.

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Cont... Basically the theory suggest that when we observe

an individual's behaviour, we attempt to determine weather it was internally or externally caused.

This determination, however depends on three factors:

1. Distinctiveness2. Consensus3. Consistency

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What is Internal and External Cause

Internally caused behaviour are those that are believed to be under the personal control of individual.

Externally caused behaviour is seen as resulting from outside causes; i.e. The person is seen as having been forced into the behaviour by the situation.

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Three factors proposed by Harold kelley

1) Distinctiveness cues It refers to the extent to which the same person behaves

in the same fashion in different situations. Distinctive behaviour are those that are relatively unique

to a situation.

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2) Consensus cues Consensus is the extent to which other people in the

same situation behave in the same fashion as the person under observation.

A person who acts differently from other people or behave differently than expected, when the expectation are based upon expected behaviour of other people, then this is seen as revealing the person's true motives and this motives are considered to be internally generated.

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3) Consistency cues If a pattern of behaviour is consistently similar, so that

the same person behaves in the same fashion at different time under similar situation, then the cause of such behaviour can be considered as internally generated.

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Kelley's model of attribution

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Attribution Errors

Fundamental attribution error

Self-serving bias

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references

1. Fred Luthans, 9th edition, Organizational Behaviour

2. Stephen P. Robbins, 9th edition, Organizational Behaviour

3. Nirmal Singh, Organizational Behaviour (concept, theory and practices)

4. L M Prasad, Organizational Behaviour

5. Jit S. Chand, 3rd edition, Organizational BehaviourPenky D'berria

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